Transpo Case Digest 2nd 9th Batch

!"#$%& ()*#+ ,- .+)/)#*"/01*0#1 !"#$%& (#) *+,-./ #0%+1#$"2 ./ -)&) ,/) 345678) 1+&.$ 9:; :7:8 .+&#/,; <) 23.4!5

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

,<.0 2F%&-,(>2,#

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
98:;5 NO# P02 &25(,&'*-3 0'>()5 2)'.*21 ' 325<&'*(-) %3-0(=(*()5 .-77-) .'33(23,

+3-7 5(>()5 <))2.2,,'39 -3 <)32',-)'=&2 %32+232).2, -3 '1>')*'52, *- ')9

!

Q,RS "K =GEJ@; A= A OHKHJAC J>CH MEPPEK MAJJ?HJ= ?K @G?= T>J?=N?M@?EK MAKKE@ CAUF>CCD NHMC?KH @E AMMHL@ A LAJ@?M>CAJ MCA== EF OEEN= FEJ MAJJ?AOH) RV0 @GHJH AJH %W.%20"/,# @E @G?= J>CH) $/X%(%&; LH@?@?EKHJ FA?CHN @E ACCHOH ?K ?@= MEPLCA?K@ @GH facts that would constitute constitute the exceptions and that’s why they are NOT NOT ALLOWED @E JHF>=H MAJJ?AOH EF @GH HYLCE=?IH=)Z

.'339 %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9 +-3 '&& %2 3,-), ;0- 7'9 .0--,2 *- 27%&-9 ')1 32)<723'*2 0(7# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, ' %23,-) - 3 .-3%-3'*(-) ;0- <)123*'/2, *.'339 5--1, -3 %23,-), +-3 0(32# P02 '%%2&&')*, '17(* *0'* *029 '32 .-77-) .'33(23,# P029 ;232 +-<)1 5<(&*9 ')1 ,2)*2).21 *- %'9 ' +()2 -+ ?ACC ')1 .-,*,: ')1 *- 32*<3) *- *02 %3->().('&

V)#) I) [>?KATEK AKN [>?@EJ?AKE

5->23)72)* -+ *02 ?3->().2 -+ @&-.-, N-3*2 *02 ,<7 -+ ?HLD#!Z# T3-7 *0'* ,2)*2).2 2'.0 -+ *02 12+2)1')*, '%%2'&21 *- *0(, .-<3*#

-)&) ,E) 345\5\; <>CD 96; :7:8
TI8P6U

@66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* *02 12+2)1')*, ')1 '%%2&&')*, 0'>2 >(-&'*21 I.* N-# DY# ]X^VU 4X6#

V2+2)1')*, ?',.<'&W<()'Q-) ')1 X<52)(- W<(*-3(')- 0'>2 =22) 2)5'521 +-3 7-32

@* ;(&& =2 )-*21 *0'* *02 &'; 32J<(32, .-77-) .'33(23, *- .'339 +-3 '&& %23, -),:

*0') +-<3 92'3, () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ %',,2)523, ')1 723.0')1(,2 () *02 %-3* -+

2(*023 %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9: +-3 2F'.*&9 *02 ,'72 .0'352 +-3 ' &(/2 -3

8<33(7'- =9 72'), -+ >(3'92,# P029: =9 72'), -+ *02(3 >(3'92, ')1 27%&-922,:

.-)*27%-3')2-<, ,23>(.2 () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ &(/2 /()1 -+ *3'++(. <)123

<)&-'121 L:DYZ ,'./, -+ 3(.2 =2&-)5()5 *- *02 %3->().('& 5->23)72)* -+ @&-.-, N-3*2

,<=,*')*('&&9 ,(7(&'3 .(3.<7,*').2, -3 .-)1(*(-),# P02 &'; %3-0(=(*, .-77-)

+3-7 R')(&' ')1 127')121 +3-7 *02 %3->().('& *32 ',<323 +-3 *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ 2'.0

.'33(23, +3-7 ,<=Q2.*()5 ')9 %23,-): 2*.#: -3 &-.'&(*9: -3 ')9 %'3*(.<&'3 /()1 -+ *3'++(.:

