3
BAB II KARAKTERISTIK RESERVOIR
Reservoir merupakan merupakan batuan porous batuan porous dan dan permeable permeable yang yang berada di bawah permukaan dan menjadi tempat terakumulasinya fluida hidrokarbon. Selain hidrokarbon (gas dan minyak), air juga dapat terakumulasi dalam reservoir ini. Untuk digolongkan sebagai batuan reservoir maka maka batuan tersebut harus melewati beberapa syarat geologi, diantaranya: 1. Batuan reservoir , sebagai wadah yang diisi dan dijenuhi oleh minyak bumi, gas bumi atau keduanya. Biasanya batuan reservoir berupa lapisan batuan yang batuan yang bersifat porous dan porous dan permeable permeable.. 2. Lapisan penutup (cap ( cap rock ), ), yaitu suatu lapisan batuan yang bersifat impermeable, yang terdapat pada bagian atas suatu reservoir, sehingga reservoir, sehingga berfungsi sebagai penyekat fluida reservoir . 3. Perangkap
reservoir (reservoir
trap), trap),
merupakan
suatu
unsur
pembentuk reservoir yang mempunyai bentuk sedemikian rupa sehingga lapisan beserta penutupnya dapat menjebak hidrokarbon. Dari beberapa syarat di atas, ada hal lain yang mempengaruhi kondisi dari suatu reservoir yaitu karakteristik suatu reservoir . Karakteristik suatu reservoir sangat dipengaruhi oleh karakteristik batuan penyusunnya, fluida reservoir yang menempatinya, maupun kondisi reservoir ( P&T P&T ). ). Ketiga faktor itulah yang berikut ini akan kami bahas dalam subbab karakteristik karakteristik reservoir .
2.1. Karakteristik Batuan Reservoir
Batuan merupakan kumpulan dari mineral-mineral yang saling berikatan satu sama lain dan terbentuk dari proses-proses geologi seperti kompaksi, lithifikasi, dan lainnya. Sedangkan mineral dibentuk dari beberapa senyawa ikatan kimia. Komposisi kimia beserta jenis mineral yang menyusun suatu batuan pada dasarnya akan sangat menentukan jenis batuan reservoir yang terbentuk. Pada Gambar 2.1, dapat kita saksikan bahwa batuan reservoir terdiri terdiri dari
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4
beberapa jenis batuan sedimen seperti batu pasir ( sandstone), sandstone), batu gamping (limestone (limestone), ), maupun batu lempung ( shale ( shale)) yang memiliki karakteristik kimia yang sangat berbeda antara satu dengan lainnya.
Gambar 2.1 Amyx, 1960 Diagram Komponen Penyusun Batuan Sedimen Amyx,
Dari diagram di atas, dapat kita saksikan bahwa batuan reservoir terdiri dari beberapa jenis batuan sedimen seperti batu pasir ( sandstone), sandstone), batu gamping (limestone), limestone), maupun batu lempung ( shale ( shale)) yang memiliki karakteristik kimia yang sangat berbeda antara satu dengan lainnya. 2.1.1. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Reservoir
Komposisi kimia batuan reservoir merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk diketahui karena komposisi batuan reservoir sangat erat dengan sifat fisik dari beserta karakteristik reservoir itu sendiri. Hal ini nantinya juga dapat berpengaruh dalam perolehan dari performa reservoir yang yang bersangkutan. 2.1.1.1. Batupasir
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5
Diantara komponen-komponen ini, terdapat juga ruang pori yang dapat menjadi tempat terakumulasinya hidrokarbon. Menurut Pettijohn, berdasarkan komposisi mineral batuannya, batupasir dibagi menjadi tiga kelompok, yaitu: OrthoQuartzites, OrthoQuartzites, Graywacke, Graywacke, dan Arkhose. Arkhose. Kandungan mineral dan komposisi kimia penyusun batuan reservoir sangat berpengaruh terhadap besarnya sortasi yang dapat mempengaruhi besarnya pori pori batuan reservoir . a. Orthoquartzites
Orthoquartzites merupakan Orthoquartzites merupakan batuan sedimen yang terbentuk dari unsur-unsur silika yang tinggi dan mineral lainnya yang stabil. Material pengikatnya (semen) terdiri atas karbonat dan silika. Orthoquartzites merupakan Orthoquartzites merupakan jenis batuan reservoir yang pemilahannya sangat baik, butirannya berbentuk bundar dan padatannya tidak terdapat matriks kecuali semen saja , bebas dari kandungan shale kandungan shale dan clay. clay. Komposisi kimia dari orthoquarzite dapat dilihat pada Tabel II-1. Tabel II-1 Komposisi Kimia Batupasir Orthoquartzites Pettijohn, 1957
MIN.
SiO2 TiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 FeO MgO CaO Na2O K 2O H2O + H2O CO2 TotaL A. B. C. D. E.
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
95,32 .... 2,85 0,05 .... 0,04 T
99,45 .... ....
97,80 .... 0,90 0,85 .... 0,15 0,10
99,39 0,03 0,30 0,12 .... None 0,29
93,13 .... 3,86 0,11 0,54 0,25 0,19
....
0,40
....
....
61,70 .... 0,31 0,24 .... .... 21,00 0,17 ....
99,58 .... 0,31 1,20 .... 0,10 0,14 0,10 0,03
93,16 0,03 1,28
0,30
98,87 .... 0,41 0,08 0,11 0,04 .... 0,80 0,15
1,44 a)
....
0,17
....
0,17
1,43 a)
....
0,03a)
0,65
....
....
....
....
....
....
16,10
....
2,01
100
99,88
99,91
100,21
100,3
99,51
99,52
99,62b)
101,14
0,30 T 0,13
Lorrain ( Huronian) Huronian) St. Peter Peter (Ordovician (Ordovician)) Mesnard ( Preeambrian Preeambrian) Tuscarora (Silurian) Silurian) Oriskany ( Devonian) Devonian)
F. G. H. I. a)
Berea ( Mississippian Mississippian) “Crystalline Sandstone”, Sandstone ”, Fontainebleau Sioux ( Preeambrian Preeambrian) Average of A – H, H, inclusive. Loss of ignition
0,43 0,07 3,12 0,39
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6
Dari Tabel II-1, dapat dilihat bahwa orthoquartzite orthoquartzite mempunyai susunan unsur silika dengan prosentase yang sangat tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan unsur-unsur yang lainnya. Jadi pada orthoquartzite orthoquartzite ini unsur silikanya sangat dominan sekali, yaitu berkisar antara 61,7 % sampai hampir 100 % sedangkan sisanya adalah unsur lainnya seperti TiO2, Al 2O3, Fe 2O3, FeO, MgO, CaO, Na 2O, K 2O, H2O+, H2O-, dan CO 2. Batupasir orthoquarzite relatif orthoquarzite relatif bersih karena matriks dan sementasinya jumlah unsurnya kecil sehingga persen porositasnya besar. b. Graywacke
Graywacke Graywacke merupakan jenis batupasir yang tersusun dari unsur-unsur mineral yang berbutir besar, yaitu kuarsa, clay, clay, mica flake {KAl flake {KAl2(OH)2 AlSi3O10, magnesite (MgCO3), fragmen phillite fragmen phillite,, fragmen batuan beku, feldspar beku, feldspar dan dan mineral lainnya. Material pengikatnya adalah clay clay dan carbonate. carbonate. Indikator yang dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi batuan jenis ini adalah adanya mineral illite. illite. Hal yang sangat penting ialah graywacke graywacke memiliki matriks yang cukup besar terlebih lagi, pemilahan dari graywacke graywacke juga tidak baik, sehingga apabila bertindak sebagai batuan reservoir graywacke graywacke akan memiliki porositas yang kecil sehingga dapat dikatakan kurang baik. Komposisi graywacke Komposisi graywacke tersusun tersusun dari unsur sil ika dengan kadar lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan rata-rata batu pasir, dan kebanyakan silika yang ada bercampur dengan silikat ( silicate). silicate). Secara terperinci komposisi kimia graywacke kimia graywacke dapat dilihat pada Tabel II-2.
