c ȼɨɞɚ ʁɟ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ ɫɜɢɯ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɛɢʄɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦʂɢ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɠɢɜɚ ɛɢʄɚ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɞɚ ɠɢɜɟ ɧɨɪɦɚɥɧɨ, ɜɨɞɚ ɭ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɠɢɜɟ ɢɥɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɢɦɚɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɤɚɪɚɤɬɟɪɢɫɬɢɤɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɫɟ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɱɨɜɟɤɨɜɨɝ ɞɟɥɨɜɚʃɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɢ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɢ ɫɚɫɬɚɜ ɜɨɞɟ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɨɞɧɨɫɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɜɥɚɞɚʁɭ, ɤɚɠɟɦɨ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɟɧɚ. ɂɡɜɨɪɢ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ȼɟɤɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɭ ʂɭɞɢ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɛɚɰɚɥɢ ɫɜɨʁ ɨɬɩɚɞ. Ⱦɚɧɚɫ ɜɨɞɭ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɫɚɨɛɪɚʄɚʁ, ɻɭɛɪɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɢ ɫɚ ɨɛɪɚɞɢɜɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ, ɪɚɫɬɜɚɪɚɱɢ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɪʇɟɧɬɢ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɚɜɚ ɢ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ, ɦɟɬɚɥɢ ɢɡ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɚ (ɧɩɪ. ɨɥɨɜɨ ɢ ɠɢɜɚ). ɋɜɢ ɨɜɢ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚɱɢ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɫɜɨʁ ɩɭɬ ɞɨ ɪɟɤɚ ɢ ɩɪɟɤɨ ʃɢɯ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɞɨ ɦɨɪɚ. Ɂɚɝɚɻɭʁɭʄɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɞɨɫɩɟɜɚʁɭ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɢɦ ɩɭɬɟɜɢɦɚ. Ⱦɢɪɟɤɬɧɢ ɨɛɥɢɰɢ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚʁɭ ɮɨɪɦɢɪɚʃɟ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɭ ɤɨʁɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɭɛɚɰɭʁɟ ɲɬɟɬɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɤɨʁɟ, ɩɨ ɩɪɚɜɢɥɭ, ɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɢɡɥɢɜɚ ɭ ɪɟɱɧɟ ɬɨɤɨɜɟ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɲɬɟɬɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɨ ɨ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ, ɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɢɡ ɞɨɦɚʄɢɧɫɬɜɚ ɢ ɭɪɛɚɧɢɯ ɫɪɟɞɢɧɚ, ɝɨɜɨɪɢɦɨ ɨ ɤɨɦɭɧɚɥɧɢɦ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɢɦ ɜɨɞɚɦɚ. ɂ ʁɟɞɧɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɭ ɫɟɛɢ ɧɨɫɟ ɨɝɪɨɦɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɭʄɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɧɚ ɤɪɚʁɭ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚʁɭ ɭ ɪɟɤɚɦɚ. ȼɨɞɚ ɫɟ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɨ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɟ ɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɭ ɫɩɢɪɚʃɚ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɭ. ɇɚ ɬɨɦ ɩɭɬɭ ɨɧɟ ɥɚɝɚɧɨ ɩɪɟɥɚɡɟ ɭ ɩɨɞɡɟɦɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɨɞɚɤɥɟ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢɦɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɤɪɭɠɟʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɨ ɞɨɥɚɡɟ ɞɨ ɪɟɤɚ, ʁɟɡɟɪɚ, ɦɨɪɚ. Ɂɚɝɚɻɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚ ɧɟɫɪɟʄɚ. ɇɚ ɩɪɢɦɟɪ, ɛɪɨɞɨɜɢ ɤɨʁɢ ɬɪɚɧɫɩɨɪɬɭʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɭ ɩɨɧɟɤɚɞ ɫɟ ɨɲɬɟɬɟ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɨɥɭʁɟ ɢɥɢ ɫɭɞɚɪɚ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɧɚɮɬɚ ɢɫɰɭɪɢ ɫɚ ɛɪɨɞɚ, ɨɧɚ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɥɢʁɟ ɩɨ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɢ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɨɝ ɦɨɪɚ ɢɥɢ ɪɟɤɟ, ɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɦ ɫɬɪɭʁɚɦɚ ɞɨɥɚɡɢ ɢ ɞɨ ɨɛɚɥɟ. Ɍɚɞɚ ɧɚ ɯɢʂɚɞɟ ɛɟɫɩɨɦɨʄɧɢɯ ɩɬɢɰɚ ɢ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ ɫɬɪɚɞɚ, ɚ ɟɤɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɩɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɧɟɦɟɪʂɢɜɟ. ɉɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ Ɍɪɨɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɭɝɢɧɭʄɟ ɪɢɛɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ ɧɚʁɬɟɠɟ ɫɭ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ ɬɨɤɫɢɱɧɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢɦɚ. Ɇɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɭɝɢɧɭʄɟ ɨɞɪɟɻɟɧɟ ɝɪɭɩɟ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ ɭ ɜɨɞɢ ɪɟɦɟɬɢ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɭ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɢ ɢ ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɟ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɭ ɱɢɬɚɜɨɦ ɜɨɞɟɧɨɦ ɟɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɭ. ɉɨɧɟɤɚɞ ʁɟ ɡɚ ɜɪɚʄɚʃɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨ (ɩɪɟɬɯɨɞɧɨ) ɫɬɚʃɟ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɝɨɞɢɧɚ. Ɂɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɬɪɨɜɧɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚɦɚ ɢ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɢɦ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢɦɚ ɢɦɚ ɢ ɢɧɞɢɪɟɤɬɧɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɧɚ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ. ȳɚɤɨ ɡɚɝɚɻɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɧɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ, ɧɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɧɚɜɨɞʃɚɜɚʃɟ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɧɢɯ ɩɨɜɪɲɢɧɚ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɥɚ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ, ɧɟɨɩɯɨɞɧɨ ʁɟ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɢɬɢ ɦɧɨɝɨ ɧɨɜɰɚ ɢ ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ ɡɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ, ɤɚɤɨ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɞɨɜɟɥɚ ɭ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛʂɢɜɨ ɫɬɚʃɟ. Ɉɫɢɦ ɬɨɝɚ, ɨɬɩɚɞ ɤɨʁɢ ɭɛɚɰɭʁɟɦɨ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɱɟɫɬɨ ɡɚɜɪɲɚɜɚ ɭ ɬɟɥɢɦɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ, ɩɚ ɧɚɦ ɫɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɜɪɚɬɢɬɢ ɤɚɨ ɯɪɚɧɚ. ɍ ȳɚɩɚɧɭ ʁɟ 1950.ɝɨɞɢɧɟ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɫɬɨɬɢɧɚ ʂɭɞɢ ɨɛɨɥɟɥɨ ɨɞ Äɠɢɜɢɧɟ ɛɨɥɟɫɬɢ³ ɫɚ ɬɪɚʁɧɢɦ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɚɦɚ. Ɉɜɢ ʂɭɞɢ ɫɭ ɫɟ ɪɚɡɛɨɥɟɥɢ ɡɚɬɨ ɲɬɨ ɫɭ ʁɟɥɢ ɪɢɛɟ ɭ ɱɢʁɢɦ ɬɟɥɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɭɩɢɥɚ ɠɢɜɚ ɤɨʁɚ ʁɟ ɢɫɩɭɲɬɟɧɚ ɭ ɦɨɪɟ ɢɡ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ. Ɉɬɪɨɜɧɟ ɫɭɩɫɬɚɧɰɟ ɧɢɫɭ ʁɟɞɢɧɢ ɤɪɢɜɰɢ ɡɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʃɟ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ ɭ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɦ ɟɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɢɦɚ. Ɉɬɩɚɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɻɭɛɪɢɜɨ ɢ ɞɟɬɟɪʇɟɧɬɢ ɫɭ ɛɨɝɚɬɢ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɢɦɚ, ɫɭɩɫɬɚɧɰɚɦɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɟ ɡɚ ɫɜɨʁ ɪɚɫɬ. Ʉɚɞɚ ɜɟɥɢɤɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɧɢɬɪɚɬɚ ɢ ɮɨɫɮɚɬɚ ɞɨɫɩɟ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ, ɭɨɛɢɱɚʁɟɧ ɪɟɡɭɥɬɚɬ ʁɟ Äɩɨɩɭɥɚɰɢɨɧɚ ɟɤɫɩɥɨɡɢʁɚ³ ɩɥɚɧɤɬɨɧɫɤɢɯ ɚɥɝɢ. Ɉɜɚ ɩɨʁɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɡɢɜɚ Äɰɜɟɬɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ³. ɉɪɟɧɚɦɧɨɠɟɧɟ ɚɥɝɟ ɫɭ ɭ ɫɬɚʃɭ ɞɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɟ ɝɨɬɨɜɨ ɫɚɜ ɤɢɫɟɨɧɢɤ ɢɡ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɡɚɡɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɭɝɢɧɭʄɚ ɪɢɛɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢɯ ɠɢɜɨɬɢʃɚ.
