sn nb goug kn inifkg c`mtfnmn dbü`r, y`k` ` c`irn. C`h` nm nb cgs` kn bgs vftghfmgs, mfmoüm gbfhnmt` c`mtfnmn t`k`s b`s hfmnrgbns mncnsgrf`s, mf nm bg pr`p`rcfóm mncnsgrfg. Ns umg kfntg hfxtg gkncugkg bg ümfcg d`rhg kn c`msnoufr um gkncugk` nqufbfirf` nmtrn bgs mncnsfkgkns y nb ogst`. FHQ@Y[GMCFG KN BGS SGBNS HFMNYGBNS
Bgs SGBNS HFMNYGBNS s`m mncnsgrfgs n fhp`rtgmtns pgrg bg c`mstftucfóm kn kfdnrnmtns nstructurgs `roçmfcgs y pgrg kfvnrsgs dumcf`mns. Bg ümfcg SGB qun fmonrfh`s kfrnctghnmtn ns nb Cb`rur` kn S`kf` (CbMg ` sgb kn c`cfmg). @trgs sgbns c`h` nb Q`tgsf`, V`k`, Efnrr`, Cgbcf`, Dósd`r` y `trgs sgbns nm pnqun÷gs cgmtfkgkns sn fmc`rp`rgm p`r nstgr c`mtnmfk`s nm kfstfmt`s gbfhnmt`s. Bgs kndfcfnmcfgs sunbnm snr rgrgs, sfnmk` nm cugbqufnr cgs` bg kndfcfnmcfg nm efnrr` igstgmtn drncunmtn. Hfmnrgb Cgbcf` \fmc C`irn Cr`h`
Nmdnrhnkgk cgrnmcfgb Ygquftfsh`, `stn`p`r`sfs, `stn`hgbgcfg, cgrfns knmtgb, frrftgifbfkgk, pgbpftgcf`mns Yntrgs` nm bg hgkurgcfóm snxugb, dgtfog, pærkfkg kn `bdgt` y oust`, rntrgs` kn crncfhfnmt` Kfgrrng, knifbfkgk, hgbd`rhgcf`mns ósngs Fmt`bnrgmcfg g bg obuc`sg
Cgrfns knmtgb Dgtfog, knsórknmns mnrvf`s`s, knifbfkgk Dósd`r` huscubgr Gmnhfg, pgbfknz, knifbfkgk, dgtfog, dgtfog, u÷gs Efnrr` qunirgkfzgs, pr`ibnhgs rnspfrgt`rf`s Hgomnsf` Kns`rfnmtgcfóm, mnrvf`sfsh`, frrftgifbfkgk, tnhib`rns, kfsdumcfóm huscubgr Hgmogmn- Gbtnrgcf`mns kfonstfvgs, værtfo`, pærkfkg s` kn gukfcfóm
C@MCB^SFÓM
Sgbns hfmnrgbns<
Dumcf`mns nstructurgb< S`m mncnsgrfgs nm bg d`rhgcfóm kn gboumgs if`h`bæcubgs c`h` bg enh`ob`ifmg y bg cb`r`dfbg. S`m c`mstftuynmtns kn tnlfk`s y órogm`s. Dumcf`mns rnoubgk`rgs< S`m gctfvgk`rgs kn nmzfhgs. C`mtrfiuynm g hgmtnmnr nb nqufbfirf` çcfk` içsfc` y `shótfc` knb `rogmfsh`. Cgrgctnrèstfcgs< Sn egbbgm nm pnqun÷gs cgmtfkgkns. S`m s`buibns ` prçctfcghnmtn fms`buibns. S`m c`hp`mnmtns fm`roçmfc`s.
GMNU@S
FM[NOYGM[NS<
GBFHNM[@S C@M SBNS HFMNYGBNS
Dbü`r
ÇYNG<< CFNMCFG, [NCM@B@OÈG V ÇYNG GHIFNM[N K@CNM[N<< BGYCV QGYFGE^GCEN K@CNM[N CEGM[G FN M± 1151; - TGBBN BG C@MW^FS[G C@MW^FS[G
MFTNB SNC^MKGYF@
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9. F`mfzgkgs -
Bgs sgbns hfmnrgbns s`m h`bæcubgs fm`roçmfcgs kn dçcfb f`mfzgcfóm nm prnsnmcfg kn goug y qun nm b`s snrns vfv`s gpgrncnm tgmt` prncfpftgkgs prncfpftgkgs,, c`h` kfsunbtgs kfsunbtgs,, c`h` crfstgbns ` umfkgs g `trgs if`h`bæcubgs if`h`bæcubgs.. Bgs sgbns hfmnrgbns kfsunbtgs nm goug sfnhprn nstçm f`mfzgkgs f`mfzgkgs.. Nstgs sgbns tfnmnm dumcfóm nstructurgb y dumcf`mns kn rnoubgcfóm knb pE pE,, kn bg prnsfóm `shótfcg y kn rngccf`mns if`quèhfcgs, nm bgs qun fmtnrvfnmnm f`mns nspncèdfc`s. Qgrtfcfpgm nm rngccf`mns quèhfcgs g mfvnbns nbnctr`bètfc`s. Sgbns hfmnrgbns nm b`s snrns vfv`s B`s pr`cns`s vftgbns rnqufnrnm bg prnsnmcfg kn cfnrtgs sgbns igl` bg d`rhg kn f`mns c`h` b`s cb`rur`s cb`rur`s,, b`s cgri`mgt`s y b`s subdgt`s subdgt`s.. Bgs sgbns hfmnrgbns sn punknm nmc`mtrgr nm b`s snrns vfv`s kn trns d`rhgs< 7. Qrncfpftgkgs -
C`mstftuynm Sfbfcgt`s<< cgpgrgz`mns kn gboum`s `rogmfsh`s Sfbfcgt`s (kfgt`hngs), kfgt`hngs), nspâcubgs kn gboumgs nsp`mlgs y nstructurg kn s`stæm nm gbou(orghèmngs).
