MYANMAR
1
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KATA PENGANTAR Puji syukur kami panjatkan kepada Tuhan Yang Maha Esa, atas berkat dan rahmat Nya makalah ini dapat kami selesaikan dengan baik. Makalah ini membahas tentang negara Myanmar yang meliputi kondisi ekonomi, perdagangan, pelayaran, pelabuhan, komoditi unggulan, dll yang diajukan guna memenuhi tugas mata kuliah Bisnis Pelayaran. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Bapak Dr. Ing Setyo Nugroho, selaku dosen mata kuliah Bisnis Pelayaran yang telah memberikan tugas ini, sehingga kami memperoleh tambahan pengetahuan mengenai kondisi di Myanmar. Kami mengucapkan terima kasih pula kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu sehingga mata kuliah ini dapat terselesaikan tepat pada waktunya. Kami menyadari dalam penyusunan makalah ini masih banyak kekurangan dalam penulisan maupun isi. isi . Kami berharap b erharap makalah makala h ini dapat memberikan memberi kan manfaat yang baik bagi pembaca. Kritik dan saran dari pembaca sangat penting bagi kami untuk lebih baik kedepannya. Atas perhatiannya kami ucapkan terima kasih.
6 maret 2016
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI ....................................................................... ............................................... .......................................... ................... 2 KATA PENGANTAR PENGANTAR ............................................... ...................................................................... ............................................... .............................................. ................................. .......... 3 DAFTAR ISI.............................................. ..................................................................... ............................................... ............................................... ........................... ... 4 DAFTAR TABEL TABEL ............................................. ..................................................................... ............................................... ............................................. ...................... 5 DAFTAR GAMBAR GAMBAR ............................................. ...................................................................... ............................................... ...................................... ............... 6 BAB I PENDAHULUA N .............................................. 1.1
...................................................................... ............................................... .............................................. ....................... 6 Latar Belakang Belakang ..............................................
1.2
..................................................................... ............................................... .......................................... ................... 6 Rumusan Masalah Masalah .............................................
1.3
Tujuan Tujuan .......................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................... 6
....................................................................... ...................................... .............. 7 BAB II PROFIL NEGARA MYANMAR MYANMAR ............................................... 2.1
....................................................................... ............................................... .............................................. .................................. ........... 8 Lokasi ...............................................
2.2
...................................................................... ............................................... ................................................ .............................. ...... 8 Geografis ...............................................
2.3
..................................................................... ............................................... .............................................. ...................................... ............... 9 Iklim Iklim .............................................
2.4
.................................................................... ............................................... ...................................... ............... 9 Penduduk dan Agama ............................................
2.5
..................................................................... ............................................... ...................................... ...............9 Perkembangan Perkembangan Sosial .............................................
2.6
Bentuk Pemerintahan.......................................... Pemerintahan.................................................................................. ........................................................................10 ................................10
................................................................... .............................................. ........................... .... 11 BAB III EKONOMI MYANMAR MYANMAR ............................................ 3.1
...................................................................... .............................................. ....................................11 .............11 Peninjauan Ekonomi...............................................
.................................................................... ............................................... ....................... 11 3.1.1 Economic scale and growth............................................ ................................................................12 ......................12 3.1.2 Finansial, Pertukaran Uang dan Pergerakannya Pergerakannya.......................................... ....................................................................... ................................ ........ 16 BAB IV KONDISI MARITIM MYANMAR MYANMAR ............................................... 4.1
...................................................................... ............................................ ..................... 16 Industri Pelayaran di Myanmar ...............................................
4.2
....................................................................... ........................................ ................ 17 Myanmar Tranport Infrastructure ...............................................
.................................................................... ............................................... .................................... ............. 17 4.2.1 Transportasi Transportasi Udara ............................................ ..................................................................... ............................................... .................................... ............. 17 4.2.2 Transportasi Darat ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................... ........................................ ................. 18 4.2.3 Transportasi Transportasi Laut ........................................... ...................................................................... ............................................... ................................ ......... 20 4.3 Komoditi Ekspor – Impor Impor .............................................. .................................................................... ............................................... ................................ ......... 21 4.4 Jumlah Kapal di Myanmar ............................................ ..................................................................... ............................................ .................... 21 4.5 Reformasi Agenda untuk Maritim Maritim ............................................. ..................................................................... ............................ .... 21 4.6 Perdagangan antara Jepang dengan Myanmar .............................................
