Atestat-Distributia marfurilor

DISTRIBUŢIA MĂRFURILOR 

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CUPRINS ARGUMENT………………………………………………… ARGUMENT…………………… ……………………………………………………… …………………………….….…......3 ….….…......3 CAPITOLUL 1. NOŢIUNI GENERALE DESPRE MĂRFURI.....………………………….....……4 1.1. Clasificara !"rf#ril$r .................................................................................................4 CAPITOLUL %. CONŢINUTUL& ROLUL 'I FUNCŢIILE DISTRI(UŢIEI MĂRFURILOR ........) %.1. C$*+i*#,#l C$*+i*#,#l -is,ri#+ii -is,ri#+ii !"rf#ril$r…………………………… !"rf#ril$r…………………………………………..……………..) ……………..……………..) %.% .R$l#l /i f#*,iil -is,ri#+ii………….…………… -is,ri#+ii………….……………………….......................…………....10 ………….......................…………....10 %.3. Ti$l$2ia Ti$l$2ia ca*all$r - -is,ri#+i………………………………… -is,ri#+i……………………………………….……………..…1) …….……………..…1) CAPITOLUL 3. STUDIU DE CA………………………… CA…………………………….………………………… ….……………………………….......1 …….......1 I.

Circ Circ#i #i, ,l l - - -is, -is,ri ri# #+i +i *, *,r# r# #* #*#r #ril il - c$* c$*s# s#! ! i*-i i*-i5i 5i-# -#al al&& r$r$-#s #s - #,ili6ar r$-#c,i5" & r$-#s a2ric$l /i sr5icii………………………………........1 1. (#*#ril - c$*s#! i*-i5i-#al……………………...…………………….1 %. Pr$-#sl i*-#s,rial……………………………… i*-#s,rial…………………………………...………………….17 …...………………….17

II. PART PARTICULARITĂŢI ICULARITĂŢI ALE CIRCUITELOR DE DISTRI(UŢIE…………… DISTRI(UŢIE……………….……....%1 ….……....%1 CONCLUII ……………………………………………..…………… ……………………………………………..……………………………………… ……………………………%3 …%3 (I(LIOGRAFIE………………………………………… (I(LIOGRAFIE……………… ……………………………………...………….……… …………...………….……………….....%4 ……….....%4

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ARGUMENT

Ec$*$!ia - ia+"& rr6i*," acl ,i - c$*$!i 8* car ia+a /i c$*c#r*+a 9$,"r"sc c #*#ri /i sr5icii s r$-#c& 8* car ra$r,#l -i*,r crr /i $fr," -,r!i*" ri*ciiil - ri$ri,a, 8* r$-#cra #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r /i 8* car& 8* 2*r& ia+a& c# l2i,"+il i& :$ac" r$l#l -cisi5 8* r2lara 8*,r2ii ac,i5i,"+i c$*$!ic -i* s$ci,a,. S c$*si-r" -ci c" s*+ial#l 8* -fi*ira c$*$!ii - ia+" s, -ac" ia+a& sc9i!#l& 8* 2*ral& s,a# la ,!lia $r2a*i6"rii c$*$!ic a #*i +"ri. ;* siri,#l acs,$r *$i i*,rr,"ri& ac,i5i,a,a c$!rcial" -s!*a,"& 8*,r<$ c$*$!i - ia+"& ri* =-is,ri#+i /i 5>*6ar?& c$*s,i,#i $ 5ri2" i!$r,a*," 8* 5ia+a c$*$!ic"&  *,r# c" a la2" r$-#c+ia c# c$*s#!#l. C# al, c#5i*, -is,ri#+ia leagă, 8* sa+i# /i 8* ,i!& producăor!! #! co$%u&aor!!. T$,$-a,"& a$r->*- ac,i5i,a,a fic"ri 8*,rri*-ri r$-#c",$ar 8*,r<$ $,ic" *$#"& ri* ris!a c$*$!ii -  ia+a& -is,ri#+ia !"rf#ril$r aar ca

$ f#*c+i i*-is*sail" c asi2#r" -r#!#l $,i! al

 r$-#sl$r 8*,rri*-rii sr l$c#ril #*- l 8*,>l*sc crra.  N# $ si*2#r" -a," !i s!la, ca& i*,r>*- 8*,r<#* !a2a6i*& s" 5"- $ i*scri+i$*ar - 2*#l @a-a$s c$!rcial 30<)0B. M" 8*,ra! !r# @- c ,r#i s" l",sc 5>*6a,$r#l#i #* s#rl#s - 30& -$ar *# fac *i!ic al,c5a -c>, s"*- c# ci*5a de%pre  l#cr#l acs,a& i*,l$c#,$r#l !# !, s" ar$f#*-6 acs, s#ic, 8* l#crara - fa+". A! afla, c"& 8* ri!#l r>*-& l",sc *,r# c" farica*,#l s $a, afla #*-5a la )<000 ! -is,a*+". Dr#!#l >*" ac$l$ ,i! /i a*i s, !ai c$s,isi,$r -c>, a-a$s#l - 30. Pri* fa,#l c" r-#c -is,a*+a -i*,r 5>*6",$r /i c#!"r",$r& cra6" #,ili,a, - ,i! /i sa+i#& al,fl s#s cra6" 5al$ar. ;* al -$ila r>*-& a! afla,& c" l",i! *,r# c" -is,ri#i,$r#l fac !#l, !ai !#l, l#cr#ri  *,r# a * -sr5i&  l>*2" acla c" * -" r$-#s#l -  raf,. I!lici, ar $ !#l,i,#-i* - c$s,#ri& car& la $ ri5ir s#rficial"& ar *s!*ifica,i5. Sc$#l l#cr"rii s, - a cra $ rsc,i5" -,alia," as#ra !$-#l#i - $r2a*i6ar /i f#*c+i$*ar a r+li - -is,ri#+i.

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CAPITOLUL '( NOŢIUNI GENERALE DESPRE MĂRFURI Cla%!)!carea &ăr)ur!lor Mar)a, ca r$-#s al !#*cii& ar $ a*#!i," 5al$ar a c"ri !"ri! s, -,r!i*a," - 5al$ara !a,riil$r ri! /i a#Hiliar i*,r$-#s 8* faricar& - #6#ra aara,l$r /i a i*s,ala+iil$r ,9*$l$2ic f$l$si,& - ,i!#l - !#*c" *csar *,r# r$-#cra i& - 5al$ara a!ala:l$r f$l$si, ,c. T$a, acs,a& 8*s#!a,& -,r!i*" 5al$ara !"rfii /i s Hri!" ri* pre*( M"ri!a 5al$rii Hri!a," ri* r+ s, 8*s" s,aili," /i 8* f#*c+i - !$-#l c#! !arfa sa,isfac $ a*#!i," *csi,a, a $!#l#i& a-ic" 8* f#*c+i - 5al$ara - 8*,r#i*+ar. M"rf#ril s#*, 2r#a, -#" a*#!i, cri,rii •

-#" fl#l !a,riall$r #,ili6a,& $, fi *a,#ral /i si*,,icJ

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-#" s,a-i#l - rl#crar /i f$l$sir !a,rii ri!& r$-#s s!ifarica,& r$-#s fi*i,J

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-#" -s,i*a+i 8!r"c"!i*,& !a,rial s$r,i5& - #6 cas*ic& ,c. MKrf#ril rr6i*,K $ ca,2$ri i!$r,a*, - s,$c#ri& car& 8* circ#i,#l l$r - la

 r$-#c,$ri K*a la c$*s#!a,$ri& 2*ra6a #* 5$l#! f$ar, !ar - $ra,ii c$*$!ic$< fi*a*ciar c s fc,#a6K ri* i*,r!-i#l #*#i *#!Kr -$si, - !ar a2*,i c$*$!ici& c# -ifri, r$fil#ri - ac,i5i,a, c$!rciala. EHis,K 3 ca,2$rii i!$r,a*, - #*i,K,i a,ri!$*ial c# r$fil c$!rcial si a*#! * 2r$s sa# c# ri-ica,a& * -,ail sa# c# a!K*#*,#l si !iH,. U*i,K,il c$!rcial e$ gro%  s#*, cl car asi2#ra -sfKs#rara acs,i f$r! - circ#la,i a !rf#ril$r& fc,#a6" $ra,i#*i - c#!Krar a #*#ri$r - c$*s#!& i* ca*,ia,i !ari si f$ar, !ari& - la r$-#c,$rii si f#r*i6$rii i*,r*i si H,r*i& rc#! si - 5K*6ar a l$r  i* l$,#ri !ari ca,r al,i a2*,i c$*$!ici& - r2#lK c# r$fil c$!rcial * -,ail i*cl#si5 - ali!*,a,i #licK. U*i,a,il c$!rcial c# r$fil e$ dea!l rali6a6a acas,a f$r!a - circ#la,i a !arf#ril$r fc,#>*- c#!arara acs,$r #*#ri& - r2#lK& - la #*i,a,il * 2r$s& -ar si - la  r$-#ca,$rii si f#r*i6$rii i*,r*i& i* l$,#ri !ici sa# r1a,i5 !ici& rc#! si 5>*6ara l$r ca,r  $#la,i& i*cl#si5 ri* #*i,a,i - ali!*,a,i #licK. Mrf#ril s 5K*- i* s,ara i* car a# f$s, c#!Kra, sa# -#K $ rl#crar ralailK i* 5-r c$*s#!#l#i 8* #*i,a,i $ra,i5 scial a!*a:a,. U*i,,il c$!rcial &!+e fc,#a6a a,>, $ralii c$!r, * 2r$s& ca, si * -,ail.

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CAPITOLUL ( CONŢINUTUL, ROLUL -I FUNCŢIILE DISTRIBUŢIEI MĂRFURILOR  ('( CONŢINUTUL DISTRIBUŢIEI MĂRFURILOR  Proce%ul de d!%r!.u*!e rr6i*," $ c$!$**+a i!$r,a*," a ac,i5i,"+ii  car a2*+ii c$*$!ici $ -sf"/$ar" 8* ca-r#l i+i. Da,a fii*- i!$r,a*+a sa& #* as!*a r$cs s cr s" fi as,fl $ri*,a, 8*c>, s" r"s#*-" *csi,"+il$r - rali6ar ca 5al$ar a fic"r#i r$-#s& 8* f#*c+i - c$*-i+iil scific 8* car ac+i$*a6" ficar fir!" sa# s$ci,a, c$!rcial" 8* ca-r#l i+i& - *a,#r" /i #,ra c$*c#r*+i& - s,r#c,#r" !i:l$acl$r - -sfacr& rc#! /i - #*l l!*, c$*:#*c,#ral scific fic"ri ri$a-. O as,fl - $ri*,ar i!lic" 8*s" c#*$a/,ra ralail" a #*$r asc, ri5i*- r$l#l -is,ri#+ii 8* ca-r#l ac,i5i,"+ii fic"ri #*i,"+i& l!*,l c$*s,i,#,i5 al acs,#i r$cs& l!*,l scific -ifri,l$r s,r#c,#ri - ia+"& rc#! /i $ sri - cri,rii c $, s,a la a6a $r2a*i6"rii rla+iil$r - -is,ri#+i. Dfi*ira c$*c,#al" a -is,ri#+ii ,r#i f"c#," -i* -$#" #*29i#ri - 5-r al c$*$!ii - a*sa!l#&  - $ ar, /i al 8*,rri*-rii&  - al," ar,. ;* s*s 2*ral& ri5i, -i* #*c, - 5-r !acr$c$*$!ic& -fi*i+ia -is,ri#+ii s a6a6"  sis,!#l - rla+ii 8*,r cl ,ri -$!*ii i!$r,a*, car s,r#c,#ra6" ia+a •

 r$-#c+ia& rsc,i5 rali6ara - #*#riJ

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c$*s#!#l - #*#ri *,r# sa,isfacra *!i:l$ci," a *5$il$r #,ili6a,$r#l#i fi*alJ

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-is,ri#+ia& rsc,i5 ,ra*s!i,ra - #*#ri& ri* ,ra*6ac+ii c$!rcial& - la r$-#c",$r la

c$*s#!a,$r. Tr!*#l - -is,ri#+i -s!*a6" a*sa!l#l !i:l$acl$r /i al $ra+i#*il$r car asi2#r" #*ra la -is$6i+ia #,ili6a,$ril$r sa# a c$*s#!a,$ril$r fi*ali a #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r rali6a, - c",r 8*,rri*-ril r$-#c",$ar. Dis,ri#+ia rr6i*," r$cs#l ri* car #*#ril /i sr5iciil s#*, #s la -is$6i+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$r < i*,r!-iari sa# fi*ali < asi2#r>*-#
)

D!%r!.u*!a co&erc!ală  c$*s," 8* a ,ra*sf$r!a ,i,l#l - r$ri,a, as#ra r$-#s#l#i - la  r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r. Dis,ri#+ia rsc,i5" $a, fi asi2#ra," ri* i*,r!-i#l a2*+il$r - -is,ri#+i. Ac/,ia $, fi i*-i5i-#ali& ca - H!l# 5>*6",$rii -i* 8*,rri*-r& sa# $, fi 8*,rri*-ri - c$!r+& s$ci,"+i c$!rcial c s $c#" c# c$!r+#l ri* c$rs$*-*+a sa# - c$!r+#l c# a!"*#*,#l ,c.

D!%r!.u*!a )!/!că& la r>*-#l s"#& c$*s," 8* a #*& -i* #*c, - 5-r !a,rial& #*#ril /i sr5iciil la -is$6i+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$r& c# a:#,$r#l !i:l$acl$r - ,ra*s$r, /i al s,$ca:#l#i. Dis,ri#+ia fi6ic" !ai s, 8*,>l*i," 8* li,ra,#ra - sciali,a, /i s# -*#!ira - l$2is,ic" c$!rcial". ;* c$*$!ia !$-r*"& a c"ri 5$l#+i s, a6a,"  $ f#*c+i$*ar lir" a !ca*is!#l#i - ia+"&  r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i ar 8* 5-r #* r$cs car ,r#i s" c$*,ri#i la r$!$5ara r$2rs#l#i c$*$!ic 2*ral. ;*,r<#* as!*a ca-r# - i*,rr,ar& -is,ri#+ia -"//, li!i,l #*i si!l 59ic#l"ri - !"rf#ri& a-"#2>*- sa# as$cii*- acs,ia $ 2a!" - sr5icii 8* c$*,i*#" cr/,r& rc#! /i $ i*fl#*+ar ac,i5" a r$-#c+ii&  a6a c#*$a/,rii a!"*#*+i, a c$*s#!a,$ril$r. Dr, #r!ar& c$*c,#l - -is,ri#+i *# ,r#i c$*f#*-a, c# !i/cara !"rf#ril$r. ;* ,i! c !i/cara !"rf#ril$r ar 8* 5-r -lasara fi6ic" a !"rf#ril$r - la r$-#c+i la c$*s#!& c$*c,#l - -is,ri#+i ar 8* 5-r #* r$cs !ai lar2& car 8*c 8* !$!*,#l 8* car r$-#s#l s, 2a,a *,r# a fi la*sa,  ia+" /i s sf>r//, $-a," c# c$*s#!ara ac,#l#i - 5>*6ar la c$*s#!a,$r#l fi*al. ;* acs, i*,r5al - ,i! /i sa+i# a# l$c $ sri - ac,i5i,"+i c$*$!ic& c#! ar fi < li5rara !"rf#ril$r& ,ra*s$r,#l acs,$ra& -$6i,ara /i c$*sr5ara l$r& s,$cara /i 5>*6araJ < !$ili6ara rs#rsl$r !a,rial& fi*a*ciar /i #!a* *csar rali6"rii r$cs#l#i rsc,i5J < s,ailira !$-ali,"+il$r - ,ra*sfr a ,i,l#ril$r - r$ri,a, /i asi2#ara rac,ic" a acs,$r ,i,l#ri. T$a, acs,a a# -r, sc$ sa,isfacra c$rs#*6",$ar a *5$il$r c$*s#!a,$ril$r /i& ri* acas,a& cr/,ra cifri - afacri& 2*ra,$ar - r$fi,& a fic"ri fir! i!lica, 8* ,ra*6ac+iil c$!rcial. ;* s*s ar,ic#lar& al Hl$a,"rii c$*$!ic la *i5l#l #*i 8*,rri*-ri& r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i ,r#i s" c#ri*-" ac,i5i,"+i scial - !ar,i*2& l2a, - ,ra*sfr#l #*#ril$r. O -fi*i+i sa,isf"c",$ar a -is,ri#+ii& -i* acas," rsc,i5"& ar la a6" rla+iil - i*,rc$*-i+i$*ali,a, 8*,r cl a,r# c$!$**, al !iH#l#i - !ar,i*2& l!*, c*,ral al s,ra,2ii - !ar,i*2& car i*,2ra6" a*sa!l#l ,9*icil$r& !,$-l$r /i !i:l$acl$r - car 8*,rri*-ra -is#* *,r# a i*fl#*+a ia+a<+i*,". Di* !ar,i*2#l !iH fac ar, ,$a, l!*,l s#sc,iil - a a5a #* i!ac, as#ra c$!$r,a!*,#l#i c#!"r",$r#l#i. Mc Car,9 a r$#s 2r#ara acs,$r l!*, 8* a,r# ca,2$rii 



car l
Produ%ul1  < C r$-#s a# i!$r,a*+" *,r# s,ra,2ia - -65$l,ar a 8*,rri*-rii C a-a,"ri ,r#i s" fi rali6a, /i c !"s#ri *$i s#*, *csar s" s a-$, 

Pre*ul 1 < C r+ s $a, rac,ica J Car s#*, a/,,"ril i+i 8* ca c ri5/, r+#l J Car 5a fi fc,#l  car 8l 5a a5a as#ra al,$r i+ rac,icara #*$r r+#ri -ifr*+ia, 8* f#*c+i -  ia+" 

