TURKISH GRAMMAR LESSONS TURKISH FOR FOREIGNS YABANCILAR İÇİN TÜRKÇE DERS NOTU
DR. BURAK GÖKBULUT
1
Turkish Grammar Lessons Contents 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.
Introduction (Giriş) Grammar (Dilbilgisi) Alphabet (Alfabe) Consonant Harmony (Sessiz Harf Uyumu) Major Vowel Harmony (Büyük Ünlü Uyumu) Minor Vowel Harmony (Küçük Ünlü Uyumu) Vowel Rules (Ünlü Harflerle ilgili Kurallar) Adding a buffer consonant in between two vowels (İsmin Halleri, Kaynaştırma Harfleri...) Infinitives and Plurals (Mastar ve çokluk eki) Negatives (Olumsuzluk) There is, there is not (Var, yok) Questions (Soru) Noun states (İsmin Halleri) To be (Olmak, -dır) - dır) Adjective (Sıfat) Noun clauses (İsim Tamlamaları) Numbers (Sayılar) Fractions (Kesirler ve üleşik sayılar) Sequence Numbers (Sıralama Sayıları) Personal Pronouns (Kişi Zamirleri) Demonstrative pronouns (İşaret Zamirleri) Zamirleri) Possessive Pronouns (İyelik Zamirleri) Reflexive Pronouns (Dönüşlülük Zamirleri) Date and Time (Tarih ve Zaman) Day of the week (Günler) Seasons (Mevsimler) Antonyms (Zıt (Zıt Anlamlılar) Quantity Words (Miktar) Colors (Renkler) Family (Aile) Fruits and vegetables (Meyveler ve Sebzeler) Our Body and Organs (Vücudumuz ve Organlarımız) Animals (Hayvanlar) Character (Karakter tarifi) House and furniture (Ev ve eşyaları) Illness (Hastalık) Tenses (Fiilde Kip-Haber Kipleri) Present continuous tense (Şimdiki zaman) Future tense (Gelecek zaman) Present simple tense (Geniş zaman) Definite past tense, Past tense with -di (- di'li geçmiş zaman) Indefinite past tense, Past tense with -miş - miş ((-miş'li geçmiş zaman) Must, Have to, Need to, Want to (-meli, zorunda-lazım, zorunda-lazım, gerek, isteme) Degrees of Adjectives (Sıfatlarda derecelendirme: daha, en, kadar) Comparatives (En) Superlatives (Daha) Making an adjective stronger (Sıfatları güçlnedirme: çok, fazla, pekiştirme) Imperatives – Imperatives – Let, Let, Wish Clouse (Emir kipi – kipi – İstek İstek kipi)
49.
The Definite and Indefinite Article in Turkish (a, an: bir) Directions (Yönler) Introducing yourself (Tanışma)
50.
51.
2
Turkish Grammar Lessons (TURKISH FOR FOREIGNS) LECTURER: DR. BURAK GÖKBULUT INTRODUCTION Grammar Turkish grammar is simplistic once you get used to the style. However, it can seem to be very difficult since the grammatical structure is totally different from the Indo-European languages. This is because Turkish is from a different language family called Ural-Altaic languages. Some languages similar to Turkish are ´ Finnish, Hungarian, Estonian, Japanese, Korean, Mongolian, Kazak, Uzbek, Tatar, Manchu´. Compared to English, the most fundamental differences in Turkish grammar can be listed as: Ordering of sentence parts A typical Turkish sentence is ordered as (subject + object + verb) ArkadaĢım [My friend --> subject] araba [car -->object] aldı [bought->verb] . No gender There are no articles in i n Turkish, and no gender associated with words No gender in personal pronouns pronouns (the Turkish word word for he, she and it is o) Vowel harmony Harmony of vowels is a very fundamental property of Turkish. The rules concerning vowel harmony need to be learned as one of the first steps because they affect the way almost all the other rules are applied. Use of suffixes Suffixes are very widely used in Turkish. The meaning of prepositions, personal pronouns and tenses are are all countered by adding suffixes suffixes to word roots. Kalbimdesin [You are in my heart] Once you get to these differences and learn the basic harmony rules, the rest of the grammar is quite simple. Almost everything follows well defined, simple rules. Sounds Another important point is the way you read a written text. There is exactly one sound for each character in Turkish. A character always represents the same sound, regardless of its position in a word or the characters next to it. Therefore, it is straightforward to pronounce a word that you see for the first time once you are familiar with the characters in the Turkish alphabet. Vocabulary Once you are comfortable or at least familiar with the harmony rules, the main challenge will be the vocabulary. Turkish vocabulary can be very challenging since the words have no resemblance to the European languages except the few words adapted directly from these languages.
o
o o
o
o
Alphabet Turkish alphabet consists of 29 letters - 8 vowels and 21 consonants. 21 consonants: b, c, ç, d, f, g, ğ, h, j, k, I, m, n, p, r, s, ş, t, v, y, z. 8 vowels are : a, e, ı, i, o, ö, u, ü. There are eight vowels in Turkish which are divided into two groups as follows: The A-Undotted Vowels - A I O U The E-Dotted Vowels - E İ Ö Ü Each letter has exactly one associated sound which never changes. Three letters of the English alphabet are missing in the Turkish alphabet. NEAR EAST UNIVERSITY, ART AND SCIENCE FACULTY, TURKISH LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT, LECTURER.
3
1. 2. 3.
(Q-q) (W-w) (X-x)
There are seven additional characters not found in the English alphabet. 1. (Ç-ç) (Ğ-ğ) 2. 3. (I-ı) (Ġ-i) 4. 5. (Ö-ö) (ġ-Ģ) 6. 7. (Ü-ü) The letters of Turkish alphabet and the sounds associated with these are in the following table
Letter A, a B, b C, c Ç, ç D, d E, e F, f G, g Ğ, ğ H, h I, ı Ġ, i J, j K, k L, l M, m N, n O, o Ö, ö P, p R, r S, s ġ, Ģ T, t U, u Ü, ü V, v Y, y Z, z
Pronunciation like the a in car like the b in bet like the g in gender like the ch in chance like the d in debt like the e in less like the f in in f elony elony like the g in game this is a very weak sound, not pronouncing at all will be ok like the h in hello like the e in halted een like the ee in k ee like the s in leisure like the k in in k elly elly like the l in lamb like the m in man like the n in neighbor like the a in ball like the u in urge like the p in pen like the r in rent like the s in send like the sh in shed like the t in tennis like the oo in good like the u in nude like the v in vent like the y in yes like the z in zen
4
Consonant Harmony Besides the vowel harmony rules, there are other basic rules that affect the way suffixes are used. A vowel following another is never allowed in Turkish, and there are rules to avoid these situations when they occur as a result of other rules. There are also rules about consonant harmony, that make some consonants change in certain cases. Vowel harmony rules cause the vowels of suffixes to be modified when they are added to some words. There are similar rules about consonants. However, you may feel that all these rules are too many just for a simple start. Then, I advice you to omit the consonant harmony rules when you want to say or write something, just for the beginning. You will still be understood. Consonant harmony is mainly for making speech more fluent, it does not have a major effect on understandability. You will eventually learn l earn these if you decide to t o continue learning Turkish, as you read sentences or listen l isten to Turkish speakers.
Tip Consonant harmony is mainly for making speech more fluent, it does not have a major effect on understandability.
There are two different cases of consonant harmony - either the last consonant of the main word changes, or the first consonant of the t he suffix changes. The trouble making consonants in this case are p, ç, t and k . Let´s call the words that end with one of p, ç, t or k the the trouble words.
CASE A - Word mutation. (Ünsüz yumuşaması) Two conditions must be satisfied for word mutation to t o occur: 1. You have a word ending with one of ´ p, ç, t, k ´. ´. 2. You want to add this word a suffix that starts with a vowel. If the word has only one syllable, like saç, you are safe. The word usually does not change. saç-ı --> saçı (his/her/its hair) sap-a --> sa pa (to the handle) However, if the word has more than one syllable, than the consonant at the end usually changes. p becomes b ç becomes c t becomes d k becomes ğ
And here are some examples to this: ağaç-a --> ağaca ağaca (to the tree) Ģarap-ın --> Ģarabın Ģarabın (of the wine) kağıt-a --> kağıda kağıda (to the paper) geyik-e --> geyi ğe (to the deer)
Tip There are exceptions to both the t he single syllable and multiple syllable cases mentioned above. For example: kap-a --> ka ba (to the container) saat-in --> saa tin (the clock´s) You should still learn and apply the rules though, there are not too many of these exceptions.
CASE B - Suffix mutation. (Ünsüz benzeşmesi) Two conditions must be satisfied for suffix mutation to occur: 1. You have a word ending with one of p, ç, t, k, f, h, s, ş. 2. You want to add this word a suffix that starts with c or d . 5
In this case, the first letter of the consonant changes. c becomes ç d becomes t
Examples: Leh --> Polish (people) Leh-ce --> Lehçe --> Polish (language) Türk --> Turkish (people) Türk-ce --> Türkçe --> Turkish (lanuage) yap --> do yap-di --> yaptı --> he did kebapçı/ yavaĢça/ ayakta/ ağaçta/kitapta/Atatürkçü(c=ç)/Türkçü(c=ç).
Major Vowel Harmony Vowel harmony is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of Turkish grammar. Turkish words generally obey two vowel harmony rules, called the major vowel harmony and the minor vowel harmony. More important than the words obeying these rules, there are ways these rules change the vowels in the suffixes added to words. A good understanding of these rules is necessary to be able to use suffixes, hence to be able to make correct and meaningful sentences. 1. Major Vowel Harmony The 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet are separated into two groups called hard vowels and soft vowels. There are 4 hard vowels and 4 soft vowels. a, ı, Hard vowels: o, u e, Soft vowels: i, ö, ü Words of Turkish origin generally (not always) have all hard or all soft vowels. This is just a generalization that you won´t use for constructing Turkish words and sentences. Words that have hard and soft vowels together are said to violate the major vowel harmony. A word that violates the major vowel harmony probably has been adopted from another language or has been changed in the lifetime of the Turkish Turkish language. Each of the hard vowels are the hard counterparts of one soft vowel (and vice versa). Following this rule, vowels can be paired with their counterparts as follows: Hard Soft a E ı Ġ o Ö u Ü A Turkish word is either a hard word or or a soft word depending depending on its last vowel. ev[home] is a soft word since its last and only vowel, e, is a soft vowel. okul[school] is a hard word since its last vowel, u, is a hard vowel. kahve[coffee] is a soft word since its last vowel, e, is a soft vowel.
Now, try to guess if the following words are hard or soft. The correct answers are below the table.
6
Word meslek [job] [job] araba[car] güzel[beautiful] yemek [food] [food] gülümse[smile] çabuk [quick] [quick] gül[rose] göl[lake] gidelim[let´s go] telefon[telephone]
Hard Soft ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
or
(Correct answers: soft, hard, soft, soft, soft, hard, soft, soft, soft, hard)
Major vowel harmony states that: Any suffix appended to a hard word must have hard vowels Any suffix appended to a soft word must have soft vowels As an example to this rule let´s consider the suffix -de. When added to a noun, this suffix gives the meaning of " at/in the location expressed by that noun". When added to a soft word like ev[home], this suffix is -de. However, when added to a hard word like okul [school] , the soft vowels in this suffix are replaced by their hard counterparts and the suffix becomes -da. Hence: at home --> evde at school --> okulda in the car --> arabada at the lake --> gölde
Minor Vowel Harmony We saw that the 8 vowels in the Turkish alphabet are divided into two groups as hard and soft vowels. Besides this grouping, the 8 vowels are divided into i nto two groups as round vowels and flat vowels. There are 4 flat f lat and 4 round vowels. A vowel´s being round or flat is actually determined from the shape of the t he mouth when pronouncing that vowel, but it can also be seen in the shape of the capital characters. Flat vowels: A, E, I, Ġ Round vowels: O, Ö, U, Ü A Turkish word is either a round word or or a flat word depending depending on its last vowel. ev[home] is a flat word since its last and only vowel, e, is a flat vowel. okul[school] is a round word since its last vowel, u, is a round vowel. kahve[coffee] is a flat word since its last vowel, e, is a flat vowel. Now, try to guess if the following words are round or flat. Move the mouse over the the right table cell of the word to see the answer. Word Round or Flat meslek [job] ? [job] araba[car] ?