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..................................................................... ............................................... ............................................ ..................... 25 DAFTAR PUSTAK A ............................................. ....................................................................... ............................................... .............................................. ................................ ......... 26 LAMPIRAN ...............................................
DAFTAR TABEL Tabel 1. Perdagangan antara Jepang dan Myanmar..................................... Myanmar ..................................... .......................................7 Tabel 2. Item Trades antara Jepang dan Myanmar....................................... Myanmar....................................... ........................................8 Tabel 3. Jumlah Kapal di Myanmar.............................................................. Myanmar.............................................................. ......................................17
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DAFTAR GAMBAR .................................................................... ............................................... ........................... ... 2 Gambar 1. Bendera Myanmar dulu dulu ............................................. ..................................................................... .............................................. ......................2 Gambar 2.Bendera Myamar Sekarang ............................................. .................................................................... .......................................... .................. 3 Gambar 3. Myanmar dan Perbatasannya ............................................ ................................................................ ................... 8 Gambar 4. Kunci Indikator Pertumbuhan Ekonomi 2013 ............................................. .................................................................... .................................. .......... 9 Gambar 5. Kenaikan GDP per kapita Myanmar ............................................ .................................................................... ........................................ ................ 10 Gambar 6. Global Competitiveness Index Index ............................................ ..................................................................... .......................... 11 Gambar 7. Problemetic factors for doing bussiness ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................... .......................... 14 Gambar 8. Rute Transportasi Darat ............................................. .................................................................... ............................................... ................................ ......... 15 Gambar 9. Lokasi Yangon Port ............................................ ....................................................................... ............................ .... 16 Gambar 10. Prosentase Komoditi ekspor-Impor...............................................
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Myanmar merupakan salah satu negara berkembang di Asia Tenggara dengan pemerintahan Junta J unta Militernya. Sejak kemerdekaan dari d ari kolonialisme Inggris, Myanmar terus ter us dalam keadaan yang tidak menentu. Konflik dalam negeri juga tidak terlepas dari kondisi tersebut, mulai dari kudeta militer, pelanggaran Hak Azasi Manusia, dan bencana alam. Myanmar memiliki Sumber Daya Alam yang melimpah seperti, minyak, mineral, hasil pertanian, dan lain sebagainya. se bagainya. Menurut berbagai sumber seperti International Crisis Group (ICG) dan Fund for Peace Organization pada tahun 2008, menyebutkan bahwa Myanmar termasuk negara yang gagal atau sering disebut failed state. Meskipun dengan kondisi tersebut, tidak begitu mempengaruhi kerjasama antara Myanmar dengan negara-negara lainnya, seperti Singapura, Thailand, dan China. Meskipun dalam kondisi pemerintahan yang dikecam oleh banyak negara di dunia, perkembangan ekonomi di negara Myanmar terus meningkat tiap tahunnya. Dilihat dari komoditi ekspor dan Impor yang mengalami kenaikan berpengaruh pada distribusi logistik dan transportasi yang digunakan. Negara Myanmar mulai memikirkan pengembangan pengembangan infrastruktur infr astruktur tranportasi tranportas i guna mndukung dalam dal am sector perekonomian. perekonomian .
1.2 Rumusan Masalah 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Bagaimana keadaan Geografi di Myanmar? Bagaimana kondisi Masyarakat Myanmar? Bagaimana kondisi perekonomian di negara Myanmar? Teknologi apa yang sedang dikembangkan oleh negara Myanmar? Bagaimana Jenjang pendidikan yang ada di Myanmar? Bagaimana perkembangan transportasi di Myanmar?
1.3 Tujuan 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Mengetahui Kondisi Geografis yang ada di Myanmar. Mengetahui tentang kondisi Masyarakat yang berada di Myanmar. Mengetahui tentang kondisi perkonomian di Myanmar. Mengetahui teknologi yang sedang berkembang di negara Myanmar. Mengetahui Jenjang pendidikan yang berada di Myanmar. Mengetahui perkembangan Transportasi di Myanmar.