D!%r!.u*!a 1  < U*- s 5>*- r$-#sl 8*,rri*-rii /i car s#*, ca*all - -is,ri#+i a-c5a, J D c fl - s,r#c,#ri - 5>*6ar /i - !ar,i*2 s, *5$i J C !,$- /i !i:l$ac - ,ra*s$r, ,r#i s" s #,ili66 

Pro&o2area 1  < Car s, cli*,la 5i6a," J Car s#*, !,$-l /i ,9*icil - r$!$5ar -is$*iil /i c#! 5$r fi #,ili6a,  Pri*cii#l f#*-a!*,al al !iH#l#i - !ar,i*2 c$*s," 8* fa,#l c" ficar l!*, s afl" 8*,r<$ a*#!i," i*,r-*-*+" c# cllal,. Dis,ri#+ia s,& - H!l#& i*fl#*+a," - ,i#l - r$-#s c s, c$!rciali6a,. Pac9,#l - sr5icii rs,a, - i*,r!-iarii /i a:#,",$rii 8* r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i #r!"r/, !*+i*ra #*#i r$-#s  ia+" 8* c$*-i+ii - fici*,". P*,r# a 5al$rifica c>, !ai !#l, ficar l!*, al !iH#l#i - !ar,i*2& acs,a ,r#i  la*ifica, as,fl 8*c>, s" c$$r6. Sc$#l s, - a cra $ si*r2i. P - al," ar,& r$-#c",$r#l ,r#i s" s,ailasc" -r,#ril /i $li2a+iil c r5i*  ar,icia*,il$r la sis,!#l - -is,ri#+i.  Pri*ciall c$!$**, al !iH#l#i - rla+ii c$!rcialB s#*,

3

pol!!ca de pre* < 8l $li2"  r$-#c",$r s" 8*,$c!asc" lis,a - r+#ri /i sc9!a -

ac$r-ar a raa,#ril$r& 8* a/a fl 8*c>, i*,r!-iarii s" l c$*si-r ca fii*- s#fici*, /i c9i,ail.

3

co$d!*!!le de co&erc!al!/are < s rfr" la c$*-i+iil - la," /i la 2ara*+iil ac$r-a, -

 r$-#c",$r. Ma:$ri,a,a r$-#c",$ril$r ac$r-" -is,ri#i,$ril$r ra.aur! *,r# la," 8* *#!rar a !"rfii la $ -a," c>, !ai ar$ia," - !$!*,#l c#!"r"rii i. D as!*a& r$-#c",$rii $, 2ara*,a -is,ri#i,$ril$r li5rara - !"rf#ri c$rs#*6",$ar -i* #*c, - 5-r cali,a,i5 /i c$*,r$l#l r+#ril$r 



 *,r# a r5*i sc"-ra l$r. Gara*+ia 8!$,ri5a #*i sc"-ri a r+#ril$r 8i -,r!i*"  -is,ri#i,$ri s" c#!r ca*,i,"+i !ai !ari - !"rf#ri.

3

drepur!le er!or!ale ale d!%r!.u!or!lor < rr6i*," $ al," c$!$**+a a !iH#l#i - rla+ii

c$!rcial. Dis,ri#i,$rii -$rsc s" /,i #*- 8/i -sf"/$ar" ac,i5i,a,a cilal+i -is,ri#i,$ri c# car 5a c$la$ra r$-#c",$r#l /i s" l 8*cr-i*+6 8*,r2a ac,i5i,a, - c$!rciali6ar *,r# ,ri,$ri#l 8* car $ra6"& i*-ifr*, - caaci,a,a l$r - a fac sa# *# acs, l#cr#.

3

%er2!c!!le #! o.l!ga*!!le rec!proce < ,r#i -,r!i*a, c# f$ar, !ar 2ri:"& !ai als 8* ca6#l

-is,ri#+ii Hcl#si5 /i a cli  a6" - fra*ci6". D H!l#& McD$*al-s a 8*c9ia, c$*,rac, - fra*ci6" *,r# c$*s,r#c+ia - #*i,"+i - sr5ir& sri:i* 8* ac,i5i,a,a - r$!$5ar& 8*r2is,rara /i s,$cara i*f$r!a+iil$r& r2",ira  rs$*al#l#i& a-!i*is,rar 2*ral" /i asis,*," ,9*ic". ;* sc9i!& *ficiarii c$*,rac,l$r ,r#i s" rsc, s,a*-ar-l c$!a*ii c# ri5ir la caaci,"+il - sr5ir& la c$$rara 8* ca-r#l #*$r *$i  r$2ra! - r$!$5ar& la f#r*i6ara i*f$r!a+iil$r s$lici,a, /i la ac9i6i+i$*ara a*#!i,$r r$-#s ali!*,ar.

(( ROLUL -I FUNCŢIILE DISTRIBUŢIEI MĂRFURILOR  Pr$-#c",$rii /i c$*s#!a,$rii& 8* ca-r#l $ric"ri s$ci,"+i& s#*, sara+i ri* -is,a*+"& ri* i2*$rara rcir$c" a !i:l$acl$r /i *5$il$r& ri* -isr$$r+ii 8*,r ca*,i,"+il $fri, - ficar  r$-#c",$r /i cl cr#, - ficar c$*s#!a,$r& rc#! /i ri* ri$a-l - rali6ar a r$-#sl$r /i !$!*,#l !a*ifs,"rii *5$il$r. C$!r+#l& ca fa6" i*,r!-iar" s*+ial" 8*,r f#*c+ia - r$-#c+i /i ca a c$*s#!#l#i sa# a #,ili6"rii& ,r#i s" asi2#r c9ilir#l *csar 8* ca-r#l i+i /i fl#i-i,a,a ac,l$r - 5>*6ar*-#*6ar& $siili,a,a - a al2 -i*,r<#* s$r,i!*, lar2 #*#ril /i sr5iciil c c$rs#*- cl !ai i* *5$il$r /i Hi2*+l$r. ;* 5-ra rali6"rii c9ilir#l#i *csar 8* ca-r#l i+i& ri* r2#lari6ara !i/c"rii #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r 8*,r r$-#c+i /i c$*s#!& -is,ri#+ia r#*/, #* a*sa!l# - f#*c+ii c$*$!ic s*+ial



a,>, *,r# r$-#c",$ri& c>, /i *,r# c$*s#!a,$ri& r!i+>*- sc#r2ra r$-#c+ii sr l$c#ril - c$*s#!& 8* cl !ai #* c$*-i+ii $siil. ;*,r ri*ciall f#*c+ii al -is,ri#+ii& li,ra,#ra - sciali,a, c$*s!*a6"  •

Sc9i!ara r$ri,"+ii as#ra r$-#s#l#i& rsc,i5 fc,#ara ,ra*sfr#l#i s#ccsi5 al

-r,#l#i - r$ri,a, - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r& ri* i*,r!-i#l ac,l$r - 5>*6ar
Dlasar r$-#sl$r - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r ri* i*,r!-i#l ac,i5i,"+il$r -

,ra*s$r,& s,$car& -$6i,ar /i c$*-i+i$*ar& !a*i#lar& -!$*,ar sa# asa!lar& a!alara acs,$ra& ,alar& 5>*6arJ •

I*f$r!ara&c$*silira /i $r2a*i6ara sr5ic<#l#i -#" 5>*6ar& 8* 5-ra asi2#r"rii #*i

 #* i*f$r!"ri a cli*,li c# ri5ir la $siili,"+il - sa,isfacr a -i5rsl$r ,r#i*+& facili,"rii $ra+i#*il$r - al2r a r$-#sl$r *csar /i a:#,"rii 8* r$cs#l - 8*,r+i*r /i #,ili6ar a -i5rsl$r #*#ri ac9i6i+i$*a,J •

Fi*a*+ara #*$r $ra+i#*i c$!rcial. Pri* acas," f#*c+i s ar 8* 5-r His,*+a #*$r

ca6#ri 8* car a2*+ii - -is,ri#+i fi*a*+a6" 8*,rri*-ril - r$-#c+i 8* r$cs#l - c#!"rar /i s,$car a r$-#sl$r&  #*l ri$a- 8* car !"rf#ril 5$r fi r$-#s /i *# 5$r fi 5>*-#, i!-ia, cli*,#l#i fi*al. F#*c+iil *#!ra, sc$, 8* 5i-*+" c" r$l#l -is,ri#+ii s, !#l,il# /i *fic a,>, *,r#  r$-#c",$r& c>, /i *,r# c$*s#!a,$r. Fa+" - r$-#c",$r& -is,ri#+ia $ra6" $ r2#lari6ar a ac,i5i,"+ii - farica+i& r!i+>*-#*- la f$r,#ril fi*a*ciar al r$-#c",$ril$r& l",i* #*#ril car l s,$c9a6" f"r" a a5a cr,i,#-i*a 5>*6"rii l$r. D as!*a& -is,ri#+ia& ri* f#*c+iil sal& r!i, r$-#c",$r#l#i s"*6"ri a r$-#sl$r sa# sr5iciil$r. ;* ca c ri5/, c$*s#!a,$r#l& -is,ri#+ia ar& - as!*a& #* r$l s*+ial. Ea #* la -is$6i+ia acs,#ia& ac$l$ #*- l s 2"s/, /i c>*- -$r/,& #*#ril *csar& 8* ca*,i,"+il s$lici,a,. Pri* as!*a facili,"+i& -is,ri#+ia 8l sc#,/,  c$*s#!a,$r - !ari -las"ri& - f$r,#ri *,r# fc,#ara #*$r c#!"r",#ri !ari /i i!$ili6"ri - s#!& car -is$*iili6a, $, fi f$l$si, 8* al, sc$#ri.

