Apicultura Cuprins:
MEDICAMENTE SI SUBSTANTE DE UZ APICOL..........................................................................4 MEDICAMENTE ANTIVARROA -ACARICIDE...........................................................................4 VARACHET - VARACHET FORTE............................................................................................4 MAVRIROL - BANDA IMPREGNATA.......................................................................................4 APISTAN - BANDA IMPREGNATA...........................................................................................4 APITOL – SOLUTIE.....................................................................................................................4 BAYVAROL - BANDA IMPREGNATA......................................................................................5 API - LIFE – VAR.........................................................................................................................5 PERIZIN – SOLUTIE...................................................................................................................5 FOLBEX - BENZI FUMIGENE...................................................................................................5 TIMOL – PUDRA......................................................................................................................... 5 ACID FORMIC - CONCENTRAT 60 %......................................................................................5 ACID LACTIC - CONCENTRAT 5%........................................................................................5 MEDICAMENTE ANTI - NOSEMOZA..........................................................................................6 PROTOFIL – SIROP.....................................................................................................................6 FUMIDIL B – PUDRA..................................................................................................................6 ANTIBIOTICE DE UZ APICOL......................................................................................................6 LOCAMICIN – PUDRA...............................................................................................................6 OXITETRACICLINA...................................................................................................................6 ALTE ANTIBIOTICE...................................................................................................................6 SUBSTANTE DEZINFECTANTE...................................................................................................6 SODA CAUSTICA – LESIE.........................................................................................................6 SODA CALCINATA – SOLUTIE.................................................................................................! ACID ACETIC TEHNIC – LICHID.............................................................................................! ALTE DEZINFECTANTE............................................................................................................! COMBATEREA DAUNATORILOR IN APICULTURA.....................................................................! M"#$ &' (') *+,'#$/..............................................................................................................! V$','*1$',' ("23 '(./...................................................................................................... F3)$($#'......................................................................................................................................... P)$+")$.......................................................................................................................................... S")'($$.......................................................................................................................................... TEHNOLOGIA OBTINERII MATCILOR........................................................................................... C"&$$$ +'')#'............................................................................................................................ U'#' ,$ 3$#7' 8"#",$'................................................................................................................. T'9"#"+$$ 8"#",$'......................................................................................................................... S'#'($ ,$ )'+$)' 82$#$$#")...................................................................................................... O:$')' ,$ ),1;)' #)1'#")................................................................................................. A((')' :"($#") ()',')' )$2)......................................................................................... O)8$;)' 82$#$'$ ()',(")' - 8$#$;)' ()',')$$................................................................0 R'("#)' :"($#") - $2')'(9')' $ 3(#''..............................................................................0 A)'($')$ 8$#'............................................................................................................................0 CALENDARUL APICULTORULUI..................................................................................................0 I3)$'............................................................................................................................................ F':)3)$'.......................................................................................................................................... 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I3$'.................................................................................................................................................< A3+3,..............................................................................................................................................< S''2:)$'.......................................................................................................................................< O("2:)$'........................................................................................................................................< N"$'2:)$'........................................................................................................................................< D'('2:)$'........................................................................................................................................= NARCOTIZAREA ALBINELOR.......................................................................................................= INTRETINEREA ALBINELOR IN DIFERITE TIPURI DE STUPI.................................................= INTRETINEREA IN STUPI ORIZONTALI.................................................................................. 4 I)'$')' 3'$ ,$+3)' 82$#$$ $)-3 ,3 ")$;"#................................................................4 O # 2'"& &' $)'$')' 3'$ ,$+3)' 82$#$$......................................................................4 I)'$')' 3'$ 82$#$$ &' :; (3 2( 73")'..................................................................4 INTRETINEREA IN STUPI VERTICALI CU MAGAZINE.........................................................5 INTRETINEREA IN STUPI MULTIETA>ATI...............................................................................5 C"(#3;$$......................................................................................................................................6 CRESTEREA SI IMPERECHEREA MATCILOR IN STUPINA......................................................6 P)"&3(')' 2($#") - ("&$$$ +'')#'...........................................................................................6 P)"&3(')' 2($#") - )"1"()' 8)$+3)$#") )"$3#3$.......................................................................6 P)"&3(')' 2($#") - 2'"& 8) ),1;)'...............................................................................! I)"&3(')' 2($#").......................................................................................................................! I2')'(9')' 2($#") - 8")2)' 3(#''#").................................................................................... C"(#3;$$...................................................................................................................................... INMULTIREA ARTIFICIALA SI NATURALA A FAMILIILOR DE ALBINE................................ ROIREA ARTIFICIALA................................................................................................................. C32 $)')3'2 )"$3#................................................................................................................. M'"&' &' )"$)' )$8$($#........................................................................................................... <0 ROIREA NATURALA....................................................................................................................<0 I+)$7$)' )"$3)$#")........................................................................................................................< LUCRARI DE IARNA IN STUPINA.................................................................................................< I;"#)' ')2$( (3$:3#3$...............................................................................................................< V'$#$ ,33#3$............................................................................................................................< A#$()' )2''#") &' "2..................................................................................................<< P)"'($ +'')# ,3$'$............................................................................................................<< S3)1'+9')' #:$'#") $).........................................................................................................<< Z:")3)$#' &' (3)$)' $)...............................................................................................................<< I&)')' ,)$#") '&")$'.............................................................................................................<< C"&$$$ +'')#' &' $'))'.............................................................................................................<= C"(#3;$$......................................................................................................................................<= LUCRARI DE TOAMNA IN APICULTURA....................................................................................<= INTENSIFICAREA CRESTERII PUIETULUI..............................................................................<= A,$+3))' &' 2($ $')' ,$ 1$:$#'?..........................................................................................<= D':#"()' (3$:3)$#")..................................................................................................................<4 A,$+3))' (3 8+3)$ &' (#$'...................................................................................................<4 A,$+3))' &' (3#',3)$ );$$ ,$ 9)$)$ &' ,$23#)'....................................................................<4 R'&3(')' ,$ $2(9')' (3$:3)$#")..........................................................................................<4 ASIGURAREA REZERVELOR DE HRANA................................................................................<5 C#$' 9)'$............................................................................................................................<5 R2'#' &' 2$')' ,$ ,3)..........................................................................................................<5 H)$)$#' &' ("2#')'...............................................................................................................<5 PREGATIREA CUIBULUI FAMILIILOR DE ALBINE...............................................................<5 LUCRARI DE VARA IN STUPINA...................................................................................................<6 R'(3",')' 33$ (3#',.................................................................................................................<6 <
C"&$$$ ')3 1#")$8$()' (3#',3)$#")..........................................................................................<6 S3)$3# ,")# – +'')#$$......................................................................................................
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MEDICAMENTE SI SUBSTANTE DE UZ APICOL I (', +$ 1"2 )';' 2'&$(2''#' 8"#",$' $ ("2:')' :"#$#") ,$ &3")$#") #:$'#") ,3:,' &';$8'(' ,$ 2"&3# #") &' 8"#",$)'. M'$"2 ( 3 "' (',' )"&3,' ,3 )":' $ R"2$ ,$ ( '8$($' #") &'$&' &' 2$ 23#$ 8(")$ ? )','()' &";7'#") ,$ 2"&3#3$ &' &2$$,))' ("&$$$ '@')' &' 2'&$3 )';$,' :$"#"+$( 82$#$$#") &' #:$' +)&3# &' $8',)' '(.
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
MAVRIROL - BANDA IMPRE!NATA M1)$)"# ',' 3 2'&$(2' )": $ R"2$. A(', 2'&$(2' ',' ("2')($#$; ,3: 8")2 &' :';$ '@$#' $2)'+' (3 ,3:, ($1. B& ,' $' $ :3($ &' <5 (2 ()' ,' $)"&3( (' &"3 ')3 82$#$$#' 3')$(' ,$ (' 3 ')3 )"$ ,3 82$#$$ ,#:'. S3:, ($1 ($"'; )$ ("( &$)'( (3 "' ('+")$$#' &' $&$1$;$ &$ 82$#$ &' #:$'. B';$#' ,' ,'; &',3) )2'#") ),1'),# $) &3 !- ;$#' ,' ,3,'& 1')$(# $)' )2'#' =-4 ,$ !-. P)$21) ,' 2'$ $ ,3 45 &' ;$#'8$#' $) &3 3#$23# )2' (3,3:, V)(9' &$ "2 ,3 #,' " $). A)'($')$ ? $,#)' :';$#") (3 ($1 ,' 8(' (& #:$'#' 3 ,3 ,),' $ +9'2 $) :';$#' (;3' ' 83&3# ,33#3$ ,' 1") ,("' '$);$ ')3 3 8$ 3$' ("#".
APISTAN - BANDA IMPRE!NATA A$, ',' 3 2'&$(2' )": $ R"2$ ,$ )"&3, &' 8$)2 S&";. F")2 &' )';')' ',' $ 8,$$ $2)'+' (3 8#31#$ ()' ($"'; )$ ("( &$)'(. S' 8(' 3 ,$+3) )2' )$ $)"&3(')' 8,$$#") $ ,3 ,$ 2'$')' (',") ("#" $2 &' 5-6 ,2$$ ")$(' ')$"& 3#3$. N3 )' #' )',)$($$ &' 3$#$;)' "3,$ $ ')$"&'#' &' (3#', 3 ',' )'("2& 8"#",$)' &")$ )';$&3)$#") ()' )2 $ 2$')'. D3 " 8"#",$)' $&'#3+ ,$ 2$ #', '(")',3;")' ,' "' $,# " 32$ )';$,' 1))" # )2'.
APITOL " SOLUTIE A$"# ',' 3 )"&3, # 8$)2'$ C$: ,$ )' ( ,3:, ($1 (2;"#. P)')3# ,' )';$ ,3: 8")2 &' ,"#3$' ", (3 =50 2+ ,3:, ($1. M"&3# &' &2$$,))' ',' )$ $(3))' ,$ ,' #$( < )2'' $ "2 # $')1# &' ! ;$#'. T'2')3) 2'&$3#3$ )':3$' , 8$' 2$.0 +)&' C $) $ $23# )2'3#3$ 3 ,' & 9) #:$'#"). F2$#$ &' #:$' 3 )':3$' , $: 3$'.
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BA#VAROL - BANDA IMPRE!NATA B1)"# ',' 3 )"&3, # 8$)2'$ B') 1& ( ,3:, ($1 8#32'9)$. P)';')' ("2')($# ',' ,3: 8")2 &' 4 :';$ $2)'+' ,3:, ($1 )'(& ,)' #:$' )$ ("( &$)'(. P)($( (',' :';$ ,' ) $)' )2' " ,$+3) & ' $2 &' 5-6 ,2$. S' "' 8"#",$ " 3#(& 3 ',' (3#',.
API - LIE " VAR E,' 3 )"&3, B') 8")2 &$)-3 2','( &' 3#'$3)$ 1"#$#' (' $2)'+'; $,' #($ &' '1"))'. S' 8(' 3 )2' $ "2 $)"&3(& #($#' $ ,3 ' " ')$"& &' 5-6 ,2$. T'2')3) '@')$") 2'&$3#3$ )':3$' , &',',( < +)&' C ' " ')$"& )2'3#3$. A#' ("&$$$ &'",':$' 3 ,3 ,'($8$('. I R"2$ (', 2'&$(2' ',' 8"#",$ ' ,() #)+ $ ,3$'#' ()' )"&3( 2$')' :$". F$)2'#' ()' (')$8$( (',' ,3$' :$" $# )'("2& ,3 (9$) $# $23. C"2"''#' )$($#' 2'&$(2'3#3$ ,3 T$2"#3#*!0%/ 3#'$ &' '3(#$ 2'"# ,$ (28")*$ 1)$ $$$#/.