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BAB II PROFIL NEGARA MYANMAR Republik Persatuan Myanmar adalah sebuah negara di Asia Tenggara. Negara ini adalah negara berkembang dan memiliki populasi lebih dari 50 juta jiwa. Mata uang Myanmar adalah Kyat (MMK). Bencana alam yang sering terjadi adalah angina topan, gempa bumi, banjir, kekeringan, dan longsor. Negara ini telah diperintah oleh pemerintahan militer sejak kudeta tahun 1988. Sebagai mana kita ketahui bahwa Negara Myanmar merupakan sebuah negara yang berbentuk Republik, dengan kepala negara seorang presiden dan kepala pemerintaan Perdana Menteri. Sementara Ibu kota Myanmar adalah Nay Pyi Taw sebelumnya Yangoon sebelum dipindahkan oleh pemerintahan junta militer pada tanggal 7 November 2005. Badan Legislatif di Myanmar dinamakan Majelis Rakyat yang dipilih langsung oleh rakyat dengan masa jabatan selama 4 tahun. Myanmar merupakan nama baru dari negara Burma yang digunakan sejak tanggal 12 Juni 1989. Nama resmi Myanmar adalah Pyidaungzu Socialist Thamada Myanmar Nuinggandaw (Republik Sosialis Kesatuan Burma). Sepanjang sejarahnya, Myanmar yang merupakan bekas jajahan Inggris senantiasa dalam percaturan politik internasional menerapkan politik netralis ketat, bahkan cenderung ke arah mengisolasi diri. Pada tahun 1988, terjadi gelombang demonstrasi besar menentang pemerintah junta militer. Gelombang demonstrasi ini berakhir dengan tindak kekerasan yang dilakukan tentara terhadap para demonstran. Lebih dari 3000 orang terbunuh. Pada pemilu 1990 partai prodemokrasi pimpinan Aung San Suu Kyi memenangi 82% suara, namun hasil pemilu ini tidak diakui rezim militer yang berkuasa.
Gambar 1. Bendera Myanmar dulu
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bintang besar di tengahnya. Penggantian bendera ini sesuai dengan konstitusi tahun 2008 yang menginginkan simbol nasional yang baru. Warna-warna pada bendera baru melambangkan solidaritas, perdamaian, persamaan, dan ketegasan. Lagu kebangsaannya adalah Kuba Makye.
2.1 Lokasi Republik Persatuan Myanmar, terletak di Asia tenggara, wilayah daratannya berbatasan dengan den gan Bangladesh, India, China, Laos, dan Thailand. Thai land. Sebelah barat bar at panjang garis gar is pantai 1760 mil berbatasan dengan Teluk Benggala dan sebelah selatan berbatasan dengan Laut Andaman. Jaraknya berkisar 2200 km dari utara ke selatan dan 925 km dari timur ke 2
2
barat. Wilayah Myanmar mencakup 676.578 km yang mana 653.508 km adalah daratan 2
27.070 km adalah perairan. Wlilayah Myanmar berada pada 09°32' N dan 28°31' lintang Utara. 92°10' Bujur Timur dan 101°11' Bujur Timur. Panjang wilayah yang berbatasan dengan negara lain secara berurutan sebagai berikut, 3.828 mil (6.129 km), berbagi 1.370 mil dengan China, 1.310 mil dengan Thailand, 832 mil dengan India, 1.687 mil dengan Bangladesh dan 148 mil dengan Laos.
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termasuk daratan, perairan, hutan, batu bara, mineral dan sumber daya laut, gas alam dan petroleum. Keanekaragaman terbesar berada diantara wilayah yang medannya berat atau sulit dijangkau, yang berada di utara perbukitan. Bagian selatan tanahnya berupa rawa-rawa, ada beberapa jumlah sungai dan anak sungai berselang-seling berselang-s eling yang banyak ditemui di berbagai tempat. Diantara pegunungan bagian barat dan timur terdapat dataran rendah alluvial yang membentang dari daerah lembah sungai Sittang sampai ke daratan pedalaman Mandalay. Separuh wilayah Myanmar terletak di lembah sungai Irawadi dan cabang-cabangnya. Pegunungan utara merupakan sumber air dari sungai Irawadi. Sungai Irawadi merupakan sungai terpanjang dan terbesar di Myanmar. Pada muara sungai Irawadi tepatnya di pantai Laut Andaman terdapat delta Irawadi.