7
güzel[beautiful] ? yemek [food] ? [food] gülümse[smile] ? çabuk [quick] ? [quick] gül[rose] ? göl[lake] ? gidelim[let´s go] ? telefon[telephone] ? (Correct answers: flat, flat, flat, flat, flat, round, round, round, flat, round) Minor vowel harmony states that: If a suffix starting with -i is appended to a round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -u or -ü. This depends on whether the word is hard or soft. The major vowel harmony and the minor vowel harmony apply to words simultaneously. This means: If a suffix starting with -i is added to a hard and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -u. okul --> school [a hard vowel] suffix we will add is -im (gives the meaning my) my school --> okulum [the suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes -um] If a suffix starting with -i is added to a soft and round word, the -i in the suffix becomes -ü. gül --> rose suffix we will add is -im (gives the meaning my) my rose --> gülüm [the suffix -im changes according to vowel harmonies and becomes-üm]
o o o
o o o
my telephone --> telefonum my beautiful --> güzelim my lake --> gölüm
Notes on Vowel Harmony Vowel harmony is one of the most fundamental and important aspects of Turkish grammar. Turkish words generally obey two vowel harmony rules, called t he major vowel harmony and theminor vowel harmony. These rules change the vowels in the t he suffixes added to words. A good understanding of these rules is necessary to be able to use suffixes, hence to be able to make correct and meaningful sentences.
3. Practical notes about vowel harmony rules As far as vowel harmony is concerned, we can separate all the suffixes in Turkish into two main groups. Thinking in terms of these t hese two cases simplifies these seemingly complicated rules. These are: Case 1: The suffixes with first vowel -i (the suffixes -i, -di, -iyor, -im, -in ...) Case 2: suffixes with first vowel -e (the suffixes -e, -de, -den, -erek, ...) All suffixes with first vowel -i, -ı, -u, -ü fall into the first group, and they are different forms of this case modified according to vowel harmony rules. bal-ım --> balım (my honey) ev-im --> evim (my home) sınıf-im --> sınıf ım ım (my class) 8
dil-im --> dilim (my tongue) sol-im --> sol um (my left) göz-im --> gözüm (my eye) okul-im --> okul um (my school) üzüm-im --> üzümüm (my grape) All suffixes with first vowel - e, -a fall into the second group, and they are different forms of this case modified according to vowel harmony har mony rules. araba-den --> araba dan (from the car) ev-den --> evden (from home) kapı-den --> kapıdan kapıdan (from the door) deniz-den --> deniz den (from the sea) sol-den --> sol dan (from the left) göz-den --> gözden (from the eye) okul-den --> okul dan (from school) kapı-den --> kapıdan kapıdan (from the door) Note that no suffix has -o or -ö as the first vowel. Actually, no suffix has the letter -ö in it and there is only one suffix that has the vowel -o (this is the suffix for present continuous tense, iyor and this -o does not change according to any vowel harmony rules). ıyor (he/she/it is looking) bak-iyor --> bak ıyor gel-iyor --> gel iyor (he/she/it is coming) sık -iyor ıyor (he/she/it is squeezing) -iyor --> sık ıyor bil-iyor --> biliyor (he/she/it knows) koĢ-iyor --> koĢuyor koĢuyor (he/she/it is running) üyor (he/she/it is seeing) gör-iyor --> gör üyor bul-uyor --> buluyor (he/she/it is finding) gül-iyor --> gül üyor (he/she/it is laughing) The suffixes in case 1 are affected from both the major vowel harmony and the minor vowel harmony. For example, the suffix - di can become -di, -dı, -du or -dü depending on the word at which it is appended. ara-di --> aradı gel-di --> gel di kır -di dı -di --> kır dı bil-di --> bildi sol-di --> sol du dü gör-di --> gör dü bul-du --> buldu üĢü-di --> üĢüdü üĢüdü The suffixes in case 2 are affected by only the major vowel harmony rule. For example, the suffix -erek can can become -erek or or -arak depending depending on the word at which it is appended. arak (with bak-erek --> bak arak (with looking) sev-erek --> severek (with (with loving) sık -erek arak (with -erek --> sık arak (with squeezing) bil-erek --> bilerek (with (with knowing, knowingly) koĢ-erek --> koĢarak koĢarak (with (with running) erek (with gör-erek -- gör erek (with seeing) arak (with vur-erek -- vur arak (with hitting) erek (with bük-erek -- bük erek (with bending)
Vowel Rules Besides the vowel harmony rules, there are other basic rules that affect the way suffixes are used. A vowel following another is never allowed in Turkish, T urkish, and there are rules to avoid these situations when they occur as a result of other rules. There are also rules about consonant harmony, that make some consonants change in certain cases. 9
1. When two vowels come together In Turkish, two vowels can never come together (note that there are a few exceptions to this rule). So, t ogether (note what do we do when we need to add a suffix that starts with a vowel at the end of a word that ends with a vowel? There are two cases here: 1.1. Dropping a vowel To say my house, you append the t he suffix meaning my (- im) to the word meaning house ( ev). Simple enough, ´my house´ --> evim. You want to say ´my car´. Car is araba and the suffix that gives the meaning my is - im. Change the suffix according to t o vowel harmony rules so that is can be appended to araba (a hard and flat word) and -im becomes - ım. So, to put it together, my car becomes ´ araba-ım = arabaım´. However, two vowels can not come together in Turkish. Trouble... To avoid this, we drop one of the vowels in this case. i. If both of the vowels are in the group "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" than than these two vowels have to be the same (look at the vowel harmony rules to understand why). Since the two vowels are the same, it does not matter which one we drop in this t his case. ii. However, if one of the vowels is in the group "-i, -ı, -u, -ü" but but the other is not (meaning that it is one of "a, e, o, ö" ) then generally the vowel in the group "-i, - ı, -u, -ü" is dropped. There are some exceptions to this, however, and these exceptions will be noted when necessary. Applying these rules, ´my car´ becomes becomes ´arabam´ . 1.2. Adding a buffer consonant in between You are asked where you are going. You want to say "(to) home" . Hence, you append the suffix giving the direction meaning (-e) to the word meaning home ( ev) and your reply becomes " eve". However, if you are going to the car and you want to tell this to your friend, things are not that simple for you: First, change the suffix -e according to vowel harmony rules according to araba and it becomes -a. Now, add this suffix suffix - a at the end of our word araba, and get arabaa.
We have two vowels together. Drop one? Unfortunately, not t his time. In this case we need to add a buffer consonant between the two vowels. There is not a simple rule to tell why. Sometimes one of the t he two vowels is dropped, sometimes one buffer consonant is added in between. However, what you do is consistent for a given suffix. If you are adding a dding the suffix -e to a word that ends with a vowel (like araba), you always add the fusion consonant y in between. Saying to the then becomes arabaya. car then Too much effort spent to say a very simple word? More to come. Let´s practice on a few other words: Kıyıya Coast --> Kıyı | To the coast --> Kıyı-e --> Kıyıya Room --> Oda | To the room --> Oda-e --> Oda ya Ship --> Gemi | To the ship --> Gemi-e --> Gemi ye This may take some time to get used to, definitely doable. Unfortunately, that´s not everything. The buffer consonant is not y every time. y is the most common one, so you can put y whenever you don´t remember which one to put, chances are high you´ll be right. The other consonants that are sometimes used as fusion consonants are s and n. Let´s see different cases where these fusion consonants are used:
a. The suffix -i If the suffix -i is used as the -i form of a noun, making it a direct object (like the in English), then the fusion consonant y is used. araba-i sat -> araba-y-ı sat -> arabayı sat (sell the car) yazı-i oku -> yazı-y-ı oku -> yazıyı yazıyı oku (read the text)
10
If the suffix -i is used as the third person posessive (his-her-its), then the fusion consonant s is used. araba-i -> araba-s-ı -> arabası (his-her-its car) para-i -> para-s-ı -> parası (his-her-its money) kedi-i -> kedi-s-i -> kedi si (his-her-its cat) * Note that the word for water ( su) is an exception for this case, the fusion consonant y is used with the word su (water). su-i -> su-y-u -> su yu (his-her-its water) b. The suffix -e (direction (direction suffix, adds the meaning of preposition to) When the direction suffix -e is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant y is added in between. araba-e -> araba-y-a -> araba ya (to the car) konu-e -> konu-y-a -> konu ya (to the topic) pencere-e -> pencere-y-e -> pencereye (to the window)
c. The suffix -i n (gives (gives the genitive meaning, like l ike Andy´s) When the suffix -in is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant n is added in between. araba-in -> araba-n-ın -> arabanın (of the car, the car´s) konu-in -> konu-n-un -> konu nun (of the topic) pencere-in -> pencere-n-in -> -> pencere nin (of the window) * Note that the suffix -in is also used with the second person posessive meaning. If the suffix -in used as second person possessive is added to a word that ends with a vowel, than the letter i of the suffix is dropped. The same is true for the first person possessive suffix, -im, first person plural possessive suffix, -imiz and and second person plural possessive suffix, -iniz . araba-im -> araba-m -> arabam (my car) kedi-in -> kedi-n -> kedi n (your cat) kapı-imiz -> kapı-mız -> kapımız kapımız (our door) nız (your (plural) money) para-iniz -> para-nız -> paranız pencere-im -> pencere-m -> pencerem (my window) There are also other uses of fusion consonants besides separating two vowels.
d. The suffix -l e (with, (with, by) When the suffix -le is added to a word that ends with a vowel, the fusion consonant y is added in between. araba-le git -> araba-y-la git -> araba yla git (go by car) kedi-le oyna -> kedi-y-le oyna -> kediyle oyna (play with the cat) gemi-le gel -> gemi-y-le gel -> gemi yle gel (come by ship) (location, like propositions at, in, on) and the suffix -den (proposition from) (location, e. The suffix -de When the suffix -de or -den is added to a word as the first suffix, no fusion consonant is used. But when one of -de or -den/ is is added to a word that already has a suffix or a series of suffixes that end with a vowel, the fusion consonant n is added in between. araba-de -> araba-da -> arabada (in the car) kedi-den -> kedi den (from the cat) araba-si-de -> araba-sı-n-da -> araba sında (in his-her-its car) kedi-in-ki-den -> kedi-n-in-ki-n-den -> kedi ninkinden (from the cat´s) gemi-leri-den -> gemi-leri-n-den -> gemi lerinden (from their ship)
Possessive Pronouns There is a possessive suffix for each person in Turkish. All possessive suffixes are subject to Vowel Harmony Rules! 11
Personal Pronouns BEN – BEN – I I SEN – YOU O – He,She,it BİZ – we we SİZ – you ONLAR – they they
Possessive pronouns Benim (my) Senin (your) Onun (his/her/its) Bizim (our) Sizin (your) Onların (their)
Possessive adjective suffix
Example: “ev”
- (i) m
Benim evim
- (i) n
Senin evin
- (s) i
Onun evi
- (i) miz
Bizim evimiz
- (i) niz
Sizin eviniz
- leri/-ları
Onların evleri evleri
Infinitives and Plurals 1. Infinitives Verbs in Turkish, when used alone, have the imperative meaning as in English. do --> yap come --> gel go --> git drink --> iç sleep --> uyu In order to make a verb infinitive, the suffix -mek is is used. to do --> yapmak (changes to -mak since since yap[do] is a hard word) to come --> gelmek to go --> gitmek to drink --> içmek to sleep --> uyumak The following are examples to the use of infinitives in Turkish: It is good to sleep. --> Uyumak iyi(dir). It is difficult to study. -- > ÇalıĢmak zor(dur). I want to go. --> Gitmek istiyorum. I want to walk. --> Yürümek istiyorum. i stiyorum.
2. Plurals To make plurals of nouns, the suffix -ler is is used. Below are some examples, note how the suffix becomes 'sometimes -ler , sometimes -lar' obeying obeying the rules of vowel harmony. ler road(s) --> yol --> yollar tree(s) --> ağaç --> ağaçlar rose(s) --> gül --> güller room(s) --> oda --> odalar house(s) --> ev --> evler job(s) --> meslek --> meslekler meslekler
12
Negatives 1. Negatives of nouns and adjectives To make a noun or adjective negative, add the word değil at at the end of the adjective or noun. Positive Negative Bu bir araba. [This is a Bu bir araba değil. [This is car.]
not a car]
O bir ev. [That is a
O bir ev değil. [That is not
house.]
a house]
O çok güzel. [She is
O çok güzel değil. [She is
very beautiful.]
not very beautiful.]