PERIZIN " SOLUTIE P')$;$ ',' 3 )"&3, B') 8"#",$& ( ,3:, ($1 (328",. P)';')' ',' $ 8#("' &' ,"#3$' ", (3 64 2+ ,3:, ($1. S' 8( &"3 )2'' $ "2 # $')1# &' 4-! ;$#'. M"&3# &' &2$$,))' ',' )$ $(3))' # " '2')3) &' ',' 5 +)&' C ,$ $ :,' 3$'3#3$.
OLBE$ - BENZI UMI!ENE F"#:'@ ',' )"&3, &' 8$)2 CIBA ,$ )' ( ,3:, ($1 :)"2)"#$2)'+ $ :';$. S' 8( 4 )2'' $ "2 # 4-! ;$#' &$8')' $)' )2''. A&2$$,))' *832$+$$#'/,' 8( ,') (& '2')3) 2'&$3#3$ ',' ',' +)&' C. F2$#$ &' #:$' 3 )':3$' , $: 3$' *# 3#$23# )2'/$) 3)&$$,3# ,' $' $(9$, =0 2$. I )', ,' $3 )'(3$$#' $#$' # #' 2'&$(2'' &2$$,)' )$ 832$+$$.
TIMOL " PUDRA T$2"#3# ',' 8"#",$ $ 2'&$($ 1'')$). I $(3#3) )' 3 '8'( :3 $ ("2:')' 1))" ,$ ,' 8"#",',' $ ,)' 3) ( ,$ $ 2','( (3 ;9) 3&). F$'()' $')1# &$)' 8+3)$ ,' 3&)'; (3 05 +)2' $2"# ,3 +)2 $2"# 2','( (3 ;9). S' 8( = )2'' # < ;$#' $')1# (& '2')3) &',',' 0 +)&' C ,') $(9$;& ,$ 3)&$$,3# &$2$'. A#:$'#' 1") '#$2$ ,$+3)' ,3:,. I$' &' (3#', ,$ $ $23# (3#',3#3$ 3 ,' 8( )2''.
ACID ORMIC - CONCENTRAT %& ' A($&3# 8")2$( ("(') 60% ,' 8"#",',' $ R"2$ ( ,$ $ )$#' UE. P)($( ,' $2:$: &' ()' $(3#") " #(3 &' ()" 3 :3)'' ,3 ,' "' &2$$,) (3 3 '1")") *&'$&' &' $(3#")/&"; 8$$& &' < 2#)2 ,3 <02#("). S3")3# $2)'+ ,' ,'; ' 83&3# ,33#3$ ,3: +)) &' ,)2*,' '1$ ("(3# &$)'( (3 #:$'#'/. A,';)' ' 83&3# ,33#3$ 2$ )' 173# ( ,' '1$ $')&')' 2($$. S' #$( =-4 )2'' # $')1# &' 4-! ;$#' (& '2')3) '@')$") ',' &' <-<5 +)&' C. I)"&3(')' ,' 8(' ,') ,$ ,' #, ,3")3# (3 ($& 8")2$( <4 &' ")' $ ,3 ')$"& "$2 8$$& &3 )$&$()' (")3#3$ (3 2$')'*$ "2/. T)2''#' ,' 8( ,$ $ )';' 3$'3#3$ $&$8')' &( ',' (($ ,3 3.
ACID LACTIC - CONCENTRAT ()' A($&3# #($( ,' 8"#",',' $ $(3#3) &$#3 5%. I "2 (& 3 2$ '@$, 3$' $ 82$#$ &' #:$' 8$'()' 8+3)' ,' ,)"',' (3 5 2# &' ,"#3$'. S' 8( <-= )2'' (& '2')3) '@')$") &',',' 6 +)&' C.
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MEDICAMENTE ANTI - NOSEMOZA PROTOIL " SIROP P)""8$# ',' 3 )"&3, )"2',( 1& # :; '@)(' &$ $+)'&$'' 3)#'. C"$' )$($$$ ($1' ( 1$2$' 2$')#' ()' ,$23#'; ,'()'$ ';$2$( &$+',$1 #:$'#"). S' &2$$,)'; $ ,$)" &' ;9) ,3 ,' $ 3)2")'#' ($$"# ? $ ,$)" !2##$)3 ,$)" $ ,' 2#+ &' 0 ,. S' &2$$,)'; &' (' ")$ ',' '1"$' (3 " ("&$$' ? ($' &2$$,) 3'$ 82$#$$ , 3 =4 &',',( 2#.
UMIDIL B " PUDRA F32$&$# B ("$' ( )$($$3# ($1 $:$"$(3# 832+$#$. S' &2$$,)'; 2','( $ ,$)" $ 3)2")'#' ($$? # " ("#"$' 2)' <5 +# ,$)" # 3 2'&$' +!50 2# ,$)" # 3 )"$ +0500 2# ,$)". S' &2$$,)'; $ 9) #:$'#") ($' &' ,$)" 2'&$(2'", $ 2$ 23#' )')$;' ,3 )$ ,)"$)' ')'$#") ,$ )2'#") ,33#3$ $) ($' )2, $ 9)$") ,)' (",32.
ANTIBIOTICE DE UZ APICOL ATENTIONARE ? F"#",$)' $:$"$('#") $ )2''#' 82$#$$#") &' #:$' ',' $');$, N3 ,' 1") 8"#",$ &'( $ (;3)$ '@('$"#' ,$$& 83# ( $23)$8$( )"&3,'#' #:$'#")
LOCAMICIN " PUDRA E,' 3 2'&$(2' )"&3, $ R"2$ 8"#",$ $ )2'3# #"($$ 2')$(' ,3 '3)"''. S3:, ($1 ',' "@$')($(#$. L + &' ;9) 3&) ,' 2','( <5 + "@$')($(#$ ,$ ,' ":$' )"&3,3# 8$#. F2$#$$#' &' #:$' 8'(' &' #"( ,' 3&)'; (3 0-00 + L"(2$($. T)2'3# ,' )'' &' = ")$ # $')1# &' = ;$#' ,$ $( &' < ")$ # $')1# &' 5-! ;$#'. C"("2$' (3 )$2'#' = )2'' ,' 8( ,$ = &2$$,))$ &' (' <50 2# &' ,$)" )') &$ + L"(2$($ # #$)3 &' .
O$ITETRACICLINA O@$')($(#$ ,' 8"#",',' $ )2'3# #"($$ 2')$(' ,$ '3)"''. O ($' &' 05-0!5 + ,3:, 3) ,' 2','( &' ()' $(3#") (3 #$)3 &' ,$)". I 83($' &' 3')' 82$#$'$ ,$ &' +)1$' :"#$$ ,' #$( 4-5 &2$$,))$ (' <50-500 2# # $')1# &' 4-5 ;$#'.
ALTE ANTIBIOTICE I $(3#3) ,' 2$ 8"#",',( ,$ #' $:$"$(' (32 ,3 TERAMICINA STREPTOMICINA SULFATIAZOL ERITROMICINA '(. U'#' &$)' '#' 3 &'1'$ "# $');$,' ,)' 8"#",$ #'#' ,' 8"#",',( 32$ $ (;3)$ '@('$"#'.
SUBSTANTE DEZINECTANTE SODA CAUSTICA " LESIE S"& (3,$( ,' 8"#",',' &';$8'()' '(9$2''#") $("#' &$ #'2. P')3 ":$' " ,"#3$' &';$8'( ,' ("2:$ ,$ ,"& (3,$( 3) $ )"")$' &' 400 *4 )$ ,"& (3,$( # 00 )$ /. P)'))' #',$'$ )':3$' 8(3 (3 '$' ')3 ( )';$ 3 )$,( 2)' &' (($&')' # $(3#")3#3$. D( #',$ ":$3 3 ,' 8"#",',' $
6
2"2'3# )'))$$ ,' $(#;',' 3#')$") ')3 "' '8'(3# &';$8'(. D3 (' #',$ ,' #$( ' ,3$ (',$ ,' 1") (#$ $ 2$ 23#' '.
SODA CALCINATA" SOLUTIE S"& (#($ ',' 3 # )"&3, 8"#",$ $ &';$8'()' '(9$2'3#3$ $("# &$ #'2 2$ 3$ ')$(3#", ')3 $(3#"). A)' 3 '8'( &';$8'( :3 &( ,' )') " ,"#3$' (3 ("(')$' &' 5-6% *6 )$ ,"& (#($ # 00 )$ /. S' #$( 8$'):$' ' ,3$ "')$3' 3)2 &' " (#$)' 3')$( (3 .
ACID ACETIC TEHNIC " LICHID A($&3# ('$( '9$( ',' 8"#",$ # &';$8'()' 8+3)$#"). F+3)$$ ,' &'";$'; $ (")3)$ &' ,3 ,';$ $ ,$1' ,$ :$' ',$. S' ,'; # 83&3# ,$1'$ $)-" 1 ($' &' < 2# ($& ('$( '9$( ("(. 60-5 % # #$)3# &' 1"#32.
ALTE DEZINECTANTE I $(3#3) ,' 2$ 8"#",',( ,3:,' &';$8'(' (32 ,3 (#")2$ "@$+' #(""# 6 :"' &' ,3#8 '(. F"#",$' $ ("(')$$#' )'("2&' ,3 '8$($'' $ &';$8'()' &$8')$'#") '(9$2''.
COMBATEREA DAUNATORILOR IN APICULTURA F$'()' &$)' "$ $(3#")$$ 13 )":#'2' 2$ 2)$ ,3 2$ 2$($ (3;' &' (3)$#' &3")$#"). F$' ( (',$ ,3 2"#$$ 83)$($ 1$',$ )$+")$$ '( (3# #") )')';$ " )":#'2 ()' )':3$' )';"#1.T)':3$' , 1 )+'2 '$ $, ( ,"#3$")' '73,3)$#") ()'' &' &3")$ 3 ',' $"&'3 (9$) ,$2# $) )';3#3# 8$# &'$&' 23# &' ,')$";$' (3 ()' :")&$ )":#'2$(. I ")$(' (; 3 1 #$2$$ # #$()' 3'$ ,$+3)' 2'"&' ,$ 2$ #', 3 :&"$ #3. I (' ",$:$#$$ &' ))' 1'$ ?