2.3 Iklim Myanmar menikmati iklim tropis dengan 3 musim, musim panas, hujan, dan musim dingin. Dari bulan Maret hingga pertengahan Mei adalah bulan musim panas, Hujan turun dari pertengahan bulan Mei hingga akhir bulan Oktober, dan musim dingin berawal di bulan November dan berakhir bulan Februari. Pada umumnya, Myanmar menikmati iklim muson tropis. Bagaimanapun, kondisi iklim berbeda dengan luas dari tempat ke tempat karena perbedaan letak topografi. Kawasan Myanmar bagian tengah memiliki curah hujan tahunan lebih kecil dari 40 inch sedangkan pesisir Rakhine curah hujannya sekitar 200 inch. Rata-rata suhu di delta sekitar 22,3°C – 33,1 33,1 °C, sedangkan di daerah kering suhu sekitar 20°C dan 34°C. Suhu berkisar 17°C dan 30°C di wilayah perbukitan dan tetap rendah di Chin State berkisar 9.9°C dan 24,2°C. 24,2° C.
2.4 Penduduk dan Agama Pada tahun 2015 tercacat penduduk di Myanmar berjumlah 53,9 juta jiwa. Sebagian besar penduduk Myanmar keturunan suku Mongoloid (80%) dan selebihnya merupakan pendatang dari India, Pakistan, dan Eropa. Republik Serikat Myanmar terdiri dari 135 ras nasional dengan lebih dari 100 bahasa dan dialek. Etnis terbesar adalah kelompok Kachin (12 ras), Kayah (9 ras), Kayin (11 ras), Chin (53 ras), Bamar (9 ras), Mon (1 ras), Rakhine (7 ras), Shan (33 ras). Berdasarkan sensus populasi pada tahun 1983, sekitar 89,4% populasi terbanyak adalah Bamar, Shan, Mon, Rakhine, dan beberapa dari Kayin menganut ajaran
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fasilitas pendidikan telah dikembangkan atau diperbarui seiring dengan pengembangan aktifitas lainnya.
2.6 Bentuk Pemerintahan Jenis kekuasaan di negara Myanmar menggunakan Oligarki Militer. Organ tertinginya adalah SPDC (State Peace and Development Council ). ). Segala legislasi Myanmar ditandatangani oleh pimpinan tertinggi SPDC, jendral Than Shwe yang juga merupakan panglima tertinggi angkatan Perang. Bentuk negara Persatuan, Myanmar terdiri atas 7 regional atau wilayah republik (taing-myar ), ), 7 negara bagian ( pyi pyi ne-myar ) dan 1 teritori union. Ketujuh region tersebut adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Ayeyarwady 2. Bago 3. Magway 4. Mandalay 5. Saganing 6. Taninthayi 7. Yangon Sedangkan negara-negara bagiannya adalah: 1. Chin 2. Kachin 3. Kayah 4. Kayin 5. Mon 6. Rakhine 7. Shan Sementara teritori union-nya adalah Nay Pyi Taw. Sistem pemerintahan yang digunakan adalah Presidensil dimana presiden adalah kepala negara dan kepala pemerintahan. Presiden dipilih oleh electoral college yang terdiri atas Pyithu Hluttaw, Amyotha Hluttaw, dan Tatmadaw (tentara). Tatmadaw ini secara struktural masuk ke Pyithu Hluttaw dan Amyotha Hluttaw. Secara de facto, hanya yang memiliki kaitan dengan Tatmadaw yang menjadi presiden. Menurut konstitusi parlemen Bikamral ( pyithu pyithu Hluttaw dan Amyotha Hluttaw ).
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BAB III EKONOMI MYANMAR 3.1 Peninjauan Ekonomi 3.1.1 Economic scale and growth Diperkirakan Populasi Myanmar mencakup sekitar 61,2 juta jiwa pada tahun 2016. Kebijakan fiscal tahun 2016 GDP negara ini mencapai US$ 42,953 miliar, artinya Myanmar mengalami peningkatan 6,6 kali lipat dalam 10 tahun, fiscal 2001 $6,478 miliar. GDP perkapita sebesar $702, membengkak 5,4 kali dalam decade yang sama. Sebagai perbandingan, Thailand yang mana wilayahnya berbatasan dengan Myanmar, GDP perkapita yang terdaftar adalah $4.679 pada fiscal 2016, lebih besar dari itu 560% oleh Myanmar, India $1.477,100%, dan China $4.39, 520%.
