Uji Tanda

Y~k~my~mbk Jhj Ukwk`l~wmb

Gkg 7 3 \cm Y~k~my~mb Yk`uld ^|jookd 

Gkg 7 \cm Y~k~my~mb Yk`uld ^|jookd ;* \cm ^kjnk

\cm ~kjnk ghdla nmbk~kbkj |cm y~k~my~mb }kjo ~lw~|k nkwm yl`|k |cm y~k~my~mb jhj-ukwk`lw~mb* \cm y~k~my~mb mjm nmylg|~ \cm ^kjnk$ bkwljk ylulw~m }kjo kbkj nmkjkdmymy$ nk~k |j~|b kjkdmymy nm|gka `kjcknm ylwkjobkmkj ~kjnk ud|y —"‐ nkj ~kjnk `mj|y —-—* Nljokj nl`mbmkj$ y~k~my~mb |cm }kjo nmo|jkbkj knkdka c|`dka ~kjnk ud|y k~k| c|`dka ~kjnk `mj|y* Ky|`ym-ky|`ym 

K* Yk`uld }kjo ~lwylnmk |j~|b kjkdmymy knkdka yk`uld kikb nkwm y|k~| uhu|dkym nljokj `lnmkj  @ }kjo ~mnkb nmbl~ka|m* G* Ybkdk uljo|b|wkj }kjo nmo|jkbkj ylb|wkjo-b|wkjoj}k ybkdk hwnmjkd* I* Vkwmkgld-vkwmkgld kikbj}k bhj~mj|* Yl`|k jmdkm yk`uld }kjo glwc|`dka j  glw~|w|~-~|w|~ nmglwm jh~kym 3 Q ; ;  $ Q 7  7  $ Q 9  9  $ * * * $ Q j  j  Amuh~lymy-amuh~lymy 

K !N|k Ymym A5 3 @  0 A; 3 @  ≥ G !Yk~| Ymym A5 3 @  0 A; 3 @  : I !Yk~| Ymym A5 3 @  0 A; 3 @  4

@ 5  5  @ 5  5  @ 5  5  k~k| @  ≮ @ 5  5  @ 5  5  @ 5  5  k~k| @  ≬ @ 5  5  @ 5  5 

^kwkf J}k~k ! λ      λ    Y~k~my~mb \cm  ;* Am~|jo Q m m  - @ 5  5  nljokj m 0 ;$ 7$ 9$ * * * $ j 7* Glwm ~kjnk ud|y —"‐ |j~|b 3 Q m m  - @ 5  5  : 5$ Glwm ~kjnk `mj|y —-‐ |j~|b 3 Q m m  - @ 5  5  4 5$ nkj Glwm ~kjnk jhd —5‐ |j~|b 3 Q m m  - @ 5  5  0 5 9* Am~|jo c|`dka ~kjnk ud|y ! ^ " "$   c|`dka ~kjnk `mj|y ! ^ -  -  nkj c|`dka ~kjnk jhd ! ^ 5  5 * >* Cmbk ~lwnkuk~ ^ 5  5  $ `kbk gkj}kbj}k nk~k ! j  nmb|wkjom ^ 5  5  * <* \j~|b Amuh~lymy K !n|k ymym 3 ^lj~|bkj ^  nkwm ^ " "  k~k| ^ - -   }kjo ~lwblimd* \j~|b Amuh~lymy G !yk~| ymym 3 ^lj~|bkj ^  nkwm ^ - -  $ cknm ^  0 ^ - -  \j~|b Amuh~lymy I !yk~| ymym 3 ^lj~|bkj ^  nkwm ^ " "  $ cknm ^  0 ^ " "  6* Am~|jo U!B ≮ ^ t j $ 5$<5 glwnkykwbkj ^kgld ;* Nmy~wmg|ym Uld|kjo Gmjh`mkd * Gkj}kbj}k j ~lwokj~|jo uknk ^ 5  5 $ dmak~ dkjobka >*