M*lia +, c,ara .as,lnita/ E,' 3 );$ ()' ( 8+3)$#") &$)'( #:$'#' (',' (' 32$ ( $ ,&$3# &'&' #)1. M"#$ ,' )'2)( $, )$ +3:'#' ' ()' #' 3 )"&3(' &' (') 8$$& &$ ,3$$ "3#$ ,$ ('#") # )';')1 ($$#") &' (') )"1'$' &$ 8+3)$$ )'8")2$ )'(32 ,$ 3$'3#3$ &' #:$'. C"2:')' 2"#$'$ $ ,3$$ "3#$ ? N3 "' 8$ 8(3 )$ )"('&'' (9$2$(' &'")'(' ,3:,'#' 8"#",$' ,3 &3")' ')3 #:$'. P3'2 $, 73 #:$'#' , ,' ')' ,$+3)' &( &"2 ('1 2,3)$ ,$2#' ? 8+3)$$ ($ ,' (3) 23# &' #)1'#' ,$ +"+",$#' );$3#3$ )',)+'2 (3$:3# ')3 ()' " &',$' 2)' &' #:$' ' 8+3)$ $)$2 82$#$$#' ,#:' (' &' 2"#$' (3 #:$' &$ #$ ,3$. P)"'7)' 8+3)$#") &' )';')1 ? C",')1)' 8+3)$#") &' )';')1 ,' 8(' (3 73")3# ,3:,'#") (9$2$('. I (', ,(" $(3#")3# )':3$' ,-,$ (",)3$ ,( 3 &3# ')3 &'";$ )' )'1;3 (3 ),'#'. D( 3 &$,3'$ &' 3 &3# ))' ,$ &'";$)' 8+3)$#") ,' 8(' $ (")3)$ &' ,3$. S3:,'#' (9$2$(' 8"#",$' ,3 ? A9$&)$& ,3#83)",*:"' &' ,3#8/ ? S3#83# ',' " ,3:, '8$($' $ ("2:')' 2"#$'$. T)':3$' $, , ,$2 ( 832$+$$#' (3 ,3#8 "2") 32$ 2"#$ &3# #$()' )2'3#3$ )':3$& )'' # )'$ ,2$. F+3)$$ ,' ,'; $ &3# ,3 $ <-=-4 (")3)$ &' ,3 ,$13$' &$ ()' )$23# )':3$' #, +"#. B"3# &' ,3#8 ,' )$&' ,' ,'; ' " (3$' 2'#$( +3)$ ,$ )'1;3 (3 3 +)$#7 &"; 8$$& &' 50 + ,3#8 # 2 (3: 1"#32. P)' ,3')$") ,$1'$ &' (")3)$ ,' ,3 (3 " ; &' ,(. A$(3#")3# )':3$' , ,' )"'7';' ,$ , 3 $,$)' 8323# "@$(. B"'#' &' ,3#8 #' +,$$ $ 2+;$'#' 2'#"-(9$2$(' 2+;$'#' (3 )"&3,' (9$2$(' &' ("2:')' &3")$#") $ +)$(3#3) (',' 8$$& 8"#",$' ,$ # &';$8'()' :3"$'#") ')3 1$. A($& ('$( $&3,)$# ? S' "' 8"#",$ (3 ,3((', $ ("2:')' &3")3#3$. S' ,'; 1$' (3 ($& ('$( $&3,)$# $ ("(')$' &' 65-5% (' < 2# ($& # #$)3 &' 1"#32 $ )' &' 7", &3#3#3$ ,3 ,$1'$ &' (")3)$. A#$()' 33$ 32) 2)' &' )2'' (3 ($& ('$( $&3,)$# "' &3(' $, # (")"&)' ,)2'$ &' 8$@)' 8+3)$#").
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Aprili, - ("#" 3&' ,3)$$ 3 3 33 , 8( (")"#3# +'')# &' )$21) $# 8( (32 #)+$)' (3$:3#3$ # "' 82$#$$#' &'1$' :,"#3 '(',) &'$$ ,)+')$$ (3$:3#3$ 3 (#' #$:'). &';$8'(2 ,3$$ 232 82$#$$#' $ (, "3 $23')$($2 82$#$$#' ,#:' )$ ("2#')' (3 8+3)$ (3 3$' (($ )'#'1$ &' # 82$#$$#' 3')$('. &'2))' #3())$#") )'+$")' $ 1'&')' ()',')$$ 2($#") 8")2)' &' 82$#$$ '2"))' '(. $)"&3('2 )$2$$ 8+3)$ )$8$($#$ $ 1'&')' (#&$)$$ #") $)"&3('2 )2 (#&$")'. &'#,2 82$#$$#' &' #:$' # "2$$ 8)3($8')$ #32 2,3)$ ')3 )'$2$)' 83)$,+3#3$.
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("$32 #)+$)' (3$:3)$#") (32 $)"&3('2 ,$ 8+3)$ )$8$($#$ $,#2 "$")3# ,"#) ')3 )'#3() )$2'#' #"3)$ &' (') . 2'$'2 $ ,)' ($1 "' 82$#$$#' )$ 8")2)' &' )"$ )$8$($#$ 3$2 82$#$$#' ,#:' ')3 8")2 '$$ 3')$(' $ 1'&')' 1#")$8$()$$ (3#',3#3$ # ,#(2 $)$2 82$#$$#' '2"))' (3 3$' (($ ("$32 , $)"&3('2 8+3)$ )$8$($#$ # (#&$. # ,3$$ 1')$(#$ (3 2+;$' ,",$ 2"2'3# &3+)$$ 2+;$'#") &' ,),3) # ,3$$ ")$;"#$ ,' $)"&3( 8+3)$ +"$ ')3$ ,$+3))' &'";$)$$ 2$')$$ # ,3$$ 23#$'7$ ,' )"('&'; # $1'),)' ,$ &3+)' &' (")3)$.
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
INTRETINEREA ALBINELOR IN DIERITE TIPURI DE STUPI I R"2$ ,3 8"#",$' (3 )'(&')' )'$ 2"&'#' &' ,3$ ? ")$;"#$ 1')$(#$ (3 2+;$' ,$ 23#$'7$. S3)3# $('") &3 " ' ,3&$')' 17'#") ,$ &';17'#") 8$'()3$ 2"&'# ,' ")$''; # 8"#",$)' 33$ &$ '#'. I ('#' (' 3)2'; 1 1"2 )';' '9"#"+$ &' $)'$')' 82$#$$#") &' #:$' , (32 ',' ' &',()$, $ #$')3) &'
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INTRETINEREA IN STUPI ORIZONTALI S33# ")$;"# ',' ,33# ('# 2$ 3,") &' 23$ &$ (', 2"$1 '# 8$$& )'("2& $('")$#"). D';1"#)' 82$#$$#") &' #:$' ,' )'#$;'; ' #$$' ")$;"# $(3#")3# &3+& 8+3)$ ' 2,3) (' ()',' 3')' 82$#$'$ &' #:$' ,3 (& )' 3 (3#', )$($#. T"3# ,' "' ("2) (3 " (, ,$,'2 1+" 8) '7 ,$ $ ()' #"(3$',( 2$ 23#' +'')$$. E@$&')' ,$3#3$ #"(3$:$# ,' 8(' )$ &3+)' &' "$ (2')'8$'()' &" (3 3$#$$#' '$"3,$ 8(& )' &$)-3 $)'+. C32 1'$ )"('& (3 #:$'#' &32'1",) N$2$( 2$ ,$2#3 &( #'+'$ ,$ #$($ ,$,'23# (' 1$ ,' ")$1','.
Intr,tin,r,a un,i sin.ur, 5a1ilii intr-un stup *ri8*ntal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
O alta 1,t*+a +, intr,tin,r, a un,i sin.ur, 5a1ilii A(', 2'"& &' $)'$')' ") &'32$)' &' 2'"& L', ,$ ',' ()' ,'($# ')3 $(3#")$$ (' 3 3 23# $2 # &$,";$$' ')3 ,' "(3 &' #:$'. M'"& ,' :;'; ' )'&3(')' # 2$$2 #3())$#") &' ,';". C32 )"('&2 ? &' # $('33# )$21')$$ (3$:3# ,' ")+$;'; # 33# &$ 3)&$$,3)$. L ')''#' ,33#3$ ,';2 &"$ 8+3)$*33# (3 2$')' ,$ #3# (3 2$')' ,$ ,3)/ "$ 8+3)$$ ()' 8")2'; (3$:3#*3)")$ &' 3$'/ <-= 8+3)$ (#&$$ +"$ #$ <-= 8+3)$ (3 2$')' 3)2$ $),$ &' 8+3)$ +"$ # ("2#')' "# (3$'$. I (', ")+$;)' 82$#$ ,' 3"+31')'; )$23# (")"# 8$$& 8(3 &3 $(9'$')' (3#',3)$#"). M'"& ,' )''; 8")' :$' 8$ #$( (& 8"#",$2 ,3$ ")$;"#$ (3 6 )2'. P')3 ( 82$#$$#' , $')';' $ 2"& ,$,8(") "2 (3$:3# ,' )',)+' ,$ ,' $2(9'';. D( 1)'2 , $23#$2 82$#$ &' #:$' &$1$;2 ,33# (3 " &$8)+2 ', *1& +)$7 ( ,'($3' )2, 8) 2( , $: "3 )",''/. B$'$'#', ')3 )'$2$ 8)$+3)$#' )"$3#3$ ,$ $ (', (; ,' " )$&$( 8+3)$ (3 3$' + &' '(#";$")'. M'"& L', ',' " 2'"& 3,") 8$$& )'($ 2$ #', &' $(3#")$$ ()' (",$&') ,3)$3# 3 9"::.