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7
Tabel II-2 Komposisi Kimia Graywacke Pettijohn, 1957
A
B
C
D
E
F
SiO2
68,20
63,67
62,40
61,52
69,69
60,51
TiO2
0,31
....
0,50
0,62
0,40
0,87
Al2O3
16,63
19,43
15,20
13,42
13,43
15,36
Fe2O3
0,04
3,07
0,57
1,72
0,74
0,76
FeO
3,24
3,51
4,61
4,45
3,10
7,63
MnO
0,30
....
....
....
0,01
0,16
MgO
1,30
0,84
3,52
3,39
2,00
3,39
CaO
2,45
3,18
4,59
3,56
1,95
2,14
Na2O
2,43
2,73
2,68
3,73
4,21
2,50
P2O3
0,23
....
....
....
0,10
0,27
SO3
0,13
....
....
....
....
....
CO2
0,50
....
1,30
3,04
0,23
1,01
H2O +
1,75
1,56
2,33
2,08
3,38
H2O –
0,55
0,07
0,06
0,26
0,15
S
....
....
....
....
....
0,42
99,84
100,06
99,57
100,01
100,01
100,24
MI NE R AL
T o t a l
2,36
A. Average of 23 graywackes B. Average of 30 graywackes, after Tyrrell (1933). (1933). C.Average of 2 parts avrg. Shale and Shale and 1 part avrg. Arkose. a)
. Probably in error; Fe2O3 probably should be 1,4 and the total 100,0
c. Arkose
Arkose Arkose ialah jenis batupasir yang tersusun dari kuarsa sebagai mineral utama, walaupun seringkali mineral arkose feldspar arkose feldspar (MgAlSi (MgAlSi3O8) jumlahnya lebih banyak dari dar i kuarsa. Selain dua mineral utama tersebut, arkose juga mengandung mineral-mineral yang bersifat kurang stabil, seperti clay {Al4Si4O10(OH)8}, microline microline (KAlSi3O8), biotite biotite {K(Mg,Fe)3(AlSi3O10)(OH)2}, dan plagioclas {(Ca,Na) (AlSi)AlSi2O8}.
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8
Komposisi kimia arkose ditunjukkan pada Tabel II-3, dimana terlihat bahwa arkose mengandung lebih sedikit silika jika dibandingkan dengan orthoquartzites, orthoquartzites, tetapi kaya akan alumina, lime, lime, potash, potash, dan soda. Tabel II-3 Komposisi Kimia Dari Arkose (%) Pettijohn, 1957
M I N E R A L Si O2 Ti O2 Al2 O3
A
B
C
D
E
F
69,94
82,1 4
75,57
7 3,32
80,89
76,37
....
....
0,42
....
0,40
0,41
13,15
9,75
1 1,38
11,31
7,57
10,63
1,23
0,82
3,54
2,90
2,12
....
1,63
0,72
1,30
1,22
0,70
....
0,05
T
....
0,25
T
0,19
0,72
0,24
0,04
0,23
3,09
0,15
1,69
1,53
0,04
1,30
3,30 5,43
0,50 5,27
2,34 6,16
0,63 4,75
1,84 4,99
1,01
0,64 a
0,30 a
1,11
0,83
.... ....
0,12 0,19
2,45 3,35 1,06 0,05 0,30 0,51
.... 0,92
.... ....
0,21 0,54
99,1
100,18
100
100,2
99,63
100,94
Fe2 O3
2,48 Fe O Mn O Mg O
Ca O Na2 O K 2 O H2 O + H2 O – P2 O3 C O2
T o t a l
A. Portland stone, Triassic ( Merrill , 1891). B. Torridon sandstone, Preeambrian ( Mackie, Mackie, 1905). C. Torridonian arkose arkose (avg. of 3 analyses) Kennedy, (Kennedy, 1951). D. Lower Old Red Sandstone, Devonian ( Mackie, Mackie, 1905). E. Sparagmite (unmetamorphosed) (Barth, 1938). F. Average of A – A – E, E, inclusive.
a)
. Loss of ignition.
2.1.1.2. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Karbonat
Batuan karbonat yang dimaksud dalam bahasan ini adalah limestone maupun dolomite, dolomite, dan yang bersifat diantara keduanya. Limestone Limestone dan dolomite merupakan batuan yang berbeda karena kandungan karbonatnya. Adapun komposisi dari batuan karbonat terdiri dari butir, semen, beserta matriks yang
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9
Istilah
limestone limestone biasanya dipakai untuk kelompok batuan yang
mengandung paling sedikit 80 % calcium carbonate atau magnesium, juga dipakai untuk batuan yang mempunyai fraksi carbonate melebihi unsur non carbonate-nya. carbonate-nya. Pada limestone, limestone, fraksi disusun terutama oleh mineral calcite. calcite. Sedangkan pada dolomite, dolomite, mineral penyusun utamanya adalah mineral dolomite. dolomite. Komposisi
limestone limestone terutama didominasi oleh
mengandung CaO dan CO 2 sangat
Calcite, Calcite, sehingga
tinggi. Bahkan sering kali jumlahnya
mencapai lebih dari 95 %. Unsur lainnya yang lebih penting adalah MgO, dimana jika jumlahnya lebih dari 1 % atau 2 %, kemungkinan besar mengandung mineral dolomite. dolomite. Kebanyakan limestone limestone mengandung MgCO 3 kurang dari 4 % sampai lebih dari 40 %. Sedangkan dolomite dolomite adalah jenis batuan yang merupakan variasi dari limestone yang limestone yang mengandung unsur carbonate lebih besar dari 50 %. Sedangkan untuk batuan-batuan yang mempunyai komposisi antara limestone limestone dan dolomite akan
mempunyai
nama
bermacam-macam,
tergantung
dari
unsur
yang
dikandungnya. dikandungnya. Untuk batuan yang unsur Calcite, Calcite, disebut limy, calcitic calciferous atau calcodolomite. calcodolomite. Pada dasarnya komposisi kimia dolomite hampir dolomite hampir sama dengan limestone, limestone, kecuali pada unsur MgO yang merupakan unsur yang penting dengan jumlah yang cukup besar. 1. Limestone
Komposisi kimia limestone dapat limestone dapat menggambarkan adanya sifat dari kom posisi mineralnya yang cukup padat, karena pada limestone limestone sebagian besar terbentuk dari Calcite yang Calcite yang dapat mencapai 95%. Unsur lainnya ialah MgO, bila
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10
Tabel II-4 Komposisi Kimia Limestone Pettijohn, 1957
M I N E R A L Si O2 Ti O2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 Fe O Mn O Mg O Ca O Na2 O K 2 O H2 O + H2 O – P2 O3 C O2 S Li2 O Organic
T o t a l
A
B
C
D
E
F
5,19 0,06 0,81
0,70 .... 0,68
7,41 0,14 1,55
2,55 0,02 0,23
1,15 .... 0,45
0,09 ....