akdk`kj 1 

Y~k~my~mbk Jhj Ukwk`l~wmb

Gkg 7 3 \cm Y~k~my~mb Yk`uld ^|jookd 

Bkmnka Uljok`gmdkj Blu|~|ykj 

\j~|b K !N|k Ymym 3 ^hdkbdka A5 $ cmbk U!B ≮ ^ t j $ 5$<5 yk`k k~k| dlgma blimd nkwm λ(7* \j~|b G !Yk~| Ymym 3 ^hdkbdka A5 $ cmbk U!B ≮ ^ t j $ 5$<5 yk`k k~k| dlgma blimd nkwm λ* \j~|b I !Yk~| Ymym 3 ^hdkbdka A5 $ cmbk U!B ≮ ^ t j $ 5$<5 yk`k k~k| dlgma blimd nkwm λ* Ihj~ha 7*; 3 Nkdk` y|k~| y~|nm ~lj~kjo kb~| ~wkjym~ `mhbkwnmk ~ldka `ljo|b|w kb~| ~wkjym~ }kjo ~lwk`k~m uknk ylc|`dka y|gclb nljokj kw~lwm bhwhjlw bkjkj }kjo ylikwk kjomhowkfmb jhw`kd* @lnmkj kb~| ~wkjym~ }kjo ~lwk`k~m |j~|b bldh`uhb mjm knkdka 9$<5 nl~mb* @mykdbkj ylg|ka wmyl~ dkmj `ljo|dkjo uwhyln|w ~lwylg|~ `ljoo|jkbkj yk`uld }kjo ~lwnmwm k~ky ;; hwkjo ukymlj nljokj kw~lwm bhwhjlw bkjkj cldky ~lwy|`gk~ nkj akymd }kjo nmulwhdla ~k`ukb ylulw~m nkdk` ^kgld 7*;* Nkuk~bka ~m` }kjo bln|k mjm `lj}m`u|dbkj$ uknk ~kwkf j}k~k 5$5< gkak `lnmkj kb~| ~wkjym~  }kjo ~lwk`k~m nkdk` uhu|dkym }kjo yk`uldj}k ~ldka nmk`gmd m~| glwglnk nkwm 9$<5 8 ^kgld 7*; Kuulkwkjil ~wkjym~ ~m`l  |j~|b ;; ukymlj nljokj kw~lwm bhwhjlw bkjkj }kjo gl~|d-gl~|d ~lwy|`gk~* Y|gclb 3 ^wkjym~ ~m`l !nl~mb 3 Y|`glw 3 nk~k fmb~mf 

; ;$15

7 9$95

9 <$6<

> 7$7<

< 7$<5 7 $<5

6 9$<5 9$ <5

? 7$?<

1 9$7<

= 9$;5

;5 7$?5

;; 9$55 9$ 55

6 9$<5 9$<5 5 5

? 1 = ;5 ;; 7$?< 9$7< 9$;5 7$?5 9$55 9$<5 9$<5 9$<5 9$<5 9$<5 -5$?< -5$7< -5$>5 -5$15 -5$<5 -

Ulj}ldlykmkj 3 Amuh~lymy 3  A5 3 @  0 9$<5 A; 3 @  ≥ 9$<5 ^kwkf J}k~k  3

λ

0 5$5< $ `kbk

(7 0 5$57<

λ

Y~k~my~mb \cm 3  ;* ^kgld Ulwam~|jokj \cm ^kjnk$ ylgkokm glwmb|~ 3 ^kgld 7*7 Ulwam~|jokj |cm ^kjnk |j~|b Ihj~ha 7*; Y|gclb ^wkjym~ ~m`l ! Q m m  @lnmkj !@ 5 Q m m  - @ 5 ^kjnk

3 3 3 3 3

; 7 ;$15 9$95 9$<5 9$<5 -;$?5 -5$75 -

9 <$6< 9$<5 7$;< "

> 7$7< 9$<5 -;$7< -

< 7$<5 9$<5 -;$55 -

7* Nkwm ^kgld 7*7 Ulwam~|jokj \cm ^kjnk nkuk~ nmulwhdla gkak 3 ^ " "  0 ; $ ^ - -  0 = nkj ^ 5  5  0 ; 9* Bkwljk amuh~lymyj}k n|k ymym$ `kbk jmdkm ^ nm~lj~|bkj hdla ^ " "  nkj ^ - -  ~lwblimd* Bkwljk ^ " "  !0 ; dlgma blimd nkwmuknk ^ - -  !0 =$ `kbk ^ 0 ^ " "  0 ; >* Bkwljk ^ 5  5  0 ;$ `kbk gkj}kbj}k nk~k !j 0 ;; glwb|wkjo ^ 5  5  0 ;$ ylamjook `ljcknm j 0 ;5*

akdk`kj = 

Y~k~my~mbk Jhj Ukwk`l~wmb

Gkg 7 3 \cm Y~k~my~mb Yk`uld ^|jookd 

<* Glwnkykwbkj nkwm ^kgld ;* Nmy~wmg|ym Uld|kjo Gmjh`mkd |j~|b j 0 ;5 nkj u 0 5$<5 nmulwhdla 3 w T u  5 ; 7 9 > < 6 ? 1 = ;5

j 0 ;5 5$<5 5$55;5 5$55=1 5$5>9= 5$;;?7 5$75<; 5$7>6; 5$75<; 5$;;?7 5$5>9= 5$55=1 5$55;5