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
INTRETINEREA IN STUPI MULTIETA9ATI S33# 23#$'7 ',' ,33# ()' ,' ('#' 2$ 23#' (")"1'),'. U$$ $# (",$&') ( 8$$& ('# 2$ :3 ,3 #$$ ( 3 ) 8$ ")$1$ ')3 ("&$$$#' )$$ ",)'.S $+3) ',' 3 #3()3 ? ',' 3 ,3 ')3 &'1)$$ )"8',$"$,$ ,$ ()' $23' ( $(3#")3# , ",'&' 3 :+7 1, &' (3",$' $("#'. F"#",$ $ ;"'#' )$$ $ ()' (#$2 ')2$' ( 82$#$$#' &' #:$' , 73+ # " &';1"#)' :3 ,3((',3# ',' ,$+3). I (32 ,' 23$','? F2$#$$#' ")2#' ,$ 3')$(' $')'; $ &"3 (")3)$ ,3)3,' 1& 8+3)$$ &$ (")3# ,3')$") #$$ (3 2$')' (($ &' (#$' ,3')$"). G9'23# &' $) ,' 8")2'; $ )' ,3')$") 8+3)$#") &$ (")3# $8')$") ,$ )' $8')$") ('#") &$ (")3# ,3')$"). P)$ 8")2 $# )2'#") &$ ('#' &"3 (")3)$ 8")2 ' ()' " &":&',' $ 3)2 ,3)3')$$ 27")$' )"1$;$$#") &' 9) ,' +,',( $ (")3# ,3')$"). D")$ (',3$ 8 "3#$ &' #:$' &$ +9'2 )' ",$:$#$' &' ,' &'#, ' 1')$(# $ 83($' ,$ ' 2,3) (",323#3$ )"1$;$$#") &$ ('#3#'#' 8+3)$#") "(3' &' +9'2. S' ,$+3) $ (', 2"& " $'))' &$ ('#' 2$ (")',3;")'. L ,8),$3# ')$"&'$ &' $'))' ,$ $('33# )$21')$$ 82$#$$#' "(3 )' (3 3$' 8+3)$$ &$ (")3# &' ,3, 3&' ,3 ("&$$$ 2$ :3' ')3 2'$')' (#&3)$$ C& (")3# &' ,3, ',' "(3 &' 3$' ,$ $ ('# &' 7", '@$, 8+3)$ (3 ('#3#' +"#' ,' )'(' # $',$8$()' ()',')$$ &' 3$' )$ ,$2# $1'),)' (")3)$#"). A(', ,(9$2:)' &' ";$$' (")3)$#") $&'2 ,$ ":#$+ 82$#$$#' , ()',( 3$' $ (")3)$#' &' 7", *()' 2$ $$' ,' +,'3 &',3)/ ( ,$ $ 8+3)$$ +"$ &$ (")3)$#' ,3')$")' *()' 2$ $$' ,' +,'3 &'&',3: &',3) 83&3)$#")/. A#8'# 8+3)$$ &$ (")3)$#' &' 7", ) 8$ )2, '"(3$ &' 3$'. L3())' ,' 8(' (& $23# 8)32", ,$ (#&3) ,-3 ,")$($ ('# 2$ :$' ' $23# $8#")$)$$ "2$#") )"&$")$ "& ,3 # ,(3) $2 &3 ),1;)' 82$#$$#") )','($1' $ ,3$ (3)$ ,$ &';$8'($. C& 82$#$$#' 3 2($ $')' ,$ )"#$8$(' "3#$$ 32')",')"1$;$$ ,38$($'' ,$ " 1#")$8$( '(""2$( (3#',3)$#' &' $)'$')' ($' &' 3$' ()',' &' # " ;$ # # ,$ $ (3)& ,' "' 73+' # " +#"2'))' ('#") &"3 (")3)$ (3 #:$' $')' $$' &' $8#")$)' ,#(23#3$ ,3 - ('# 2$ );$3 - $$' &' )$$ (3#',3)$#") &' )"&3($' &' 1). D' ('' ')3 ,' )'1'$ $))' 3'$ 82$#$$ $
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CRESTEREA SI IMPERECHEREA MATCILOR IN STUPINA D( " , $)':$ ")$(' ,3) :) ()' ' (9'$ $(3#3)$$ " , 1 ),3& 2($#' $( 2($#'. A8$)2$ ' ')8'( &'1) &( ,2 , ' +&$2 ( 1$$")3# 3'$ 82$#$$ ',' ,), #'+ &' 2(. O 2( 1#")", ,$+3) " &',('&' &' (#$' ,$ &' $($ )';3# "' ? )"&3($ &' 2$')' :#&'' #:$'#") '$3# 2$ 2)' ,3 2$ 2$( ')3 )"$ ,)' ,$$ ,$ "' ('#'##' $,3,$)$ :$"#"+$(' 2",'$' +''$(. E@$, &$8')$' ()$')$$ &' )'($')' 3'$ 82$#$$ &' #:$' *)( 2 2$ 1"):$ &' '#'/ ,$ &' ('' " ,'#'($' $$, ' =4 $ & )';3#' 8")' :3' &) &$ (' 3 "$ $(3#")$$ " " 8('. O )': :3 ,' ":$' $, ,$ $$& ,)' ":$'($1' 2$ 2$($ (32 ) 8$ )"&3(')' 2($#") $ ,3$ )"$' &3 3 # :$' ,:$#$ ,$ 8"#",$& '9"#"+$$ ,$+3)'. V"2 ) 3)2")'#' ,3:$'(' ? - cresterea controlata a matcilor de calitate ; imperecherea matcilor in nuclee ; introducerea matcilor in familiile de albine. I (', ,(" " , 1 '@3'2 '9"#"+$$#' ('#' 2$ ,$2#' ,$ 2$ ,$+3)' ')3 ( &1. , 1'$ " $&'' &',)' (' 1'$ &' 8(3 $ (', &$)'($'.
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in familii sa se gaseasca un numar mare de albine tinere si cate 7-8 faguri cu puiet ; sa aiba cuiburile bine impachetate ; sa fie familii care cores pund criteriilo r de performanta cerute. S3)3# )':3$' , ,$+3)' &$ $2 "' 2')$#'#' ()' ,3 (')3' ')3 8$#$;)' #3())$$. S' 1- )','( ,)$( #$()' '9"#"+$$#") 8) $(')( , $)"&3('2 ,$ '#'2'' "1")'.
P)"&3(')' 2($#") - )"1"()' 8)$+3)$#") )"$3#3$ C'#' 2$ :3' 2($ ' ()' #' )"&3(' $(3#")3# ,3 ('#' ":$3' (& 82$#$ )"$',' 3)#. R"$)' 3)# )' &"3 &';17' ? 33# ) 8$ ('# ( 3 3'2 #$8$( ( $2 #3())' "3# &'(3)+& &' # ,$' $ 2"& 3)#. A# &';17 ,(", $ '1$&' &' #$')3) &' ,'($#$' ',' 83# ( 2($#' ":$3' )$ )"$)' 3)# ,3 2($ ()' ),2$ +''$( (', '&$. I')',3# $(3#")3#3$ ',' ( ,3$$ , 8$' &"$ (3 2($ ')"$")' 32$ ( &';$&')3# ',' +)'3 &' $, &( 3 $2",$:$#. Natural, procentul familiilor neroitoare se situeaza la 4-5 % din totalul familiilor pe care le avem, asa ca a insista in acest sens este o greseala. M"2'3# )"&3(')$$ &' 2($ )$ )"$)' 3)# ,' "' (")"# &( ,' #$( 2'"& provocarii intrarii in friguril e roitului.
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',' 4-5 ;$#' ,' 1')$8$( 8+3)'#' "3 ()',(3 ()' $)' $2 8", $,2 &' 2(. (', 8+3)' $,2 (3 "3 ')3 ()',')' $2)'3 (3 3 8+3)' &' 9) ,$ #3# (3 3$' ' ()' ,' 8# 2( ,$ #:$ &' ("')$)' ,' )$&$( &$ 82$#$ &' :; ,$ ,' ,'; $ # ,3 8")2& 3 )"$. R"$3# ,' 1 ,)+' (3 " &$8)+2 ,$ )'&3('2 3)&$$,3#. &3 (',' "')$3$ )'('2 # 82$#$ ")8$;. D$ (', ,' ,(" "$ 8+3)$$ (3 3$' '(($ ()' ,' 1") & #") 82$#$$ *&3 (' ')$'2 #:$ &' ("')$)'/. T)':3$' , (")&2 2@$2 '$' (','$ #3())$ ,$ , 8('2 3 (")"# 23$ )2'#"). A(',' ,' ,(33) &' #:$' (3 2@$2 '$' 3)2)$& , 3 2$ )2 $($ 3 "3 ,3 #)1' '(($'. A'$' ,' 1") 1')$8$( "$ 8+3)$$ $(#3,$1 ('$ (3 9). - $ 3)2")' ' ' 1"2 "(3 &' 8+3)'#' $,2. A(', ,' 1 ,("' &$ )"$ ,$ ,' &3(' $ (:.A$($ ,' 1") 2)( 5 ('#3#' (3 "3 ' " 8 ,$ 5 ' ('## 1& +)$7 ( ('#3#'#' , ,' 8#' $ 732' ,3')$") 8+3)'#3$ ,$ 3 $ ('#,$ #"( ' 2:'#' 8''. F+3)'#' ,' ,(3)'; # 732' $&')& 732' $8')$"). T"' ('#3#'#' $ 8) &' ('#' =0 #',' ,' &$,)3+ (3 73")3# 33$ (3$, ,(3$. 82$#$ ")8$; $ " (', $2 ,',$;'; #$, 2 ($$ ,$ $) $ #'). A(32 ',' 2"2' 3# , $)"&3('2 8+3)'#' )'+$ (3 "3 ')3 ()',')'. I ('1 2$3' 82$#$ ,' #$$,',' ,$ $('' , 8,"';' :"($#'. E,' )'("2& ( $ 3) , 8$' 3 :3 (3#',. P3'2 ,$23# #:$'#' ,$ (3 ;9) (&$ ,3 ", 32'( (3 ,3 2$')' ,$ #$1) $ 9)$"). ',' 0-< ;$#' &'(32 :"($#' ,$ #' $)"&3('2 $ 3(#'' &' $2')'(9')'. A'$' 3 $);$$ ,("')' :"($#") &$ 82$#$ ()',(")' ')3 ( )$2 2( ()' '(#";$"'; #' 1 &$,)3+'.
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LUCRARI DE IARNA IN STUPINA S)' ,8),$3# "2'$ ("&$$$#' &' 1$ #' #:$'#") ,' ,(9$2: 8")' 23#. V'$)' "$#") )'($ ,$ 8")' )'($ #' ":#$+ , ,' +)3';' $ +9'23# &' $'))'. L3())$#' ' ()' #'-2 8(3 $ "2 (32 $,$ ) )"&'#'. C' 2$ 3'2 8(' # &'#$ $,#)' $')$$
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P')3 $3)$#' &' ,3$ ()' ,3 )'1;3$ (3 ,$ &' 83& $1))" #3()3)$#' &'1$ ,$ 2$ ,$2#'. I2(9'73# ',' ,32) ' "&$,") 8$$& #$( &") " ,$2# 3)$( '@$# ,3 &$ 3) '( . T:# ":3)")' 83&3#3$ $1))" ,' 1 ";$$" ,8'# $( , 8$' ,$+3) " 8 ' = &$ ,3)8. S3 ,3)$ ()' $,$ $')'; 82$#$$#' &' #:$' $#3)& "# (', :# ":3)")'. I 2:'#' (;3)$ 82$#$ &' #:$' , ( $)-3 (#"" :$"@$&3# &' ():" 8$$& '1(3 32$ )$ )' $8')$") ,33#3$.
A#$()' )2''#") &' "2 T)2''#' ('#' 2$ '8$($'' $2")$1 1))";'$ ,' #$( $ #$, 3$'3#3$. A(', #3()3 ,' $2# 2$ );$3 $ "2 ,)' $('33# $')$$. S3)$$ )':3$' , )"8$' &' ;$#'#' - 3$' ('-$ &)' - &' 1)'2' :3 ,$ , 8( (',' )2'' ("8")2 )",'(3#3$ ,$ )'("2&)$#") )"&3(")$#") &' 2'&$(2''.
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un zumzet moderat si uniform e un indiciu ca totul este in regula. un bazait puternic ne indica, ca familia are probleme si ca e)ista o stare anormala in stup. un zumzet slab inseamna ca albinele sunt infometate. zumzetul neuniform si plangator indica absenta matcii. S3)3# 2$ )' " ",$:$#$' &' )'($')' ,)$$ 82$#$$#") &' #:$' $) (', 32$&3-,' 8"$ &' (")"#. P)$ '@2$)' )',3)$#") ,$ #:$'#") 2")' &' ' ' ' 3'2 & ,'2 &( '@$, )":#'2'. L ,3$$ ")$;"#$ 3&' 8"$ &' (")"# 3 ,' "' $,# ,' '@2$'; )',3)$#' ()' ,3 ,(",' )$ 3)&$$, (3 " ,)2.
Z:")3)$#' &' (3)$)' $) S$$ $( &$ )$21) ( &' :''8$(' ,3 (',' ;:")3)$ &' (3)$)'. I$' &' $('33# $')$$ #:$'#' 8( ;:")3)$ &' (3)$)' 8 ()' )' $8#3'' ";$$1' $ (' )$1',' $'))'. N3 &' 3$' ")$ $ 3$$ $ (& '2')3)$#' &',',( < +)&' C $ #3$#' &'('2:)$' $3)$' 8':)3)$' ,3 ("&$$$ 81"):$#' ( #:$'#' , $, &$ ,3. S3)3# - ( ,$ $ )$21) - )':3$' , ,$23#';' (',' ;:")3)$ #3& 3)2")'#' 2,3)$ ? - curata urdinisurile, ridica capacele si saltelutele izolatoare, curata zapada, imprastie paie. practica des folosita este si lovirea usoara a stupilor pentru ca albinele sa se agite si in acest fel sa iasa. U $&'2 ? )"8$$ &' ;$#'#' (#&' ,$ 8$$ )';'$ $ ,3$ ')3 ,3)1'+9' ;:")3)$#' &' (3)$)' , 1'$ 8$ ,(3$$ &' 23#' '(;3)$ (' ) 3' , ) &( (',' 3 ,' 8( &' "' 82$#$$#'.