3.1.2 Finansial, Pertukaran Uang dan Pergerakannya `Ada empat state-run banks di Myanmar, tetapi hanya tiga dari empat itu berlisensi untuk menyediakan layanan pertukaran luar negeri, antara lain, Myanmar Investment and Commercial Bank (MICB ), Myanmar Foreign Trade Bank (MFTB), dan Myanmar Economic Bank (MEB). Untuk perjanjian Peruasahaan asing tidak diizinkan untuk memiliki akun dengan local Private banks . a. Nilai tukar ganda Meskipun disebut "nilai tukar ganda, pada kenyataannya, tiga kurs yang berbeda di Myanmar: kurs pemerintah, tingkat pasar resmi dan kurs yang ditentukan pasar. Kurs pasar resmi tidak umum digunakan, tetapi ketika harga barang impor dan tarif pajak impor dihitung, kurs berikut diterapkan. Kurs pemerintah: 5.578 kyat / 1US $, Kurs pasar resmi: 450 kyat / 1 $, Kurs yang ditentukan pasar: 752 kyat / $ 1. Kurs Pemerintah ditentukan oleh pemerintah Myanmar, dan seperti namanya menunjukkan, itu berlaku untuk hal-hal resmi. Misalnya, digunakan, antara kesempatan lain, ketika data statistik perdagangan dikonversi dari kyat Myanmar dolar AS, ketika perusahaan merilis laporan keuangan dan ketika bisnis yang dikonversi ke mata uang lokal. Hal ini biasanya tidak digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari atau untuk kegiatan usaha normal. Sementara tingkat pemerintah jauh lebih tinggi daripada yang ditentukan kurs pasar sekitar 130 kali
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cabang lokal dapat tidak membuat AS permukiman berbasis dolar bank Myanmar. Untuk alasan ini, banyak bisnis lokal memiliki perusahaan palsu di Singapura dan rekening dibuka dengan bank Singapura. c. Apresiasi Kyat Kyat Myanmar (kurs yang ditentukan pasar) telah menguat terhadap AS sejak awal tahun 2011. Sebelumnya, nilai tukar berada di sekitar 1.100 kyat / $1, namun pada tahun 2011, mata uang meningkat tajam menjadi sekitar 800 kyat/$1. Nilai tersebut lebih tinggi di 752 kyats / $1 ketika misi JIFFA tiba di Myanmar pada 26 November 2011. Pada bulan Januari 2012, tampak tanda-tanda yang terlihat drastis perubahan tren kyat terhadap dollar AS. d. Pasar Tenaga Kerja Upah rata-rata di Myanmar sebesar US $ 41 per bulan, nilai tersebut lebih rendah dari setengah rata-rata di Kamboja ($C101 per bulan) dan Vietnam ($114 per bulan). Gaji rata-rata untuk manajer adalah $238 per bulan, sekitar setengah di Kamboja ($ 416) dan sekitar sepertiga di Vietnam ($641). Myanmar masih kekurangan Suber Daya manajemen tingkat manusia.
3.2 Peninjauan Perdagangan Nilai Ekspor-Impor, Items, dan Partner a. Perdagangan Ke dan Dari Jepang Bagi Myanmar, Jepang adalah partner yang sangat penting, karena Jepang merupakan negara tujuan terbesar ke tujuh dalam ekspor dan keenam dalam impor.
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Mengenai Ekspor dan Impor Perdagangan Myanmar, jumlah keduanya mendekati ¥15 miliar hingga ¥20 miliar (berkisar ¥40 miliar dalam setahun). Pasar perdagangan masih lebih kecil dibandingkan Jepang.