7

 N$+i#*a - d!%r!.u*!e c#ri*- ,$a, ac,i5i,"+il car r!i, ,rcra #*$r #*#ri !a,rial /i i!a,rial - la #* a2*, c$*$!ic r$-#c",$r& la al+i a2*+i c$*$!ici #,ili6a,$ri sa# la c$*s#!a,$r#l fi*al. Acs,a a$r-ar c$*c,#al"& car -fi*/, -is,ri#+ia 8* rla+i c# a*sa!l#l c$*$!ic 8* car s i*,2ra6"& sc$a, 8* 5i-*+a r$l#l  car
- a r2#lari6a !i/cara #*#ril$r /i sr5iciil$r 8*,r r$-#c+i /i c$*s#!& ar!$*i6>*-&

a,#*ci c>*- aar& fc,l *2a,i5 al f*$!*l$r c$*:#*c,#ral al i+iJ •

- a i*f$r!a r$-#c",$r#l as#ra *5$il$r /i -$ri*+l$r cli*,liJ

•

- a sa,isfac cli*,la& f#r*i6>*-#
Pri* #r!ar& -is,ri#+ia !"rf#ril$r rr6i*," #* -#l# c#r*, 

3 cure$ul ' producăor %pre co$%u&aor rr6i*," sr5iciil rs,a, - -is,ri#+i *,r# a  #* #*#ril /i sr5iciil la -is$6i+ia #,ili6a,$r#l#i fi*al /i < cure$ul   co$%u&aor %pre producăor s, #* c#r*, si9$l$2ic car ,ra*s!i, -$ri*+l& *5$il c$*s#!a,$ril$r /i& c>,$-a,"& i*sa,isfac+iil acs,#ia. Acs, -i* #r!" c#r*,& r!i,  r$-#c",$r#l#i s" r"s#*-" la #r!",$arl 8*,r"ri

ce4 5ce 2rea cl!e$ul67 c84 59$ ce ca$!ă*!67 c!$e4 5c!$e co$%u&ă produ%ele %ale67 cu&4 59$ ce &a$!eră %e 2!$de produc*!a propr!e6(  Ncsi,a,a /i $$r,#*i,a,a r6*+i i*,r!-iaril$r 8* circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i s#*, :#s,ifica,  ri* f#*c+iil  car i l 8*-li*sc. Pri*,r<$ !aHi!" 2*rali6ar& f#*c+iil scific -is,ri#+ii $, fi r-#s la  •

Fu$c*!a de d!%po$!.!l!/are < rsc,i5 crara #,ili,"+il$r - ,i!& - sa+i# /i - $ssi& c#

al, c#5i*, a-#cra r$-#s#l#i 8* fa+" c$*s#!a,$r#l#i& 8* !$!*,#l 8* car acs,a ar *5$i - l& 8* l$c#ri accsiil& 8*,r<$ !$-ali,a, car s" r!i," i*,rara 8* $ssia l#i. •

Fu$c*!a de !$)or&are < rali6a," ri* fl#H#l - i*f$r!a+ii al 8*,rri*-rii& 8* -#l# s*s 

- la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r /i - la c$*s#!a,$r c",r r$-#c",$r. •

Fu$c*!a de creare de cerere < s#s+i*#,"& ri* ac$r-ara - sr5icii c$!rcial& ri*

asi2#rara #*#i *i5l c$rs#*6",$r - sr5ir a cli*+il$r& ri* #,ili6ara !,$-l$r - c$*5i*2r& 8* s*s#l ac9i6i+i$*"rii r$-#sl$r fir!i rsc,i5. P#*c,#l - lcar 8* -scrira f#*c+iil$r -is,ri#+ii& -fi*i, 8* acc+i#*a !acr$c$*$!ic"& a c$*$!ii - a*sa!l#& s, r!is" aari+ii #*$r -isf#*c+i$*ali,"+i ,*si#*i a,#*ci c>*- r$-#c+ia

10

/i c$*s#!#l *# a# l$c 8* acla/i *,i,"+i c$*$!ic. D aca& ri* a*#!i, f#*c+ii al -is,ri#+ii s  $, c$ri:a sa# li!i*a acs, ,*si#*i. •

Fu$c*!! o.l!gaor!! < asi2#r" $fr,a -i* #*c, - 5-r ca*,i,a,i5& cali,a,i5 /i s,r#c,#ralJ

i*5s,i2ara i+i 8* sc$#l 2"sirii - ar,*ri - afacri a,>, 8*,r r$-#c",$ri /i c$!rcia*+i& c>, /i 8*,r c$!rcia*+i /i c$*s#!a,$riJ i*5s,i2ara /i slc,ara #*$r ar,*ri - afacri. •

Fu$c*!! co&ple&e$are < 8*,r+i*ra -$6i,l$r& c" $ ar, a #*i f#*c+ii - a6"& -

$ri*,arJ ,ra*sfr#l& c" f#*c+i - ,ra*s$r,  car $ ria #* ,ra*s$r,a,$r sciali6a,J asi2#rara cr-i,l$r& f#*c+i car *# $a, fi rl#a," - c",r #*l 8*,rri*-ri *c$!rcial "*ci. Plc>*- - la acs, f#*c+ii !acr$c$*$!ic al -is,ri#+ii& s $a, s,aili $ 2ril" a f#*c+iil$r  car 5i6a6" -is,ri#+ia la *i5l !icr$c$*$!ic& rsc,i5 la *i5l#l #*i 8*,rri*-ri ri* •

 r2",ira 5>*6"ril$r c# a:#,$r#l s,ailirii i+i& 5al$rific"rii Hri*+i - 5>*6ar /i al

 la*ific"rii 5>*6"ril$rJ •

i!#lsi$*ara 5>*6"ril$r ri* r$!$5ar& #lici,a, /i r6*,ara $fr,iJ

•

!*+i*ra - s,$c#ri *,r# 5>*6"ri& ri* $r2a*i6ar - -$6i, 8* 8*,rri*-ri& -$6i,

- H-i+i& -$6i, c$!rcialJ •

rali6ara 5>*6"ril$r& c$*cr,i6a," 8* 8*c9ira ,ra*6ac+iil$r c$!rcial /i fc,#ara

5>*6"ril$r ri* rl#ara c$!*6ii& a!alar& H-i+i& li5rarJ •

-r#lara fi*a*ciar" a 5>*6"ril$rJ

•

rla+ii c# cli*,la& !*+i*#, ri* rs,ara #*$r sr5icii& rc#! /i c#l,i5ara i*,rs#l#i

acs,$ra *,r# c#!"r"ri. Di* rsc,i5a a*ali6i ,9*$l$2ic a -is,ri#+ii& *,r# #* r$-#c",$r s #* r$l!a -ac"  $a, sa# *# rl#a f#*c+ia c$!rcial" a acs,ia. Acas," r$l!" - -ci6i a f$s, a*ali6a," - c",r R$s*l$$! 8* % ,a. ;* pr!&a eapă a 5i-*+ia, a5a*,a:l sciali6"rii& iar 8* a -$#a ,a"& fici*+a c$*,rac,l$r  -i*,r ar,*rii car ar,ici" 8* r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i. As,fl&  a6a a*ali6i -i5i6i#*ii !#*cii& R$s*l$$! i-*,ific"  ac,i5i,"+i car s r2"ssc 8* -*#!ira -is,ri#+ii& 8* f#*c+i - car 8*,rri*-ril $, fi sciali6a, 8* ,$, a,>,a ,i#ri c#!"r"ri& 5>*6"ri& ,ra*sfr - r$ri,a,& ,ra*s$r,& -$6i,ar& rs,"ri - sr5icii /i asi2#rar - i*f$r!a+ii - ia+". ;* ca -*6",$r /i c#!"r",$r cr/,& 8* rla+i c# a,i*2ra sc$#ril$r -is,ri#+ii.

11

Pr$-#c",$r#l s c$*fr#*," c# ,ri al,r!a,i5 f#*-a!*,al& a,#*ci c>*- ,r#i s" -ci-" as#ra  $li,icii - -is,ri#+i  5>*6ara -irc,"& 5>*6ara ri* i*,r!-iari /i $ $li,ic" a  -#alaB& c$!i*>*- 5>*6ara -irc," c# 5>*6ara ri* i*,r!-iari. A5a*,a:l /i -6a5a*,a:l as$cia, al acs,$r al,r*a,i5 $, fi r6#!a, -#" c#! #r!a6"

Pr!$c!palul a2a$a: al 5>*6"ril$r -irc, s, acla c" r!i, 5>*6"ril$r s" "s,r6 c$*,r$l#l as#ra 8*,r2#l#i r$cs - c$!rciali6ar. U,ili6ara sa s, fa5$ri6a," - His,*+a #*#i *#!"r li!i,a, - $,*+iali c#!"r",$ri& - #* 2ra- ri-ica, - c$*c*,rar 2$2rafic" a c#!"r",$ril$r $,*+iali& - #* 2ra- ri-ica, - c$!lHi,a, ,9*$l$2ic"& s$lici,>*- rs,ara - sr5icii /i - *i5l#l ri-ica, al i*$5a+ii ,9*$l$2ic. Oricar -i* ac/,i fac,$ri& l#a+i sara,& s, s#fici*, *,r# a s#s+i* a-$,ara #*i $li,ici - 5>*6ar -irc,". T$,#/i& #* c$*flic, 8*,r *#!"r#l - c#!"r",$ri /i -isrsia l$r 2$2rafic" $a, fac ca 5>*6ara -irc," s" fi $ al,r*a,i5" ,$,al *c$*$!ic". A,#*ci c>*- a*ali6a c$s,#ril$r l-a6" 8!$,ri5a rc#r2rii la 5>*6ara -irc,"& r$-#c",$r#l #,ili6a6" 8* !$- frc5*,& #* i*,r!-iar car& ac+i$*>*- 8* *#!l #*#i *#!"r - c#!"r",$ri /i 5>*6",$ri& s, caail s" 8*-li*asc" 8*,r<#* !$- !ai c$*$!ic f#*c+iil *csar.

A2a$a:ele #,ili6"rii #*#i i*,r!-iar s#*, #r!",$arl •

C$*-#c la !i*i!i6ara c$s,#ril$r l2a, -  $r2a*i6ara 5>*6"ril$r& -$6i,ar& fi*a*+ar

s,$c#ril$r& ir-ril ri* 8*5c9ira s,$c#ril$r /i cra*+ *rc#rail. •

Facili,a6" c$*,ac,#l r$-#c",$r#l#i c# ,$+i $,*+ialii cli*+i& f"r" a i!lica c$s,#ril fiH

car ar fi *csar *,r# 5>*6ara -irc,"J •

Asi2#r"& 8*,r<#* !$- !ai fici*,& -is$*iili6ara i!-ia," a r$-#s#l#i& rc#! /i

sr5iciil 8*ai*, /i -#" 5>*6ar& -ifr*+ia, 8* f#*c+i - scific#l l$cal. U*#l -i*,r -6a5a*,a:l #,ili6"rii #*#i i*,r!-iar as, acla al ir-rii c$*,r$l#l#i as#ra 5ri2il$r car f$r!a6" ca*al#l - -is,ri#+i al r$-#s#l#i sa#. Di* -$ri*+a - a rc$*cilia c$*flic,#l -i*,r a5a*,a:#l c$*,ac,#l#i -irc, /i c$*$!iil $fri, - 5>*6ara ri* i*,r!-iar& !#l+i r$-#c",$ri a# a-$,a, $ s$l#+i - c$!r$!is& -*#!i," 8* !$c#r*, -is,rii,i ?  -#alaB. ;* acs,a al,r*a,i5"& r$-#c",$r#l 8/i 5i*- $ ar, -i* r$-#s 8* !$-irc,& -ar 8*cr-i*+a6" calal," ar, a 5>*6"ril$r sal #*#i i*,r!-iar. Acas," $li,ic" s, fa5$ri6a," - His,*+a f*$!*#l#i ?:#!a,a,ii 2rlB& 8* car #* *#!"r  li!i,a, - #,ili6a,$ri c$*s,i,#i ca !ai i!$r,a*," ar, a crrii& c# c9ilir#l rar,i6a,  #* !ar *#!"r - #,ili6a,$ri !ici sa# acci-*,ali. Pri*cial#l -6a5a*,a: as$cia, -is,ri#+ii -#al c$*s," 8* -ific#l,a,a i*,ri*sc" a -,r!i*"rii #*i 8!"r+iri :#s, a i+i 8*,r r$-#c",$r /i i*,r!-iar.

1%

(;( TIPOLOGIA CIRCUITELOR DE DISTRIBUŢIE M$-ali,"+il - ,rcr al #*#i r$-#s -i* sfra r$-#c+ii 8* sfra r$cs#l#i - c$*s#! f$r!a6" circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i al acs,#ia. Circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i,  r$-#c",$r#l c>, /i c$*s#!a,$r#l& rc#! /i ,$+i i*,r!-iarii c# carac,r c$!rcial& i!lica+i 8* ,ra*sfr#l rsc,i5. S,#-i#l circ#i,l$r - -is,ri#+i c$!$r," a*ali6a i*,r!-iaril$r /i a -i5rsl$r $r2a*is! i*,rsa, 8* !i/cara !"rf#ril$r sr #,ili6a,$ri& rc#! /i a r$l!l$r rfri,$ar la $ri*,ara fl#H#l#i acs,i !i/c"ri. ;* acs, c$*-i+ii& circ#i,#l - -is,ri#+i *# ,r#i 5a6#, ca #* i,i*rari# - ,ra*sfr#ri a ,i,l#l#i - r$ri,a, al r$-#s#l#i si -ifri, 5ri2i c$!$**, al la*+#l#i - -is,ri#+i. Dfi*ira circ#i,l$r - -is,ri#+i ar& - as!*a& 8* 5-r c" acs,a rr6i*," #* $r2a*is! c$!lH& c ar -i!*si#*i l2a, - l#*2i!& l"+i! /i a->*ci!.  Lungimea circ#i,#l#i - -is,ri#+i s, -a," - *#!"r#l 5ri2il$r i*,r!-iar& car ar,ici"

s#ccsi5 la rali6ara fl#H#l#i - r$-#s - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r. Ţi*>*- sa!" - acs, cri,ri#& rac,ica c$!rcial" a i!#s a,*+ii #r!",$ara s,r#c,#r" a circ#i,l$r - -is,ri#+i  •

circ#i, f$ar, sc#r,& 8* ca-r#l c"r$ra *# i*,r5i* *ici #* i*,r!-iar& 5>*6ara fii*-

rali6a," -irc, - c",r fir!" r$-#c",$ar sa# - rr6*,a*+ii r$rii ai acs,ia& la c#!"r",$rii fi*aliJ •

circ#i, sc#r,& car *# c$!$r," 8*,r r$-#c",$r /i cli*,#l fi*al -c>, #* i*,r!-iar& car

8* !$- frc5*, s, #* -,ailis, r$-#c",$r
circ#i, !-ii& #*- r$-#c",$r#l 5i*- r$-#sl sal #*i c*,ral - c#!"rar& car l

-is,ri#i a$i la r$riil sal #*c, - 5>*6ar r$-#c",$r*6ar
circ#i, l#*2i& car c#ri*- !ai !#l+i i*,r!-iari r$-#c",$r& 2r$sis,& -,ailis,&

c$*s#!a,$r. Es, - !*+i$*a, fa,#l c" #* r$-#s $a, #r!a -i5rs circ#i, *,r# a a:#*2 la -s,i*a,ar#l sa#. S#*, 8*s" si,#a+ii 8* car& -a,$ri," *a,#rii r$-#sl$r& 8* scial c>*- s, 5$ra - cl a2ric$l& circ#i,l c$!rcial ,r#i s" ca, $ !ar c$!lHi,a,& a*,r*>*- *#!r$/i i*,r!-iari /i !#l,il !#,a+ii - r$-#s 8* ca-r#l fl#H#l#i r$-#c",$r
13

 Lăţimea sa# a!l$ara circ#i,#l#i - -is,ri#+i s, -a,a - *#!"r#l #*i,"+il$r ri* car s