Bu araba beyaz. [This
Bu araba beyaz değil. [This
car is white.]
car is not white]
2. Negatives of verbs To make a verb negative, add the suffix -me at the root of the verb. to come --> gel-mek not to come --> gel-me-mek (the negating suffix is always added at the verb root) Note how the suffix is added at the root. This is always the case. A verb may have have many suffixes, but the negating suffix is always immediately after the verb root. All the other suffixes follow as if they are being added to the positive of the verb. gel-di --> geldi --> he came gel-me-di --> gelmedi --> he did not come ol-mak ya da ol-ma-mak --> olmak ya da olmamak --> to be or not to be 3. There is, there is not In Turkish, there are special words for there is and there is not. In particular: there is --> var there is not --> yok Let's make sentences with these words: There is a book on the table. --> Masada bir kitap var. There isn't a table in this room. --> Bu odada (bir) masa yok. The words 'var ' and yok 'yok ' are more important than this, since they are used when you want to say "I have" or or "I don't have" as as well. In Turkish, to say "I have something ", ", you say "There is my something ". ". Let's give examples: I have a book. --> (Benim) kitabım var. Aylin has a car. --> Aylin'in arabası var. This woman has seven cats. -- > Bu kadının yedi kedisi var. (Like saying " There is this woman's seven cats") I don't have a car. --> (Benim) arabam yok. My uncle does not have a daughter. --> Amcamın kızı yok.
13
Questions Question Sentences Question sentences in Turkish can be classified into i nto two groups like in English: 1. Yes-no questions 2. Regular questions There are also question tags, i.e. questions of the form "You are coming, aren't you?". In this lesson, we will see how these different types of questions can be asked in Turkish. Before looking at how questions are constructed, let's see the question words in Turkish. English Turkish what? who? which? where? when? how? how many? how much? how often?
ne? kim? hangi? nere? ne zaman? nasıl? kaç tane? ne kadar? ne sıklıkla
Now, let's see how different different types of question sentences sentences can be constructed. 1. Yes-no questions In Turkish, yes-no questions are constructed with the question suffix '-mi' . It is important to note, however, the question suffix -mi is written separate from the word it is appended to. You can ask at this point: "Why is it a suffix instead of a separate word if it is written separately?". The reason question suffix -mi is regarded as a suffix is that it has to satisfy the major and minor vowel harmony rules for the t he word it is appended to. Let's see some example sentences demonstrating the use of the question suffix -mi. A. This is a book. --> Bu bir kitap. B. Is this a book? --> Bu bir kitap mı? (Note how the regular sentence is turned into a yes -no question sentence by the addition of the question suffix -mi) A1. Yes, this is a book. --> Evet, bu bir kitap. A2. No, this is not a book. This is a notebook. -- > Hayır, bu bir kitap değil. Bu bir defter. A. His name is Ahmet. --> Onun adı Ahmet. B. Is his name Ahmet? --> Onun adı Ahmet mi? A1. Yes, his name is Ahmet. A2. No, his name is not Ahmet. His name is Mehmet. -- > Hayır, onun adı Ahmet değil. Onun adı Mehmet. A3. No. His name is Mehmet. --> Hayır. Onun adı Mehmet. A. This is my house. --> bu benim evim B. Is this your house? --> Bu senin evin mi? A1. Yes, this is my house. --> Evet, bu benim evim. A2. No, this is not my house. This is my mother's house. -- > Hayır, bu benim evim değil. Bu annemin evi.
2. Regular questions Regular questions are the ones constructed using the question words listed above and the answers to these questions are not simply yes or no. In English, there is a certain word order for regular question sentences. The question word comes first, and the rest of the sentence elements follow it. In Turkish, however, questions are constructed i n a quite different way. To learn how to construct a question, a simple way is to follow foll ow the following steps. This will work in most cases: 1. Construct the answer sentence. 2. Locate the word or phrase that is the actual answer to the question. 3. Just replace that word or phrase with the appropriate question word. 14
Let's apply this on an example. The question we want to ask is, "Who is this?". 1. The answer sentence will be something like "This is my brother . --> Bu benim kardeşim." 2. The answer to the question is the phrase " my brother --> --> benim kardeşim". 3. Replace this phrase with the question word " who --> kim" and the question sentence becomes " Bu kim?". To summarize, a question sentence has the t he same word order as a regular sentence. The difference is that the part of the sentence that is asked is replaced by the appropriate question word. The question word takes all the suffixes of the word it is i s replaced for. Consider the sentence "Ahmet eve gidiyor. --> Ahmet is going home." Who is going home? --> Kim eve gidiyor? ( Ahmet in in the regular sentence is replaced by who. The rest of the sentence is the same.) Where did Ahmet go? --> Ahmet nereye gitti? ( ev in the regular sentence is replaced by nere. Note that the question word nere also takes the suffix -e of the word ev and becomes nereye, meaning 'to where' ) What is Ahmet doing? --? Ahmet ne yapıyor? (The phrase ' eve gidiyor ' in the original sentence is replaced by " ne yapıyor --> --> what's he doing ") ") Note that to make a question sentence asking asking a verb, we use : "What + to be (in the appropriate tense) + object + + to do (in the appropriate tense)" Ex1: What are you doing? Ex2: What did Ahmet do? In Turkish, this structure becomes: "Object + + ne + yapmak (in the appropriate tense tense and person)" Ex1: (Sen) ne yapıyorsun? Ex2: Ahmet ne yaptı? This is simply the regular sentence where the action is replaced by " ne + yapmak ", ", which is consistent with our rule for constructing question sentences.
3. Question tags Question tags are the questions of the form: You are home, aren't you? He did his homework, didn't he? Mehmet will come today, won't he? Constructing question phrases in Turkish is very simple and straightforward. You just add "değil mi" at the end regardless of the sentence. The translations for the t he question tags above are then: Evdesin, değil mi? Ödevini yaptı, değil mi? Mehmet bugün gelecek, değil mi? Noun states In Turkish, a noun has 5 fundamental states, produced using suffixes, that correspond to meanings of some prepositions in English. It is not necessary to learn these as the states of nouns, but learning these suffixes is important since they are very commonly used. State Meaning Nothing state (no suffix) Just the plain noun. -i state Marks the noun as the subject of an action. -e state Adds the meaning of direction (very similar to the proposition to) -de state Adds the meaning of position (Used for the prepositions in, at , on) -den state Adds the meaning of from, used for this preposition 15
An important thing to note here is the use of the - i form. It is used to denote the subject of an action, and adds the meaning of " being known, specified " just as the meaning given by " the". This will be more clear after looking at the sentences below. (bir --> one, kedi --> cat, gördüm --> I saw) Bir kedi gördüm. --> I saw a cat. (Note that although cat is the object of the action here, the -i form of kedi is not used since it is not known, i.e. it is a cat, not the cat ) Kediyi gördüm. --> I saw the cat. (Note that kedi has the suffix -i, but the t wo -i's are separated bythe fusion consonant 'y'.) Now, example sentences for for all the cases. Nothing state: This is a house. --> Bu bir ev. -i state: I saw the house. --> Evi gördüm. -e state: Go home. --> Eve git. (House and home are the same word in Turkish, 'ev' .) .) -de state: The pen is on the table. --> Kalem masada. Joe is at school. --> Joe okulda. Your mother is in that room. --> Annen o odada. -den state: I came from home. --> Evden geldim.
o
o
o
o o o
o
To be The verb to be (for the ´is´ in in English) is handled in a special way, it is different from the other verbs. This is also the case in Turkish, the use of the verb to be is very unique. Unlike all the other verbs, to be is expressed with suffixes. It can be in one of present tense te nse or past tense. Let´s see it in present tense and past tense for f or different cases of personal pronouns. English
Present tense to be i am xxx you are xxx he \ she | is xxx it / we are xxx you are xxx they are xxx Past tense to be i was xxx you were xxx he \ she | was xxx it / we were xxx you were xxx they were xxx
Turkish
Suffix
ben xxx-im sen xxx-sin o xxx
biz xxx-iz siz xxx-siniz onlar xxx or onlar xxx-ler
-im -sin -(none) or -dir -iz -siniz none or -ler
ben xxx-dim sen xxx-din o xxx-di
-dim -din -di
biz xxx-dik siz xxx-diniz onlar xxx(-y)diler
-dik -diniz (-y)-diler
16
NOTE 1 For the third person of the present tense to be, there are two cases. One with no suffix and one with -dir . If you are making a personal statement or you are talking in a casual way, you use the no suffix case. However, if you want to make a definitive or informative statement like one in an encyclopedia, you use the suffix - dir . Both have the same meaning, and sometimes can be used interchangeably. Let´s see examples to this. This house is very big. --> Bu ev çok büyük. That is my house. --> O benim evim. He is a student. --> O bir öğrenci. Spider is an animal. --> Örümcek bir hayvandır. (The -dir case is used since this is an informative statement) Sun is larger than earth. -- > GüneĢ dünyadan daha büyüktür. (Again, this is an informative i nformative statement) NOTE 2 When constructing the third person plural past tense form of to be, the suffix -ler can be ommitted in some cases. These are explained below: a. Humans or objects that have no individuality take singular conjugation for third person plural. But if the speaker wants to give objects individuality then he can use plural. plural. This would be a poetic sentence. b. Humans and other things things that have individuality (for instance instance animals that have names) can take either singular or plural conjugation. Usually if the subject is defined (if we known them) then we use plural conjugation. If the subject is undefined then we use singular conjugation. NOTE 3 Since the verb to be is different for each personal pronoun, personal pronouns can be omitted in speech or writing. The meaning of person is given with this verb. To say " I am beautiful." you can use one of: " Ben güzelim güzelim." "Güzelim.". Using the personal pronoun adds the meaning of stressing person. We will use the personal pronoun in parenthesis to indicate indicate that it is optional. Now, let´s see where to be be is used: 1. To construct a sentence with a noun or adjective instead of a verb, like in English. The verb to be is the implicit verb here. You are beautiful. --> (Sen) güzelsin. You were beautiful. --> (Sen) güzeldin. This is a house. --> Bu bir ev. That was a house. --> O bir evdi. o o o o
2. To construct verbs in different tenses, the suffix for each tense is used with either present tense of to be or past tense of to be. Actually, it is present tense of to be in all cases except the regular past tense.
Adjective and noun clauses In this lesson, we will learn how adjective clauses (for describing a noun using an adjective, likebeautiful girl ) and noun clauses (for describing ownership relationships between nouns, like car's door ) are formed in Turkish. First, let's start with the adjective clauses which is simpler and then we'll look l ook at noun clause construction. Adjective clauses Constructing adjective clauses in Turkish is very simple and straightforward, almost the same as in English. The only thing you need to do is to put the correct adjective before the noun. beautiful girl ==> güzel kız 17
fast car ==> hızlı araba big house ==> büyük ev thick book ==> kalın kitap high building ==> yüksek bina hard lesson ==> zor ders slow train ==> yavaĢ tren If you don't add the adjective before the noun but use it as the main expression in the sentence, the word order changes in English and it changes the same way in i n Turkish. This girl is beautiful. --> Bu kız güzel This car is fast. --> Bu araba hızlı. Ahmet is tall. --> Ahmet uzun. I am tall. --> Ben uzunum. (Note the use of verb to be with the adjective) You are tall. --> Sen uzunsun. However, note that when you want to say a beautiful girl , the word for a (bir ) is placed between the adjective and the noun. a small piece ==> küçük bir parça a greedy man ==> açgözlü bir adam a blue book ==> mavi bir kitap a short tree ==> kısa bir ağaç a long movie ==> uzun bir film Let's now apply what we've learned in i n the construction of a few sentences. This is a red rose. ==> Bu kırmızı bir gül. Joe is a quiet kid. ==> Joe sessiz bir çocuk. Joe is a very quiet kid. ==> Joe çok sessiz bir çocuk.
