2.3.. PRI 2.3 PRINCI NCIPA PALES LES EST ESTRA RATE TEGIA GIAS S ME META TA CO COGNI GNITIV TIVA AS DE AP APREN RENDIZ DIZAJE AJE QUE EXISTEN. ESTRATEGIA: Una estrate!a es "n #$n%"nt$ &e a##!$nes '(an!)!#a&as s!ste*+t!#a*ente en e( t!e*'$ ,"e se ((e-an a #a$ 'ara ($rar "n &eter*!na&$ )!n $ *!s!/n. Las estrate!as &e a'ren&!0a%e #$nst!t"1en a#t!-!&a&es #$ns!entes e !nten#!$na(es ,"e "an (as a##!$nes a se"!r 'ara a(#an0ar &eter*!na&as *etas &e a'ren&!0a%e. Las Est Estrat rate! e!as as &e a're a'ren&! n&!0a% 0a%e e s$n ($s 'r$# 'r$#e&! e&!*!e *!ent$ nt$s s a## a##!$n !$nes es 'en 'ensa* sa*!en !ent$s t$s 1 4erra*!entas ,"e ($s est"&!antes "t!(!0an 'ara a'ren&er. Las #ara#terst!#as 'ara (as estrate!as &e a'ren&!0a%e s$n: C$ns#!entes: ($s est"&!antes &een saer ,"e (a est+n "t!(!0an&$ 1 #"+(es s$n. C$ntr$(a&as: ($s est"&!antes &een #$ntr$(ar #"+(es "t!(!0ar 1 #"+n&$ s$n a&e#"a&as esas estrate!as. Inten#!$na(es: ($s est"&!antes &een "t!(!0ar(as a 'r$'/s!t$ 'ara a'ren&er. C(as!)!#a#!/n &e (as estrate!as &e a'ren&!0a%e &e a#"er&$ a ($ #$n!t!-$: Estrat Est rate! e!as as *e *eta ta #$ #$n!t n!t!-a !-as: s: 'er* 'er*!te !ten n a( est est"&! "&!ant ante e $s $serer-ar ar s" 'r$ 'r$'!$ '!$ 'r$ 'r$#es #es$ $ &e a'ren&!0a%e. Estr Es trat ate e!a !ass
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re#"'era#!/n 1 re"t!(!0a#!/n &e( #$n$#!*!ent$. Estrate!as s$#!$5a)e#t!-as: re)"er0an ($s )a#t$res 'ers$na(es 1 s$#!a(es )a-$ra(es a( a'ren&!0a%e. Estrate!as #$*"n!#at!-as: )a#!(!tan 1 *ant!enen (a #$*"n!#a#!/n
Las estrate!as &e a'ren&!0a%e s$n: "n #$n%"nt$ &e $'era#!$nes 'as$s '(anes r"t!nas ,"e "san ($s est"&!antes 'ara )a#!(!tar (a $ten#!/n a(*a#ena*!ent$ re#"'era#!/n 1 "s$ &e !n)$r*a#!/n a( a'ren&er "na (en"a e6tran%era.
*eta #$n!#!/n es (a #a'a#!&a& ,"e tene*$s (as 'ers$nas &e a"t$rre"(ar n"estr$ 'r$'!$ a'ren&!0a%e es &e#!r &e '(an!)!#ar ,"e estrate!as se 4an &e "t!(!0ar en #a&a s!t"a#!/n 7&e a'ren&!0a%e8 a'(!#ar(as #$ntr$(ar e( 'r$#es$ e-a("ar($ 'ara &ete#tar '$s!(es )a((as 1 #$*$ #$nse#"en#!a trans)er!r t$&$ e(($ a "na n"e-a a##!/n $ s!t"a#!/n &e a'ren&!0a%e.