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I&)')' ,)$#") '&")$' I 1$ 3'$ 82$#$$ (' $')'; " $')1'$ &$8')$' )":#'2' ()' )':3$' )';"#1'. A(',' (;3)$ ,'($#' 3 ,3 &' &")$ , ) &) ('"& "3,$ ,' $#',( $ )($( $("# *('#' 2$ 23#' 8$$& )"1"(' (9$) &' "$/.
- familiile au ramas fara hrana sau nu au acces la aceasta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familia a ramas orfana ? # (")"#3# 3&$$1 (",2 ( #:$'#' 3 )2, 8) 2(. I&'# ) 8$ ( )';"#1)' )":#'2'$ , ,' 8( (3 2($ &' )';')1. I'))' (',") 2($ 8$$& " (9',$3' &',3# &' &$8$($# ,' 73+' $ ,$3$ $ ()' (',' #$,',(. D' ('' )($( (' 2$ &', 8"#",$ ',' 3$)' 82$#$'$ $ ,38')$ (3 " # *2$ ,#: &) ()' )' " 2( :3/ T"' (',' #3())$ ,' 8( $)-" $(')' $(#;$*)"@. 5 +)&' C/ $ ()' 8')$2 ,33# &' '2')3) ,(;3 &' 8). A(',' )":#'2' (' ) )':3$' ') )';"#1' ')3 ( &' '#' &'$&' ,3)1$'3$)' 82$#$'$ $ ,2:#3.
C"&$$$ +'')#' &' $'))' C& #'+'2 1) &' $'))' ')3 #:$'#' ",)' " 8('2 (3 +)$7. C' )':3$' , 3)2)$2 ? sa poata fi proteata de vanturile reci. sa asigure linistea necesara albinelor;daca albinele vor fi deranate de pasari sau animale, sau de zgomote de alta natura, se vor agita, vor consuma multa miere si se vor imbolnavi. sa poata fi curatata usor de zapada iar apa sa se scurga usor/sa nu balteasca0 Z& ()' ,' &'3' ' ,3$ 3 )':3$' ') (3) &'( $ (;3# (& )$&' " ()3, &' +9' (' 8 ,$+3) " 2$ :3 $;"#)' ')2$(. A'$' ? $,#$ ,$ +))' # 3)&$$, $2")$1 ,")'($#") *3 3$$ (32 2 3$ '3 (32 , 1 ,3/.
C*nclu8ii L " )$2 1'&')' ,3)$$ $('")$ ()'& ( )"+)23# &' $) ',' 2$ #'7') $ (' )$1',' #3())$#' (' )':3$' 8(3' ',' 3 &'1) 32$ ( , ,' $2# (& #3())$#' &$ "2 ,$ &' # $('33# $')$$ 3 8", :$' 8(3'. D'($ 2)' '$'
LUCRARI DE TOAMNA IN APICULTURA V$' "2 2$')' 8", '@), ,$ $(3#")3# ,' 8# 3, $ 8 3") "$ )"1"()$ ()") )':3$' , #' 8( 8. D3 (32 2 2$ ,3, (32 $('' 3# $("# "2 )')';'& 3 "3 &':3 ,$ 3 )$#'7 &' 3' ,3$ ' " # )' ')8")2'$. S )'('2 $),$ # )': L3())$#' &' "2 &'2)'; # $('33# #3$$ 3+3, ,$ ,' $2) $ )'$ 2)$ ('+")$$ ? &ucrari de intensificare a cresterii puietului; asigurarea rezervelor de hrana pentru iernare; pregatirea cubului familiilor de albine in vederea unei iernari de calitate.
INTENSIFICAREA CRESTERII PUIETULUI P')3 ( 82$#$$#' &' #:$' , $, ( 2$ 3')$(' &$ $) )':3$' ( $( &$ "2 , ,$+3)2 " "3#$' 32')", :$' 9)$ ,$ $)-" ,)' &' ,' ')8'(. A(', #3()3 3 ',' 3,") &' ":$3 ,3)3# 8$$& 8")' ,"#$($ ( $2( ,$ ( 1"#32 &' 23(. C' 2,3)$ )':3$' 13' $ 1'&')'?
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
A,$+3))' (3 8+3)$ &' (#$' F+3)$$ (' )2 $ (3$:3# 82$#$'$ )':3$' , 8$' :$' (",)3$$ 8) ('#3#' &' )")$ ,3 #' &'8'('. T"$ 8+3)$$ ()' 3 (")',3& ()$')$$#") 1") 8$ ,(",$ 8) , )' 23# ' +&3)$. A,$+3))' (3 8+3)$ &' (#$' )':3$' 8(3 2$ #', $ ;" 8$'):$' (3$:3#3$ &$( (' ;" $ ()' )$21) ,' 1") ()',' "$#' +'')$$.
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
R'&3(')' ,$ $2(9')' (3$:3)$#") C ,$ $ )$21) $ 1'&')' ":$')$$ 33$ (#$2 81"):$# ,' )"('&'; # " ,)2"))' (3$:3#3$ $ ,3 1") )2' 32$ 8+3)$$ ()' ,3 ("')$$ :$' &' #:$' 2)+$$$ &' 8+3)$ (3 2$')' ,$ ,3). F+3)$$ ,(",$ ,' )'( &$("#" &' &$8)+2 ,$ )$ &',(($)' #") 2$')' 1- 8$ () &' #:$' $ (3$:. A'$' ? 3 ,' #, );$3 $ "2 8+3)$$ &3 &$8)+2 , ')3 $2'&$( " 8")2)' +)',$ +9'23#3$ &' $'))'. T" $ (', ')$"& ,' 8(' " $2(9')' ,32) * 3 ,' ("283& (3 $2(9')' 8$# &$ "2/. D$ 8')$($)' ')3 ",',")$$ &' ,3$ 23#$'7$ (',' "')$3$ 3 ,3 '(',)' &'( $ (;3)$ 3$' (& 82$#$$#' 3 73+ #
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
R2'#' &' 2$')' ,$ ,3) D' )'8') ',' ( )2'#' , 8$' )'("#' # (3#',3)$#' &' )$21)-1). O )2 (")'( #', ',' ('' ()' (3)$&' 2$')' ' 2:'#' 8'' 2$. <= &$ ,3)8. C$$1 , $,'2 ( " )2 ,&)& &' ")$;"# ("$' <!-= + 2$')' $) 3 &' 23#$'7 -< +. S' ((' ( " 3#$2 "$3' ,$ )2' (3 5 + 2$')' &) (',' )':3$' 8"#",$' (3 23# )'(3$'. B$'$'#', (',$ 8+3)$ 1") 8$ 8")' :$' (",)3$$. C )';')1 &' ,3)8$'()' 82$#$' )':3$' , $: 2$. 8+3)' (3 ,3)8$$& ,$ ')3 (', 8+3)' 1#:$#' )'("2&)$#'*)$1$& (#$' #3$/ 8(3' # ('$ (3 2$')'.
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PREGATIREA CUIBULUI FAMILIILOR DE ALBINE C3 (' 2 3' ("2) (', #3())' P"' (3 )7)' ,$3#3$ #"(3$:$# $)-" (, ')3 ( " #32' , ,' ,$2 :$'. A)7)' (3$:3)$#") 82$#$$#") &' #:$' ,' 8(' $ 83($' &' ')2$)' (3#',3)$#") ,)' 1)'2$$ ,$ )';' 3$'3#3$. T$23# (','$ )7)$ &$8') &' # # $) ,3)3# )':3$' , )'($';' 8")' :$' 2"2'3# #',. I )$($$3 $ (3$: ,' #, $ 8+3)$ ( , 8$' "(3$ &' #:$' $) (',' , $: ((', # 9) " $). S3 )'$ 2'"&' &' )7)' 8+3)$#") ? amplasarea bilaterala ! ',' (' 2$ 8"#",$ 2'"& ,$ (", $ )7)' 8+3)$#") 2$ #$$ (3 2$')' ,)' '@)'2$$ $) ()' 2$7#"(3# (3$:3#3$ $ ")&$' &',()',(&. amplasarea unilaterala ! ,' 8"#",',' $ +'')# ')3 $') &"3 82$#$$ $)-3 ,3. F+3)$$ ,' )&3$',( &' " )' ,$ &' # &$8)+2'$. L+ &$8)+2 ,' ,'; 8+3)'#' (3 (' 2$ 2)' ($' &' 2$')' 3)2& 8+3)$$ (3 ($$ &',()',(")'. amplasarea centrala ! 8+3)$$ &$ (')3# (3$:3#3$ ("$ (' 2$ 2)' ($' &' 2$')' 3)2")$$ *,';$ ,$2')$(/ 8$$& 3,$ ('$ (3 2$')' &$ (' $ (' 2$ 3$. L "' $3)$#' &' )7)' ,' 1 3)2)$ ( 8+3)$$ , 3 ("$ 2$ 3$ &' 5 + 2$')' ,$ , 8$' :$' (",)3$$*2$ #', ('$ &$ (3$:3# '8'($1/. L ,3$$ 23#$'7$ $'))' )':3$' 8(3 &' )'+3# ' &"3 (")3)$ $ (")3# ,3')$") )':3$& , '@$,' 4-5 + &' 2$')'. I (")3# &' 7", 2$')' ,' +,',' &") ' 8+3)$$ #')#$. I (;3)$#' (& 82$#$ $')'; ' 3 ,$+3) (") *,$3$' ()' 3 ' &' &")$/ ,' 1 )'8') " ,';)' (')# 8+3)$#").
LUCRARI DE VARA IN STUPINA S3)$$ 3 &'3, '8")3)$ &'",':$' ')3 ,("' 82$#$$#' &' #:$' 3')$(' &$ )$21) ,$ (32 ,' )"&'#' 23($$ #"). C3#',3)$#' # "2$$ 8)3($8')$ ,$ 8#") ," 3 ,$+3) 82$#$$#") '(',)3# &' 2$')' ,$ "#'. I $$ &' '@('$' ,' " ":$' ,$ ('1 + &' 2$')' 2)8 &) 2)' 23#32$)' ',' ( #:$'#' 3 9) &$ :3&'. I +'')# (3#',3)$#' ,3 &' 2)' $',$' $, &3) #") ',' ,(3). A(',' (3#',3)$ " 8$ $23)$$ *,#(2 ;2'3)$,/ &' 1) *'$ 8' 8#")' ,")'#3$/ ,$ );$$.
R'(3",')' 33$ (3#', - ,'($$#' 2'#$8')' $8#")',( :3&' $',$' ;:")3)$#") ()',' '@"'$# #:$'#' ,' $+9',3$' # 3)&$$,. 8+3)$$ &$ (3$: ,' $#:',( &")$ 83#3$ ( #:$'#' #3+',( ('#3#'#' ,$ ((',( 2$')'. -
' $,') $ ,3$ ,' ,$2' 2$)",3# ()(')$,$( # 2$')$$. #:$'#' 1'$#")' $,$ $',$8$( ($1$' ')3 '1") &$ '()3# )", (3#',.