Noun clauses Two nouns form a clause in three different ways in Turkish: Case1: The first noun tells what the second noun is made of (i.e. metal box, plastic plate...). In this case, you just write these nouns in the same order as you do in English without adding any suffixes. metal box ==> metal kutu plastic plate ==> plastik tabak Case2: The first noun describes the second noun, wıth any relationship except for the made relationship we saw above and the specific ownership of relationship ownership relationship. Examples to this case can be car key, book shelf , garden door , window glass... In this case, you write the nouns in the same order as English, but add the suffix -i at the end of the second noun. If the noun to which you append suffix -i already ends with a vowel, you add the fusion consonant t he two vowels. The third example below demonstrates s between these vowels to separate the this case. car key ==> araba anahtarı book shelf ==> kitap rafı garden door ==> bahçe kapısı (note the fusion consonant s here) window glass ==> pencere camı Case 3: There is a specific ownership relationship between the t he two nouns (the key of the car, the door of the garden, Kemal's daughter, the door door of the car). In this case, you you write the describing noun first and the described noun second as it was done in the preceding two cases. However, you add the suffix -into the first noun and the suffix -i to the second noun. If the noun to which you append the suffix -inalready ends with a vowel, you add the fusion consonant n between the two vowels to separate them. For the suffix -i, the fusion consonant is same as told in the previous case. You add the consonant s to separate the word ending with a vowel from the suffix -i. the key of the car ==> arabanın anahtarı (note the use of fusion consonant n here for the first noun, araba) 18
the door of the garden ==> bahçenin kapısı Kemal's daughter ==> Kemalin kızı the door of the car ==> ara banın kapısı (note the use of fusion consonant n for the first noun and the fusion consonant s for the second noun) exception: The word for water, su, is an exception for the fusion consonants in noun clauses. The fusion consonant for water ( su) is always 'y' . color of water --> su-in renk-i --> suyun rengi (not sunun rengi) water of Kemal --> Kemal-in su-i --> Kemal'in suyu. (not Kemal'in susu) (Note that ' is used in Turkish to separate the suffixes from private words that need to be always capitalized, like Kemal in this case)
Numbers Constructing numbers in Turkish is simple and straightforward. The rule is to line up the parts in decreasing magnitude like in English, but without putting any conjunctive words in between. For example, direct translation translation of 1256 from Turkish would would be ´ thousand two hundred fifty six´. Let´s continue to construct numbers after you take a look at the table below. The numbers from 0 to 10 definitely need to be learned without without any rule, as well as 10, 20, ..., 100 and 1,000-1,000,000-1,000,000,000.... 1,000-1,000,000-1,000,000,000.... After that, it´s all about applying the simple-straightforward rules and practicing. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20
sıfır bir iki üç dört beĢ altı yedi sekiz dokuz on on bir on iki on üç on dört on beĢ on altı on yedi on sekiz
21 22 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 137 200 300 1,000 2,000
yirmi bir yirmi iki otuz kırk elli altmıĢ yetmiĢ seksen doksan yüz yüz otuz yedi iki yüz üç yüz bin iki bin
10,000
on bin
25,000
yirmi beĢ bin
1,000, 000 1,000, 000,00 0
bir milyon bir milyar
on dokuz yirmi
Looking at the table above, let us see how some numbers are read in different cases: 58 --> elli 63 --> altmıĢ üç 97 --> doksan yedi
19
sekiz 104 --> yüz 148 --> yüz kırk 752 --> yedi yüz dört sekiz elli iki 1,765 -48,392 --> kırk sekiz 305,018 --> üç yüz beĢ bin on sekiz > bin yedi bin üç yüz doksan iki yüz altmıĢ beĢ 4,762,345,258 --> dört milyar yedi yüz altmıĢ iki milyon üç yüz kırk beĢ bin iki yüz elli sekiz Now, practice time. Try tofigure out out the number correspondin to thefollowing (answers are below the list) Turkish spelling Number ? dört ? on dört ? kırk dört ? yüz yetmiş dört ? altı yüz yirmi dokuz ? yedi yüz yirmi dört ? bin yedi yüz seksen beş ? bir milyon üç ? üç yüz yirmi sekiz ? bin dokuz yüz on dokuz ? iki bin dört ? bin yedi yüz seksen dokuz Correct answers in sequence are: 4, 14, 44, 174, 629, 724, 1785, 1000003, 328, 1919, 2004, 1789
Fractions Another point to note here is how to read fractions. The most commonly used form, x.5, is read as the whole part of the number followed by buçuk . The only exception to this is the 0.5 case, which is read like the other fractions. For the other fractions, the whole part of the number is read first, and then the fractional part is read as if it is a seperate number after saying virgül . . Acually virgül means comma, c omma, and this word is used for separating the whole part and the fractional part of a number. number. Comma is used instead of point or or dot because because in Turkish convention fractions are separated by comma. Here are some examples: 2.5 --> iki buçuk 104.25 --> yüz dört virgül yirmi beĢ 1.705 --> bir virgül yedi yüz beĢ
274.5 --> iki yüz yetmiĢ dört buçuk 14.8 --> on dört virgül sekiz
0.5 --> sıfır virgül beĢ
48.012 --> kırk sekiz virgül sıfır on iki
305.008 --> üç yüz beĢ virgül sıfır sıfır sekiz
7.52 --> yedi virgül elli iki
We should also look at the translations of fraction denoting adjectives. These are: Half --> --> Yarım (Be careful that this is used only as an adjective, the word buçuk is used instead when you are reading numbers - half a bread is is yarım ekmek , one and a half is is bir buçuk )
20
Quarter --> Çeyrek Some sentences and prases using these adjectives would be: Half an hour --> yarım saat Buy half a bread. --> Yarım ekmek al. Joe made a foul in the last quarter. -- > Joe son çeyrekte bir faul yaptı.
Sequence Numbers Now, let us take a look at how how order is indicated using the numbers. The suffix used used for order is -inci. Adding this at the and of any number will give the meaning of order. An important point to pay attention here, as always, always, is that this suffix changes changes according to vowel harmony. harmony. st nd 1 -2 --> ikinci (not ikiinci, one vowel falls when there is two next > birin to each other) ci 3rd --> 4th --> dördüncü üçüncü 5th --> 6th --> altıncı (again, not altııncı because one of the double ı´s beĢinci falls) 7th --> 10th --> onuncu yedinci 25th --> 50th --> ellinci (note the same vowel fall here) yirmi beĢinci Pronouns 1 Personal Pronouns Here are the Turkish translations of the personal pronouns. However, these pronouns are generally omitted in sentences since person is implied in the adjectives or the verbs in sentences. They are often used to stress the person. I
ben
you
sen
he she it
o
we
biz
you
siz
they
onlar
i am adjective you are adjective he she | is adjective it / we are adjective you are adjective they are adjective
ben adjectiveim sen adjectivesin o adjective
biz adjective-iz siz adjectivesiniz onlar adjectiveler
güzel --> beautiful I am beautiful. --> Ben güzel-im. --> Güzelim. (Personal pronoun is implied) You are beautiful. --> Sen güzel-sin. --> Güzelsin. He/she/it is beautiful. --> O güzel. --> Güzel. We are beautiful. --> Biz güzel-iz. --> Güzeliz. You are beautiful. --> Siz güzel-siniz. güzel -siniz. --> Güzelsiniz. They are beautiful. --> Onlar güzel-ler. --> Güzeller. 21
kötü --> bad I am bad. --> Ben kötü-y-üm. --> Kötüyüm. (Note how kötü and - üm are connected with the fusion consonant ´ y´.) You are bad. --> Sen kötü-sün. --> Kötüsün. He/she/it is bad. --> O kötü. --> Kötü. We are bad. --> Biz kötü-y-üz. --> Kötüyüz. You are bad. --> Siz kötü-siniz. --> Kötüsünüz. They are bad. --> Onlar kötü-ler. --> Kötüler. geliyor --> coming (present continuous tense) I am coming. --> Ben geliyor-um. --> Geliyorum. You are coming. --> Sen geliyor-sun. --> Geliyorsun. He/she/it is coming. --> O geliyor. geli yor. --> Geliyor. We are coming. --> Biz geliyor-uz. --> Geliyoruz. You are coming. --> Siz geliyor-sunuz. gel iyor-sunuz. --> Geliyorsunuz. They are coming. --> Onlar geliyor-lar. --> Geliyorlar. For nouns other than these pronouns, you must use the third person case. Marzena is beautiful. --> Marzena güzel. Marzena is very beautiful. --> Marzena çok güzel. Joe is bad. --> Joe kötü. Joe is coming. --> Joe geliyor. Demonstrative pronouns These are the pronouns used for obects instead i nstead of people. this bu Ģu that (between this and that) that o these bunlar Ģunlar those (between these and those) those onlar kitap --> book Bu bir kitap. --> This is a book. ġu bir kitap. --> That is a book. O bir kitap. --> That is a book. Bunlar kitaplar. --> These are books. ġunlar kitaplar. --> Those are books. Onlar kitaplar. --> Those are books. Possessive Pronouns Personal posessive pronouns: my benim
my noun
your
senin
your noun
his her its our
o-nun
his her | noun its / our noun
biz-
benim nounim senin nounin o-nun nouni biz-
22
im your
siz-in
your noun
their
onların
their noun
im nounimiz sizin nouniniz onların nounleri
Notice his/her/its is o-n-un instead of o-un. Since two vowels don´t come together in i n Turkish, onefusion consonant is added in between. It is ´ n´ in this case. Either a fusion consonant is added in between, or one of the vowels is dropped whenever a vowel is followed by another vowel. Which technique must be used changes among different rules, but it is consistent in a single rule. This will be mentioned in different lessons when necessary.
ev --> house my house --> ben-im ev-im --> evim (personal pronoun is implied) your house --> sen-in ev-in --> evin his/her/its house --> o-n-in ev-i --> onun evi --> evi our house --> biz-im ev-imiz --> evimiz your house --> siz-in ev-iniz --> eviniz e viniz their house --> onlar-ın ev-leri --> evleri araba --> car my car --> ben-im araba-m --> arabam (the suffix -im becomes -m when added after a vowel, since two vowels don´t come together in Turkish) T urkish) your car --> sen-in araba-n --> araban a raban his/her/its car --> o-n-in araba-s- ı --> onun arabası --> arabası (Instead of dropping one vowe l, here the fusion consonant ´s´ is added a dded between vowels since the suffix is only a single vowel.) our car --> biz-im araba- mız --> arabamız your car --> siz-in araba-nız --> arabanız their car --> onlar-ın araba-ları --> arabaları For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third t hird person form is used. Gizem´s house --> Gizem´in evi Gizem´s car --> Gizem´in arabası My mother´s house --> Annemin evi
Demonstartive posessive pronouns: of this of that (between this and that) of that of these of those (between these and those) of those
bu-nun Ģu-nun
o-n-un bunların Ģunlar ın
onların
23
Bunun evi --> The house of this ġunun evi --> The house of that Onun evi --> The house of that Bunların evleri --> The house of these. ġunların evleri --> The house of those. Onların evleri --> The house of those. For nouns other than these pronouns, always the third t hird person form is used. The room of the house --> Evin odası Cat´s food --> Kedinin yemeği
Reflexive Pronouns The way reflexive pronouns are constructed in Turkish T urkish is very similar to the way we do it in English. The Turkish word for self is kendi. The reflexive pronouns hence are as follows: foll ows: myself yourself Himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
kendiim kendiin kendisi kendiimiz kendiiniz kendileri
kendim kendin kendisi
kendimiz kendiniz kendileri
Pronouns 2 In the previous lesson on pronouns, we covered the basic pronouns. The topics covered were: Personal pronouns ( ben, sen, o, biz, siz, onlar ) Demonstrative pronouns ( bu, şu, o, bunlar, şunlar, onlar ) Possessive pronouns Personal possessive pronouns ( benim, senin, onun, bizim, sizin, onların) Demonstrative possessive pronouns ( bunun, şunun, onun, bunların, bunların, şunların, onların onların) Reflexive pronouns (kendim, kendin, kendisi, kendimiz, kendiniz, kendileri) There are also other pronouns used for many different situations, like everybody , nothing ... ... Let's now see the Turkish meanings for these pronouns. English Turkish
o o
Basic components of these pronouns every thing none any one, a some all Pronouns everything something
her Ģey hiç herhangibir bir bazı bütün
herĢey birĢey (singular) birĢeyler (plural) 24
nothing anything everybody somebody nobody anybody all of these all of those all of us all of you none of these none of those none of us none of you some of these some of those some of us some of you
hiçbir Ģey herhangibir Ģey herkes birisi (singular) birileri (plural) hiç kimse herhangi birisi (bunların) hepsi (onların) hepsi hepimiz hepiniz (bunların) hiçbiri (onların) hiçbiri hiçbirimiz hiçbiriniz (bunların) bazıları (bunların) bazıları (onların) bazıları (onların) bazıları bazılarımız bazılarınız
In English, some of these pronouns that have negative meanings are used in positive sentences. For example, There is nobody here. (Instead of there t here isn't nobody here) In Turkish, you never do this. If the meaning of a pronoun is negative, it must always be used in a negative sentence. Similarly, pronouns with positive meanings must always be used in positive sentences. There is nobody here. --> Burada hiçkimse yok. Now, let's use some some of these pronouns in sentences: sentences: Every flower does not smell. --> Her çiçek kokmaz. What is this thing? --> Bu Ģey ne? There is none left. --> Hiç kalmadı. Some students are here. --> Bazı öğrenciler burada. All students are here. --> Bütün öğrenciler burada. Everything's ok. --> HerĢey yolunda. Everything is here. --> HerĢey burada. Ask something. --> BirĢey sor. I saw nothing. --> Hiçbir Ģey görmedim. Is there anything? --> Herhangibir Ģey var mı? Is everybody here? --> Herkes burada mı? Somebody came. --> Birisi geldi. Nobody came. --> Hiç Hiç kimse gelmedi. Anybody can come. --> Herhangi birisi gelebilir. All of these are mine. --> Bunların hepsi benim.