asi2#r" circ#la+ia #*#i r$-#s 8* ca-r#l aclia/i ,a -i* s,r#c,#r" circ#i,#l#i rsc,i5. U* as!*a asc, *# aar 8* ca6#l circ#i,#l#i sc#r,& #*- a# l$c li5raril -irc, al r$-#s#l#i - la 8*,rri*-ra r$-#c",$ar& la c$*s#!a,$ri. ;* sc9i!& 8* ,$a, cllal, ca6#ri& f*$!*#l aar !a,riali6>*-#
8* car a# l$c r$csl - c$*s#! al r$-#sl$r& ar 8* 5-r !"s#ra 8* car r$cs#l - -is,ri#+i asi2#r" $ r$Hi!i,a, - l$c c>, !ai a-c5a,"& -i* #*c, - 5-r al c$*s#!a,$r#l#i. ;* acs, c$*,H,& $a, fi arcia, ca -$si, - #,il circ#i,#l f$ar, sc#r,& car asi2#r" li5rara -irc," a r$-#sl$r& c$*s#!a,$r#l i*,r>*- as,fl 8* $ssia r$-#sl$r s$lici,a,& -irc, la l$c#l - c$*s#!. D as!*a& 8* ca-r#l circ#i,l sc#r,& c$!r+#l ri* c$rs$*-*+" asi2#r" #* 2ra- - ar$ir ri-ica,. Es, - !*+i$*a, 8*s" fa,#l c" /i cllal, ,i#ri - circ#i, $, asi2#ra #* 2ra- - ar$ir ri-ica,& ri* f$l$sira #*$r f$r! - c$!r+ c>, !ai a-c5a,& c#! ar fi c$!r+#l !$il& sa# al>*- la -ifri, !,$- - 5>*6ar la -$!icili#l c$*s#!a,$ril$r.  N#!"r#l /i c$!lHi,a,a r$l!l$r - -is,ri#+i a# *csi,a, rc#r2ra la i*,r!-iari. ;*,r farica*+i /i cilal+i a2*+i - -is,ri#+i His," $ -i5i6i#* a !#*cii& car $a, fi !ai !#l, sa# !ai #+i* a->*ci,". I*,r!-iarii 8/i as#!a $ ar, sa# ,$,ali,a,a f#*c+iil$r /i rs$*saili,"+il$r  -is,ri#+ii /i s#*, r!#*ra+i& *,r# sr5iciil l$r& ri*,r<$ !ar:" c$!rcial"  car $ 8!ar, c#  r$-#c",$r#l. D r2#l"& r$-#c",$r#l /i c$*s#!a,$r#l fi*al f$r!a6" #*c,l H,r! al #*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i& alc",#i, -i*,r<#* la*+ - 5ri2i ri* car !"rf#ril ,rc s#ccsi5. U* ca*al - -is,ri#+i c#ri*- i*,r!-iarii a5>*- aca/i *a,#r" /i aca/i sciali6ar& car ar,ici" la fl#H#l #*#i r$-#s - la l$c#l sa# - r$-#c+i& >*" la l$c#l - c$*s#!. D#" $u&ărul repelor !$er&ed!are  s -$ssc -$#" ,i#ri - a6" al ca*al#l#i - -is,ri#+i ca$alul d!rec r$-#c",$r
Ca*all #*#i circ#i, i*,r!-iarii a5>*- aca/i *a,#r" /i aca/i sciali6arJ

•

M"ri!a circ#i,#l#i - -is,ri#+i *#!"r#l i*,r!-iaril$r car i*,r5i* 8* circ#i,#l -

14

-is,ri#+i Ac,i5i,a,a #*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i s, 2#5r*a," - #r!",$arl pr!$c!p!! •

I*s,i,#+iil ca*al#l#i - !ar,i*2 $, fi li!i*a, sa# s#s,i,#i,J

•

F#*c+iil  car acs, i*s,i,#+ii l 8*-li*sc *# $, fi s# *ici $ f$r!" li!i*a,J

C>*- a*#!i, i*s,i,#+ii s#*, li!i*a,& f#*c+iil l$r s -lasa6" 8* a!$*, sa# 8* a5al& -
1)

CAPITOLUL ;( STUDIU DE CA<

I( CIRCUITELE DE DISTRIBUŢIE PENTRU BUNURILE DE CONSUM INDI=IDUAL, PRODUSE DE UTILI, 8* ca c ri5/, r$5*i*+a& c>, /i 8* ca c ri5/, -s,i*a+ia 8* c$*s#!& li,ra,#ra - sciali,a, r$c-a6"& la $ a*#!i," s,r#c,#rar a #*#ril$r rsc,i5& r$#*>*- circ#i, -ifri,& 8* f#*c+i - carac,ris,icil 2r#l$r c$*,#ra,. ;*,r<#* as!*a c$*,H,& *,r# -ifri, 2r# - r$-#s -i* ca,2$ria #*#ril$r - c$*s#! i*-i5i-#al& $, fi a5#, 8* 5-r #r!",$arl circ#i, - -is,ri#+i •

Bu$ur!le de co$%u& cure$& car 8* 2*ral s#*, r$-#s - ri!a *csi,a,& a# #* r+

rla,i5 #+i* ri-ica, /i 2*ra6" c#!"r"ri f$ar, frc5*, r$-#s ali!*,ar c#r*,& ,#,#*& !rcri& ,c.& rcla!" circ#i, - -is,ri#+i car ,r#i s" asi2#r c$*s#!a,$ril$r r$Hi!i,a,& rai-i,a,& facili,a,. ;* acs, s*s& s#*, rc$!a*-a, circ#i,l sc#r,& ri* i*,r!-i#l -,ailis,il$r /i circ#i,l !-ii& ri* i*,r!-i#l c*,rall$r - c#!"rar. •

Bu$ur!le de $ece%!ae &ed!e sa# ?de $ouaeB car& 8* cl !ai frc5*, ca6#ri a# r+

f$ar, ri-ica, 8* ra$r, c# 5al$ara l$r ral"& sa,isf"c>*- *5$i - $r-i* si9$l$2ic sa# l2a, - #* a*#!i, !!*,& rcla!"& la r>*-#l l$r& #* r$cs - -is,ri#+i !ai c$!lH.

D!%r!.u*!a l$r s fac& 8* 2*ral& ri* !a2a6i* ,i @$#,i#B sa# @!ari s#raf,B& 8* f#*c+i - cali,a,a sa# scific#l fic"r#i r$-#s.O as!*a -is,ri#+i $a, fi asi2#ra," - circ#i,l sc#r,& !-ii /i l#*2i& ri* i*,r!-i#l slc,"rii -,ailis,il$r /i al -,r!i*"rii acs,$ra& ri* !i:l$ac scific !ca*is!#l#i - ia+"& s" cr6 #*i,"+il rcla!a, - -is,ri#+ia r$-#sl$r rsc,i5. •

Bu$ur!le de )olo%!$*ă 9$delu$gaă sa# a/a<6isl ?#*#ri - c9ia!*, al fa!iliiB& ri*

scific#l l$r 8* ca c ri5/, -#ra,a - 5ia+" /i r+#l !ai ri-ica, /i& 8* cl !ai frc5*, ca6#ri& rcla!a r6*," #*#i 5>*6",$r califica,& - -$ri, c9iar #* ,9*icia*. P*,r# acs,a& #*ii farica*+i -is,ri#i -irc, r$-#sl -i* ca,2$ria rsc,i5"& ri* i*,r!-i#l #*i r+l - rr6*,a*+i& sri:i*i, - !a2a6i* - -!$*s,ra+ii /i H$6i+ii& rc#! /i ri*

1

$r2a*i6ara #*i #,r*ic r+l - sr5ic& car s" ac$r- asis,*," - sciali,a, a,>, 8* ri$a-l - 2ara*+i& c>, /i $s,2ara*+i.

(Produ%ele !$du%r!ale sa# #*#ril - #,ili6ar r$-#c,i5" a# $ s,r#c,#r" f$ar, -ifri,"& l c#ri*6>*- !a,rii ri! /i c$*s#!ail& #*#ri - c9ia!*, ri*cial& #*#ri - c9ia!*, sc#*-ar& is - sc9i! /i f#r*i,#ri -i5rs. D as!*a& r$-#sl rsc,i5 s carac,ri6a6"  ri*,r<$ $arcar ,9*ici,a, /i ,r#i s" r"s#*-" #*$r *$r! rcis /i s,a*-ar-i6a,. Dr, #r!ar& ia+" acs,$r #*#ri s, #,r*ic ar,ic#lari6a,"  ficar -i* ca,2$riil -  r$-#s c$!$**,& cr>*- as,fl /i circ#i, scific. ;* ca-r#l #*$r as!*a c$$r-$*a,& -is,ri#+ia l$r s $a, asi2#r" ri* i*,r!-i#l #r!",$arl$r circ#i, •

Circ#i, f$ar, sc#r, sa# -irc,& 8* ca-r#l c"r$ra r$-#c",$r#l *2$cia6" /i li5ra6" -irc,

 r$-#s#l sa# c",r #,ili6a,$r& f$l$si*-& 8* acs, sc$& rr6*,a*+ii sa# i*2i*rii ,9*ic$*6"ril /i s,$ca:#l 8*,r2ii r$-#c+ii& #r!>*- a li5ra r$-#sl  a6" #*$r c$!*6i i*-i5i-#al. •

C!rcu!e %cure& f$l$si*-#
a,>, fa+" - r$-#c",$ri& c>, /i fa+" - #,ili6a,$ri& r!#*ra+i ri*,r<#* c$!isi$* r$$r+i$*al c# cifra l$r  - afacriJ •

C!rcu!ele lu$g!& 8* ca6#l #*#ril$r -s,i*a, #,ili6"rii r$-#c,i5& $, 8!r"ca f$r! 5aria,

/i c$!lH.