0,08
0,70
0,02
....
0,11
0,05 7,90 42,61 0,05 0,33 0,56 0,21 0,04 41,58 0,09 T ....
.... .... 0,59 54,54 0,16 None .... .... .... 42,9 0 0,25 .... T
1,20 0,15 2,70 45,44 0,15 0,25 0,38 0,30 0,16 39,27 0,25 .... 0,29
0,28 0,04 7,07 45,65 0,01 0,03 0,05 0,18 0,04 43,60 0,30 .... 0,40
0,26 .... 0,56 53,80
0,69 0,23 .... 42,6 9 .... .... ....
.... 43,11 .... .... 0,17
100,09
99,96
100,16
100,04
99,9
100,34
0,54
.... 0,35 55,37 .... 0,04
0,07
0,32
A. Composite analysis of 345 limestones, limestones, HN Stokes, analyst (Clarke (Clarke,, 1924, p. 564) B. “Indiana Limestone “Indiana Limestone”” (Salem (Salem,, Mississippian), Mississippian), AW Epperson, analyst ( Loughlin, Loughlin, 1929, p. 150) C. Crystalline, crinoidal limestone (Brassfield, limestone (Brassfield, Silurian, Ohio), Down Schaff, analyst (Stout (Stout , 1941, p. 77) D. Dolomitic Limestone Dolomitic Limestone (Monroe (Monroe form., Devonian, Ohio), Down Schaff, analyst ( Stout , 1941, p. 132) E. Lithoeraphic Limestone Lithoeraphic Limestone (Solenhofen, (Solenhofen, Bavaria), Geo Steigner, analyst (Clarke ( Clarke,, 1924, p. 564) F. Travertine, Mammoth Hot Spring, Yellowstone, FA Gooch, analyst ( Clarke, Clarke, 1904, p.323)
2.
Dolomite
Dolomite adalah Dolomite adalah jenis batuan yang merupakan variasi dari limestone yang limestone yang mengandung unsur carbonate lebih besar dari 50 %, sedangkan untuk batuan batuan yang mempunyai komposisi pertengahan antara limestone limestone dan dolomite akan mempunyai nama yang bermacam-macam tergantung dari unsur yang dikandungnya. dikandungnya. Batuan yang unsur Calcite-nya Calcite-nya melebihi dolomite disebut dolomite disebut dolomite limestone, limestone, dan yang unsur dolomite-nya dolomite-nya melebihi Calcite Calcite disebut dengan limy
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11
Tabel II-5 1957 Komposisi Kimia Dolomite Pettijohn),), 1957
M I N E R A L Si O2 Ti O2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 Fe O Mn O Mg O Ca O
Na2 O K 2 O H2 O + H2 O – P2 O3 C O2 S Sr O Organic T o t a l
A
B
C
D
E
F
....
2,55
7,96
3,24
24,92
0,73
....
0,02
0,12
....
0,18
....
....
0,23
1,97
0,17
1,82
0,20
....
0,02
0,14
0,17
0,66
....
....
0,18
0,56
0,06
0,40
1,03
....
0,04
0,07
....
0,11
....
21,90
7,07
19,46
20,84
14,70
20,48
30,40
45,65
26,72
29,56
22,32
30,97
.... .... .... .... .... 47,7 .... .... ....
0,01 0,03 0,05 0,18 0,04 43,60 0,30 0,01 0,04
0,42 0,12 0,33 0,30 0,91 41,13 0,19 none ....
.... ....
.... 43,54 .... .... ....
0,03 0,04 0,42 0,36 0,01 33,82 0,16 None 0,08
.... .... .... .... 0,05 47,51 .... .... ....
100
100,06
100,40
99,90
100,04
100,9
A. Theoretical composition of pure dolomite . B. Dolomitic Limestone C. Niagaran Dolomite
D. “Knox” Dolomite “Knox” Dolomite E. Cherty- Dolomite F. Randville Dolomite
2.1.1.3. Komposisi Kimia Batuan Shale
0,30
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12
Montmorillonite ialah Montmorillonite ialah clay yang clay yang terdiri dari 3 lapisan struktur, dimana dua lapisannya adalah Si4O10, kandungan O 2 dalam ikatan tersebut tidak dapat dipisahkan secara langsung. Lapisan montmorillonite montmorillonite diikat bersama-sama oleh aluminium hidroksil pada keadaan tetap dimana aluminium dikelilingi oleh empat O2 dan dua hidroksil. Tingkat pengembangan dari montmorilolonite montmorilolonite lebih tinggi jika
dibandingkan
dengan
clay clay
yang
lain.
Komposisi
kimianya
(OH)4.Al4Si8O20.H2O, sedangkan rumus oksidanya adalah 3H 2O.2Al2O3.8SiO2. Illite ialah Illite ialah kandungan yang umum dan penting dalam clay dan clay dan shale shale yang yang mempunyai pola dasar seperti montmorillonite montmorillonite kecuali ion K yang menempati posisi antara pola lapisan. Illite lapisan. Illite lebih kompleks dari montmorillonite dan montmorillonite dan kaolinite. Pada dasarnya dasarnya illite illite adalah clay clay dalam ukuran muscovite. Illite Illite dikategorikan sebagai clay non swelling walaupun walaupun sedikit mengabsorbsi air. Kaolinite Kaolinite terdiri dari dua lapisan struktur yang satu terbentuk dari SiOP 4 dan yang lain terbentuk dari aluminium hidroksil. Pengganti silika at au aluminium oleh elemen yang lain tidak diperlukan. Sehingga hasil analisa kaolinite mendekati
ikatan
kimia
(OH)8Al4Si4O10 dan
ikatan
oksidanya
adalah
4H2O.2Al2O3.4SiO2. Kaolinite relatif tidak mengembang bila terkena air. Untuk komposisi kimia penyusun batuan Shale pada Shale pada umumnya terdiri atas kurang lebih 58 % silicon dioxide dioxide (SiO2), 15 % alumunium oxide (Al2O3), 6 % iron oxide (FeO) dan Fe2O3, 2 % magnesium oxide oxide (MgO), 3 % calcium oxide (CaO), 3 % potassium % potassium oxide (K oxide (K 2O), 1 % sodium % sodium oxide (Na oxide (Na2O), dan 5 % air (H 2O). Sisanya adalah metal oxide dan oxide dan anion, seperti anion, seperti terlihat pada Tabel II-6. Dalam keadaan normal shale shale mengandung sejumlah besar quartz , silt ,
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13
Tabel II-6 Komposisi Kimia Shale Pettijohn, 1957
M I N E R A L Si O2 Ti O2 Al2 O3 Fe2 O3 Fe O Mn O Mg O Ca O
Na2 O K 2 O H2 O + H2 O – P2 O3 C O2 S O3 Organic Misc.
T o t a l
A
B
C
D
E
F
58,10
55,43
60,15
60,64
56,30
69,96
0,54
0,46
0,76
0,73
0,77
0,59
15,40
13,84
16,45
17,32
17,24
10,52
4,02
4,00
4,04
2,25
3,83 3,47
2,45
1,74
2,90
3,66
5,09
....
T
T
....
0,10
0,06
2,44
2,67
2,32
2,60
2,54
1,41
3,11
5,96
1,41
1,54
1,00
2,17
1,30 3,24
0,17 2,63 0,64 0,80 a ....
1,80 2,67 3,45 2,11 0,20 4,62 0,78 0,69 a 0,06 b
1,01 3,60 3,82 0,89 0,15 1,46 0,58 0,88 a 0,04 b
1,19 3,69 3,51 0,62 .... 1,47 .... .... 0,38 c
1,23 3,79 3,31 0,38 0,14 0,84 0,28 1,18 a 1,98 c
1,51 2,30 1,96 3,78 0,18 1,40 0,03 0,66 0,32
99,95
100,84
100,46
99,60
100,00
100,62
5,00
A. Average Shale ( Shale (Clarke Clarke,, 1924, p.24) B. Composite sample of 27 Mesozoic and Cenozoic shales, shales, HN Stokes, analyst, (Clarke (Clarke,, 1924, p.552).
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14
2.1.2. Sifat Fisik Batuan Reservoir 2.1.2.1. Porositas
Porositas ( () ialah perbandingan volume pori batuan pori terhadap volume batuan total (bulk volume). volume). Besar-kecilnya porositas suatu batuan akan menentukan kapasitas penyimpanan fluida reservoir . Secara matematis porositas dapat dinyatakan sebagai :
Vb Vs
Vp
Vb
Vb
.......................................... ................................................................ ......................................... ................... .....(2-1)
Keterangan : Vb
= volume batuan total (bulk volume) volume)
Vs
= volume padatan batuan total ( grain volume) volume)
Vp
= volume ruang pori-pori batuan.
Berdasarkan
hubungan
antar
porinya,
porositas
batuan
reservoir dapat
diklasifikasikan menjadi dua, yaitu: 1. Porositas absolut , adalah perbandingan antara volume pori total
terhadap volume batuan total yang dinyatakan dalam persen, atau secara matematik dapat ditulis sesuai persamaan sebagai berikut :
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15
2. Porositas sekunder , yaitu porositas batuan yang terbentuk setelah
proses pengendapan. Untuk ukuran besar kecilnya porositas juga dapat ditentukan oleh beberapa faktor
seperti
ukuran
butir
(semakin
baik
distribusinya,
semakin
baik
porositasnya), susunan butir (Gambar 2.5) menunjukkan bahwa susunan butir berbentuk kubus mempunyai porositas
lebih
baik dibandingkan bentuk
rhombohedral , kompaksi, sementasi dan lingkungan li ngkungan pengendapannya. pengendapannya.
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16
Gambar 2.3 A myx, 1960 Kesetimbangan Gaya-gaya Pada Batas Air-Minyak-Padatan Air-Minyak-Padatan Am Gambar 2.3 memperlihatkan sistem air minyak yang kontak dengan
benda padat, dengan sudut kontak sebesar o. Sudut kontak diukur antara fluida yang lebih ringan terhadap fluida yang lebih berat, yang berharga 0 o - 180o, yaitu antara air dengan padatan, sehingga tegangan adhesi (A T) dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan: AT = so - sw = wo. cos wo, ……………………. …………………….……………….... (2-8) Keterangan : so = tegangan permukaan benda padat-minyak, dyne/cm tegangan permukaan benda padat-air, dyne/cm
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17
Gambar 2.4 Sudut Kontak Antar Permukaan Air-Minyak Pada Permukaan Silika Amyx, 1960
Gambar 2.5 A myx, Sudut Kontak Antar Permukaan Air-Minyak Pada Permukaan Kalsit Am 1960
Pada umumnya reservoir bersifat bersifat water wet , sehingga air cenderung untuk membasahi permukaan batuan sedangkan minyak akan terletak diantara fasa air.
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18
Fluida yang membasahi akan cenderung menempati pori-pori batuan yang lebih kecil, sedangkan fluida tidak membasahi cenderung menempati pori-pori batuan yang lebih besar.
Gambar 2.6 A myx, 1960 Pembasahan Fluida Dalam Pori-pori Batuan Am 2.1.2.3. Tekanan Kapiler
Tekanan kapiler (P ) didefinisikan sebagai perbedaan tekanan yang ada
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19
30
27
200
i
is p , er us s er P yr all i p a C r et a W-l O
24
(
)s n oti i d n o c ri ov r es er
21
18
15
12
9
6
3
0
90
d m 0 0 9
180
,
tf
er us s er P yr al i p a C or eZ e v o b A h ig H
160
140
d m 0 0 5
d m 0 0 1
d m 0 0 2
81
d m 0 1
d m 0 5
72
63
120
54
100
45
80
36
60
27
40
18
20
9
0
0 0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
Wate aterr Satura tion, %
Gambar 2.7 A myx, 1960 Kurva Distribusi Fluida Am
100
is p , er us s er P yr all i p a C r te a Wir A )
(
ta a d yr ot ar o b al
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20
Pada kesetimbangan yang tercapai kemudian, gaya ke atas akan sama dengan gaya ke bawah yang menahannya yaitu gaya berat cairan. Secara matematis dapat dinyatakan dalam persamaan sebagai berikut : 2
r A T
2
r
h g ( w
o )
……………………. …………………….………….... (2-11)
atau h
2 AT r ( w
o )
g
…………………….……………………….... (2-12)
Keterangan: h
= ketinggian cairan di dalam pipa kapiler, cm
r
= jari-jari pipa kapiler, cm.