Date and Time 1. Time Let´s start with simple dialogue sentences about a bout time, the question and different answers. Time - English Turkish (Parantheses for explanation only) What time is it? Saat kaç? It is ten o´clock. Saat on (10). It is five past ten. Saat onu (10-i) beĢ (5) geçiyor. 25
It is five past five. It is five past six. It is five past three. It is quarter past ten. It is ten twenty. It is half past ten. It is ten thirty five. It is ten forty. It is quarter to eleven. It is ten to eleven. It is eleven.
Saat beĢi (5-i) beĢ (5) geçiyor. Saat altıyı (6-[y]-i) beĢ (5) geçiyor. Saat üçü (3-i) beĢ (5) geçiyor. Saat onu (10-i) çeyrek (quarter) geçiyor. Saat onu (10-i) yirmi (20) geçiyor. Saat on (10) buçuk (half). Saat on bire (11-e) yirmi beĢ (25) var. Saat on bire (11-e) yirmi (20) var. Saat on bire (11-e) çeyrek (quarter) var. Saat on bire (11-e) on (10) var. Saat on bir (11).
Now, time to explain the words and phrases used in this table. table. Let´s start with the question, ´Saat kaç?´. Word by word: Saat --> Hour Kaç --> How many It is not perfectly logical, but the question sentence used for asking the time is ´ Saat kaç?´. Then, you may say, how do you ask how many hours? To say ´ How many hours?´ you would say ´ Kaçsaat? Kaçsaat?´. ´Saat kaç?´ is a special phrase for asking the time which otherwise would not be very meaningful. More or less the same is true for the answer. answer. The best thing is to try to learn the main phrase instead of trying to learn the logic, because the logic used here does not apply to other cases in the language. You basically say " Saat xxx.". From the exact hour to half past, you say the time as minutes past hour . From half past to the next hour, convention is to sat the time as minutes to hour . The word for past is ´ geçiyor ´. ´. The word for to is ´ var ´. ´. The word for half is ´ buçuk ´. ´. The word for quarter is ´ çeyrek ´. ´.
The general phrase for " It It is minutes past hours" is: is: Saat hours-i minutes geçiyor . (Note the vowel harmony rules for the suffix -i) And the general phrase for " It It is minutes to hours" is: is: Saat hours-e minutes var . (Note the vowel harmony rules for the suffix -e)
2. Date Let´s start with the days of the week and months: English
Days of the week Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Months January February
Turkish
Pazar Pazartesi Salı ÇarĢamba PerĢembe Cuma Cumartesi Ocak ġubat
26
March April May June July August September October November December
Mart Nisan Mayıs Haziran Temmuz Ağustos Eylül Ekim Kasım Aralık
2.1. Day of the week A simple conversation about the day of the week would be like the following: English Turkish A. What´s the day? A. Bugün günlerden ne? B1. Today is Monday. B1. Bugün günlerden pazartesi. B2. Monday. B2. Pazartesi. Let´s examine the parts of the question sentence first: bu --> this gün --> day bugün --> today günler --> days günlerden --> from the days (also means among the days) ne --> what Putting all these words together, the direct translation of ´Bugün günlerden ne?´ would be ´Today among the days what?´. Funny? That´s the way you ask the day of the week. After these explanations and translations, the answer sentence should be clear.
2.2. Whole Date To ask the date, you say: -Bugünün tarihi ne? -14 Temmuz 2004. Vocabulary: bugün --> today tarih --> date bugünün tarihi --> today´s today´s date ne --> what Using these, the direct translation of the t he question sentence would be: ´ Today´s date what ? ´. Actually, this is how you form a regular question sentence in Turkish. You shouldn´t worry about this yet, we´ll cover it later in another lesson. The answer doesn´t need much explanation. The day number, followed by month´s name, and finally the year. The day number and the year year are both read as a regular numbers. numbers. For reading years, it is always read as a whole as a single number. Years are never read as two parts like it is done in English in the case of 1996 (nineteen ninety six). The way you read this year in Turkish would be ´bin dokuz yüz doksan altı´ (one thousand nine hundred ninety six).
3. Seasons Let´s see the words used for seasons in Turkish: 27
English spring summer fall, autumn winter
Antonyms A set of important antonyms you need to t o know... English big-small fast-slow quick-slow full-empty easy-difficult heavy-light open-shut right-wrong old-new old-young first-last beautiful-ugly free-busy good-bad better-worse the best-the worst early-late cheap-expensive near-far here-there right-left tall-short dark-light high-low open-closed thin-thick slim-fat
Turkish or ilkbahar bahar or yaz
or güz sonbahar or
kış
Turkish büyük-küçük hızlı-yavaĢ çabuk-yavaĢ boĢ dolu- boĢ kolay-zor ağır -hafif -hafif açık -kapalı doğru-yanlıĢ eski-yeni yaĢlı-genç ilk-son güzel-çirkin serbest-meĢgul iyi-kötü daha iyi-daha kötü en iyi-en kötü erken-geç ucuz- pahalı pahalı yakın-uzak burada-orada sağ-sol uzun-kısa koyu-açık yüksek-alçak açık -kapalı ince-kalın zayıf -ĢiĢman
Quantity Words English a little, some very, much, many enough any, no, none
Turkish biraz çok yeterli hiç 28
few too much, too many too more less a few
Colors English
az çok fazla fazla daha fazla, daha çok daha az birkaç (tane)
Black White
Turkish Siyah Beyaz
Red
Kırmızı
Blue
Mavi
Orange
Turuncu
Green
YeĢil
Purple
Mor
Pink
Pembe
Brown
Kahverengi
Yellow
Sarı
Grey
Gri
Color
Renk
Light
Açık
Dark Koyu The question for asking colors is constructed similar to the way it´s done in English: Eng : What color is this? Tr : Bu ne renk? ( Here, ne is what and renk is color ) The answer is also simple: Eng: This is red. Tr: Bu kırmızıdır. However, note the difference in word ordering when you want to add a color (or any adjective) to an indefinite noun. Eng: A red pencil. Tr: Kırmızı bir kalem. (Not ´ Bir ´) Bir kırmızı XXX ´) Now, try to understand the the following sentences. English translations are below the Turkish Turkish sentences. 1. Bu araba açık mavi. 2. Evim koyu kırmızı. 3. Gözlerin ne renk? 4. Beyaz bir gömlek aldım. 1. This car is light blue. 2. My house is dark red. 3. What color are your eyes? 4. I bought a white shirt.
Family English
Turkish
father mother
baba anne
29
brother
(erkek) kardeĢ
sister
(kız) kardeĢ
elder brother
abi
elder sister
abla
son
oğul - erkek çocuk
daughter
kız - kız çocuk
aunt (mother side)
teyze
aunt (father side)
hala
grandfather
dede - büyükbaba
grandmother
nine - büyükanne
grandmother (mother side)
anneanne
grandmother (father side)
babaanne
nephew, niece
yeğen
uncle (father side)
amca
uncle (mother side)
dayı
cousin
kuzen
father-in-law
kayınbaba - kayınpeder
mother-in-law
kaynana - kayınvalide
sister-in-law
baldız
sister-in-law's husband
bacanak
son-in-law
damat
daughter-in-law
gelin
sister's husband
eniĢte
grandson, granddaughter, grandchild
torun
twin
ikiz
twin brother, twin sister
ikiz kardeĢ
wife
eĢ, hanım, karı
husband
koca
step mother
üvey anne
step father
üvey baba
Fruits and vegetables English
Turkish
Fruits --- Meyveler banana apple orange grape cherry tangerine
muz elma portakal üzüm kiraz mandalina
30
sour cherry pear avocado pineapple strawberry currant grapefruit fig watermelon melon apricot kiwi mulberry raspberry blackberry plum
viĢne armut avokado ananas çilek kuĢüzümü greyfurt incir karpuz kavun kayısı kivi dut ahududu böğürtlen erik
Vegetables --- Sebzeler lettuce eggplant zucchini cucumber parsley potato onion tomato pepper cabbage cauliflower lemon
marul patlıcan kabak salatalık - hıyar maydanoz patates soğan domates biber lahana karnıbahar limon
Weight is measured with kilograms in Turkey like l ike in Europe, unlike pounds used in America. Some sentences useful for buying fruits and vegetables would be: Sentences for request: A. Bir kilo domates alabilir miyim? (Can I get one kilogram tomatoes?) A. Ġki kilo elma verir misiniz? (Can you give me two kilograms of apple?) A. Yarım kilo çilek alacaktım. (Something like "I would like to buy half a kilogram of strawberries.") Possible response of the seller: B. Tabi, buyrun.(Sure, here you are) B. Hemen. (Immediately) B. Buyrun, afiyet olsun. (Here you are, good appetite) Reply to the seller before leaving: A. TeĢekkürler. (Thank you) A. Hayırlı iĢler. (Something like "Have a fruitful work day") A. Ġyi günler. (Have a nice day)
31
Another point worth noting if you are in Turkey is that bargaining is very common :) You can buy many things under the display display price with some bargaining. bargaining. However, this is not not true if you are shopping from a supermarket where you buy things and pay to the t he cashier.
Body parts English
Turkish
Vücudumuz --- Our Body head
kafa - baĢ
body
vücut - gövde
arm
kol
leg
bacak
hand
el
foot
ayak
finger
parmak
index finger
iĢaret parmağı
thumb
baĢ parmak
eye
göz
ear
kulak
hair
saç
nail
tırnak
nose
burun
mouth
ağız
tooth
diĢ
tongue
dil
cheek
yanak
chin
çene
throat
boğaz
neck
boyun
eyelash
kirpik
eyelid
göz kapağı
eyebrow
kaĢ
forehead
alın
temple
Ģakak
wrist
bilek - kol bileği
ankle
ayak bileği
heel
topuk
elbow
dirsek
knee
diz
lip
dudak
moustache
bıyık 32
beard
sakal
shoulder
omuz
waist
bel
toe
ayak baĢparmağı
abdomen
karın
Organs --- Organlar heart
kalp
lung
akciğer
liver
karaciğer
kidney
böbrek
stomach
mide
vein
damar - toplardamar
blood
kan
brain
beyin
Animals English
Turkish
Animals --- Hayvanlar animal lion tiger sheep cow bull ox hen rooster pig horse donkey turkey dog cat mouse fish whale dolphin shark octopus insect, bug butterfly bee
hayvan aslan kaplan koyun inek boğa öküz tavuk horoz domuz at eĢek hindi köpek kedi fare balık balina yunus köpek balığı ahtapot böcek kelebek arı
33
ant wolf deer bat beaver gull hawk hedgehog squirrel stork vulture worm wasp millipede hyena grasshopper zebra fox snake elephant bear giraffe penguin spider crocodile lizard turtle rabbĢt bird fish frog monkey
karınca kurt geyik yarasa kunduz martı Ģahin kirpi sincap leylek akbaba kurt - solucan eĢek arısı kırkayak sırtlan çekirge zebra tilki yılan fil ayı zürafa penguen örümcek timsah kertenkele kaplumbağa tavĢan kuĢ balık kurbağa maymun
Character English
Turkish
Character --- Karakter behavior
davranıĢ
honest
dürüst
patient
sabırlı
impatient
sabırsız
kind
kibar
proud
gururlu
polite
kibar
impolite
kaba
34
decent
terbiyeli - nazik
skilful
yetenekli
witty, clever
zeki - akıllı
quite
suskun - sessiz
curious
meraklı
funny
komik
boring
sıkıcı
cruel
zalim
talkative
konuĢkan
good
iyi
bad
kötü
naive
saf
optimistic
iyimser
pessimistic
kötümser
shy
utangaç
strange
garip
sensitive
duygusal
crazy
çılgın
tolerant
toleranslı
clumsy
sakar
tidy
düzenli
untidy
düzensiz
friendly
cana yakın
glad
memnun
hardworking
çalıĢkan
lazy
tembel
joyful
neĢeli
happy
mutlu
unhappy
mutsuz
sad
üzgün
surprising
ĢaĢırtıcı
serious
ciddi
charming
çekici
angry
sinirli - kızgın
stupid
aptal
arrogant
küstah
jealous
kıskanç
understanding
anlayıĢlı
excuse
özür
obedient
itaatkar
active
aktif
35
nice
hoĢ
amusing
eğlenceli
joyful
neĢeli
arrogant
kibirli
modest
alçak gönüllü
House and furniture English House --- Ev door room front door back door window kitchen bedroom dining room living room chıldren's room bathroom toilet balcony corridor garden basement ground floor garage terrace yard upper floor/story loft cellar stairs step lift, elevator wall roof fireplace Furniture --- Eşyalar table bookcase chair wardrobe
Turkish kapı oda ön kapı arka kapı pencere mutfak yatak odası yemek odası oturma odası çocuk odası banyo tuvalet balkon koridor bahçe bodrum zemin kat garaj teras avlu üst kat tavan arası kiler merdiven basamak asansör duvar çatı Ģömine masa kitaplık sandalye gardrop
36
shelf armchair sofa shower trash bin ashtray bathtub door mat tap heating candle key lamp frame socket plug mirror door bell radio television computer pan glass bottle plate spoon fork
raf koltuk koltuk - kanepe duĢ çöp kutusu kül tablası küvet paspas musluk kalorifer mum anahtar lamba çerçeve priz fiĢ ayna kapı zili radyo televizyon bilgisayar tava bardak ĢiĢe tabak kaĢık çatal
Illness English
Turkish
Sicknesses sick
hasta, rahatsız
headache
baĢ ağrısı
to catch a cold
soğuk almak
flu
grip
measles
nezle
tootache
diĢ ağrısı
stomach ache
karın ağrısı
contagious
bulaĢıcı
ulcer
ülser
cancer
kanser
to faint
bayılmak 37
hiccups
hıçkırık
migraine
migren
heart attack
kalp krizi
itch
kaĢıtı
to itch
kaĢınmak
angina
anjin
bronchitis
bronĢit
Now, some sentences for telling you or somebody is sick. - I am sick. ( Hastayım.) - I am very sick. (Çok hastayım.) - I have a toothache. ( Dişim ağrıyor .) .) - I have a cold. ( Nezleyim. or Nezle oldum.) - I got sick. ( Hasta oldum. or Hastalandım.) - I don´t feel well. ( İyi hissetmiyorum. ) - My foot is itching. ( Ayağım kaşınıyor .) .) If somebody tells you that he is sick or somebody close to him is sick, you say: - GeçmiĢ olsun. (This is like wishing for recovery.)