;(Produ%ele agr!cole& -a,$ri," scific#l#i r$cs#l#i - farica+i& carac,ris,ic acs,#i ,i -  r$-#s& 5$l#+ia crrii /i a !$-#l#i - $r2a*i6ar a !-i#l#i r#ral& 2*ra6" #* r$cs - c$!rciali6ar f$ar, -ificil& r$cs car& la r>*-#l sa#& 8/i #* a!r*,a /i  s,r#c,#ra circ#i,l$r - -is,ri#+i. ;* 5-ra s,ailirii #*$r ,i#ri - circ#i, c$!rcial& rc$!a*-ail *,r# r$-#sl a2ric$l& s, *csar s" s a*ali66& 8* ralail& $ sri - asc,& car ri* *a,#ra l$r 8/i $, #* a!r*,a as#ra s,r#c,#rii circ#i,l$r rsc,i5. ;*,r as!*a asc,& $ -$si," i!$r,a*," $ a# #r!",$arl •

Pr$-#c+ia a2ric$l" s, l$cali6a,"& a,>, 8* ,i! c>, /i 8* sa+i#& 8* !$- *r2#la, /i f$ar,

-isrsa,. •

Pr$-#sl s#*, per!%a.!le /i& 8* ca !ai !ar ar,& aar  ia+" 8* acla/i ,i!. Crra

i*-i5i-#al" s, carici$as" /i i*las,ica& iar crra i*-#s,rial" s, sc#la,i5"& a!>*>*s#rar$-#c+ia *,r# a $+i* $ sc"-r a r+#l#i& car s" r!i," $ ar$5i6i$*ar f$ar, r$fi,ail".

1

•

Pr$cs#l - ac9i6i+i$*ar a r$-#sl$r s, l#*2 /i c$s,isi,$r ca #r!ar a -isrs"rii /i

-i5i6"rii Hl$a,"ril$r a2ric$l. C$*sr5ara r$-#sl$r risail *csi," i*5s,i+ii c$s,isi,$ar& la fl ,ra*s$r,#l /i s,$ca:#l s6$*ir. S,a,#l s, *5$i, s" i*,r5i*" ri* -i5rs ac+i#*i& 8* !ai !#l, -irc+ii. Acs, -irc+ii s c$*cr,i6a6" 8* fiHara r+#l#i !aHi! *,r# r$,c+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$rJ r2lara i+i ri* i*,r!-i#l -i5rsl$r $r2a*is! - sciali,a,& r$!$5ara 5>*6"ril$r 8* s,r"i*",a,& crara #*$r   i+ - i*,rs *a+i$*al& 8* 5-ra ra+i$*ali6"rii -is,ri#+ii /i sc"-ra c9l,#ilil$r - c$!rciali6ar&  ri* si!lificara f#*c+ii - 2r$s /i a ar$5i6i$*"rii -,ailis,il$rJ crara #*$r s$ci,"+i c$!rcial c# carac,r !iH<rl#ar& rl#crar /i c$!rciali6ar a r$-#sl$r, a f$r,#ril$r i*5s,i+i$*al& c>, /i a 5*i,#ril$r.

D!%r!.u*!a produ%elor agr!cole $a, fi 8!#*","+i," ri* i*,r$-#cra #*$r !,$- *$i - 5>*6ar& rfc+i$*ara circ#la+ii r$-#sl$r sr i+l i*,r*a+i$*al. Ţi*>*- sa!" - ,$a, acs, asc,& 8* ca-r#l c$!r+#l#i c# r$-#s a2ric$l& s, *csar s" fi f$l$si, a,>, circ#i,l f$ar, sc#r, /i si!l& c>, /i circ#i,l l#*2i /i f$ar, c$!lH. As,fl - as!*a circ#i, s#*, circ#i,l f$ar, sc#r,. Acs,a a"r 8* !$- frc5*,& 8* ca6#l r$-#sl$r  a2ric$l& 8*,r#c>, !a:$ri,a,a r$-#c",$ril$r a2ric$li 8/i 5>*- r$-#sl 8* !$- -irc, c$*s#!a,$r#l#i fi*al& 8* i+ #lic sa# c9iar la -$!icili#l acs,#ia.

C!rcu!ele %cure s#*, #,ili6a, /i l -s,#l - -s& 8*,r#c>, #*ii c$!rcia*+i a# $siili,a,a a s ar$5i6i$*a& -irc, - la Hl$a,"ril a2ric$l& c# $ sri - r$-#s  car a$i l $fr" c$*s#!a,$ril$r ri* i*,r!-i#l -ifri,l$r f$r! - 5>*6ar.

C!rcu!ele &ed!! $, fi f$l$si, 8* c$*-i+iil 8* car $ c*,ral" - c#!"rar ar $siili,a,a s"< /i as#! rs$*saili,a,a ac9i6i+i$*"rii - la Hl$a,"ril a2ric$l a #*$r r$-#s  car s" l -$6i,6 /i c$*-i+i$*6 8* ri$a-l scific - s,$ca:& *,r# ca a$i s" l -iri:6 sr #*c,l  r$rii - 5>*6ar.

C!rcu!ele lu$g! aar 8* c$*-i+iil 8* car -i5rs s$ci,"+i c$!rcial sciali6a, 8* ac,i5i,"+i - 8*sil$6ar /i c$*-i+i$*ar a r$-#sl$r a2ric$l&  ri$a- 8*-l#*2a, - ,i!& ria# r$-#sl rsc,i5 - la r$-#c",$ri& l s,$c9a6" /i a$i l 5>*- fi c",r -i5r/i a*2r$si/,i -i* -$!*i#l rsc,i5& fi c",r c$!rcia*+ii c# a!"*#*,#l& car a$i l #* la -is$6i+ia c$*s#!a,$ril$r. As!*a circ#i, $, fi a5#, 8* 5-r& 8* #*l ca6#ri& /i *,r# r$-#sl car circ#l" ri* i*,r!-i#l s$ci,"+il$r c$!rcial c# carac,r !iH. Acs,a& a5>*- c" $ic, - ac,i5i,a, rl#ara&  rl#crara /i c$!rciali6ara r$-#sl$r rsc,i5& 8* !#l, ca6#ri 8/i $, as#!a rs$*saili,a,a

1

i*sil$6aril$r /i a 5>*6"ril$r /al$*a, c",r a*2r$si/,i sa# c$!rcia*+ii -  a*#!i, i+ sa# c9iar  H,r*. II.

PARTICULARITĂŢI ALE CIRCUITELOR DE DISTRIBUŢIE

O.!ec!2ele d!%r!.u*!e! 5$r ,r#i Hri!a, 8* ra$r, c# a2a$a:ele a/,,a, - c#!"r",$rii 5i6a+i. A/a c#! afir!" L.P.(#cli*& 8* c$*-i+ii - c$*c#r*+"& $r2a*i6a+iil !!r al #*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i ,r#i s", s" c$*,ri#i la !i*i!i6ara c9l,#ilil$r ,$,al al ca*al#l#i& +i*>*- c$*, 8*s" - a5a*,a:l a/,,a, - c",r c#!"r",$ri. EHis," c>,5a ca,2$rii - c$*s#!a,$ri car s -ifr*+ia6" ri* *i5l#l a5a*,a:l$r a/,,a, - la #* sis,! - -is,ri#+i. Crara #*#i ca*al fici*, rs##* -,r!i*ara s2!*,l$r - ia+" car 5$r fi -sr5i,& rc#! /i al2ra c$rs#*6",$ar fic"r#ia. Oic,i5l -is,ri#+ii -ifr" 8* f#*c+i - caracer!%!c!le r$-#s#l#i.

Produ%ele per!%a.!le *csi," $ -is,ri#+i -irc,"& -a,$ri," fc,l$r *2a,i5  car lr6iril /i !a*i#lara l$r r,a,". Pr$-#sl li5ra, 8* ca$!ă*! &ar!,  - 2*#l !a,riall$r - c$*s,r#c+i /i al "#,#ril$r  r"c$ri,$ar& *csi," ca*al car s" r-#c" la !i*i! -is,a*+" - ,ra*s$r, /i *#!"r#l - !a*i#l"ri al  r$-#sl$r 8* -lasara l$r - la r$-#c",$r la c$*s#!a,$r.  

Pr$-#sl  $e%a$dard!/ae& - 2*#l !a/i*il$r #,ili6a, - $ fir!"& s 5>*- -irc, - c",r

rr6*,a*+l c$!rcial al fir!i r$-#c",$ar& -a,$ri," fa,#l#i c" i*,r!-iarii *# -+i* i*f$r!a+iil *csar c# ri5ir la acs,a. Pr$-#sl car *csi," pre%area de %er2!c!! - !$*,ar sa# - 8*,r+i*r s#*, 5>*-#, /i 8*,r+i*#,& - $ici& - c",r fir!a r$-#c",$ar sa# - c",r -is,ri#i,$rii Hcl#si5i ai acs,ia.

For&a ca$alulu! de d!%r!.u*!e  ,r#i s" +i*" sa!a - sl"ici#*il /i #*c,l f$r, al -ifri,l$r ca,2$rii - i*,r!-iari. D H!l#& rr6*,a*+l r$-#c",$ril$r s#*, caail s" c$*,ac,6 cli*+i c# c9l,#ili r-#s *,r# ficar rs$a*" 8* ar,& -$arc c$s,#l ,$,al al c$*,ac,"rii s 8!ar, la #* *#!"r !ai !ar - cli*+i. ;*s" f$r,#l - 5>*6ar -#s *,r# ficar cli*, 8* ar, s, !ai !ic -c>, -ac" 5>*6ara ar fi f$s, fc,#a," - c",r a2*+ii - 5>*6"ri ai fir!i. D as!*a& f$r!a ca*al#l#i s, i*fl#*+a," - ca*all c$*c#r*+il$r. Ea ,r#i s" s a-a,6 la !-i#l 8* car*- c$*$!ia arc#r2 $ ac,i5i,a, - s,a2*ar& r$-#c",$rii #r!"rsc s", !ai !ici& acas," 8*s!*>*- #,ili6ara #*$r ca*al !ai sc#r, /i r*#*+ara la sr5icii s#li!*,ar - i!$r,a*," sc#*-ar"& al c"r$r c$s, ra i*cl#s 8* r+#l #*#ril$r.

17

R2l!*,"ril /i rs,ric+iil i!#s - l2 i*fl#*+a6" /i l f$r!a ca*al#l#i. L2a -fa5$ri6a6" acl ca*al - -is,ri#+i c>, ,i*- s" rs,r>*2" f$ar, !#l, c$*c#r*+a sa# s" cr6 #* !$*$$l.

C!rcu!ul lu$g& *#!i, /i circ#i, ?,ra-i,i$*alB& s, 8* !$- $i/*#i, #,ili6a, *,r# r$-#s ali!*,ar& - 8*,r+i*r& ,H,il& lc,ric& f#r*i,#ri i*-#s,rial. Acs, circ#i, r6i*," $ sri - a5a*,a: *,r# r$-#c",$r c" - H!l# rali6ara #*i s$l#+ii $,i! a 5>*6"ril$r c# !i*i! - c9l,#ili& -ac" 2r$sis,#l 8/i 8*-li*a f#*c+iil sal 5i6a5i - r$-#c",$r& la*sara !ai rai-" a  r$-#sl$r *$i& rl#*2ira -*s - cli*+i /i ar,iciara 2r$si/,il$r la $ !ai #*" c#*$a/,r a i+i. Pri*,r de/a2a$a:ele acs,#i ,i - circ#i, s 8*scri# •

s, #* sis,! #+i* s#l# /i -*-*, 5i6a5i - 2r$sis,J

•

2*ra6" c9l,#ili - -is,ri#+i !ai ri-ica,J

•

 r$-#c",$r#l ir- c$*,ac,#l c# cli*,la fi*al"& c# -,aili/,ii /i c# $ #*" ar, -i* ia+"J

•

s, -ificil a s asi2#ra #* sr5ic -#" 5>*6arJ

•

-ac" 2r$si/,ii *#
*fici*,.

C!rcu!ul %cur s, f$ar, #,ili6a, *,r# #*l 2r# - r$-#s rac,ica*-#*2" acs,a s !ai a-a#2" sa,isfacra !ai rai-" a cli*+il$r /i rs,ara #*$r sr5icii -#" 5>*6ar. ;* ca,2$ria de/a2a$a:elor acs,#i circ#i, s 8*ca-ra6" •

*asi2#rara #*#i s,$c - !"rf#ri s#fici*, - -i5rsifica,J

•

-,aili/,ii ,r#i s" fi a:#,a+i& 5*,#ala lis" a -i*a!is!#l#i l$r $li2>*- r$-#c",$r#l s"

i*i+i6 ac+i#*i r$!$+i$*al 8* r>*-#l c$*s#!a,$ril$rJ •

*csi,a,a #*#i *#!"r !ar - rr6*,a*+i c$!rciali *,r# c$*,ac,#l c# *#!"r#l rla,i5

!ar al -,aili/,il$rJ •

frac+i$*ara c$!*6il$r /i $r2a*i6ara - li5r"ri !#l,il& ca c a*,r*a6" #* !ar *#!"r

- ac,i5i,"+i c$*,ail.

%0

C!rcu!ele !$egrae c$*s,a# 8* fa,#l c" !aril !a2a6i* /i s$ci,"+i c$!rcial c# s#c#rsal !#l,il s#*, $r2a*i6a, as,fl 8*c>, s" $a," 8*-li*i c$*c$!i,*, cl -$#" f#*c+ii c$!rcial al -is,ri#+ii - 2r$s /i c# a!"*#*,#l. As,fl& $ si*2#r" 8*,rri*-r asi2#r" ar$5i6i$*ara c# !"rf#ri& 2s,i#*a s,$c#ril$r /i c$*,aili,a,a 5>*6"ril$r ri* *#!r$as #*c, - 5>*6ar& -a,$ri," fa,#l#i c" $s-" -$6i, /i !i:l$ac - $r2a*i6ar a !a*i#l"rii /i li5r"rii car aar+i* f#*c+ii #*#i 2r$sis,. U* al, ,i - circ#i, - -is,ri#+i s, 28$/area d!recă& i*-ica," 8*-$si *,r# a*#!i,  r$-#s& 8* scial *,r# cl - 8*al," ,9*ici,a,. >*6ar -irc," rs##* -i!i*#ara& 8* ri*cii#& a c9l,#ilil$r - -is,ri#+i& ri* c$*,ac,#l -irc, al r$-#c",$r#l#i c# c$*s#!a,$r#l& facili,>*- as,fl c#*$a/,ra cali,a,i5" /i ca*,i,a,i5" a i+i. Pri* acs, ,i - 5>*6ar r+#ril s !*+i* 8* li!i, r6$*ail& s 2ara*,a6" cali,a,a r$-#sl$r  5>*-#, /i s asi2#r" cl !ai #* sr5ic cli*,#l#i& !ai als *,r# r$-#sl - !ar ,9*ici,a,. Ca /i cllal, circ#i,& 5>*6ara -irc," r6i*," /i $ sri - de/a2a$a:e •

cri*+a #*$r rs#rs fi*a*ciar i!$r,a*,& !ai als c>*- r$-#c",$r#l 8/i -65$l," $ r+a

 r$ri - !a2a6i*J •

*csi,a,a #*$r s,$c#ri - !"rf#ri !ariJ

•

a*2a:ara #*#i rs$*al - 5>*6ar f$ar, *#!r$sJ

•

c$$r-$*ara ac,i5i,"+ii r+li - -sfacr /i -$6i,arJ

•

$r2a*i6ara ac,i5i,"+ii -#" 5>*6ar.

Dci6iil l2a, - -is,ri#+i s afl" ri*,r cl !ai c$!lH /i !ai -ificil -ci6ii  car ,r#i s" l a-$, $ fir!"  arc#rs#l ac,i5i,"+ii sal. Ficar sis,! - -is,ri#+i 2*ra6" 5*i,#ri /i *csi," c$s,#ri -ifri,. Di* clia 8* car $ fir!" 8/i al2 ca*al#l - -is,ri#+i& a s, $li2a," s" $r6 c# l $ ri$a-" !ai 8*-l#*2a,". D as!*a& ca*al#l als 5a i*fl#*+a /i 5a fi i*fl#*+a, - cllal, l!*, al !iH#l#i - !ar,i*2.

I$er&ed!ar!!  s#*, #,ili6a+i a,#*ci c>*- s -$5-sc caaili - a Hc#,a $ra+i#*il - -is,ri#+i 8*,r<#* !$- !#l, !ai fici*, -c>, r$-#c",$rii. Cl !ai i!$r,a*, $ra+i#*i /i fl#H#ri car a# l$c 8* ca-r#l #*#i ca*al - -is,ri#+i s#*, r$!$5ara& i*f$r!ara& *2$cira& rl#*2ira /i $*$rara c$!*6il$r& fi*a*+ara& rl#ara risc#l#i& $ssia fi6ic" a !"rf#ril$r& la,a /i ,ra*s!i,ra -r,#l#i - r$ri,a,. Acs,a His," i*-ifr*, - *#!ar#l -,aili/,il$r /i a*2$si/,il$r car $ra6" la #* !$!*, -a,.

%1

A-!i*is,rara ca*all$r - -is,ri#+i *csi," al2ra a*#!i,$r i*,r!-iari /i !$,i5ara l$r&  ri* alicara #*#i !iH al rla+iil$r c$!rcial& fici*, -i* #*c, - 5-r al c$s,#ril$r. Pri* acs,a s #r!"r/, crara #*#i si,! - ?c$!#*i#*B /i rali6ara #*i -is,ri#+ii r$2ra!a, la *i5l#l 8*,r2#l#i sis,!.

Ca$alele de d!%r!.u*!e s carac,ri6a6" ri*,r<$ c$*,i*#" /i& #*$ri& r$f#*-" 5$l#+i. Di*,r ,*-i*+l car s !a*ifs," 8* acs, -$!*i#& !ai s!*ifica,i5" s, a!l$ara ,$, !ai !ar  car $ ia# sis,!l - -is,ri#+i 5r,ical"& $ri6$*,al" /i ri* ca*al !#l,il.

%%

CONCLU
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BIBLIOGRAFIE

1. D.Pa,ric9& M.Gri2$rsc#

< ?(a6l C$!r,#l#iB& E-. Di-ac,ic" /i P-a2$2ic"& (#c#r/,i& 177)

%. P9ili $,lr


3. Mirca Pis,$l


4. D.Pa,ric9


). C. asili#& M. Fla


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