U!B ≮ ^ t j $ 5$<5 0 U!B ≮ ; t ;5$ 5$<5 Bkwljk B ≮ ;$ `kbk

w 0 5 B ≮;0 w 0 ;

Ylamjook U!B ≮ ; t ;5$ 5$<5 0 U!w 0 5 " U!w 0 ; 0 5$55;5 " 5$55=1 U!B ≮ ; t ;5$ 5$<5 0 5$5;51

Ylamjook U!B ≮ ^ t j $ 5$<5 0 U!B ≮ ; t ;5$ 5$<5 0 5$5;51 Blu|~|ykj  Bkwljk U!B ≮ ; t ;5$ 5$<5 0 5$5;51 dlgma blimd nkwm λ(7 0 5$57<$ `kbk A 5 nm~hdkb* Blym`u|dkj  Gkak ~m` }kjo bln|k nkuk~ `lj}m`u|dbkj gkak `lnmkj kb~| ~wkjym~ }kjo ~lwk`k~m nkdk` uhu|dkym }kjo yk`uldj}k ~ldka nmk`gmd m~| glwglnk nkwm 9$<5 $ uknk ~kwkf j}k~k 5$5<

Kuwhbym`kym gmdk yk`uld glykw* \j~|b yk`uld-yk`uld glw|b|wkj ;7 k~k| dlgma$ ghdla

nmo|jkbkj nmy~wmg|ym jhw`kd |j~|b `ldkb|bkj kuwhbym`kym ~lwaknku nmy~wmg|ym jhw`kd* Bkwljk nkdk` kuwhbym`kym jhw`kd nmdkb|bkj kuwhbym`kym !uljkbymwkj ~lwaknku y|k~| nmy~wmg|ym nmybwl~ `ljoo|jkbkj y|k~| nmy~wmg|ym bhj~mj|$ `kbk nmulwd|bkj fkb~hw bhwlbym bhj~mj|m~ky ylglykw 5$<* Gmdk mjm }kjo nmblwckbkj$ `kbk y~k~my~mb |cm |j~|b |cm ^kjnk nkuk~ nmam~|jo nljokj `ljoo|jkbkj w|`|y 3

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]kjo nmulwgkjnmjobkj nkdk` akd blglw`kbjkkj nljokj jmdkm-jmdkm nmy~wmg|ym jhw`kd y~kjnkw !^kgld 7* Nmy~wmg|ym Jhw`kd  |j~|b ~kwkf j}k~k }kjo ~ldka nmumdma* Nkdk` ulwyk`kkj ;$ ^  " 5$< nmo|jkbkj cmbk ^  dlgma blimd nkwm j(7  nkj ^ - 5$< nmo|jkbkj cmbk ^  dlgma glykw nkwm j(7 * Ylgkokm Bkmnka Uljok`gmdkj Blu|~|ykjj}k$ ylgkokm glwmb|~ 3 \j~|b K !N|k Ymym 3 ^hdkbdka A5 $ cmbk sam~ yk`k k~k| dlgma glykw nkwm uhym~mf s 5$<55- (7 !0 "s5$<55- (7$ k~k| sam~ yk`k k~k| dlgma blimd nkwm jlok~mf s5$<55- (7 !0 -s5$<55- (7* \j~|b G !Yk~| Ymym 3 ^hdkbdka A5 $ cmbk sam~ yk`k k~k| dlgma glykw nkwm uhym~mf s 5$<55- (7 !0 "s5$<55- (7* \j~|b I !Yk~| Ymym 3 ^hdkbdka A5 $ cmbk sam~ yk`k k~k| dlgma blimd nkwm jlok~mf s5$<55- (7 !0 -s5$<55- (7* λ

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akdk`kj ;5 

Y~k~my~mbk Jhj Ukwk`l~wmb

Gkg 7 3 \cm Y~k~my~mb Yk`uld ^|jookd 

Ylgkokm ihj~ha nkuk~ nm~lwkubkj nkdk` ihj~ha 7*;$ nkuk~ nmam~|jo gkak ^  !0 ; dlgma blimd nkwm j(7  !0 ;5(7 0 <$ ylamjook ulwam~|jokj glwnkykwbkj ulwyk`kkj ; nmulwhdla 3

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Glwnkykwbkj ^kgld 7* Nmy~wmg|ym Jhw`kd nljokj λ(7 0 5$57<$ nmulwhdla s 5$<55- (7 0 s5$<55-5$57< 0 s5$>?< 0 ;$=6* Bkwljk sam~ 0 -7$7;$ `kbk s5$>?< 0 -;$=6* Nkj nkuk~ ulwhdla gkak sam~ !0 -7$7; dlgma blimd nkwmuknk s5$>?< !0 -;$=6$ `kbk blu|~|ykjj}k knkdka A 5 nm~hdkb* λ

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