38
TENSES There are 5 fundamental tenses in Turkish. These are: 1. Present simple tense (Geniş zaman) 2. Present continuous tense (Şimdiki zaman) 3. Future tense (Gelecek zaman) 4. Past tense with -di (-di'li (- di'li geçmiş zaman) --> zaman) --> Regular past tense 5. Past tense with -miş -miş ((-miş'li geçmiş zaman) --> Also called the story past tense In the basic grammar lessons, we will cover the present continuous tense and the t he future tense. Rest will be covered in the intermediate level lessons. To start with, let's review some verbs we'll use in the following lessons and their meanings: gelmek --> to come gitmek --> to go okumak --> to read kapatmak --> to close koĢmak --> --> to run aramak --> to call konuĢmak --> to talk vermek --> to give kaynamak --> to boil çalıĢmak --> --> to work yemek --> to eat beklemek --> to wait The meaning of tenses are given using some suffixes. There are some important properties common to all these suffixes denoting tense: The suffix for tenses is added right after the verb root if the verb is positive, or after the negating suffix if the verb is negative. The present tense for of 'to be' comes after the suffix for tense. Therefore, the order becomes: verb root + (negative) + tense + present tense to be This is different only for the regular past tense, where past tense form of to be is used.
o o o
1. Present continuous tense (Şimdiki zaman) The suffix for present continuous tense is -iyor . Present continuous tense is used, very much like the one in English: To tell what you are currently doing I am working now. --> ġimdi çalıĢıyorum. I am eating ice cream. --> Dondurma yiyorum. To tell something you will do in the close future Wait, I'm coming in 5 minutes. --> Bekle, 5 dakika içinde geliyorum.
o o
o
Present continuous tense is used only for verbs, it is not meaningful for nouns and adjectives. adj ectives.
NOTE: In turkish, the verbs that ending with w ith “a,e” (example: başla, oyna, doyma, izle, gelme, gözle etc.) when it takes present continious suffix “ -iyor, -üyor or –ıyo or –ıyor, r, -uyor”; -uyor”; a vowel becomes ı, u; e vowel becomes i, ü. Like: BaĢla(to start): baĢlıyor (not baĢlayor), kana (to bleed): kanıyor (not kanayor), izle(to watch): izliyor (not izleyor). Gözle: gözlüyor, gelme: gelmiyor. De(say): diyor (not deyor) Present continuous tense of a verb is constructed this way: verb root + (negative) + iyor + present tense to be If the verb you want to add the suffix - iyor ends ends with a vowel, drop the last vowel and add iyor . Otherwise, just simply add - iyor. Be careful about the vowel harmony rules for the ' i' of -iyor . Let's see how a verb is put into present continuous tense on the following examples: gel-iyor --> geliyor --> he is coming git-iyor-im --> gidiyorum --> i am a m going oku-iyor --> okuyor --> he is reading kapat-iyor-iz --> kapatıyoruz --> we are closing
39
koĢ-iyor --> koĢuyor --> --> he is running > arıyorsun ara-iyor-sin ---> you are calling konuĢ-iyor --> konuĢuyor --> --> he is talking ver-me-iyor --> vermiyor --> he is not giving ye-me-iyor --> yemiyor --> he is not eating gel-me-iyor-siniz --> gelmiyorsunuz --> you are not coming (plural you) And let's see how present continuous tense is used with different cases of person. Turkish English to come --> gelmek i am coming (ben) geliyor-im --> geliyorum you are coming (sen) geliyor-sin --> geliyorsun he \ (o) geliyor she | is coming it / we are coming (biz) geliyor-iz --> geliyoruz you are coming (siz) geliyor-siniz --> geliyorsunuz they are coming (onlar) geliyor-ler --> geliyorlar
(+) AFFIRMATIVE AFFIRMATIVE (OLUMLU)
(-) NEGATIVE (OLUMSUZ) (OLUMSUZ)
gelmek - [gel -mek] - to come
gelmemek - [gelme -mek] - not to come
geliyorum - I am coming
gelmiyorum - I am not coming
geliyorsun - you are coming
gelmiyorsun - you are not coming
geliyor - he is coming
gelmiyor - he is not coming
geliyoruz - we are coming
gelmiyoruz - we are not coming
geliyorsunuz - you are coming
gelmiyorsunuz - you are not coming
geliyorlar - they are coming
gelmiyorlar - they are not coming
QUESTİON (SORU)
NEGATİVE QUESTİONS (OLUMSUZ-SORU) (OLUMSUZ -SORU)
gelmek
to come
Gelmemek not to come
geliyor muyum?
am I comi ng?
gelmiyor muyum? Am I not coming?
geliyor musun?
are you comi ng?
gelmiyor musun? Aren’t Are n’t you you coming?
geliyor mu?
is he comi ng?
gelmiyor mu? Isn’t Is n’t he he coming
40
geliyor muyuz?
are we comi ng?
gelmiyor musunuz?
geliyor musunu z?
are you comi ng?
gelmiyor muyuz?
geliyorla r mı?
are they comi ng?
gelmiyorlar mı?
2. Future tense (Gelecek zaman) The suffix for future tense in Turkish is - ecek . There are not two different cases like in English will and and is going to. Future tense is always a lways constructed using the suffix - ecek . The uses of the Turkish future tense is just like a union of the uses of will and and going to in English. To express any action that will take place in the future. Future tense is used only for verbs, it is not meaningful for nouns and adjectives. Future tense of a verb is constructed this way: verb root + (negative) + ecek + present tense to be
When you want to append the suffix - ecek to to a verb that ends with a vowel, you add the fusion consonant y ' y' between the verb and the suffix to separate the two vowels. Otherwise, just simply add the suffix -ecek . Be careful about the harmony rules though, as always. Let's see how future tense is obtained using some example verbs: gel-ecek --> gelecek --> he will come git-ecek-im --> gideceğim --> I will go oku-ecek-sin --> okuyacaksın --> you will read kapat-ecek-iz --> kapatacağız --> we will close koĢ-ecek-siniz --> koĢacaksınız --> you will run (plural you) ara-ecek-ler --> arayacaklar --> they will call konuĢ-me-ecek --> konuĢmayacak --> --> he will not talk ver-me-ecek-sin --> vermeyeceksin --> you will not give To see the use of future tense with different cases of person, check the following table: Turkish English to close --> kapatmak i will close (ben) kapatacak-im --> kapatacağım you will close (sen) kapatacak-sin --> kapatacaksın he \ (o) kapatacak she | will close it / we will close (biz) kapatacak-iz --> kapatacağız you will close (siz) kapatacak-siniz --> kapatacaksınız they will close (onlar) kapatacak-ler --> kapatacaklar AffirmativeNegative
geleceğim I Will come
gelmeyeceğim I Will not come
geleceksin
Gelmeyeceksi n
gelecek
Gelmeyecek 41
geleceğiz
gelmeyeceğiz
geleceksiniz
Gelmeyeceksi niz
Gelecekler
Gelmeyecekler
Question
Negative Questions
gelm ek
to come
gelmemek
to not come
gelec ek miyi m?
Will I come?
gelmeyecek miyim?
Dont I come?
gelec ek misin ?
Will you come
gelmeyecek misin?
Dont you come?
gelec ek mi?
Will he,she come?
gelmeyecek mi?
Doesnt he come?
gelec ek miyiz ?
Will we come?
gelmeyecek miyiz?
Dont we come?
gelec ek misin iz?
Will you come?
gelmeyecek misiniz?
Dont you come?
gelec ekler mi?
Will they come?
gelmeyecekler mi?
Dont they come?
Present simple tense (Geniş zaman) The present simple tense is used, very much ike the one in English: To make general statements Water boils at 100 degrees. --> Su 100 derecede kaynar. To mention things you do regularly I run every morning. -- > Her sabah koĢarım.
o
o
We use Present Simple Tense suffix (-r, -ar, -er, -ır, -ir, -ur, -ür) like this: 1. If word ending with the vowels we use "-r" suffix. Like: söyle-r (tell) oku-r (read) yürü-r (walk) 2. If word is one syllable we use "-ar" and "-er" suffixes. Like: bak-ar (look) yaz-ar (write) sor-ar (ask) NOTE: But this 13 words words are exceptional exceptional and dosen't dosen't suit with this rule. Here are this words: gel-ir, al-ır, bil-ir, var-ır, gör -ür, -ür, kal-ır, bul-ur, ver-ir, öl-ür, vur-ur, ol-ur, sansan-ır, dur -ur -ur 42
3. If word is two ending more syllable; and if it's and with consonant letter we use "ır", "-ir", "-ir", "-ur", "-ür" "-ür" suffixes. (after e,i: ir, after a,ı: ır, after u,o: ur, after ü,ö: ür) Like: çalıĢ-ır (work) (work) konuĢ-ur (talk) öğren-ir (learn) götür-ür(bring) sevin-ir (be happy) Present simple tense is used only for verbs, it is not meaningful for nouns and adjectives. Present simple tense of a verb is constructed this way: verb root + ir or or er + + present tense to be The suffix for constructing the present simple tense te nse of a verb is not always the same. The suffix is sometimes -ir , sometimes -er . This is the only tense with this irregularity, but there are certain rules that will tell you which one to choose most of the time. The rules that will help you choose which one of -ir or or -er to to use as suffix are as follows: 1. If the verb ends with a vowel, the vowel of the suffix falls and you add only -r. ara-r --> arar --> he calls oku-r --> okur --> he reads 2. If the verb has more than one syllable, use -ir kapat-ir --> kapatır --> --> he closes konuĢ-ir --> konuĢur --> he talks 3. If the verb has only one syllable: 1. If the vowel of this syllable is 'a' or 'e' and if the verb ends with 'l', 'n' or 'r' then use -ir gel-ir --> gelir --> he comes ver-ir --> verir --> he gives 2. Use -er for for the other single syllable cases git-er --> gider --> he goes koĢ-ar --> koĢar --> he runs Now, let's look at how the present present simple tense is used with with different personal pronouns: pronouns: Turkish English Example 1 to come --> gelmek i come (ben) gelir-im --> gelirim you come (sen) gelir-sin --> gelirsin he \ (o) gelir she | comes it / we come (biz) gelir-iz --> geliriz you come (siz) gelir-siniz --> gelirsiniz they come (onlar) gelir-ler --> gelirler Example 2 to talk --> --> konuşmak (ben) konuĢur -im i talk -im --> konuĢurum (sen) konuĢur -sin you talk -sin --> konuĢursun (o) konuĢur he \ she | talks it / (biz) konuĢur -iz we talk -iz --> konuĢuruz (siz) konuĢur -siniz you talk -siniz --> konuĢursunuz (onlar) konuĢur -ler they talk -ler --> konuĢurlar o o
o o
43
The negative of present simple tense is a little different than just adding the negative-making suffix te nse is given in the table below. The negative-making me. Construction of negatives of present simple tense suffix becomes -mez except for I and and we. Moreover, when negative suffix is used, the present simple tense suffix is not used. Turkish English Example 1 to come --> gelmek i don't come (ben) gel-me-im --> gelmem you don't come (sen) gel-mez-sin --> gelmezsin he \ (o) gel-mez --> gelmez she | doesn't come it / we don't come (biz) gel-me-iz --> gelmeyiz you don't come (siz) gel-mez-siniz --> gelmezsiniz they don't come (onlar) gel-mez-ler --> gelmezler Present simple tense is the most irregular tense in Turkish, it's not simple as the name implies. AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE gelmek - [gel -mek] - to come gelmemek - [gelme -mek] - not to come
gelirim I come
gelmem I dont come
gelirsin You come
Gelmezsin you dont come
gelir He, she comes
gelmez he,she doesnt come
geliriz we come
Gelmeyizwe dont come
Gelirsiniz you come
Gelmezsiniz you dont come
Gelirler they come
Gelmezler they dont come
QUESTION QUESTION
NEGATIVE-
gelmek
to come
gelmemek
to not come
Gelir miyim?