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21
Menurut Plateau Menurut Plateau,, tekanan kapiler merupakan fungsi tegangan antar muka dan jari-jari lengkungan bidang antar muka, dan dapat dinyatakan dengan persamaan : Pc
1 R 1
......................................... ............................................................... ................................. ........... (2-15) R 2 1
Keterangan : R 1 dan R 2 = jari-jari kelengkungan konvek konvek dan konkaf, inch
= tegangan permukaan, lb/inch
Penentuan harga R 1 dan
R 2, dilakukan dengan perhitungan jari-jari
kelengkungan rata-rata (R m), yang didapatkan dari perbandingan Persamaan 2-14 dengan Persamaan 2.15. Dari perbandingan tersebut didapatkan persamaan
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22
2.1.2.4. Permeabilitas
Permeabilitas didefinisikan sebagai suatu bilangan yang menunjukkan kemampuan dari suatu batuan untuk mengalirkan fluida. Definisi kuantitatif permeabilitas pertama-tama dikembangkan oleh Henry Darcy (1856) dalam hubungan empiris dengan bentuk differensial sebagai berikut : v
k
x
dP dL
.......................................... ................................................................ ........................................ .................. (2-17) (2-17)
Keterangan : v
= kecepatan aliran, cm/sec
= viskositas viskositas fluida yang mengalir, cp
dP/dL = gradien tekanan dalam arah aliran, atm/cm
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23
3. Permeabilitas relatif , merupakan perbandingan antara permeabilitas
efektif dengan permeabilitas absolut. Dasar penentuan besaran permeabilitas ialah hasil percobaan yang dilakukan oleh Henry oleh Henry Darcy, Darcy, seperti yang terlihat pada Gambar 2.10, berikut ini.
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24
Dari Persamaan 2-18 dapat dikembangkan untuk berbagai kondisi aliran yaitu aliran linier dan radial, masing-masing untuk fluida yang compressible dan incompressible. Pada prakteknya di reservoir , jarang sekali terjadi aliran satu fasa, akan tetapi dua atau bahkan tiga fasa. Oleh karena itu dikembangkan pula konsep
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25
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26
2.1.2.5. Saturasi
Saturasi fluida batuan didefinisikan sebagai perbandingan antara volume pori-pori batuan yang ditempati oleh suatu fluida tertentu dengan volume pori pori total pada suatu batuan berpori. Dalam batuan reservoir minyak umumnya
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27
tekanan ini akan mengakibatkan perubahan pada butir-butir batuan, pori-pori dan volume total (bulk (bulk ) batuan reservoir . Menurut Geerstma Geerstma (1957), mengemukakan tiga konsep mengenai kompressibilitas batuan, yaitu :
Kompresibilitas matriks batuan, yaitu fraksi perubahan volume
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28
2.2.1. Komposisi Kimia Hidrokarbon
Bentuk dari senyawa hidrokarbon merupakan senyawa alamiah, dapat berupa gas, cair atau padatan tergantung dari komposisinya yang khusus serta tekanan dan temperatur yang mempengaruhinya. Endapan hidrokarbon yang berbentuk cair dikenal sebagai minyak bumi, sedangkan yang berbentuk gas
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64
Struktur geologi yang berbentuk antiklin perlu diwaspadai adanya tekanan tinggi, terutama pada struktur antiklinal pada kedalaman yang tinggi.
2.3.2. Temperatur Reservoir
Berdasarkan anggapan bahwa inti bumi berisi magma yang sangat panas, maka dengan bertambahnya kedalaman temperaturnya akan naik. Besar kecilnya kenaikan temperatur ini akan tergantung pada gradient temperaturnya temperaturnya yang biasa disebut sebagai gradient geothermis. Besaran gradient geothermis ini bervariasi dari satu tempat ke tempat lain, dimana harga rata-ratanya adalah 2°F/100 ft. Gradient geotherm geotherm yang tertinggi adalah 4°F/100 ft, sedangkan yang terendah adalah 0.5 °F/100 ft. Variasi yang kecil dari gradient geotherm geotherm ini disebabkan oleh sifat konduktivitas thermal beberapa beberapa jenis batuan. Besarnya gradien geotermal dari suatu daerah dapat dicari dengan menggunakan persamaan : Gradien geothermal =
Tformasi - Tstandard Kedalalama n Formasi
....................................... ....................................... (2-78)
Harga gradien geotermal berkisar antara 1.11° sampai 2"F/100 ft. Seperti diketahui temperatur sangat berpengaruh terhadap sifat-sifat fisik fluida reservoir Hubungan temperatur terhadap kedalaman dapat dinyatakan sebagai berikut : Td= Ta + Gt x D ..................................... ............................................................ ............................................. ......................
(2-79)
Keterangan : Td
= Temperatur reservoir pada pada kedalaman D ft, °F
Ta
= Temperatur pada permukaan, °F
Gt
= Gradien temperatur, °F
D
= Kedalaman, ratusan ft. Pengukuran temperatur formasi dilakukan setelah
completion completion dan
temperatur formasi ini dapat dianggap konstan selama kehidupan reservoir , kecuali bila dilakukan proses stimulasi.
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65
ser voi voi r 2.4. Jenis-Jenis R eser Jenis-jenis reservoir dapat dapat dikelompokkan menjadi tiga yaitu : berdasarkan fasa fluida, perangkap reservoir , dan mekanisme pendorong. 2.4.1. Berdasarkan Berdasarkan Perangkap Perangkap Geologi
Jenis reservoir berdasarkan berdasarkan perangkap geologi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga yaitu perangkap struktur, perangkap stratigrafi, dan perangkap kombinasi struktur dan stratigrafi. 2.4.1.1. Perangkap Struktur
Perangkap struktur merupakan perangkap yang paling orisinil dan sampai dewasa ini merupakan perangkap yang paling penting. Jelas di sini berbagai unsur perangkap yang membentuk lapisan penyekat dalam lapisan reservoir sehingga dapat menangkap minyak, disebabkan gejala tektonik atau struktur, misalnya: pelipatan dan patahan. Sebetulnya kedua unsur ini merupakan unsur utama dalam pembentukan perangkap. Perangkap yang disebabkan perlipatan merupakan perangkap utama. Unsur yang mempengaruhi perangkap ini adalah lapisan penyekat dan penutup yang berada diatasnya dan dibentuk sedemikian sehingga minyak tidak dapat lagi kemana-mana, seperti yang ditunjukkan pada (Gambar 2.31). Untuk mengevaluasi suatu perangkap lipatan terutama mengenai ada tidaknya tutupan (batas maksimal wadah dapat diisi oleh fluida ), jadi tidak dipermasalahkan apakah lipatan itu ketat atau landai, yang penting ialah adanya tutupan. Suatu lipatan dapat saja terbentuk tanpa terjadinya suatu tutupan sehingga tidak dapat disebut suatu perangkap. Disamping itu ada tidaknya tutupan tergantung pada faktor struktur dan posisinya ke dalam. Contohnya, pada permukaan didapatkan struktur tutupan t utupan tetapi makin ke dalam makin menghilang. Jadi untuk mengevaluasi perangkap pelipatan selain dari adanya tutupan juga harus dievaluasi apakah tutupan tersebut terdapat pada lapisan reservoir .