C"&$$$ ')3 1#")$8$()' (3#',3)$#") D'1$' 8")' (#) ,$ ')3 ,3)3# $('") ( ,$ ')3 ('# '@')$2' ( 3 ")$(' 82$#$' &' #:$' &$ ,3$ "' 1#")$8$( # 2@$2 3 (3#',. C"&$$$#' '(',)' ,3 ? familiile sa fie puternice si sa ocupe min. 12 faguri standard, dintre care 8-3 cu puiet familiile sa fie in stare activa, stiut fiind faptul ca o familie aflata in stare de roire sau in preama roitului isi diminuiaza mult activitatea C32 ":$'2 (', &';$&') C3 #3())$ 8(3' # $2 ? -
familiile de albine trebuie intretinute in stupi de mare capacitate care ofera posibilitatea ca dezvoltarea cuibului sa se faca normal, depozitarea mierii sa fie asigurata si a caror volum se poate mari sau micsora intensificarea ventilatiei prin umbrirea stupilor, ridicarea partiala a podisorului sau inlocuirea acestuia cu o sita ridicarea periodica de rame cu puiet capacit, cu albina aferenta, aceasta operatiune prevenind intrarea in frigurile roitului si totodata asigurand marirea efectivului stupinei inlocuirea matcilor batrane sau necorespunzatoare cu matci tinere, apte biologic si genetic pentru performanta folosirea familiilor autatoare si unificarea acestora cu familia de baza in preama culesului, in acest fel asigurand o cantitate mare de albina culegatoare si implicit o productie pe masura
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marirea puterii familiilor ramase in urma cu dezvoltarea, prin imputernicirea lor cu puiet capacit ridicat din stupii puternici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
S3)$3# ,")# – +'')#$$ I (3)' ,3),'#") 1)$' ,$ ')2'' &' '() ,' )($( &'#,)' ,3$'#") # 2,$1'#' 2'#$8')'. P')3 )'3,$ ($3$$ ,3)$$ )':3$' , (3",( ? lucrarile legate de pregatirea si manuirea stupilor inainte si in timpul transportului ; baza melifera, timpul de inflorire specific fiecarei zone si drumurile de acces spre masiv ; locul efectiv de amplasare a stupinei, sursele de apa si tot ce tine de locatia respectiva din punctul de vedere al asigurarii unui pastoral reusit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
P)'+$)' 82$#$$#") - 23$)' ,3$#") P)'+$)' ,3$#") - $2#$($ ,$ 82$#$$#") &' #:$' - ,' 8(' &$8')'$ ? $tupii orizontali ! (3 " ,2 $$' &':33#3$ 33$ (3#', 8$'()' 82$#$' )':3$' ,$+3) (3 5-6 8+3)$ ')3 ()' #"( ,38$($' &'";$)$$ '()3#3$. L $)"&3(')' (',") 8+3)$ ")+$;2 (3$:3# ,8'# ? # (3# ,33#3$ &$,)' 3)&$$, ,' ,'; 3 8+3)' (3 ,3) 8+3)$$ (3 3$' $( 3 8+3)' (3 ,3) ,$ 2$')' 8+3)$ (3 2$')' 3)2& "$ 8+3)$$ +"$. C' ,' $2# $ $23# (3#',3#3$ ? #:$'#' 1") 32#' $$ 8+3)$$ &$ (3$: )$
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&'";$)' 2$')$$ $ (")"'. C& (3$:3# ',' ("2#' $ "#$' &'";$)' ,' ("$3 $ 8+3)$$ +"$. C'"& 2$ ',' '1"$' ,' $)"&3(' ,$ #' )2' (3 8+3)$ (#&$$ ,3 )$8$($#$. $tupii verticali cu magazin e ! ()')' ,$3#3$ '(',) ,' 8(' )$ &3+)' 33$ 2+;$ &',3) (3$:3#3$. U)2)$& (3#',3# ,$ &( (",2 ( #:$'#' 3 32#3 2+;$3# 2$ &3+2 3 2+;$ ,3#$2') ',' (3$: $) &',3) (',3$ 2+;$3# #$. A#:$'#' 1") 32#' ,$ 2+;$3# &3+ ,$ 1") (($ 2$')' $ ('###. $tupii multieta ati ! I (;3# 33$ (3#', :3&' ,' &3+ 3 # )'$#' (") ',' ('#'##' &"3. A#:$ '#' &'";$'; 2$')' $ (")3# <*()' )' 3$'/ ,$ $(' , " ((',(. A(32 ',' 2"2'3# ( 2"&3#3# = , 8$' ,(9$2: (3 2"&3#3# <. I (', 8'# &'";$)' 2$')$$ ("$3 $ (")3# = (32 &'1'$ <.
D3 $(')' (3#',3#3$ 3)2'; " ')$"& &$8$($# $ 1$ 82$#$$#"). P"3#$ ()',' ,$ ,3), &' 9) ,(&'. I ,("3# 2'$')$$ #:$'#") $ ,)' ($1 3$$ $(3#")$ 8( 9)$)$ ,3#$2')' (3 ,$)" &' ;9) . P')3 ()' #"( 2($$ , "3 *(3$:3# 8$$& :#"( (3 2$')'/ ,' $)"&3( 8+3)$ +"$ $ 2$7#"(3# (3$:3#3$.
E@)+')' ,$ ("&$$")' 2$')$$ I 3)2 3") (3#',3)$ :"+' )';3# 2)$ ($$ &' 2$')' ()' )')';$ "' ('# 2$ $2") )"&3, # ,33#3$. I$' &' "' )':3$' , ,3'2 ( 2$')' ',' 3 ")+$,2 1$3 ,$ &' 2"&3# $ ()' " )'("#2 ,$ )'("&$$"2 &'$&' 8$#$;)' (3 ,3((', 23($$ ",)' &' . A&'))' R"2$'$ # U.E ,$ '@")3# (3# ,)' (',' )$ 3 $)"&3, "$ ")2' &' (#$' ')3 2$')'. S("'2 &$ ,3$ 8+3)$$ #$$ (3 2$')' (& #:$'#' 3 (($ ('# 3$ 732' &$ ,3)8 #"). S' )'($; ( # = &' ,3)8 (($ 2$')' )' 3 ("$3 &' &' -<0%. S3 $, ,$3$$ $ ()' &$ (3; 1)'2$$ 32'&'
($' &' &',',' (', )"('. prima concluzie ar fi aceea ca ramele pline sa fie tinute cat mai mult in stup pentru o buna maturare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descapacirea fagurilor si e)tragerea propiu-zisa a mierii din faguri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
C*nclu8ii L3())$#' &$ $23# 1')$$ ,3 ,$ '#' 32')",'. P)"&3(')' ,$ $2')'(9')' 2($#") 8")2)' "$#") 82$#$$ ,$ $+)$7$)' #") 3 8", &'7 '@3,' $ #' +$$ , ( 3 2$ )' )", , $,$,2 ,3) #"). D3 (32 ,$ ,$+3)$ 1-$ & ,'2... 1) ,' 32) ....:$&"'#'.. S3((',...
LUCRARI DE PRIMAVARA IN APICULTURA S3)$$ $('")$ ()' ($',( (', ,$' )':3$' , $'#'+ 3 #3()3 ? 3# $("# $('' "2 D' 8'#3# (32 ,3 )'+$' 82$#$$#' &' #:$' $ "2 &'$&' "3# ? )"&3($ ,)' &' ,' 2)$2' ,3$'$ ,$ $ +'')# " (' $' &' :3 &',8,3))' #3()3)$#"). T"3,$ ')3 3 ()' ("83;$$ 1"2 ,3)3' 3# $("# (3 ('# (#'&)$,$( 3)2& ( ' 2,3) (' 1 1'$ 82$#$)$; (3 #3())$#' (' )':3$' '@'(3' , 8('$ (', ,'))' ,$+3)$. A(',' 8$$& ,3,' , )'('2 # )': . O& (3 )$&$()' ,',$:$# '2')3)$#") )$21) $ ,3$ )':3$' 8(3' 2$ 23#' #3())$. I ")&$' ()""#"+$( *,3:#$$'2 ( "' 3 $2") #")/ (',' ) 8$ ?
P)'+$)' 1')'$ ,3$'$ P' # $('33# #3$$ 2)$'*83($' &' ,)' 1)'2$$/&'2)2 )$2'#' ($3$ ? curatam si imprastiem zapada pentru ai grabi topirea, adunam si inlaturam crengile, frunzele si in general toate resturile, urmarind o igienizare totala asezam stupii pe locurile definitive, functie de sistemul ales, urmarind ca urdinisurile sa fie orientate spre sud-est si albinele sa beneficieze de caldura soarelui curatam prin urdinis/ cu o sarma0 stupii de albine moarte si alte resturi ; acestea se vor arde neaparat instalam sau reorientam gardurile de protectie pentru a feri albinele de vanturile reci ale inceputului de primavara -
S3)1'+9')' ;:")3#3$ &' (3)$)' I $23# $')$$ &")$ 83#3$ ( #:$'#' 3 3 2$ 33 $',$ &$ ,3 3 (323# $ $',$' )';$&3)$ ()' (32 )':3$' '#$2$'. D' ('' $ )$2'#' ;$#' (#&3)",'* '2')3) 73+' # ',' 5 +)&' C/ )':3$' , ,$23#2 '8'(3)' (',") ;:")3)$ &' (3)$)'. D( $( 2$ ',' ;& ' 1) ,3$'$ ',' )'("2& , $$&'2 $' ' 7",. U)&$$,'#' ,' 1") &',(9$&' #)+ $) (('#' ,' 1") ,# ')3 ( );'#' ,")'#3$ , $(#;',( "&$,")3# ,33#3$.
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T" (32 3$$ &$)' ,3)$$ (3 '@')$' 2$ 8( " #3())' $2") ? $)"&3( $ 2$7#"(3# (3$:3#3$ 3 8+3)' +"# :$' (#&$ $ ()' ") -<+ &' ,$)" &' ;9) (#&3. C& ":,')12 ( ;:")3# &' (3)$)' 8", 8(3 &' "#$' 82$#$$#") )'&3('2 3)&$$,'#' # = (2 ,$ :$''#', ,';2 (('#' ()' 3 8", ,#'.