Do I come ?
gelmez miyim?
Dont I come?
gelir misin?
Do you come
gelmez misin?
Dont you come?
gelir mi?
Does he,sh e come ?
gelmez mi?
Doesnt he come?
44
gelir miyiz?
Do we come ?
gelmez miyiz?
Dont we come?
gelir misiniz ?
Do you come ?
gelmez misiniz?
Dont you come?
gelirler mi?
Do they come ?
gelmezler mi?
Dont they come?
Past tense with -di (-di'li (- di'li geçmiş zaman) -->Indefınıte -->Indefınıte past tense There is no suffix for the regular past tense. The only point is that you must use the past tense form of to be. Be careful about the harmony rules though, as always. The use of the past tense with - di is almost the same as the English past tense. To tell an action that took place in the past. He came. --> Geldi. To make a statement that was true in the past. She was beautiful. --> Güzeldi.
o
o
The same way regular past tense is applied to verbs, it can also be applied to nouns and adjectives using the past tense form of to be. The meaning in this case is the same as the meaning of ' was' in English. He was good. --> Ġyiydi. I was successful. --> BaĢarılıydım. Regular past tense of a word is constructed this way: word root + (negative) + past tense to be Let's see how a verb is used in regular past tense on the following examples: gel-di --> geldi --> he came git-me-di --> gitmedi --> he did not go oku-di --> okudu --> he read kapat-dik --> kapattık --> --> we closed koĢ-din --> koĢtun --> you ran ara-diniz --> aradınız --> you called (plural you) konuĢ-me-di --> konuĢmadı --> he did not talk ver-me-dim --> vermedim --> I did not give çalıĢ-ma-dik --> çalıĢmadık --> --> we did not work ye-diler --> yediler --> they ate bekle-me-diler --> beklemediler --> they did not wait wait
See how -dı, -dı, -di suffix becomes -tı, -tı, -ti. Look at page 3 and 4 (Suffix mutation) You have a word ending with one of p, ç, t, k, f, h, s, ş. You want to add this word a suffix that starts with c or d . In this case, the first letter of the consonant changes. * c becomes ç * d becomes t ( not gitdi: gitti, not yapdı: yaptı, not yapdı: yaptı) Note that making the past tense of of a verb and making the past tense tense of a noun or adjective is the same, but only as long as they are positive. The negative suffix for verbs is -me, but negatives of nouns and adjectives are constructed using değil . Değil is not a suffix, it is used as a seperate word. Let's see a few
45
examples to how nouns and adjectives are expressed in past tense. She was beautiful. --> Güzeldi. She was not beautiful. --> Güzel değildi. (Note what we did is just to replace the suffix -me for verbs with the word değil in the case of nouns and adjectives. The ordering is still the same. Past tense of to be, which followed me for verbs , is now put after değil ) You were not kids. --> Çocuk değildiniz. Let's see how these personal suffixes are used on some example verbs: Turkish English to wait --> beklemek i waited (ben) bekle-dim --> bekledim you waite (sen) bekle-din --> bekledin d he \ (o) bekle-di --> bekledi she | wait ed it / we waited (biz) bekle-dik --> bekledik you waite (siz) bekledi-niz --> beklediniz d they waite (onlar) bekle-diler --> beklediler d to work --> çalışmak i worked (ben) çalıĢ-dim --> çalıĢtım you worke (sen) çalıĢ-din --> çalıĢtın d he \ (o) çalıĢ-di --> çalıĢtı she | wor ked it / we worke (biz) çalıĢ-dik --> çalıĢtık d you worke (siz) çalıĢ-diniz --> çalıĢtınız d they work (onlar) çalıĢ-diler --> çalıĢtılar ed AffirmativeNegative Geldim. I came
Gelme dim I didn’t come
Geldin. You came
Gelme din You didn’t come
Geldi. He, she came
Gelme di He, She didn’t come
46
Geldik. We came
Gelme dik We didn’t come
Geldiniz. You came
Gelme diniz You didn’t come
Geldiler. They came
Gelme diler They didn’t come
Geldi m mi? Geldi n mi? Geldi mi? Geldi k mi? Geldi niz mi? Geldil er mi?
Did I come? Did you come?
Gelme dim mi?
Didn’t I come?
Gelme din mi?
Didn’t you come?
Gelme di mi?
Didn’t he come?
Gelme dik mi?
Didn’t we come?
Did you come?
Gelme diniz mi?
Didn’t you come?
Did they come?
Gelme diler mi?
Didn’t they come?
Did he come? Didwe come?
Past tense with -miş - miş ((-miş'li geçmiş zaman) ==> zaman) ==> Also called the story past tense To obtain the story past tense of a verb, we append the suffix -miş to the verb. Be careful about the harmony rules. Past tense with - miĢ is used: To talk about something you learned from somebody else el se or some other resource, there is some uncertainty in the statement. If you use the story past tense when talking about something, it implies that you are not the source of the information and you shouldn't be responsible for the mistakes. I talked to his mother. He went to school. -- > Annesiyle konuĢtum. Okula gitmiĢ. (The part about talking to the mother is your direct experience, so you tell it using regular regular past tense. However, the part about he going to school is information you got from the mother, so you tell it using story past tense.) To talk about something you just learned or understood Is this your daughter? She is very beautiful. --> Bu senin kızın mı? Çok güzelmiĢ. (You just noticed that she is beautiful, and you express this using story past tense) t ense) Simple stories are written and told in using this tense.
o
o
Story past tense of a word is constructed this way: word root + (negative) + miĢ + present tense to be
47
The same way story past tense is applied to verbs, it can also be applied to nouns and adjectives. I talked to Kemal about her. She is sick. --> Kemal'le onun hakkında konuĢtum. HastaymıĢ. (You learned that she is sick from Kemal) Prime minister was in France yesterday. --> BaĢbakan dün FransadaymıĢ. (You use story past tense because you learned this from somebody else or from the news) Prime minister was not in France yesterday. --> BaĢbakan dün Fransada değilmiĢ. (Remember that negatives of non-verbs are made with değil ) Let's see the use of story past tense on some example verbs. gel-miĢ --> gelmiĢ --> he came git-miĢ-siniz--> gitmiĢsiniz --> you went (plural you) oku-miĢ-sin--> okumuĢsun --> you read kapat-miĢ-ler--> kapatmıĢlar --> --> they closed koĢ-me-miĢ--> koĢmamıĢ --> he did not run ara-me-miĢ-sin--> aramamıĢsın --> you did not call konuĢ-me-miĢ-ler--> konuĢmamıĢlar --> --> they did not talk ver-miĢ-iz--> vermiĢiz --> we gave Finally, let's see how a verb is used in the story past tense with different personal pronouns. Turkish English to wait --> beklemek i waited (ben) beklemiĢ-im --> beklemiĢim you waited (sen) beklemiĢ-sin --> beklemiĢsin he \ (o) beklemiĢ she | waited it / we waited (biz) beklemiĢ-iz --> beklemiĢiz you waited (siz) beklemiĢ-siniz --> beklemiĢsiniz they waited (onlar) beklemiĢ-ler --> beklemiĢler
Affirmative GelmiĢim I must have come
Negative GelmemiĢim
GelmiĢsin
GelmemiĢsin
GelmiĢ
GelmemiĢ
GelmiĢiz
GelmemiĢiz
GelmiĢsiniz
GelmemiĢsiniz
GelmiĢler
GelmemiĢler
Question GelmiĢ miyim?
Negative- Question GelmemiĢ miyim?
GelmiĢ misin?
GelmemiĢ misin?
GelmiĢ mi?
GelmemiĢ mi?
GelmiĢ miyiz?
GelmemiĢ miyiz?
GelmiĢ misiniz?
GelmemiĢ misiniz?
GelmiĢler mi?
GelmemiĢler mi?
48
Must, Have to, Need to, Want to 1. Must The best counterpart in Turkish for the meaning of necessity that is given with ' must' in English is the suffix '-meli'. The skeleton for using a verb with this suffix is as follows: verb-meli-to be I must go --> git-meli-im --> gitmeliyim (note the use of the fusion consonant y) We must study --> çalıĢmalıyız (note that the suffix -meli becomes -malı due to the major vowel harmony) You must sit down (plural) --> oturmalısınız You must go home now. --> ġimdi eve gitmelisin. We can show how to express the necessity of a verb the for different cases of person: Personal Pronoun Suffix Ben -meliyim Sen -melisin O -meli Biz -meliyiz Siz -melisiniz Onlar -meliler
2. Have to The meaning of formal obligation that 'have to' gives in English is best given by the word 'lazım' in Turkish. The structure for using this construct is as follows: verb-me-possession verb-me-possession (blank space) lazım This might seem confusing, let us explain how this structure works. The suffix -me allows a verb to be used like a noun, it is similar to a gerund. You might ask at this point, wasn't the suffix -me used for negating verbs? That is right, but the suffix for negating verbs and the suffix for using a verb like a noun are the same. So, okuma can mean either don't read or reading according to the context in which it is used. In this case, we are concerned about the second meaning. So, in the t he phrase okumam lazım , the part okumam means my reading and the part lazım means required. When we put these together, it becomes my reading is required and this is what we use for I have to read in Turkish. Let's look at a few examples to clarify this further: I have to go to school tomorrow. --> Yarın okula gitmem lazım. I have to work now. --> ġimdi çalıĢmam lazım. We have to get ready. --> Hazırlanmamız lazım. You have to go. -- > Gitmen lazım. 3. Need to This is very similar to the use of have to, both in meaning and structure. The word we use to give the meaning of need to is ' gerekiyor'. It is similar to ' have to' in meaning, so that it can be used interchangeably with have have to (lazım). It is similar in structure, which can be seen in the structural skeleton: verb-me-posession (blank space) gerekiyor The following examples will clarify this further: I need to go home. --> Eve gitmem gerekiyor. You need to be here at 2. --> Saat ikide burada olman gerekiyor. You need to sleep early. --> Erken uyuman gerekiyor. She needs to see a doctor. --> Doktora gitmesi gerekiyor. 4. Want to The use of want to is logically almost identical to the English counterpart. One important difference is that you use the verb ' to want' in present continuous tense instead of present simple. The turkish verb for to want is istemek . The structure goes as follows: verb(infinitive) (blank space) istiyor-to be I want to go. --> Gitmek istiyorum. 49
I want to sleep. --> Uyumak istiyorum. isti yorum. I want to take a rest. --> Dinlenmek istiyorum. I want to go go home. --> --> Eve gitmek istiyorum. What do you want? --> Ne istiyorsun? KonuĢmak istiyor musun? --> Do you want to talk?