La *eta #$n!#!/n se re)!ere a( #$n$#!*!ent$ #$n#!ent!0a#!/n #$ntr$( 1 nat"ra(e0a &e ($s 'r$#es$s &e a'ren&!0a%e. Este 'r$#es$ '"e&e ser &esarr &esarr$((a&$ $((a&$ *e&!ante e6'er!en#!as e6'er!en#!as &e a'ren&! a'ren&!0a%e 0a%e a&e#"a&as #$*$ '$r e%e*'($ (a "t!(!0a#!/n &e (a !nte(!en#!a e*$#!$na(. 9N$ '"e&e ensearse a a'ren&er 1 a 'ensar #$n !n&e'en&en#!a &e ($s #$nten!&$s en ase a ($s #"a(es se a'ren&e 1 se '!ensa; Esta es (a 're*!sa s$re (a ,"e se as!enta e( &esarr$(($ &e (a #$*'eten#!a 1 a#t!t"&es 'ara se"!r a'ren&!en&$ a'ren&!en&$ &e )$r*a a"t/n$*a a"t/n$*a a ($ (ar$ &e (a -!&a 7a'ren&er a a'ren& a'ren&er8. er8. Las est estrat rate! e!as as *et *eta a #$ #$n!t n!t!-a !-ass tra traa% a%an an (a #$n #$n#!e #!en#! n#!a a s$ s$re re e( 'r$' 'r$'!$ !$ 'r$ 'r$#es #es$ $ &e a're a' ren& n&!0 !0a% a%e e 7# 7#/* /*$ $ se a' a're ren& n&e8 e8 1 es es %" %"nt nt$ $ #$ #$n n (a (ass es estr trat ate e!a !ass &e $r $ra an! n!0a 0a#! #!/n /n 1 '(an!)!#a#!/n 1 (as t<#n!#as &e est"&!$ "n as'e#t$ )"n&a*enta( 'ara (a a&,"!s!#!/n &e a'ren& a'r en&!0a !0a%es %es s! s!n!) n!)!#a !#at!t!-$s $s 1 ($ ($rar rar (a a"t a"t$n$ $n$* *a a 1 a"t a"t$rr $rre"( e"(a#! a#!/n /n &e( 'r$# 'r$#es$ es$ &e a'ren&!0a%e L$s ene)!#!$s ,"e n$s 'r$'$r#!$nan e( "s$ &e estrate!as *eta #$n!t!-as s$n:
D!r!en n"estra aten#!/n 4a#!a !n)$r*a#!/n #(a-e. Est!*"(an (a #$&!)!#a#!/n -!n#"(an&$ (a !n)$r*a#!/n n"e-a #$n (a ,"e 1a estaa en (a *e*$r!a. A1"&an a #$nstr"!r es,"e*as *enta(es ,"e $ran!0an 1 e6'(!#an (a !n)$r*a#!/n ,"e se est+ 'r$#esan&$. =a-$re#en (a -!n#"(a#!/n &e !n)$r*a#!$nes 'r$-en!entes &e &!st!ntas +reas $ &!s#!'(!nas. N$s 'er*!ten #$n$#er (as a##!$nes 1 s!t"a#!$nes ,"e n$s )a#!(!tan e( a'ren&!0a%e 'ara ,"e '$&a*$ '$& a*$ss re'e re'et!r t!r esa esass a## a##!$n !$nes es $ #re #rear ar (as #$n #$n&!# &!#!$n !$nes es 1 s!t s!t"a# "a#!$n !$nes es /'t /'t!*a !*ass 'ar 'ara a a'ren&er a%$ n"estr$ est!($.
Las 4a!(!&a&es *eta #$n!t #$n!t!-as !-as s$n 4a!(! 4a!(!&a&es &a&es ne#esar!as ne#esar!as 1 >t!(e >t!(ess 'ara (a a&,"!s a&,"!s!#!/n !#!/n "s$ 1 #$n #$ntr$ tr$(( &e( #$n #$n$#! $#!*!e *!ent$ nt$ 1 &e $tr $tras as 4a 4a!(! !(!&a&e &a&ess #$ #$n!t n!t!-a !-as s en $tr $tras as 'a( 'a(ar aras as 'er*!ten &!r!!r *$n!t$rear e-a("ar 1 *$&!)!#ar e( a'ren&!0a%e 1 'ensa*!ent$. L$s e(e*ent$s &e( #$n$#!*!ent$ &e (a *eta #$n!#!/n s$n: ?.5 saer #"+n&$ se sae. 2.5 saer ($ ,"e se sae. 3.5 saer ($ ,"e se ne#es!ta saer. @.5 saer (a "t!(!&a& &e "na !nter-en#!/n a#t!-a. Para Pa ra #$ #$*' *'(e (e*e *ent ntar ar ($ an ante tess 1a *e *en# n#!$ !$na na&$ &$ a #$ #$nt nt!n !n"a "a#! #!/n /n se *e *en# n#!$n !$nan an (a (ass 'r!n#!'a(es estrate!as &e a'ren&!0a%e ,"e e6!ste &e a#"er&$ a (a 'e&a$a:
?.5 SUPERVISAR LA COMPRENSIBN. L$s a("*n$s ,"e s"'er-!san s" #$*'rens!/n saen #"+n&$ #$*'ren&en ($ ,"e (een 1 #"an&$ n$. T!enen estrate!as 'ara s$("#!$nar ($s 'r$(e*as &e #$*'rens!/n a *e&!&a ,"e -an s"r!en&$. La !n-est!a#!/n *"estra ,"e (a ensean0a !n#("s$ en ($s *+s te*'ran$s '"e&e a1"&ar a ($s a("*n$s a s"'er-!sar *e%$r s" #$*'rens!/n. La !nstr"##!/n en (a s"'er-!s!/n &e (a #$*'rens!/n ensea a ($s a("*n$s a: Ser #$ns#!entes &e ($ ,"e rea(*ente #$*'ren&en. I&ent!)!#ar ($ ,"e n$ #$*'ren&en.
Ut!(!0ar estrate!as a&e#"a&as 'ara res$(-er 'r$(e*as &e #$*'rens!/n. E( )!n >(t!*$ &e (a (e#t"ra es enten&er e( te6t$ &e a4 ,"e "n$ &e ($s 'r$#es$s *eta #$n!t!-$s !*'(!#a&$s en (a (e#t"ra ,"!0+ e( *+s !*'$rtante sea (a *eta #$*'rens!/n. La *eta #$*'rens!/n '"e&e ser &e)!n!&a #$*$ (a #$n#!en#!a &e( 'r$'!$ n!-e( &e #$*'rens!/n &"rante (a (e#t"ra 1 (a 4a!(!&a& 'ara #$ntr$(ar (as a##!$nes #$n!t!-as &"rante
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#$*'rens!-as se "t!(!0ar+n. 8.5 4a!(!&a&es &e s"'er-!s!/n.5 a'(!#a#!/n a)e#t!-a &e (as t<#n!#as *!entras (ee. Darse #"enta s! se 'r$&"#e #$*'rens!/n $ n$. C8 a!(!&a&es &e e-a("a#!/n.5 &ete#tar "na -e0 ter*!na&a (a (e#t"ra t$&$ a,"e(($ ,"e 4a s!&$ >t!( 'ara #$*'ren&er(a. La *eta #$*'rens!/n es (a *eta #$n!#!/n a'(!#a&a a (a #$*'rens!/n (e#t$ra. E( t*er$ en (a "a te(e)/n!#a $ "na !n)$r*a#!/n es'e#)!#a en "n te6t$.
Esta estrate!a se a'(!#a antes &e (eer es &e#!r a antes &e #entrarse en e( 'r$#es$ es'e#)!#$ &e (a (e#t"ra e( #"a( 'er*!t!r+ #entrar (as !&eas en ($s te*as ,"e *+s (e !nteresa a( (e#t$r 1 #$n *a1$r aten#!/n e !nter
2.5 EMPLEAR ORGANIZADORES GR=ICOS F SEMNTICOS. L$s $ran!0a&$res r+)!#$s s$n re'resenta#!$nes ,"e $ran!0an (a !n)$r*a#!/n a tra-
Esta estrate!a e6!e "n est"&!ante *+s a#t!-$ &!s'"est$ a ana(!0ar (a !n)$r*a#!/n re(a#! re( a#!$nar $nar(a (a #at #ate$ e$r!0 r!0ar( ar(a a 1$ %er %erar, ar,"!0 "!0ar( ar(a. a. P$r est esta a #ar #ara#t a#ter erst! st!#a #a (a est estrat rate! e!a a &e $ran!0a&$re $ran! 0a&$ress r+)! r+)!#$s #$s se as$#! as$#!a a #$n e( #$n#e #$n#e't$ 't$ &e a'ren&! a'ren&!0a%e 0a%e !n&!-!&"a( 'er*anente 'er*anente )a-$re#!en&$ (a #a'a#!&a& &e( est"&!ante &e a'ren&er a a'ren&er. La e( e(a a$r $ra# a#!/ !/n n &e $r $ra an! n!0a 0a&$ &$re ress r r+) +)!# !#$s $s s" s"'$ '$ne ne '$ '$ne nerr en %" %"e e$ $ "n "na a se ser! r!e e &e $'era#!$nes #$n!t!-as 'ara 'r$#esar (a !n)$r*a#!/nH *eta #$n!t!-as 'ara re"(ar e( 'r$'!$ 'r$ '!$ 'r$ 'r$#es #es$ $ &e a'r a'ren& en&!0a !0a%e %e 1 'en 'ensa* sa*!en !ent$H t$H 1 $'e $'era# ra#!$n !$nes es 'ar 'ara a a&* a&*!n! !n!str strar ar ($s re#"rs$s e6tern$s. La estrate!a &e $ran!0ar r+)!#a*ente (a !n)$r*a#!/n )$r*a 'arte &e (as estrate!as &e a&,"!s!#!/n &e( #$n$#!*!ent$ ,"e 9se re)!eren a( #$n%"nt$ &e estrate!as ,"e "na 'ers$na '"e&e "t!(!0ar 'ara a&,"!r!r $ *$&!)!#ar s"s estr"#t"ras &e #$n$#!*!ent$ en re(a#!/n #$n "n te*a &e est"&!$ "n #a*'$ $ "na &!s#!'(!na; L$s $ran!0a&$res r+)!#$s e*'(ean #$n#e't$s e !nterre(a#!$nes entre #$n#e't$s a tra-