P)$23# (")"# ,$ ,)2"))' (3$:3)$#") P)"8$& &' 3 &$ ;$#'#' (#&3)",' '@'(32 )$23# (")"# &' )$21) $ ()' 1"2 '1#3 ,)' 82$#$$# ") &' #:$' "')$3' &3:# &' " ,)2"))' (3$:3#3$. L &',(9$&')' ,33#3$ (",2 ? prezenta hranei care e)ista in faguri, stiind ca o rama standard contine ",5g miere pe ambele fete prezenta matcii, dupa puietul de pe fagurii din milocul cuibului ; daca puietul nu e)ista totusi nu trebuie sa ne ingrioram ! unele matci isi incep mai tarziu ouatul si de aceea este necesara repetarea controlului dupa o saptamana, pana cand tragem o concluzie corecta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
S#1)' #:$'#") )2,' 8) )';')1' &' 9) S#1)' 82$#$$#") )2,' 8) )';')1' &' 9) ',' 8")' 3,") ",$:$# $ ")$(' ,3$ (9$) &( $(3#")3# ',' #$,$ &' '@')$'. I (', ,(" 8"#",$2 3)2")'#' )';')1'? proviziile de hrana e)istente pe ramele care nu au fost cuprinse de ghem, sau in celulele din partea opusa a fagurilor ocupati partial proviziile de hrana e)istente in alte familii si de care acestea nu mai au nevoie mierea in faguri, miere lichida sau granulata de la rezerva stupinei I )$23# (; (",2 ( &' " )' ,$ &' # 8+3)$#") "(3$ &' +9'2 ,' 8# (' -< 8+3)$ (3 2$')' ()' 3 3 8", 8"#",$$ &' #:$'. A, ,' $2# &$ (3; ( "& 8")2 +9'23# &' $'))' #:$'#' 3 2$ 3 ((', &'( # )"1$;$$#' &' ' 8 8+3)$#") 3&' ,' 8#. P')3 )'2'&$ ,$3$ ,' )$&$( &$ ,3$ )2'#' ()' ("$ )"1$;$$ ,$ ()' &$ 2"$13# 2'$" 3 )2, '(",32'. S' &',((',( (',' )2' ' " )' ,$ (3 73")3# 33$ :,", &' #'2 ,' 8( <-= +3)$ &' +)",$2' 33$ ()'$". A"$ ,' $&')'; )2'#' (3 8+3)$ ,$ 3$' #:$' &$ 2:'#' 2)+$$ #' +9'23#3$. S' $)"&3( 8+3)$$ +3)$$ (3 2$')' &',(($ $ ,$3 #$:') ()' "(2$ 8", ()'. F+3)$$ ,(",$*(3 3$' #:$' ' '$/ ,' #3) &' 8+3)$$ (3 2$')' :$'$'#', ,$ '$ +3)$$ ')3 ')2$' ($)(3#$ #:$'#"). I (;3# (& 82$#$ )2, 8) )"1$;$$ 3 )' 8+3)$ &$,"$:$#$ $ ,3 ,' )"('&'; # )$&$()' &' 8+3)$ (3 )"1$;$$ &$ 82$#$$#' 2$ :"+ )"1$;$"'. I)"&3(')' #") $ ,3$ ,' 8(' &3 '9"#"+$ &',()$, 2$ ,3,. C& 3 &$,3'2 &' (',$ 8+3)$ ,' "' 8"#",$ 2$')' &$#3 3 $( $(#;$ ,$ "$ 3) $ 8+3)$ +"$. H)$)$ &' (#$' ,' 2$ " 8(' (3 3)$' &' 2$')' ()$,#$; ,$ 8)2 (3 ;9) 3&) ":$'2 (",$,' &")$ ( ,$ (3 ,'):' &' ;9). A(',' 3)$' ,' #$( &$)'( ' )' ,3')$") )2'#"). E,' &' &")$ $, ( (',' $')1'$$ , 8$' 8(3' 32$ $ (; &' 3)+' 3& '1$ (',' ,$3$$ '#(3' )$)-" :3 ")+$;)' (3$:3#3$ $( &$ "2.
C"2#')' )';')1'#") &' ,3) P' #+ 2$')' #:$'#' 3 '1"$' # ()',')' "$#") +'')$$ ,$ &' 9) )"'$(. A(', ',' ,$+3) &' ,3) #$, '$ 8$$& 3 9&$( 27") $ &';1"#)' 81"):$# 82$#$$#") &' #:$'. P')3 ()',')' 33$ + &' #:$ ',' '1"$' &' 5 + &' ,3). P,3) ,' ,$+3) &$ "2 )$ $)"&3(')' 33$ 8+3)' #$ ,$ # '1"$' )$ ("2#')$#' &' )$21). I )$21) 2"&3)$#' &' &2$$,))' ,3? $coatem pastura din faguri prin taierea lor in fasii ; apoi frecam fasiile in mana pana la separare. &a pastura obtinuta se adauga o cantitate egala de apa si o cantitate dubla de miere. $e mai adauga sare 1% din cantitatea
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amestecului si se omogenizeaza. $e toarna amestecul in faguri administrand zilnic cate 2g, pana la aparitia culesului de polen. 6n g de pastura se amesteca cu ,75g miere si se administreaza deasupra ramelor sub forma de turtite proteice de completare. mestecam cantitati egale de polen si miere, administrand la fel deasupra cuibului sub forma de turtite. C"(#3;$"& 9)$)' )"'$( &' )$21) ,' 8(' &' )'8')$ (3 ,3) &' # )';')1 "$ &( 3 1'2 ($$#' '(',)' ,' 1") 8(' 9)$)$ (3 "#' ,$ 2$')' ,3 ,3) ,$ 2$')'.
D';$8'($ ,3$#") D( 3 2 8(3 (', #3())' $ $23# )$23#3$ (")"# &' )$21) *&$ &$8')$' 2"$1'/ , ,$$ ( (32 ,",$ 2"2'3#. D';$8'($ ,' 8(' (3 ,("3# ,))$$ ,$$ 82$#$$#") &' #:$'. O (, (3) $,'2 '#$2$)' 3") )":#'2' +)1'. L3())' (", $ 23)' 82$#$$#") &' #:$' $ #$ ,3$ ' ()' $-2 (3) ,$ &';$8'(. I )$($$3 #;$#' ,' (3) &' )',3)$ &' (') )""#$, '' &$)'$(' ,$ "$ ,' &';$8'('; (3 " ,"#3$' )'("2&. U)2'; " #$2';$)' " 3,()' ,$ ') 8#2:)' (3 8#().
L)+$)' (3$:3)$#") L3())' ',' &'",':$ &' $2") 1& $ 1'&')' ( $')1'$ ,3)3#3$ "' 8(' 23# :$' &) ""& ,$ 23# )3 &( 3 ',' 8(3 (")'(. P)$ #)+$)' (3$:3#3$ )':3$' , ),3&'2 8')2 '(',$$$ 2($$ &' &'3' "3. T)':3$' , 1'2 $ 1'&')' 3)2")'#' ("&$$$ +'')#'? e)istenta unei concordante intre suprafata ocupata de puiet si numarul de albine doici ; la un numar mic de doici si cantitatea de laptisor de matca distribuita va fi mica prezenta rezervei de pastura necesara cresterii puietului si a albinelor tinere conditiile interne si e)terne, precum si caracteristicile biologice. cestea tin de temperatura e)terna, de modul in care albinele reusesc sa mentina climatul optim in stup cat si de faptul ca prin modul de a depozita polenul in faguri se regleaza activitatea matcii. n principiu matca este oprita sa depuna oua pe fagurii aflati dupa cei cu pastura. aplicarea fara discernamant a hranirilor de stimulare ; printr-o hranire abunden ta se pot introduce in stup dezechilibre importante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O)+$;)' 3'$ ,3$' C $ ")$(' ($1$',$ $ $(3#3) ) )":#'2' ()' )':3$' )';"#1'. S3)$$ $('")$ ,3 3,$ $ 8 3") &$#'2' ()' # )$2 1'&')' ,3 +)'3 &' 8$#$;. P)"(3))' &' ,3$ 82$#$$ &' #:$' " 8'#3# &' '(9$2'' ,$ 2')$#' $("#' 3 ,3 )":#'2' ()") )';"#1)' $,'2 32$ " ,$2# :$' &$ #2'. T"3# )':3$' 8(3 (3 '$' ,$ 32$ &3 " )'#:$# &"(32')'*#$')3) &' ,'($#$' ,' +,','/,$ 2$ #', (3 23# '($'.
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rolificitatea matcii - E,' 33# &$ 8(")$$ )$($#$ ()' &'')2$ 3')' 3'$$ 82$#$$. M( )':3$' , &'3 3 32) 2)' &' "3 )"@. 50-0000 $ &'(3),3# 33$ ,';". P)';' 2,$1 )2'#") (3 3$' ',' 3 $&$($3 (#). F'#3# &'3')$$ ,$ )')$;)' 3$'3#3$ ' )2' " ,3' ('1 &',)' (#$' 2($$. O 2( )':3$' , 8$' ($1 ')3 ( ' )')';$ 1$$")3# 3'$ 82$#$$. N3 &'+': ,' ,3' ( 2( & "3#. E@'2#3 ? )$ ,(9$2:)' 3'$ 2($ $)-" 32$ ')$"& &' $2 ,33# ,' 1 ),8")2 (#$$#' 2($$ 8$$& ),2$,' # &',('&'$. +ezistenta la iernare - S3 82$#$$ &' #:$' ()' ' #+ 83# ( ,3 $+)$7$' :$' &' $(3#") 3 3 8'# # #") &' )'(' 2$ 3,") )$ $). D' (', $,3,$)' )':3$' , ,' $ ,'2 ')3 ( $')$#' ",)' ,3 &',3# &' #3+$*<0-50 ;$#'/. P)2')$$ #3$ $ (#(3# ,3 ? 2")#$' #:$'#") (",323# &' 9). B$'$'#', ,' 1") )'8') 82$#$$ (3 " 2")#$' )'&3, ,$ 3 (",32 2$ 2$( &' 2$')'. 'landetea albinelor - S' ,:$#',' )$ 3)2)$)' #") $ 2"2'3# (& ,' '@'(3 " 32$ #3())'. D( # &',(9$&')' ,33#3$ #:$'#' ,3 #$$,$' '8$$& '1"$' &' 23# 832 "3# ',' $ )'+3# ,$ " , ,$2 ( 2 & ',' " 82$#$' :3. +ezistenta la boli - I (', &$)'($' 8'#3# &' )'($" # #:$'#") # :"#$ ,$ &3")$ ',' &$8')$. S3 82$#$$ (3 3 $,$( 2$ 2)' &' ,) (3)'$ $ ,3. A(',' )':3$' #',' P)$ ("2)$' ,' $2# ( # "2'$. O (, 2$ (3) - 3 ,$3 (3 2$ 3$$ 8(")$ +)',$1$ '@')$. 9arnicia la cules - F2$#$$#' 2$ 9)$(' $,$ $(' ($1$' # )$2'#' ")' #' &$2$'$$ 3 3 32) 2)' &' ;:")3)$ ' ;$ $) ,') $,$ ("$3 ($1$' 2$ );$3. D' ":$('$ 3 3)&$$, +#"2') &' # )$2'#' ")' #' &$2$'$$ )')';$ " &"1&. roductia de miere - E,' $&$($3# )$($# O 82$#$' ()' # ,8),$3# ,';"3#3$ ($1 ,$- ,$+3) )';')1'#' &' 9) ,$ & " 2)' ($' &' 2$')' 2)8',' 1#")",. B$'$'#', ( ')3 ,3)$$ $('")$ ()' 1") ,-,$ (9$;$$"';' 82$#$$ &' #:$' 32$ 3'#' &$)' $&$($$#' ,3) (#$$$ 2')$#3#3$ :$"#"+$( ,3 )'#'1'. 6n sfat ! )$($)' # (',' "')$3$ 33$ ,3) (3 '@')$' ',' &' )'8') N3 $(')($ , 8('$ "3# ,$+3)$. S$+3) 1'$ +,$ "2'$ (3 ,38#' ,$ ,$3' ()' )$ 73")3# ' ()' 1$-# 1") & " , 8( ( ,3((',3# ($3$$ , 8$' ,$+3). -
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$tupina stationara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tupina pastorala - E,' 3 # ,$,'2 ()' ,' )($( $ )$#' U.E ( ,$ $ A2')$(. A#:$'#' ,3 &'#,' $ ,")# (3 &$1'),' 2$7#"(' &' ),") *(2$"' )(")' )' 1$#$"'/ 3)2& ( $ 3;'#' &$)' '@'&$$$ , 8$' ("' ' <-= 1')'. S$,'23# '@3, (')' " $1',$$' ,$ " $2#$()' 2@$2 &'1'$& )':$# # 3 32) &' ',' =00 &' 82$#$$ & 8$$& (9'#3$'#$#' 2)$ (3 ),")3#. O # $)':)' # ()' )':3$' , ),3&'2 ',' ('' 3&' ,3 +)$'#' &$)' 2")$ ,'2$)"8',$"$,$ ,$ )"8',$"$,$ ?