Tabel 2. Item Trades antara Jepang dan Myanmar
(unit: juta US$)
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Gambar 5. Kenaikan GDP per kapita Myanmar
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Gambar 7. Problemetic factors for doing bussiness
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BAB IV KONDISI MARITIM 4.1 Industri Pelayaran di Myanmar Kementrian Transportasi tersusun dari beberapa bagian, antara lain sebagai berikut: 1. Departemen Departemen Transportasi Departemen Penerbangan Departemen Administrasi Laut Direktorat Sumber Daya Air dan Perbaikan Sistem Sungai 2. Perusahaan
Myanma Port Authority (Otoritas Pelabuhan Myanmar) MPA Inland Water Transport (IWT) Myanma Shipyard (MS) Myanma Airway (MA) 3. Institusi
Myanmar Maritime University (MMU) Myanmar Mercantile Marine Collage (MMMC)
4.2 Myanmar Tranport Infrastructure 4.2.1 Transportasi Udara
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Total keluar masuk penumpang di bandara internasional Yangon pada tahun 2012
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Gambar 9. Lokasi Yangon Port
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meter. Komoditi utamanya yang diekspor adalah semen dan komoditi terbesar yang diimpor adalah kayu. Terminal MIP membangun dermaga untuk kontainer yang baru dengan panjang 600 meter dan luasnya 48.071 are. Dermaga ini diharapka dapat meningkatkan kapasitas terminal kontainer sebesar 200,000 TEUs. d. Asia World Port Terminal (AWPT) AWPT juga menggunakan BOT system. Ini adalah pertmakali privatisasi terminal di pelabuhan Yangon. Dilengkapi Dile ngkapi dengan den gan peralatan perala tan cutting-edge. Fiskal tahun 2010, AWPT menangani 1,6 juta ton untuk impor dan ekspor sebesar 1,544 juta ton. e. Myanmar International International Terminal Thilawa (MITT) Hong Kong’s Hutchison Port Holding (HPH) t 9 dermaga. Tahun 2010 terminal ini telah melayani arus barang general cargo sebesar 2.329 juta ton dan 9,500 TEUs kapal kontainer. Ada rute logistik baru untuk akses ke Thilawa tapi jika sering dilalui dengan akan mengakibatkan jalan bergelombang. Diperkirakan muatan yang dibawa melalui rute ini akan mengakibatkan kerusakan. Baru baru ini ada proyek pembaruan pemb aruan jalan dan diharapkan dihar apkan bisa menambah kelancaran k elancaran logistik. f. Myanmar Integrated Port Ltd. (MIPL) Myanmar Integrated Port Ltd. Singapura mengatur dan mengoperasikan dermaga empat
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4.4 Jumlah Kapal di Myanmar Jumlah kapal yang ada dan beroperasi saat ini di Myanmar adalah sebagai berikut:
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BAB V KONDISI PENDIDIKAN MYANMAR 5.1 Jenjang Pendidikan Myanmar jenjang pendidikan di Myanmar Myanm ar sub-sektor sub -sektor utama dalam sektor sek tor pendidikan pen didikan yaitu subsub sektor pendidikan dasar dan sub-sektor pendidikan tinggi.
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teknis dan perguruan tinggi di bawah pengawasan beberapa departemen terutama Pendidikan, Kesehatan, dan ilmu Pengetahuan dan eknologi. lulusan sekolah menengah atau tinggi atas dapat bergabung lembaga teknis selama dua tahun untuk mendapatkan penghargaan dari lembaga teknis Pemerintah perguruan tinggi teknologi dan universitas menawarkan program dua tahun yang mengarah ke program empat tahun yang mengarah ke Pasca sarjana teknologi, dan program lima tahun Kelompok. yang mengarah ke Pasca Sarjana Teknik. Pendidikan tinggi juga menawarkan berbagai macam kursus pelatihan singkat yang berlangsung bulan untuk untu k mendapatkan sertifikat. di tingkat universitas, program gelar gel ar sarjana biasanya membutuhkan tiga tahun hingga lulus dari universitas empat tahun untuk hukum,
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PENUTUP Myanmar termasuk negara yang kaya akan sumber daya alam, seperti batu bara, emas, perak, bahkan dengan itu mereka juga negara yang kaya dengan algiculture. Terbukti saat mereka bekerjasama dengan jepang terkait ekspor-import. ekspor-impo rt. Myanmar mengeksport biji-bijian, kacang-kacangan dan garment sedangangkan jepang meng eksport barang-barang elektronik, ternak dan sperpart kendaraan untuk myanmar. Namun, demikian kekayaan yang di miliki oleh
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA Anonim. 2012. Asean Logistic Survey Volume 5 Myanmar. Japan Interational Freight Forwarders Association Inc. Aung Ye Tun, U.2013.Myanmar Transport and Logistic Development. Departemen of Transport. Ministry of Transport
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