Bgs sgbns kfsunbtgs nm goug hgmfdfnstgm cgrogs p`sftfvgs ` mnogtfvgs. B`s cgtf`mns hçs giumkgmtns nm bg c`hp`sfcfóm kn b`s snrns vfv`s s`m Mg+, J+, Cg9+, Ho9+, ME;+. B`s gmf`mns hçs rnprnsnmtgtfv`s nm bg c`hp`sfcfóm kn b`s snrns vfv`s s`m Cb∙, Q@;3∙, C@39∙, EC@3∙. Bgs sgbns kfsunbtgs nm goug punknm rngbfzgr dumcf`mns tgbns c`h`< Hgmtnmnr nb orgk` kn sgbfmfkgk. Gh`rtfougr cghif`s kn kn pE, hnkfgmtn nb ndnct` tghpóm. C`mtr`bgr bg c`mtrgccfóm huscubgr. Qr`kucfr orgkfnmtns Qr`kucfr orgkfnmtns nbnctr`quèhfc`s. Nstgifbfzgr kfspnrsf`mns c`b`fkgbns. Fmtnrvfnmnm nm nb nqufbfirf` `shótfc`. 3. Gs`cfgkgs g h`bæcubgs `roçmfcgs -
mncnsgrf` pgrg nb dumcf`mghfnmt` kn bg fmsubfmg, nb snbnmf` pgrtfcfpg c`h` um gmtf`xfkgmtn). Fmtnrvfnmnm nm nb iunm dumcf`mghfnmt` knb sfstnhg fmhum`bóofc` (zfmc zfmc,, snbnmf` snbnmf`,, c`irn c`irn)). Gknhçs, d`rhgm pgrtn kn h`bæcubgs kn orgm tghg÷` c`h` bg enh`ob`ifmg kn bg sgmorn y bg cb`r`dfbg nm b`s vnontgbns.
D^NM[NS GBFHNM[GYFGS KN HFMNYGBNS Cgbcf`<< Bncen y knrfvgk`s, drut`s snCgbcf` c`s, bnouhirns y `tr`s. Dósd`r`<< Cgrmns, pnscgk`s, bncen Dósd`r` pnscgk`s, bncen , bnouhirns y `tr`s. Efnrr`<< Cgrmns, eèogk`, bnouhirns, Efnrr` eèogk`, bnouhirns, drut`s snc`s, nmtrn `tr`s.
Knmtr` kn nstn orup` sn nmcunmtrgm bgs d`sd`pr`tnèmgs, b`s d`sd`bèpfk`s y d`sd`obfcærfk`s
Dbü`r < Qnscgk` kn hgr, goug p`tgibn.
B`s f`mns kn bgs sgbns punknm gs`cfgrsn g h`bæcubgs, rngbfzgmk` dumcf`mns qun tgmt` nb f`m c`h` bg h`bæcubg m` rngbfzgrègm p`r snpgrgk`. Kn tgb hgmnrg qun bgs sgbns hfmnrgbns nstçm gs`cfgkgs g bgs hóbæcubgs `roçmfcgs y sui`rogmfcgs. Dumcfóm kn bgs sgbns hfmnrgbns Gb fougb kn bgs vftghfmgs, m` vftghfmgs, m` gp`rtgm nmnroèg sfm` qun cuhpbnm `trgs dumcf`mns< D`rhgm pgrtn kn bg nstructurg
\fmc<< Cgrmn, pnscg\fmc k`, eunv`s, cnrngbns fmtnorgbns, bnouhirns.
V`k`<< Qnscgk`, sgb y`kgkg. V`k`
Hgomnsf`<< Cgrmn, vnrkurgs, e`rtgbfzgs, bnouhHgomnsf` e`rtgbfzgs, bnouhirns, drutgs, bncen. Q`tgsf`<< Cgrmn, Bncen, drutgs, prfmcfpgbhnmtn nb Q`tgsf` pbgtgm`.
CBGSFDFCGCFÓM KN B@S HFMNYGBNS
B`s hfmnrgbns sn cbgsfdfcgm snoüm bgs mncnsfkg-