Degrees of Adjectives Comparatives and superlatives are constructed in a very straightforward way in Turkish. Besides these, there is a special way of making adjectives stronger in Turkish and this is not very trivial. I this lesson, we will cover all these topics. 1. Comparatives 1.1. More, Less Comparative of an adjective is obtained by adding the word " daha" before the adjective. We can say that daha is the word for more more and all adjective comparatives are constructed like 'more clever' (not like faster). faster --> daha hızlı slower --> daha yavaĢ more intelligent --> daha zeki more hardworking --> daha çalıĢkan more beautiful --> daha güzel If you want to say less l ess beautiful or less hardworking, then replace the word 'daha' with with 'daha az'.
less fast --> daha az hızlı less intelligent --> daha az zeki less hardworking --> daha az çalıĢkan less beautiful --> daha az güzel Now, let's see how the comparative form of an adjective is used used in sentences. I am beautiful. --> (Ben) güzelim. I am more beautiful. --> (Ben) daha güzelim. You are more beautiful. --> (Sen) daha güzelsin. She is more beautiful. --> (O) daha güzel. This is a fast car. --> Bu hızlı bir araba. This is a faster car. --> Bu daha hızlı bir araba. This car is faster. --> Bu araba daha hızlı.
1.2. More than If you want to compare two nouns with respect to an adjective, the structure used in English is as follows: noun1 is more adjective than noun2 Ex1: Ahmet is more hardworking than Mehmet. Ex2: I am more intelligent than you. The structure to express the same meaning in Turkish is as follows: noun1 noun2-den daha adjective Ex1: Ahmet Mehmet'ten daha çalıĢkan. (Note that the ' sign is used to separate private names from their suffixes) Ex2: Ben senden daha zekiyim. Now, let's see a few example example sentences with this expression. expression. - Beril is beautiful. --> Beril güzel. - Gökçe is more beautiful. --> Gökçe daha güzel. - Gökçe is more beautiful than Beril. --> Gökçe Beril'den daha güzel. - He is more hardworking than me. --> O benden daha çalıĢkan. - My car is faster than your car. --> Benim arabam senin arabandan daha hızlı. - US is larger than Turkey. T urkey. --> Amerika Türkiye'den daha büyük.
50
1.3. As ...as If you want to say that two nouns are equal with respect to an adjective, the strıctıre used in English is: noun1 is as adjective as noun2 Ex1: Beril is as beautiful as Gökçe. Ex2: I am as beautiful as you. The structure to express the same meaning in Turkish is as follows: eviacjda radak ouo ouon . no
eviacjda radak ouo d ouon
Both of these expressions have the same meaning, you will understand the very difference as you see them used. One point to note here is that if noun2 is a simple slight difference pronoun (like ben, sen, bu, bu, Ģu) then it is used in possessive possessive form (like benim, benim, senin, bunun, Ģunun). Ex1: Beril de Gökçe kadar güzel. Ex2: Ben de senin kadar güzelim. Now, let's see a few example example sentences with this expression. expression. - Beril is beautiful. --> Beril güzel. - Gökçe is also beautiful. --> Gökçe de güzel. ( de means 'also', 'as well' ) - Gökçe is as beautifl as Beril. --> Gökçe de Beril kadar güzel. - He is as hardworking as me. --> O da benim kadar çalıĢkan. - My car is as fast as your car. --> Benim arabam da senin araban kadar hızlı. - US is almost as large as China. --> Amerika neredeyse Çin kadar büyük. (neredeyse meansalmost )
2. Superlatives Superlatives are also straightforward in Turkish, like it is i s in English. Instead of ' the most ',', you use 'en', and all superlatives are constructed using this word. the fastest --> en hızlı slower --> en yavaĢ the most intelligent --> en zeki the most hardworking --> en çalıĢkan the most beautiful --> en güzel Now, let's see how the superlative form of an adjective is used in sentences. I am beautiful. --> (Ben) güzelim. I am more beautiful. --> (Ben) daha güzelim. When you want to use the superlative form in a sentence, there are two different cases: I am the most beautiful. --> (Ben) en güzelim. (This (T his has the meaning of describing yourself, like an answer to the question "What are your traits?") I am the most beautiful. --> En güzel benim. (This has the meaning of the answer to the question "Who is the most beautiful?") I am the most beautiful girl. --> En güzel kız benim. I am the most beautiful girl in this class. --> Bu sınıftaki en güzel kız benim. You are the most beautiful girl in this class. --> Bu sınıftaki en güzel kız sensin. She is the most beautiful girl in this class. --> Bu sınıftaki en güzel kız o.
3. Making an adjective stronger 3.1. Very In English, when you want to make an adjective stronger, you use the word ' very'. Saying very fast is is a stronger statement than just j ust saying fast . The same method is applied also in Turkish, and the word for very is 'çok '.'. Hence: very fast --> çok hızlı very slow --> çok yavaĢ very intelligent --> çok zeki very hardworking --> çok çalıĢkan 51
very beautiful --> çok güzel You are very beautiful. --> (Sen) çok güzelsin. She is a very beautiful girl. --> (O) çok güzel bir kız. This girl is very beautiful. --> Bu kız çok güzel. 3.2. Too Another way of making an adjective stronger, but this time giving the meaning extreme , is to use the word too. Saying something is too fast gives gives the meaning that it is extremely fast and should be slower. The word for too in Turkish is fazla 'fazla'. too fast --> fazla hızlı too slow --> fazla yavaĢ too intelligent --> fazla zeki too hardworking --> fazla çalıĢkan too beautiful --> fazla güzel We are too fast. --> (Biz) fazla hızlıyız. This car is too fast. --> Bu araba fazla hızlı. 3.3. Other ways A third way commonly used in Turkish T urkish (which is not seen in English) E nglish) to make an adjective stronger is adding a modified form of the first syllable before the adjective. Important points to note here are: There is not a rule r ule for how this first syllable should be modified, which makes this rule hard to learn. This gives the same meaning as using the word ' very' and makes the adjective stronger. All adjectives can't be made stronger using this method, and there is not a rule to understand for which adjectives this method can be used. A group of adjectives you can ca n always use this method is colors, to express that the color is strong. However, there is i s no rule to exactly say which adjectives can be made stronger like this. Because there is not a well-defined rule, it will be very difficult to go over adjectives and see what the stronger form of each adjective is. I think you should not try to learn this for each adjective at this step. The best strategy here would be to note that there is a rule like this and when you see it used, you will understand what it means. In your sentences, you simply can use 'çok + adjective' instead and you will be clearly understood. Let's see some examples to this rule: hızlı --> fast hıphızlı --> very fast sarı --> yellow sapsarı --> very yellow, strong yellow mavi --> blue masmavi --> very blue, strong blue beyaz --> white bembeyaz --> very white, strong white çabuk --> quick çarçabuk --> very quick kalın --> thick kapkalın --> very thick
Another way to make an adjective stressed and stronger is to repeat it twice. Again, this is not done with all adjectives and the best way to learn for which adjectives this rule is applicable is to note when you hear an adjective used like this. Don't be afraid by these rules, you will learn how to use them if you start reading Turkish texts or if you speak to native speakers. You can still express yourself without using these methods for making adjectives stronger. Simply use the word 'çok ' before the adjective. I a m giving these rules now so that you know the meaning when you see such a usage somewhere. büyük büyük evler --> --> big houses, the property big is is stressed --> yellow apples, the property yellow is stressed sarı sarı elmalar --> There is also another way to stress an adjective and make it stronger. That is, adding a modified form of the adjective after the original form. This is again an irregular rule and you don't need to know this completely, just j ust understand it when you see this thi s usage. Sometimes, an adjective followed by the modified form of that adjective may have a slightly different
52
meaning. yaĢlı --> old (for people) yaĢlı baĢlı --> old, mature eski --> old (for objects) eski püskü --> very old and useless
Imperatives - Let Making a verb imperative for the second singular person ( sen), is the same as it is done in English. Just use the plain verb without any suffix or change. When you want to order something to a single person listening to you, you just say the plain verb. Examples: Come! --> Gel! Go! --> Git! Read! --> Oku! Sit down! --> Otur! Stand up! --> Kalk! However, different from English, there is an imperative i mperative form for different cases of person. Let´s see now how these are constructed: Personal Pronoun Ben Sen O Biz Siz Onlar
Suffix No first person singular form - (no suffix) -sin No first person plural form -in -sinler
Now, let´s see the meaning of each case using the verb to go go (gitmek).
Case (sen) git (o) git-sin --> gitsin
Meaning go! (singular, to a single person) let him go (not like "allow him to go", this has the meaning that you want him to go in an imperative way) go! (plural, to multiple people) let them go (again, the meaning is not like "allow them to go", gitsinler means means that you want them to go and you are expressing this in an imperative way)
(siz) git-in --> gidin (onlar) git-sinler --> gitsinler
As you can see, a commonly used clause, " let´s", is included in the imperative definition. If you want to say " Let´s go to the movie movie", it becomes " Sinemaya gidelim" in Turkish. Now, let´s see how the example verbs we used above are made imperative with respect to different cases of person.
Personal Pronoun sen o siz onlar
gelmek - to come
gitmek - to go
gel gelsin gelin gelsiler
git gitsin gidin gitsinler
okumak - to read oturmak - to sit down oku otur okusun otursun okuyun oturun okusunlar otursunlar
kalkmak - to stand up kalk kalksın kalkın kalksınlar
There is no first person singular or first person plural form of the imperatives, but there is another form called wish clause that gives a similar meaning for the first person singular singular and plural . Note that only
53
the first person singular and and first person plural forms of the wish clause are used in practice. Here is how plural forms the wish clause is constructed: c onstructed:
Personal Pronoun
Suffix
Ben
-eyim
Biz
-elim
Case
Meaning
(ben) git-eyim --> gideyim
let me go
(biz) git-elim -> gidelim
let´s go
Personal Pronoun
gelmek - to come
gitmek - to go
okumak - to read
oturmak - to sit down
kalkmak - to stand up
Ben
Geleyim
gideyim
okuyayım
oturayım
kalkayım
Biz
Gelelim
gidelim
okuyalım
oturalım
kalkalım
The Definite Article in Turkish The subject definite article does not exist in Turkish as in English. The girl forgot her key. Any subject in Turkish can be understood whether it is definitive or not from the context. For example the subject “kitaplar” in the sentence “Kitaplar pahalı – (The) – (The) books are expensive” can be either eit her definitive or not depending on the preceding sentences; context.
The Indefinite Article in Turkish In Turkish, the word bir serves both as the number “one” and as the indefinite article “a, an”. bir kız - a girl/one girl bir araba - a car/one car bir bardak Ģarap -a glass of wine/ one glass of wine
54
Directions sol(a) - (to the) left / sağda-sağ tarafta (on the right hand) sağ(a) - (to the) right / solda sol tarafta (on the left hand) ileri(ye) - (to the) t he) forward (ahead) geri(ye) - (to the) backwards yukarıya (to upside) aĢağıya (to downside) dön: turn (dönün) git: go (gidin) köĢede: on the corner yanında: beside arkasında: behind önünde: at front karĢısında: aver against düz: straight / dümdüz (directly) Kuzey(e) - (to the) North Güney(e) - (to the) South Doğu(ya) - (to the) East Batı(ya) - (to the) West
Kuzeydoğu(ya) - (to the) Northeast Güneydoğu(ya) - (to the) Southeast Güneybatı(ya) - (to the) Southwest Kuzeybatı(ya) - (to the) Northwest Introducing yourself - Tanışma Ben….- I am ….. Benim adım/ismim…. - My name is …. Senin adın/ismin ne? (informal) - What is your name? Sizin adınız/isminiz ne? (formal)- What is your name? (to more than one person or formal way) TanıĢtığıma çok memnun oldum - Nice to meet you! Ben de - Me too! Ben de memnun oldum - Nice to meet you, too! Sizinle tanıĢabilir miyim? - May I get to know you? TanıĢtırayım… - Let me introduce… (when you are introducing a 3rd person) Nerelisin? - Where are you from? Ben Ġngilizim/Amerikalıyım/Almanım vs. - I am English/American/German etc. Nerede oturuyorsun? - Where Where do you live? Türkiye’de/ Almanya’da/ Berlin’de oturuyorum - I live in Turkey/Germany/ Berlin. Ya sen? - And you? Ne iĢ yapıyorsun? - What do you do for a living? Öğrenciyim/Öğretmenim/ ĠĢsizim vs. - I am a student/teacher/jobless etc. Kaç yaĢındasın (ız)? - How old are you? (25) yaĢındayım - I am (25) years old. Gitmem lazım - I have to leave. Umarım tekrar görüĢürüz - I hope we will see each other again.
There are more information at this site: http://www.turkishclass.com/turkish_lessons_1 http://www.turkishlanguage.co.uk/ http://freeturkishonline.com/index.html
55