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66
Gambar 2.32 oesoemad adii nata ,1980 Prinsip Penjebakan Minyak Dalam Perangkap Struktur K oesoem
Perangkap patahan sering juga terdapat dalam berbagai reservoir minyak minyak dan gas. Gejala patahan (sesar) dapat bertindak sebagai unsur penyekat dalam penyaluran minyak. Sering dipermasalahkan apakah patahan itu merupakan penyekat atau penyalur. Secara teoritis, memperlihatkan bahwa patahan dalam batuan yang basah air tergantung pada tekanan kapiler dari medium dalam jalur patahan tersebut. Besar-kecilnya tekanan yang disebabkan oleh pelampungan minyak atau kolom minyak terhadap besarnya tekanan kapiler, menentukan sekali apakah patahan itu bertindak sebagai s ebagai penyalur at au penyekat. Jika tekanan tersebut t ersebut lebih besar daripada tekanan kapiler maka minyak masih dapat tersalurkan melalui patahan, tetapi jika lebih kecil maka patahan tersebut bertindak sebagai suatu penyekat. Patahan yang berdiri sendiri tidaklah dapat membentuk suatu perangkap. Ada beberapa unsur lain yang harus dipenuhi untuk terjadinya suatu perangkap yang betul-betul hanya hanya disebabkan karena patahan, yaitu :
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67
1. Adanya kemiringan wilayah Lapisan yang sejajar atau tidak miring tidak dapat membentuk perangkap karena walaupun minyak tersekat pada arah pematahan, tetapi pada arah lain tidak tersekat, kecuali kalau ketiga arah lainnya tertutup oleh berbagai macam patahan. 2. Paling sedikit harus ada dua patahan yang yang berpotongan berpotongan Jika hanya terdapat suatu kemiringan wilayah dan suatu patahan di satu pihak, maka dalam suatu
penampang kelihatannya sudah terjadi
perangkap yang terlihat pada (Gambar 2.33) tetapi harus dipenuhi syarat juga bahwa perangkap atau penutup itu terjadi dalam tiga dimensi, maka dalam dimensi lainnya harus terjadi juga pematahan atau menutup ke arah tersebut. 3. Adanya suatu pelengkungan lapisan atau suatu pelipatan pelipatan Dalam hal ini, patahan merupakan penyekat ke suatu arah sedangkan pada arah lainnya tertutup oleh adanya pelengkungan dari perlapisan ataupun bagian dari perlipatan, seperti yang dapat dilihat pada (Gambar 2.33).
4. Pelengkungan dari patahan itu sendiri dan kemiringan wilayah Di suatu arah mungkin lapisan itu miring tetapi di pihak lainnya terdapat patahan yang melengkung sehingga semua arah tertutup oleh patahan seperti pada (Gambar 2.33). Dalam prakteknya jarang sekali terdapat perangkap patahan yang murni. Patahan biasanya hanya merupakan suatu pelengkungan dari suatu perangkap struktur.
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68
Gambar 2.33 Perangkap Patahan Dengan Kemiringan oesoemad adii nata ,1980 Wilayah Sebagai Salah Satu Unsur K oesoem 2.4.1.2. Perangkap Stratigrafi
Prinsip perangkap stratigrafi ialah minyak dan gas terjebak dalam perjalanannya ke atas, terhalang dari segala arah terutama dari bagian atas dan pinggir, karena batuan reservoir menghilang menghilang atau berubah fasies menjadi batuan lain atau batuan yang karakteristik reservoir menghilang sehingga merupakan penghalang permeabilitasnya. Beberapa unsur utama perangkap perangkap stratigrafi ialah : 1. Adanya perubahan sifat lithologi dengan lithologi dengan beberapa sifat reservoir , ke satu atau beberapa arah sehingga merupakan penghalang permeabilitas. 2. Adanya lapisan penutup / penyekat yang menghimpit lapisan reservoir tersebut ke arah atas atau ke pinggir. 3. Keadaan struktur lapisan reservoir yang yang sedemikian rupa sehingga dapat menjebak minyak yang naik. Kedudukan struktur ini sebetulnya melokalisasi posisi tertinggi daripada daerah potensial rendah dalam lapisan reservoir yang telah tertutup dari arah atas dan pinggir oleh beberapa unsur tersebut di atas. Kedudukan struktur ini dapat disebabkan oleh kedudukan pengendapan atau juga karena kemiringan wila yah. Perubahan sifat litologi / sifat reservoir ke suatu arah daripada lapisan reservoir dapat dapat disebabkan :
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69
b. Penyerpihan (shale-out), Penyerpihan (shale-out), dimana dimana ketebalan tetap, akan tetapi sifat litologi berubah. c. Persentuhan dengan dengan bidang bidang erosi, dimana suatu lapisan dapat berakhir ke suatu arah. Pada hakekatnya, perangkap stratigrafi didapatkan karena letak posisi struktur tubuh batuan sedemikian sehingga batas lateral tubuh tersebut merupakan penghalang permeabilitas ke arah atas atau ke pinggir. Jika tubuh batuan reservoir itu kecil dan sangat terbatas, maka posisi struktur tidak begitu penting, karena seluruhnya atau sebagian besar dari tubuh tersebut merupakan perangkap. Posisi struktur hanya menyesuaikan letak hidrokarbon pada bagian tubuh reservoir . Jika tubuh reservoir memanjang memanjang atau meluas, maka posisi struktur sangat penting. Perangkap tidak akan terjadi jika tubuh reservoir berada berada dalam keadaan horisontal. Jika bagian tengah tubuh terlipat, maka perangkap yang terjadi adalah perangkap struktur (antiklin). Untuk terjadinya terja dinya perangkap stratigrafi, maka posisi struktur lapisan reservoir harus harus sedemikian sehingga salah satu batas lateral tubuh reservoar (yang dapat berupa unsur di atas tadi), merupakan penghalang permeabilitas ke atas. Levorsen (1954), membagi perangkap stratigrafi sebagai berikut: 1. Tubuh batuan reservoir terbatas terbatas (lensa) a. Batuan reservoir klastik klastik detritus dan volkanik. b. Batuan reservoir karbonat; karbonat; terumbu, bioherm 2. Pembajian, perubahan fasies ataupun porositas dari lapisan reservoir ke reservoir ke suatu arah regional ataupun lokal dari :
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70
1. Kombinasi antara lipatan dengan pembajian Pada jenis ini kombinasi lipatan dengan pembajian dapat terjadi karena salah satu pihak, pasir menghilang dan di lain pihak hidung antiklin menutup arah lainnya. Maka jelaslah hal ini sering terjadi pada perangkap stratigrafi normal. 2. Kombinasi antara patahan dan pembajian Pembajian yang berkombinasi dengan patahan jauh lebih biasa daripada pembajian yang berdiri sendiri. Kombinasi ini dapat terjadi karena terdapat suatu kemiringan wilayah yang membatasi bergeraknya ke suatu arah dan diarah lain ditahan oleh adanya suatu patahan dan pada arah lainnya lagi ditahan oleh pembajian. 2.4.2. Berdasarkan Fasa Fluida Hidrokarbon
Fasa merupakan bagian dari zat yang mempunyai sifat jasmani yang nyata, yang memiliki sifat-sifat fisika dan kimia secara seragam dalam keseluruhan. Fasa yang penting yang terdapat dalam produksi hidrokarbon adalah fasa cair (minyak atau kondensat) dan fasa gas (gas alam). Diagram fasa adalah diagram tekanan dan temperatur yang merupakan fungsi komposisi akumulasi hidrokarbon pada suatu reservoir . Gambar 2.33 memperlihatkan diagram fasa untuk suatu fluida reservoir . Untuk itu berdasarkan fasanya maka reservoir dibedakan dibedakan menjadi: 1. Reservoir gas gas 2. Reservoir gas gas kondensat. 3. Reservoir minyak, minyak, baik minyak berat maupun minyak ringan.