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matori - ":$'($13# )$($# ',' ":$')' &' )"&3,' $("#' ()' , ("')' '(',)3# ')3 82$#$' ,$ '1'3# ":$')' 33$ )"8$. P")$1$ ")2'#") ,' (",$&') 2") ,3)3# ()' )' -00 82$#$$ &' #:$'. D' ":$('$ (', ,3)$ ,' ()(')$;'; )$ 3)2")'#' ? 1"#32 &' 23( 2'&$3*# ,8),$ &' ,2/ 2')$#3# +''$( *)"$3)$2($/ ,' ":$' )$ 2$7#"(' )"$$ $(3#")3# )' " # 23( &' :;. $emiprofesionisti - 32)3# &' 82$#$$ ',' &' 00-=00 :3( 1"#323# &' 23( <00-=00 ")' 2')$#3# +''$( ,' (32) &' # 3$$#' ,'($#$;' ,' "' )($( " $(3#3) 2"&') )$ 2'($;)' #3())$#") ,' )'#3()'; )$2) 3'#' )"&3,' #' ,33#3$ '(. A8(')' ',' " 8(')' &' 82$#$' 8$$& 8"#",$ 23( 2'2:)$#") '$. rofesionisti - S' " (",$&') ,3)$$ ()' &'$ ',' =00 &' ,3$ 3 32) "$2 8$$& 3&'1 ,)' 600 &' :3(. A$($ #3()3)$#' ,' ,(9$2: )&$(# ,3)$3# ,")# 8$$& :,"#3 '(',). N32)3# &' ")' 23( ()',' &)2$( 8$$& '(',) +7)' &' 23($")$ ,';"$')$. P')3 " 2$ :3 )')';')' ,' (')' ( 83($")' ,3$'$ , ,' 8( ,3: 8")2 3'$ ,"($'$ ("2')($#'. A&'))' R"2$'$ # U.E &',(9$&' "$ ")$;"3)$ $(3#3)$$ $ +'')# ,$ $(3#")$#") $ ,'($#. P''))' $''$ U.E ,' ngradirile privind calitatea 8(' 23# 2$ 3,") ,3:1'$$#' 1") 8$ )';'' ,$ "3# " , $)' ' 3 8+, ")2#. produselor, cerintele in domeniul veterinar-apicol, mediul concurential, nu trebuie sa sperie pe nimeni. $e schimba conditiile de functionare intr-un mediu economic, dar se schimba si generatiile de apicultori, care vor deprinde altfel de comportamente economice. U ,$+3) +& )':3$' , 1 (#3;',( ? 3 )$ "")3$' "8')$ &' $(3#3) ')3 ( $ (', &"2'$3 ,' "' 8(' " )': :3 ,$ :$ 8)32",$
AMILIA DE ALBINE P"' " , ()'&'$ ( #'(3))' (','$ +$$ ()' (3)$&' $8")2$$ &',)' 1$ 82$#$$#") &' #:$' 3 )' ,',. N"$ 1 )'("2&2 *('#") '$$$$/ , " ($$$ (3 '$' ')3 ( " (3",')' )"83& #:$'$ ,$ 2"&3#3$ '$ &' 1$ " , 1 8$' &' 2)' 73") $ ($1$' &' $(3#"). S $(''2 (3 .....$('33# .
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lbinele lucratoare ! N32)3# (',") ',' 1)$:$# ",($#& &' # 0000 $ ')$"& &' $) # 40000-0000 $ 1). A3 #$ 2$ 2$(*<-4 22/ " +)'3' &' )"@. 002+ ,$ )$$#' ,3 &' ('',$ #3+$2' (3 :&"2'3#. I 8 #3()")'#' ,3 8'2'#' (3 ")+'#' &' )')"&3(')' '&';1"#'. :atca ! E,' ,$+3) 8'2'# 8'(3& &$ ,3 8$$& ),3;")' &' $23#$)' 82$#$$#") &' #:$'. D' ":$('$ $ ,3 ',' " ,$+3) 2( 1& (")3# 2$ #3+*<0-<5 22/ (3# 2$( :&"2'3# 8")' &';1"# )$$ 2$ 2$($ ,$ " +)'3' &' <50-<0 2+. rantorii ! S3 2,(3#$$ ()' $2')'(9'; 2( 8$$& )';'$ $ (3$: &$ )$21) $ "2. I 32) &' ('1 ,3' 3 " #3+$2' &' 5-! 22 )$$ (' &',',( :&"2'3# (3# +#":3#", ,$ " +)'3' &' <00 2+.
D';1"#)' 82$#$'$ &' #:$' I)-3 (#'&)$,$( 82$#$ &' #:$' )' " &';1"#)' &$8')$ 32)3# $&$1$;$#") ()',(& ,3 ,(;& 83($' &' "$2 ,$ $2#$($ &' ("&$$$#' &' 2'&$3. P)($( 1$ 82$#$'$ &' #:$' (3)$&' )3 2)$ ')$"&'.
rima perioada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
erioada a doua ! S' 2$ 32',' ,$ ')$"& &' ()',')'. N'()3# ,$ "#'3# ,' +,',( &$ :3&' ,$ $,$ 8( )$$ )")$$. M( ',' 9)$ 3')$( &'3' ',' <000 &' "3;$ 32)3# &' #:$' &"$($ ()',' ,$ ,' 73+' $ ,$3$ $ ()' =-4 &"$($ $+)$7',( " #)1. C& (', 8'"2' ,' ,3)3' (3 #$ 8(")$ 81")$;$* #$, &' ,$3 1'$#$' $,38$($' '(./ ) 8)$+3)$#' )"$)$$. A#:$'#' (",)3$',( :"($ &' )"$)' $ ()' 2( &'3' "3 # $')1# &' ('1
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
erioada a treia ! E,' 32$ ,$ ')$"& 8")2)$$ #:$'#") &' $'))'. I 2"& 3)# " #:$ ()' )$($ # (3#',3)$#' &' 1) $')'. E ',' $#"(3$ &' #:$ )3 $ #3 3+3, #:$ ()' ')$($& # (3#', )' 3 ")+$,2 '3;. G'')$$#' &' #:$' $',$' "2 2$ (3 ,'2 # ,8),$3# #3$$ 3+3, ,''2:)$' ,$ "("2:)$' )$',( $ )$21) 3)2")' ,$+3)& ()',')' "$#") #)1'. erioada a patra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
I23#$)' 82$#$$#") &' #:$' S' "' ,3' &',)' #:$' ( 3 " 1$ ,(3) $ ,';"3# ($1 )$& =5-40 ;$#' $) $ ('# $($1 6- #3$. T"' ('+")$$#' &' $&$1$;$ )'( )$ )'$ ,&$$ &' &';1"#)' ? ou , larva , nimfa.
lbina lucratoare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atca Luc rat*ar, Trant*r :atca ! S' &';1"# &$ ('# ,$ "3 ( ,$ #:$ #3() ")'. D$8')' ',' ( &'3')' "3#3$ &' ()' 2( ,' 8(' $ O3 ('#3#' ,'( $#' 32$' :"($ ,$ $ 2"&3# &' 9)$)'. C& = = = L)1 5 < 6 6 < #:$'#' ,' )'+',( &' )"$)' '#' (",)3$',( :"($ ' 2)+$' L)1 ! < < 4 < 8+3)$#") :"($ &' )"$)' $ ()' 2( &'3' "3.C& 82$#$ (($)'$28$28 )2' ")8 &$)-3 32$ 2"$1 #:$'#' (#&',( $ T "# ;$#' 6 < <4 2$7#"(3# 8+3)'#3$ :"($ &' ,#1)' )$ 2"&$8$()' ('#3#'#") &' #3()")' (' ("$ #)1' 2$ $')' &' = ;$#'. A(',' #)1' ,3 9)$' # (($)' :"($#") 32$ (3 #$,") &' 2(. St a+iul + ,80*ltarii
rantorii ! P)"1$ &$ "3 '8'(3&'. D( # 2( ,$ #3()")' &$8') 32$ 2"&3# &' 9)$)' ,$ 1'#"*('#3#/ # )") &$8') ,$ "3#. P')3 3 )") ,' (",32 " ($' &' 9) &' <-= ")$ 2$ 2)' $) &3) &' &';1"#)' ',' (' 2$ 2)'*<4 &' ;$#'/.
=4
A($1$' (3$:3# ,$ 9) #:$'#") D3 $',$)' &$ ('#3# 1$ #:$'$ #3()")' ,' $2)' $ &"3 ''. I )$2'#' <0 &' ;$#' #:$ #3()")' '@'(3 " 8'#3# &' #3())$ $ ,3 $) $ 3#$2$#' 5 ;$#' #' 1$'$$ &'1$' #:$ (3#'+")'. O ,(9'2 ) ,8'# ? $ )$2'#' < ;$#' #:$'#' (3) ('#3#'#' ,$ $(#;',( 3$'3#. I)' =- ,$ = ;$ #:$'#' 9)',( 3$'3#. I )$2'#' ;$#' '#' 9)',( #)1'#' 2$ $ 1), (3 2','( &' 2$')' ,$ "#' ,$ "$ ' 2,3) (' ,' &';1"# +#&'#' )"&3(")' &' #$,") ,$ 32' $)' 6- ,$ <- ;$ '#' 9)',( #)1'#' 2$ $')' $ 1), &' ('# 23# = ;$#'. T" $ (', $2 #:$'#' 2$ '@'(3 ,$ 3)2")'#' #3())$ ? )$2',( '()3# &'";$'; '()3# )','; "#'3# ,$ (3) ,33#. A#:$'#' $ 1), &' <- ;$#' (#&',( 8+3)$$. I " (', $2 '#' 8( ,$ ,(3)' ;:")3)$ &' ")$')'. I)' ,$ <- ;$ &' 1$ #:$'#' ;',( $)) ' $ ,3 ')$,',( ,33#. D3 (', ')$"& #:$'#' &'1$ #:$' (3#'+")' (3 2'$3' ( # )$$ 33$ (3#', :3&' " )$($ ,$ #:$' 2$ $')' &' <0 &' ;$#'. C3$:3# 82$# $'$ &' #:$' ',' #(3$ &$ 8+3)$ &' ('). F$'()' 8+3)' )';$ ' 2:'#' 8'' 2$$ &' ('#3#' 9'@+"#'. P' 8+3)$ ,3 )'$ 8'#3)$ &' ('#3#' ? &' #:$ #3()")' (3 &$2')3# &' 54 22 ,$ &($2' &' 0-< 22 ('#3#' &' )") (3 &$2')3# &' 65 22 ,$ &($2' &' -< 22 ('#3#' &' 2( *:"($/ ()' 3 8")2 3'$ +9$&' &($ &' <0-<5 22 ,$ &$2')3# &' 0-< 22. I ('#3#'#' &' #3()")' #:$'#' " &'";$ 2$')' ,$ ,3) $) $ ('#' &' )") 2$')' ,$ 2$ )) ,3). P')3 9)$)' #") ,$ 3$'3#3$ #:$'#' 8"#",',( '()3# ,$ "#'3# 8#")$#"). P' #+ '() #:$'#' 2$ 8"#",',( ,$ &$8')$' ,'()'$$ &3#($*2/ &' ")$+$' $2# ,3 1'+'#. D( &',)' '()*2$')'/ ,' "' ,3' ( )')';$ 9) +#3($&$( 3($ "#'3# ',' 9) )"'$(*$'/. C",323# &' 2$')' ,$ ,3) &$8') &' # " ')$"& # # 83($' &' "$2 ,$ &' )';' ,3 :,' 3$'3#3$.
=5