Ʉɨɪɚɥɧɢ ɝɪɟɛɟɧɢ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɟ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɟ ɦɨɪɫɤɨɝ ɞɧɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɛɢɬɢ ɭɝɪɨɠɟɧɢ ɭɫɥɟɞ ɩɨɜɟʄɚɧɨɝ ɞɨɬɨɤɚ ɯɪɚɧʂɢɜɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ. ɉɨɜɟʄɚɧɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɯɪɚɧʂɢɜɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɢɡ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɪɨɭɡɪɨɤɨɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɟɬɟɪɚɧ ɪɚɫɬ ɤɪɭɩɧɢɯ ɚɥɝɢ, ɬɡɜ. ɜɨɞɟɧɨɝ ɤɨɪɨɜɚ, ɤɨʁɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɩɨɬɩɭɧɨ ɩɪɟɤɪɢɬɢ ɤɨɪɚɥɧɢ ɝɪɟɛɟɧ ɢ ɭɝɭɲɢɬɢ ɱɢɬɚɜɭ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɭ ɞɧɚ. ȼɢɲɟɫɬɪɭɤɢ ɭɬɢɰɚʁ ɧɚ ɩɪɨɦɟɧɟ ɫɚɫɬɚɜɚ ɠɢɜɨɝ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ ɟɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɤɨɻɟ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɬɨɩɥɨɬɧɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ. ɇɚ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɢɡɥɢɜɚʃɚ ɬɨɩɥɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɯɥɚɞɢ ɩɨɫɬɪɨʁɟʃɚ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɚɧɚ, ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɩɪɟʄɢ 80Ûɋ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɚɤɨ ɜɢɫɨɤɢɯ ɬɟɦɩɟɪɚɬɭɪɚ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɡɛɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɧɨɝ ɫɦɚʃɟʃɚ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɤɢɫɟɨɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɬɚɤɜɢɦ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ, ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɭ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɭ ɡɚɦɟʃɭʁɟ ɫɢɪɨɦɚɲɧɚ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ ɨɬɩɨɪɧɢɯ ɩɪɟɦɚ ɟɤɫɬɪɟɦɧɢɦ ɭɫɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɠɢɜɨɬɚ. Ɇɟɪɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ Ⱦɨɜɨʂɧɨ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɚ ɨɱɭɜɚɧɢɦ ɠɢɜɨɬɧɢɦ ɡɚʁɟɞɧɢɰɚɦɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ ɨɫɧɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɱɨɜɟɤɨɜɨɝ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɤɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦʂɢ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɩɪɚʄɟʃɟ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɜɨɞɟ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɩɪɟɞɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɩɨɤɪɟɬɚʃɟ ɚɞɟɤɜɚɬɧɢɯ ɚɤɰɢʁɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ. ɋɜɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɨɝɭ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɟɥɢɬɢ ɭ ɬɪɢ ɝɪɭɩɟ. ɉɪɜɚ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɟɥɢɦɢɧɚɰɢʁɭ ɭɡɪɨɤɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ, ɞɪɭɝɚ ± ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɲɬɟɬɧɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ, ɚ ɬɪɟʄɚ ± ɩɨɫɟɛɧɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɱɢɲʄɟʃɚ ɜɨɞɟ. ɋɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɭʄɢɯ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɚ ɤɨʁɟ ɞɨɫɩɟɜɚʁɭ ɞɨ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ɜɟɨɦɚ ʁɟ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɜɢɞ ɛɨɪɛɟ ɩɪɨɬɢɜ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ. Ɉɧɨ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɯ ɮɢɥɬɟɪɚ ɢ ɩɨɫɟɛɧɢɯ ɫɢɫɬɟɦɚ ɬɚɥɨɠɧɢɤɚ ɧɚ ɦɟɫɬɢɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɥɢɜɚʁɭ ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɉɜɞɟ ɫɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ɢ ɨɛɚɜɟɡɧɨ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ ɬɨɩɥɢɯ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɟ ɢɡɥɢɜɚʃɚ ɭ ɪɟɤɭ. ȼɟɨɦɚ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚɧ ɜɢɞ ɫɩɪɟɱɚɜɚʃɚ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ ɜɨɞɟɧɢɯ ɬɨɤɨɜɚ ʁɟ ɢ ɫɩɟɰɢʁɚɥɚɧɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɚ ɢɡɜɨɪɢɲɬɚ, ɩɥɚɧɢɪɚʃɟ ɢ ɩɨɫɬɚɜʂɚʃɟ ɻɭɛɪɢɲɬɚ ɢ ɞɟɩɨɧɢʁɚ ɞɚʂɟ ɨɞ ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɜɚ, ɫɦɚʃɟʃɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɻɭɛɪɢɜɚ ɢ ɩɟɫɬɢɰɢɞɚ ɭ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɢ, ɤɚɨ ɢ ɦɚɫɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɲɭɦʂɚɜɚʃɟ ɢ ɱɭɜɚʃɟ ɡɟɦʂɢɲɬɚ ɨɞ ɟɪɨɡɢʁɟ. ȼɟʄ ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɩɪɟɱɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɢɦ ɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ. ɏɟɦɢʁɫɤɚ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɚ ɫɭ ɪɚɡɥɢɱɢɬɟ ɯɟɦɢɤɚɥɢʁɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭɛɚɰɭʁɭ ɭ ɜɨɞɭ ɢ ɧɟɭɬɪɚɥɢɲɭ ɨɩɚɫɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ. Ȼɢɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɦɟɪɟ ɫɭ ɧɚʁɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢʁɟ, ʁɟɪ ɫɭ ɛɚɡɢɪɚɧɟ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɢɬɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɠɢɜɢɯ ɛɢʄɚ. Ɂɚɯɜɚʂɭʁɭʄɢ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɢɦɚ ɱɥɚɧɨɜɚ ɛɢɨɰɟɧɨɡɟ, ɚ ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɪɚɞɭ ɛɢʂɚɤɚ ɢ ɦɢɤɪɨɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɚɦɚ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɟɤɨɫɢɫɬɟɦɢ ɢɦɚʁɭ ɫɧɚɠɧɭ ɦɨʄ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɨɝ ɫɚɦɨɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɚ. Ɍɚ ɦɨʄ ɫɟ ɨɝɥɟɞɚ ɭ ɬɨɦɟ ɲɬɨ ɛɢʂɤɟ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢ ɪɟɥɚɬɢɜɧɨ ɛɪɡɨ ɟɥɢɦɢɧɢɲɭ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɭʄɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɜɪɚʄɚʁɭ ɯɟɦɢʁɫɤɟ ɨɞɧɨɫɟ ɭ ɜɨɞɢ ɧɚ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɚɧ ɧɢɜɨ. ɇɚɪɚɜɧɨ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢ ɧɢɫɭ ɫɜɟɦɨʄɧɢ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɨɫɥɟɞɢɰɟ ɜɟɥɢɤɨɝ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɚ, ɧɚɪɨɱɢɬɨ ɬɟɲɤɢɦ ɦɟɬɚɥɢɦɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɫɟ ɬɚɥɨɠɟ ɧɚ ɞɧɭ, ɦɨɝɭ ɨɫɟʄɚɬɢ ɢ ɞɟɰɟɧɢʁɚɦɚ. ? ɒɬɟɞʃɚ? ɢ? ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ? ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ? ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ? ʁɟɞɚɧ? ɨɞ? ɜɟɨɦɚ? ɟɮɢɤɚɫɧɢɯ? ɧɚɱɢɧɚ? ɱɭɜɚʃɚ? ɜɨɞɟ? ɨɞ? ɡɚɝɚɻɟʃɚ ? ȼɨɞɚ? ɤɨʁɭ? ɩɢʁɟɦɨ? ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚ? ɫɟ? ? ɭ? ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ? ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚɦɚ ? Ɂɚ? ʃɢɯɨɜ? ɪɚɞ? ɬɪɨɲɢ? ɫɟ? ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɚ? ɢ? ɨɫɥɨɛɚɻɚʁɭ? ɲɬɟɬɧɢ? ɝɚɫɨɜɢ? ɤɨʁɢ? ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɭ? ɚɬɦɨɫɮɟɪɭ ? Ⱦɚɤɥɟ? ɲɬɨ? ʁɟ? ɦɚʃɚ? ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ? ɜɨɞɟ? ɦɚʃɚ? ʁɟ? ɢ? ɩɨɬɪɨɲʃɚ? ɟɧɟɪɝɢʁɟ? ɡɚ? ʃɟɧɭ? ɩɪɨɢɡɜɨɞʃɭ? ɩɚ? ɫɚɦɢɦ? ɬɢɦ? ɢ? ɫɦɚʃɟɧɨ? ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚʃɟ? ɜɚɡɞɭɯɚ ? ȼɨɞɚ? ɤɨʁɭ? ɩɨɬɪɨɲɢɦɨ? ɨɞɥɚɡɢ? ɭ? ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɭ? ɩɚ? ɫɟ? ɫɚɦɢɦ? ɬɢɦ? ɩɨɜɟʄɚɜɚ? ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ? ɡɚɝɚɻɟɧɟ? ɜɨɞɟ? ɤɨʁɚ? ɫɟ? ɭɥɢɜɚ? ɭ?ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ? ɜɨɞɨɬɨɤɨɜɟ. ɑɢɫɬɟ, ɩɢɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢɦɚ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɤɭɩʂɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɟɞʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɞɥɚɠɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɤɭɩʂɟʃɟ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɦɚʄɟ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɲɚɧɫɭ ɞɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɨ ɠɢɜɢ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɲɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɡɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɬɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɦɨɪɟ ɢ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɧɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚʁɭ ʂɭɞɟ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɜɨɪɚɡɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ. 2
ɂɚɤɨ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɚ ʁɟɞɚɧ ɨɞ ɨɫɧɨɜɧɢɯ ɭɫɥɨɜɚ ɡɚ ɠɢɜɨɬ, ɱɨɜɟɤ ɨ ʃɨʁ ɧɟ ɛɪɢɧɟ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ. ɍ ɧɨɜɢʁɟ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɡɛɨɝ ɩɨɪɚɫɬɚ ɛɪɨʁɚ ɫɬɚɧɨɜɧɢɤɚ ɢ ɛɪɡɨɝ ɪɚɡɜɨʁɚ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɟ ɢ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɟ, ɭ ɦɧɨɝɢɦ ɞɟɥɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɜɟɬɚ ɫɥɚɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɧɟɦɚ ɞɨɜɨʂɧɨ. ɑɢɫɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ ɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ, ɚ ɢ ɤɨɥɢɱɢɧɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɟ. ɍ ɪɟɤɟ, ʁɟɡɟɪɚ ɢ ɦɨɪɚ ɢɫɩɭɲɬɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɤɚɧɚɥɢɡɚɰɢʁɟ, ɨɬɩɚɞɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɢɡ ɮɚɛɪɢɤɚ, ɢɡɥɢɜɚʁɭ ɧɚɮɬɚ ɢ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɬɟɱɧɢ ɨɬɩɚɰɢ. ɇɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɜɨɞɚ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦʂɢ ɫɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɭʁɟ ɢ ɬɪɨɲɢ ɭ ɢɧɞɭɫɬɪɢʁɢ ɢ ɩɨʂɨɩɪɢɜɪɟɞɢ ɜɢɲɟ ɧɟɝɨ ɲɬɨ ɧɚ Ɂɟɦʂɭ ɩɚɞɧɟ ɭ ɨɛɥɢɤɭ ɬɚɥɨɝɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɫɟ ɪɟɡɟɪɜɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɫɬɚɥɧɨ ɫɦɚʃɭʁɭ, ɚ ɱɨɜɟɱɚɧɫɬɜɭ ɩɪɟɬɢ ɧɟɫɬɚɲɢɰɚ ɜɨɞɟ. ɉɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɫɟ ɧɚ ɞɜɚ ɧɚɱɢɧɚ: ɬɚɥɨɠɟʃɟɦ ɢ ɮɢɥɬɪɢɪɚʃɟɦ (ɰɟɻɟʃɟɦ). Ⱥɤɨ ɫɟ ɡɚɦɭʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɫɬɚɜɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɢ ɢɡɜɟɫɧɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ, ɱɟɫɬɢɰɟ ɤɨʁɟ ɫɟ ɭ ʃɨʁ ɧɚɥɚɡɟ ɩɚɞɚʄɟ ɥɚɝɚɧɨ ɧɚ ɞɧɨ. Ʉɪɭɩɧɢʁɟ ɢ ɬɟɠɟ ɱɟɫɬɢɰɟ ɛɪɠɟ ʄɟ ɩɚɞɚɬɢ ɨɞ ɫɢɬɧɢʁɢɯ. Ɍɨ ʁɟ ɬɚɥɨɠɟʃɟ. Ɏɢɥɬɪɢɪɚʃɟ ɫɟ ɜɪɲɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɲɬɨ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɫɢɩɚ ɤɪɨɡ ɮɢɥɬɟɪ-ɯɚɪɬɢʁɭ ɧɚ ɤɨʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɡɚɞɪɠɚɜɚʁɭ ɱɟɫɬɢɰɟ ɧɟɱɢɫɬɨʄɟ, ɞɨɤ ɱɢɫɬɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ. ɍ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɢ ɜɨɞɚ ɩɪɨɥɚɡɢ ɤɪɨɡ ɫɥɨʁɟɜɟ ɩɟɫɤɚ ɢ ɲʂɭɧɤɚ ɤɨʁɢ ɩɪɟɞɫɬɚɜʂɚʁɭ ɩɪɢɪɨɞɧɟ ɮɢɥɬɟɪɟ. ɍ ʃɢɦɚ ɡɚɨɫɬɚʁɭ ɫɜɟ Äɩɪʂɚɜɟ³ ɱɟɫɬɢɰɟ, ɡɛɨɝ ɱɟɝɚ ʁɟ ɢɡɜɨɪɫɤɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɛɢɫɬɪɚ. ɍ ɝɪɚɞɨɜɢɦɚ ɫɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɭɡɢɦɚ ɧɚʁɱɟɲʄɟ ɢɡ ɪɟɤɚ, ɩɚ ɫɟ ɩɪɟ ɭɩɨɬɪɟɛɟ ɦɨɪɚ ɩɪɟɱɢɫɬɢɬɢ. Ɍɨ ɫɟ ɪɚɞɢ ɭ ɜɨɞɨɜɨɞɢɦɚ ɝɞɟ ɫɟ ɧɚʁɩɪɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢ ɬɚɥɨɠɟʃɟ, ɡɚɬɢɦ ɮɢɥɬɪɢɪɚʃɟ, ɚ ɩɨɬɨɦ ɜɨɞɢ ɞɨɞɚʁɟ ɯɥɨɪ ɞɚ ɛɢ ɫɟ ɭɧɢɲɬɢɥɟ ɡɚɪɚɡɧɟ ɤɥɢɰɟ. Ɍɚɤɨ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɟɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ. ȼɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɚ ɫɚɞɪɠɢ ɧɟɤɟ ɪɚɫɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɦɚɬɟɪɢʁɟ, ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚ ɫɟ ɞɟɫɬɢɥɚɰɢʁɨɦ (ɦɨɪɫɤɚ ɜɨɞɚ - ɫɨ). Ⱦɟɫɬɢɥɨɜɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɩɨɞɪɚɡɭɦɟɜɚ ʃɟɧɨ ɡɚɝɪɟɜɚʃɟ ɞɨ ɤʂɭɱɚʃɚ, ɫɚɤɭɩʂɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɟɧɟ ɩɚɪɟ ɢ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɟ. Ʉɨɧɞɟɧɡɚɰɢʁɨɦ ɜɨɞɟɧɟ ɩɚɪɟ ɧɚɫɬɚʁɟ ɞɟɫɬɢɥɨɜɚɧɚ ɜɨɞɚ. ɍ ɫɢɬɭɚɰɢʁɚɦɚ ɤɚɞɚ ɧɢɫɦɨ ɫɢɝɭɪɧɢ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɜɨɞɚ ɤɨʁɭ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɦɨ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ ɡɚɞɨɜɨʂɚɜɚʁɭʄɟɝ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɚ ɢɥɢ ɤɚɞɚ ɩɨɫɬɨʁɢ ɦɨɝɭʄɧɨɫɬ ɞɚ ʁɟ ɧɟɱɢɦ ɡɚɝɚɻɟɧɚ, ɧɚʁɩɪɢɤɥɚɞɧɢʁɚ ɦɟɬɨɞɚ ɡɚ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ʁɟ ɤɭɜɚʃɟ. Ʉʂɭɱɚʃɟɦ ɨɞ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɢɧɭɬɚ ɭɧɢɲɬɚɜɚʁɭ ɫɟ ɩɚɬɨɝɟɧɢ ɨɪɝɚɧɢɡɦɢ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ɫɟ ɧɚɤɨɧ ɯɥɚɻɟʃɚ ɬɚɤɜɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɦɨɠɟ ɤɨɪɢɫɬɢɬɢ ɡɚ ɩɢʄɟ. Ⱦɚ ɛɢ ʁɨʁ ɫɟ ɩɨɛɨʂɲɚɨ ɭɤɭɫ, ɬɪɟɛɚɥɨ ɛɢ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɚɟɪɚɰɢʁɭ ɩɪɨɤɭɜɚɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ ± ɩɪɟɫɢɩɚʃɟ ɢɡ ʁɟɞɧɨɝ ɫɭɞɚ ɭ ɞɪɭɝɢ ɧɟɤɨɥɢɤɨ ɩɭɬɚ. Ȼɚɤɬɟɪɢɨɥɨɲɤɨ ɩɪɟɱɢɲʄɚɜɚʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɦɨɠɟ ɫɟ ɢɡɜɪɲɢɬɢ ɧɚ ɬɚʁ ɧɚɱɢɧ ɲɬɨ ʄɟɦɨ ɩɨɫɭɞɭ ɫɚ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɨɫɬɚɜɢɬɢ ɞɚ ɨɞɫɬɨʁɢ ɧɟɤɨ ɜɪɟɦɟ ɧɚ ɋɭɧɰɭ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɭɥɬɪɚʂɭɛɢɱɚɫɬɢ ɡɪɚɰɢ ɭɧɢɲɬɢɬɢ ɛɢɨɥɨɲɤɟ ɡɚɝɚɻɢɜɚɱɟ. ɑɢɫɬɟ, ɩɢɬɤɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɢɦɚ ɬɨɥɢɤɨ ɦɚɥɨ ɢ ɢɦɚ ʁɟ ɫɜɟ ɦɚʃɟ, ɬɚɤɨ ɞɚ ʄɟ ɨɧɚ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɛɢɬɢ ɫɜɟ ɫɤɭɩʂɚ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ɲɬɟɞʃɚ ɢ ɪɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɨ ɤɨɪɢɲʄɟʃɟ ɜɨɞɟ ɨɞɥɚɠɭ ɢ ʃɟɧɨ ɧɟɦɢɧɨɜɧɨ ɩɨɫɤɭɩʂɟʃɟ. Ɉɧɚʁ ɤɨ ɧɚ ɫɜɨʁɨʁ ɬɟɪɢɬɨɪɢʁɢ ɛɭɞɟ ɫɚɱɭɜɚɨ ɱɢɫɬɟ ɜɨɞɟ, ɢɦɚʄɟ ɭ ɛɭɞɭʄɧɨɫɬɢ ɜɟɥɢɤɭ ɲɚɧɫɭ ɞɚ ɤɜɚɥɢɬɟɬɧɨ ɢ ɧɚɩɪɟɞɧɨ ɠɢɜɢ. ɉɨɪɟɞ ɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɜɢɞɨɜɚ ɡɚɲɬɢɬɟ, ɜɨɞɟɧɢ ɬɨɤɨɜɢ ɫɟ ɲɬɢɬɟ ɢ ɨɞɝɨɜɚɪɚʁɭʄɢɦ ɡɚɤɨɧɫɤɢɦ ɫɪɟɞɫɬɜɢɦɚ. ɇɚɰɢɨɧɚɥɧɢ ɢ ɦɟɻɭɧɚɪɨɞɧɢ ɡɚɤɨɧɢ ɞɚɧɚɫ ɨɝɪɚɧɢɱɚɜɚʁɭ ɢɡɛɚɰɢɜɚʃɟ ɨɬɩɚɞɚ ɭ ɦɨɪɟ ɢ ɤɨɩɧɟɧɟ ɜɨɞɟ. Ɇɟɻɭɬɢɦ, ɨɧɢ ɬɟɲɤɨ ɦɨɝɭ ɞɚ ɩɪɢɦɨɪɚʁɭ ʂɭɞɟ ɞɚ ɬɨ ɧɟ ɱɢɧɟ. Ɂɛɨɝ ɬɨɝɚ ʁɟ ɩɨɞɢɡɚʃɟ ɧɢɜɨɚ ɨɩɲɬɟ ɫɜɟɫɬɢ ɨ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɭ ɜɨɞɟ ɡɚ ɨɩɫɬɚɧɚɤ ɱɨɜɟɤɚ ɨɞ ɩɪɜɨɪɚɡɪɟɞɧɨɝ ɡɧɚɱɚʁɚ. Ɍɪɟɛɚ ɡɧɚɬɢ ɢ ɨɜɨ: o? ɢɡ ɨɬɜɨɪɟɧɟ ɫɥɚɜɢɧɟ ɫɜɚɤɨɝ ɦɢɧɭɬɚ ɢɫɰɭɪɢ 11-12 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɜɨɞɟ, o? ɚɤɨ ɩɭɫɬɢɦɨ ɞɚ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɬɢɱɟ ɢɡ ɫɥɚɜɢɧɟ ɞɨɤ ɩɟɪɟɦɨ ɡɭɛɟ, ɧɟɩɨɬɪɟɛɧɨ ɢɡɝɭɛɢɦɨ ɨɤɨ 40 ± 60 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɜɨɞɟ, o? ɚɤɨ ɜɨɞɚ ɨɬɢɱɟ ɞɨɤ ɫɟ ɱɨɜɟɤ ɛɪɢʁɟ, ɢɡ ɫɥɚɜɢɧɟ ɢɫɬɟɤɧɟ ɨɤɨ 40 ± 80 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɜɨɞɟ, o? ɚɤɨ ɚɭɬɨɦɨɛɢɥ ɩɟɪɟɦɨ ɩɨɥɢɜɚʁɭʄɢ ɝɚ ɜɨɞɨɦ ɢɡ ɝɭɦɟɧɨɝ ɰɪɟɜɚ ɩɨɬɪɨɲɢɦɨ ɨɤɨ 600 ɥɢɬɚɪɚ ɜɨɞɟ!
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