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71
Gambar 2.34 Pembagian Jenis Reservoir Berdasarkan Diagram P-T Kristanto ,2011 2.4.2.1. Reservoir Minyak
Reservoir minyak minyak dibagi menjadi dua bagian besar, yaitu reservoir minyak minyak berat dan resevoir minyak ringan. 2.4.2.1.1. Reservoir Minyak Berat
Diagram fasa dari minyak berat (low (low shrinkage crude oil ) diperlihatkan pada Gambar 2.34 Sebagai catatan disini adalah bahwa daerah dua fasa mencakup kisaran tekanan yang lebar dan juga bahwa temperatur kritik dari minyak adalah lebih tinggi dari temperatur reservoir
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72
Gambar 2.35 Amyx ,1960 Diagram Fasa dari Minyak Berat Amyx
Titik 1 menunjukkan bahwa keadaan reservoir dikatakan tidak jenuh (undersaturated ), ), sedangkan titik 2 menunjukkan keadaan reservoir jenuh ( saturated saturated ) dimana minyak mengandung gas sebanyak-banyaknya dan suatu pengurangan tekanan akan menyebabkan pembentukan fasa gas. Pada titik 3 fluida yang tetap berada di reservoir terdiri dari 75% mol cairan atau 25% mol gas. Titik yang menunjukkan tekanan dan temperatur di dalam seperator terletak hampir dekat dengan garis titik gelembung yang diperkirakan 85% mol minyak diproduksikan tetap sebagai cairan pada kondisi seperator. Karena mempunyai prosentase cairan yang cukup tinggi, maka minyak ini disebut “ low shrinkage crude oil ”. ”.
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73
sama dengan diagram sebelumnya, bedanya apabila tekanan diturunkan di bawah garis titik gelembung, prosentase gas akan lebih besar. Titik 3 reservoir mengandung 40% mol cairan. Diperkirakan 65% fluida tetap sebagai cairan pada kondisi separator. Oleh karenanya minyak disebut sebagai minyak ringan (high ( high shrinkage crude oil ). ). Jadi minyak ini mengandung relatif sedikit molekul berat bila dibandingkan dengan minyak berat. Apabila diproduksikan maka minyak ringan ini biasanya menghasilkan gas oil ratio permukaan sebesar kurang lebih 8000 scf /stb /stb dengan gravity sekitar 50oAPI. Cairan produksi biasanya berwarna gelap.
Gambar 2.36 Amyx ,1960 Diagram Fasa dari Minyak Ringan Amyx
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74
jumlah cairan dalam reservoar bertambah. Pada titik 3 ini merupakan titik dimana jumlah maksimum cairan yang bisa terjadi. Penurunan selanjutnya sel anjutnya menyebabkan cairan menguap. GOR GOR produksi dari reservoir kondensat dapat mencapai sekitar 70,000 SCF /STB /STB dengan gravity cairan sebesar 60 oAPI. Cairan produksi biasanya berwarna cerah. Reservoir cerah. Reservoir gas gas kondensat memiliki ciri khas, yaitu fluida reservoir berfasa gas akan tetapi setelah mencapai permukaan akan berubah menjadi cair.
2.4.2.3. Reservoir Gas
Berdasarkan kondisi tekanan dan temperature serta komposisinya, Reservoir gas gas terdiri dari reservoir gas gas kering dan reservoir gas gas basah 2.4.2.3.1. Reservoir Gas Kering
Suatu reservoir gas gas kering akan mengandung fraksi ringan seperti methana dan ethana dalam jumlah banyak serta sedikit fraksi yang lebih berat, dimana baik pada kondisi separator maupun kondisi reservoir nya nya akan tetap berada pada daerah fasa tunggal. Untuk reservoar gas kering ini tidak dijumpai adanya hidrokarbon cair akibat adanya proses penurunan tekanan dan temperatur, baik
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75
Gambar 2.37 Amyx ,1960 Diagram Fasa dari Gas Kering Amyx 2.4.2.3.2. Reservoir Gas Basah
Diagram fasa dari campuran hidrokarbon terutama mengandung molekul lebih kecil, umumnya terletak di bawah temperatur reservoir . Dalam kasus ini fluida berbentuk gas secara keseluruhan dalam pengurangan tekanan reservoir .
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76
Gambar 2.38 Amyx ,1960 Diagram Fasa dari Gas Basah Amyx 2.4.3. Berdasarkan Mekanisme Pendorong
Mekanisme pendorong adalah tenaga yang dimiliki oleh reservoir secara secara alamiah yang digunakan untuk mendorong minyak selama produksi ke
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77
2.4.3.1. Water Drive Reservoir
Untuk reservoir jenis jenis water drive ini, drive ini, energi pendesakan yang mendorong minyak untuk mengalir adalah berasal dari air yang terperangkap bersama-sama dengan minyak pada batuan reservoir nya. nya. Apabila dilihat dari terbentuknya batuan reservoir water drive, maka air merupakan fluida pertama yang menempati pori-pori reservoir . Tetapi dengan adanya migrasi minyak bumi maka air yang berada disana tersingkir dan digantikan oleh minyak. Dengan demikian karena volume minyak ini terbatas, maka bila dibandingkan dengan volume air yang merupakan fluida pendesaknya akan jauh lebih kecil (Gambar 2.39).