L$s $ran!0a&$res se*+nt!#$s 7ta*!
In&e'e In& e'en&! n&!ent ente*e e*ente nte &e s" n$* n$*re re ($s $r $ran! an!0a& 0a&$re $ress r+ r+)!# )!#$s $s '"e '"e&en &en a1" a1"&ar &ar a ($s (e#t$res a #entrarse en ($s #$n#e't$s 1 en #$*$ "n$s est+n re(a#!$na&$s #$n $tr$s. L$s $ran!0a&$res r+)!#$s '"e&en: A1"&a a ($s a("*n$s a #entrarse #entrarse en (a estr"#t"ra &e( te6t$ *!entras *!entras (een. Dar a ($s a("*n$s 4erra*!entas 'ara e6a*!nar 1 re'resentar -!s"a(*ente (as re(a#!$nes &e "n te6t$. A1"&ar a ($s a("*n$s re&a#tar res>*enes !en $ran!0a&$s.
3.5 RESPONDER A PREGUNTAS. Res'$n& n&e er es "n #$n#e't$ ,"e t!ene s" $r!en et!*$(/ /!!#$ en e( -$#a( ($ $ (at!n$ (at!n $ res'$n res'$n&re. &re. P"e&e trata tratarse rse &e r!n&a r!n&arr "na res'"e res'"esta sta #$nte #$ntestar star $ a#t"a a#t"arr tras "n *ensa%e *ensa% e $ 'e&!&$ 'e&!&$.. La !nstr"##!/n !nstr"##!/n 're"nta5res'"es 're"nta5res'"esta ta an!*a a ($s a("*n$s a a'ren& a'ren&er er a res'$n&er a (as 're"ntas *e%$r 1 '$r ($ tant$ a a'ren&er *+s *!entras (een. Una t<#n!#a &e 're"nta5res'"esta #$ns!ste en ensear a ($s a("*n$s s!*'(e*ente a re(eer e( te6t$ 'ara en#$ntrar (as res'"estas a 're"ntas ,"e n$ 4an '$&!&$ res'$n&er tras "na (e#t"ra !n!#!a(.
@.5 REDACTAR PREGUNTAS. Una 're 're"n "nta ta es (a )$r )$r*"( *"(a#! a#!/n /n &e* &e*an& an&a a $ 'et 'et!#! !#!/n /n ,"e "na 'er 'ers$n s$na a e*' e*'res resa a $ !nst!t"#!/n (e &e*an&an a $tra #$n e( )!n &e $tener "na res'"esta. Las 're"ntas se>n e( #as$ 1 (a !nten !nten#!/n #!/n )!na( &e ,"!en (a )$r*" )$r*"(a (a '"e&en estar estr"#t"ra&as estr"#t"ra&as 1 )$r*" )$r*"(a&as (a&as #$n e( $%et$ &e 'r$&"#!r "na res'"esta !en &!re#ta 1 #$n#!sa. Ensear a ($s a("*n$s a '(antear s"s 'r$'!as 're"ntas *e%$rar s" 'r$#esa*!ent$ a#t!-$ &e( te6t$ 1 s" #$*'rens!/n. Me&!ante (a e(a$ra#!/n &e 're"ntas ($s a("*n$s t$*an #$n#!en#!a &e s '"e&en res'$n&er a e((as 1 &e s! #$*'ren&en ($ ,"e est+n (e1en&$. L$s a("*n$s a'ren&en a 4a#erse 're"ntas 'ara (as ,"e t!enen ,"e !nterar !n)$r*a#!/n 'ertene#!ente a &!st!ntas 'artes &e( te6t$. P$r e%e*'($ se '"e&e ensear a ($s a("*n$s a 4a#er 're"ntas &e !&eas )"n&a*enta(es ,"e est+n re(a#!$na&as #$n (a !n)$r*a#!/n re(e-ante &e( te6t$.
.5 RECONOCER LA ESTRUCTURA NARRATIVA. La estr"#t"ra narrat!-a se re)!ere a (a *anera en ,"e e( #$nten!&$ 1 ($s a#$nte#!*!ent$s &e "na narra#!/n se $ran!0an en "n es,"e*a !ntern$. L$s a("*n$s ,"e s$n #a'a#es &e re#$n$#er (a estr"#t"ra narrat!-a a're#!a #$*'ren&en 1 re#"er&an *e%$r (as narra#!$nes #"an&$ se (es ensea (a estr"#t"ra narrat!-a ($s a("*n$s a'ren&en a !&ent!)!#ar (as #ate$ras &e #$nten!&$ ,"e #$*'$nen "na 4!st$r!a 7es#enar!$ a#$nte#!*!ent$ !n!#!a( rea##!$nes !nternas $%et!-$s !ntent$s 1 #$nse#"en#!as8 1 #$*$ se $ran!0an a esas #ate$ #at e$ra rass en e( es, es,"e* "e*a a narr narrat! at!-$. -$. A *en"&$ *en"&$ a'r a'ren&e en&err a re# re#$n$ $n$#er #er (a est estr"# r"#t"r t"ra a narrat!-a e*'(ean&$ *a'as. Est$s *a'as ,"e s$n "n t!'$ &e $ran!0a&$r r+)!#$ *"estran -!s"a(*ente (a se#"en#!a &e e-ent$s ,"e #$*'$nen (a 4!st$r!a. Ensear ($s #$nten!&$s t'!#$s 1 (a $ran!0a#!/n !nterna &e (as narra#!$nes *e%$ra s" #$*'rens!/n 1 s" *e*$r!0a#!/n.
.5 RESUMIR. E( res"*en res"*en es "na re&"##!/n &e "n te6t$ re)erente re)erente #$n (as !&eas 'r!n#!'a(es 'r!n#!'a(es &e este en (a ,"e se e6'resan (as !&eas &e( a"t$r s!"!en&$ "n 'r$#es$ &e &esarr$(($. E( res"*en )a-$re#e (a #$*'rens!/n &e( te*a est$ )a#!(!ta enten&er *e%$r e( te6t$ 1 (a aten#!/n ensea a re&a#tar #$n e6a#t!t"& 1 #a(!&a&. Un res"*en es "na sntes!s &e (as !&eas !*'$rtantes &e "n te6t$. Res"*!r re,"!ere ,"e e( a("*n$ &eter*!ne ,"e es !*'$rtanteH ,"e #$n&ense esa !n)$r*a#!/n 1 ,"e (a e6'rese #$n s"s 'r$'!as 'a(aras. Ensear a res"*!r a1"&a a ($s est"&!antes.
E( 'r$#es$ 'ara e(a$rar e( res"*en es: a#er "na (e#t"ra enera( Tener Te ner en #(ar$ e( en)$,"e &e (a as!nat"ra Enten&er e( s!n!)!#a&$ Ir '+rra)$ '$r '+rra)$ S"ra1ar resa(tar $ trans#r!!r Para)rasear e( te6t$ Re(eer e( res"*en
En sntes!s 1 "n!en&$ ($s #$n#e't$s anter!$res (as estrate!as *eta #$n!t!-as !ntentan (a *e%$ra &e ($s 'r$#es$s *eta #$n!t!-$s enera(es &e a"t$#$n$#!*!ent$ 1 a"t$#$ntr$( &e( s"%et$ en (as estrate!as &e a'ren&!0a%e.