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78
Edge Water Drive, Drive, yaitu pendesakan air sejajar dengan perlapisan. Bottom Water Drive, Drive, dimana arah gerakan bidang batas dari air-minyak memotong
arah
bidang
perlapisannya,
dan
tebal
lapisan
yang
mengandung minyak relatif lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan aquifernya. Jenis bottom water drive pendesakannya drive pendesakannya oleh air di bawah zona minyak.
Kombinasi Edge Kombinasi Edge Water Drive dengan Drive dengan Bottom Bottom Drive Produksi air pada awal produksi sedikit, tetapi apabila permukaan air telah
mencapai lubang bor maka mulai mengalami kenaikan produksi yang semakin lama semakin besar secara kontinyu sampai sumur tersebut di tinggalkan karena produksi minyaknya minyaknya tidak ekonomis lagi. Untuk reservoir dengan dengan jenis pendesakan water drive maka drive maka bagian minyak yang terproduksi akan lebih besar jika dibandingkan dengan jenis pendesakan lainnya, yaitu antara 35 - 75% dari volume minyak yang ada sehingga minyak sisa (residual oil ) yang masih tertinggal didalam reservoir akan lebih sedikit. Dapat disimpulkan suatu reservoir dengan tenaga pendorong air ini mempunyai kelakuan seperti dibawah ini: Penurunan tekanan reservoir terlihat terlihat agak lambat.
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79
2.4.3.2. Gas Cap Drive Reservoir
Dalam beberapa tempat dimana terakumulasinya minyak bumi, kadangkadang pada kondisi reservoir nya nya komponen-komponen ringan dan menengah dari minyak bumi tersebut membentuk suatu fasa gas. Gas bebas ini kemudian melepaskan diri dari minyaknya dan menempati bagian atas dari reservoir itu membentuk suatu tudung. Hal ini bisa merupakan suatu energi pendesak untuk mendorong minyak bumi dari reservoir ke ke lubang sumur dan mengangkatnya ke permukaan. Bila reservoir ini ini dikelilingi suatu batuan yang merupakan perangkap, maka energi ilmiah yang menggerakkan minyak ini berasal dari dua sumber, yaitu ekspansi gas ekspansi gas cap dan cap dan ekspansi gas yang terlarut lalu melepaskan diri. Mekanisme yang terjadi pada gas pada gas cap reservoir ini ini adalah minyak pertama
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80
Kenaikan gas Kenaikan gas oil ratio juga ratio juga sejalan dengan pergerakan permukaan ke bawah, air hampir-hampir tidak diproduksikan sama sekali. Karena tekanan reservoir relatip kecil penurunannya, juga minyak berada di dalam reservoir nya nya akan terus semakin ringan dan mengalir dengan baik, maka untuk reservoir jenis ini akan mempunyai umur dan dan recovery recovery sekitar 20 - 40 %. Sehingga residual oil yang masih tertinggal di dalam reservoir ketika ketika lapangan ini ditutup adalah lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan dengan jenis solution jenis solution gas drive. drive. Dapat disimpulkan suatu reservoir dengan tenaga pendorong gas ini mempunyai kelakuan seperti dibawah ini : Tekanan reservoir akan turun dengan lambat dan berlangsung secara kontinyu
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81
2.4.3.3. Depletion Gas Drive Reservoir
Reservoir jenis ini disebut solution gas drive, drive, depletion gas drive, atau internal gas drive, drive, disebabkan oleh karena energi pendesak minyaknya adalah terutama dari perubahan fasa pada hidrokarbon-hidrokarbon ringannya yang semula merupakan fasa cair menjadi gas. Kemudian gas yang terbentuk ini ikut mendesak minyak ke sumur produksinya pada saat penurunan tekanan reservoir karena produksi tersebut (Gambar 2.43). Setelah
sumur
selesai
dibor
menembus
reservoir dan
produksi
minyakdimulai, maka akan terjadi suatu penurunan tekanan di sekitar lubang bor. Penurunan tekanan ini akan menyebabkan fluida mengalir dari reservoir menuju menuju lubang bor melalui pori-pori batuan.
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82
mempunyai kebasahan gas pada batuan reservoir nya. nya. Bila gas mulai mengalir, maka penurunan tekanan akan cepat dan gas yang terbentuk juga akan semakin banyak. Hal ini mengakibatkan gas oil ratio (GOR) GOR) naik sampai pada suatu tekanan tertentu dimana minyak dan gas sudah tidak mengalir lagi. Pada awal produksi, karena gas yang dibebaskan dari minyak masih terperangkap pada sela-sela pori batuan, maka maka gas oil ratio produksi akan lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan gas oil ratio reservoir . Gas oil ratio ratio produksi akan bertambah
besar bila gas pada saluran pori-pori tersebut mulai bisa
mengalir, hal ini terus-menerus berlangsung hingga tekanan reservoir menjadi rendah. Bila tekanan telah cukup rendah maka gas oil ratio ratio akan menjadi berkurang sebab volume gas di dalam reservoir tinggal tinggal sedikit. Dalam hal ini gas ini gas
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diproduksikan juga, maka perlu dipergunakan suatu energi tertentu ke dalam suatu reservoir untuk untuk mempengaruhi tekanan atau sifat fisik sistem fluida reservoir nya, nya, sehingga dengan demikian diharapkan sisa minyak yang tertinggi dapat diperkecil. Dapat disimpulkan suatu reservoir solution solution gas drive mempunyai drive mempunyai kelakuan seperti dibawah ini :
Tekanan reservoir turun turun dengan cepat dan berlangsung secara kontinyu.
Perbandingan gas-minyak (GOR (GOR)) mula-mula cukup rendah, kemudian naik sampai maksimum dan turun dengan tajam.
Efisiensi perolehan minyak berkisar 5 - 30 %
Produksi air dianggap tidak ada.
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Besarnya gravity Besarnya gravity drainage dipengaruhi drainage dipengaruhi oleh gravity minyak, permeabilitas zona produktif, dan juga dari kemiringan dari formasinya. Faktor-faktor kombinasi seperti misalnya, viskositas rendah, specific gravity gravity rendah, mengalir pada atau sepanjang zona dengan permeabilitas tinggi dengan kemiringan lapisan lapis an cukup curam, ini semuanya akan menyebabkan perbesaran dalam pergerakan
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GOR GOR naik dengan cepat hingga maksimum kemudian turun secara kontinyu
Produksi air sangat kecil bahkan diabaikan
Recovery sekitar Recovery sekitar 20 – 20 – 60% 60%
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2.5. Perkiraan Reservoir
Setelah operasi pemboran selesai dilakukan dan berhasil menemukan adanya akumulasi hidrokarbon, maka tahap selanjutnya adalah memperkirakan
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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