-)2 !C .2)*'>-, ;0(.0 '7-<)*21 *- ?LDY#ZC#

*- ')9 <)1<2 -3 <)32',-)'=&2 %32Q<1(.2 -3 1(,.3(7()'*(-) ;0'*,-2>23#

P02 %3-,2.<*()5 '**-3)29 -+ *02 ?3->().2 -+ @&-.-, N-3*2 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),*

P02 &'; 1-2, )-* 32J<(32 *0'* *02 ,'72 .0'352 ,0'&& =2 7'12 +-3 *02 .'339()5 -+

*02 12+2)1')*, ,*'*()5 *0'* *02 %3->().('& 5->23)72)* -+ @&-.-, N-3*2 ,<++2321

%',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9: <)&2,, '&& *02 .-)1(*(-), '32 '&(/2 ')1 .-)*27%-3')2-<,# @*

1'7'521 () *02 ,<7 -+ HLD#!Z: ()',7<.0 ', (* ,0-<&1 0'>2 %'(1 -)&9 AHD#KK: ()

(, )-* =2&(2>21 *0'* *02 &'; %3-0(=(*, *02 .0'35()5 -+ ' 1(++232)* 3'*2 +-3 *02 .'339()5

'..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 ,'(1 )-37'& 3'*2 -+ Z .2)*'>-, +-3 2'.0 %'./'52#

-+ %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9 ;02) *02 '.*<'& .-,* -+ 0')1&()5 ')1 *3'),%-3*()5 *02

P02 %3->().('& +(,.'& %32,2)*21 ;(*)2,,2, *- %3->2 *0'* 12+2)1')*, 2)*2321 ()*- ' ,%2.('& .-)*3'.* ;(*0 .23*'() 723.0')*,: <)123 ') 1 =9 >(3*<2 -+ *02 *237, -+ ;0(.0 *029 .0'3521 ')1 .-&&2.*21: +-3 &-'1()5 723.0')1( ,2 () ,'(1 %-3*: *02 ,<7 -+ Z .2)*'>-, +-3 2'.0 %'./'52: ;(*0-<* 32+232).2 *- (*, ,([2 -3 ;2(50*# V2+2)1')*, ;232 .0'3521 -+ >(-&'*()5 I.* N-# DY -+ *02 8(>(& 8-77(,,(-)#

,'72 (, 1(++232)*# @* (, )-* =2&(2>21 *0'* *02 &'; ()*2)121 *- 32J<(32 .-77-) .'33(23, *- .'339 *02 ,'72 /()1 -+ 723.0')1(,2: 2>2) '* *02 ,'72 %3(.2: <)123 1(++232)* ')1 <)&(/2 .-)1(*(-), ')1 ;0232 *02 '.*<'& .-,* (, 1(++232)*# @* (, ;02) *02 %3(.2 .0'3521 (, +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ +'>-3()5 %23,-), -3 &-.'&(*(2, -3 %'3*(.<&'3 /()1, -+ 723.0')1(,2: *0'* *02 &'; ()*23>2)2, ')1 %3-0(=(*,# @* (, +'>-3(*(,7 ')1 1(,.3(7()'*(-) ;0(.0 *02 &'; %3-0(=(*,# P02 1(++232).2 () .0'352 7<,* )-* =2 7'12

6'(1 I.* N-# DY (, EI) I.* *- 325<&'*2 .-7723.2 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2 @,&')1,#E @*,

*- +'>-3 -)2 723.0')*: -3 ,0(%%23: -3 &-.'&(*9: *- *02 1(,'1>')*'52 -+ ')-*023

%<3%-,2: ,- +'3 ', (* (, %-,,(=&2: (, *- .-7%2& .-77-) .'33(23, *- 32)123 *- '&&

723.0')*: -3 ,0(%%23: -3 &-.'&(*9# @+ *02 ,23>(.2, '32 '&(/2 ')1 .-)*27%-3')2-<,:

%23,-), 2F'.*&9 *02 ,'72 -3 ')'&-5-<, ,23>(.2 +-3 2F'.*&9 *02 ,'72 %3(.2: *- *02

1(,.3(7()'*(-) () *02 %3(.2 .0'3521 (, %3-0(=(*21#

2)1 *0'* *0232 7'9 =2 )- <)Q<,* '1>')*'52 -3 <)32',-)'=&2 1(,.3(7()'*(-)# @* '%%&(2, *- %23,-), -3 .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 ', .-77-) .'33(23, -+ %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, ' %23,-) -3 . -3%-3'*(-) ;0-,2 325<&'3 =<,()2,, (, *-

@) *02 .',2 '* ='3: *0232 (, )- %3--+ *0'* *02 .-)1(*(-), ;232 1(++232)*# P0232 (, )%3--+ *0'* *02 ,23>(.2, 32)12321 =9 *02 12+2)1')*, +-3 *02 1(++232)* %'3*(2, ;232 <)&(/2 -3 2>2) )-* .-)*27%-3')2-<,# P0232 (, )- %32*2),2 *0'* (* '.*<'&&9 .-,*

A

Q,RS "K =GEJ@; A= A OHKHJAC J>CH MEPPEK MAJJ?HJ= ?K @G?= T>J?=N?M@?EK MAKKE@ CAUF>CCD NHMC?KH @E AMMHL@ A LAJ@?M>CAJ MCA== EF OEEN= FEJ MAJJ?AOH) RV0 @GHJH AJH %W.%20"/,# @E @G?= J>CH) $/X%(%&; LH@?@?EKHJ FA?CHN @E ACCHOH ?K ?@= MEPLCA?K@ @GH facts that would constitute constitute the exceptions and that’s why they are NOT NOT ALLOWED @E JHF>=H MAJJ?AOH EF @GH HYLCE=?IH=)Z

.'339 %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9 +-3 '&& %2 3,-), ;0- 7'9 .0--,2 *- 27%&-9 ')1 32)<723'*2 0(7# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, ' %23,-) - 3 .-3%-3'*(-) ;0- <)123*'/2, *.'339 5--1, -3 %23,-), +-3 0(32# P02 '%%2&&')*, '17(* *0'* *029 '32 .-77-) .'33(23,# P029 ;232 +-<)1 5<(&*9 ')1 ,2)*2).21 *- %'9 ' +()2 -+ ?ACC ')1 .-,*,: ')1 *- 32*<3) *- *02 %3->().('&

V)#) I) [>?KATEK AKN [>?@EJ?AKE

5->23)72)* -+ *02 ?3->().2 -+ @&-.-, N-3*2 *02 ,<7 -+ ?HLD#!Z# T3-7 *0'* ,2)*2).2 2'.0 -+ *02 12+2)1')*, '%%2'&21 *- *0(, .-<3*#

-)&) ,E) 345\5\; <>CD 96; :7:8
TI8P6U

@66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* *02 12+2)1')*, ')1 '%%2&&')*, 0'>2 >(-&'*21 I.* N-# DY# ]X^VU 4X6#

V2+2)1')*, ?',.<'&W<()'Q-) ')1 X<52)(- W<(*-3(')- 0'>2 =22) 2)5'521 +-3 7-32

@* ;(&& =2 )-*21 *0'* *02 &'; 32J<(32, .-77-) .'33(23, *- .'339 +-3 '&& %23, -),:

*0') +-<3 92'3, () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ %',,2)523, ')1 723.0')1(,2 () *02 %-3* -+

2(*023 %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9: +-3 2F'.*&9 *02 ,'72 .0'352 +-3 ' &(/2 -3

8<33(7'- =9 72'), -+ >(3'92,# P029: =9 72'), -+ *02(3 >(3'92, ')1 27%&-922,:

.-)*27%-3')2-<, ,23>(.2 () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ &(/2 /()1 -+ *3'++(. <)123

<)&-'121 L:DYZ ,'./, -+ 3(.2 =2&-)5()5 *- *02 %3->().('& 5->23)72)* -+ @&-.-, N-3*2

,<=,*')*('&&9 ,(7(&'3 .(3.<7,*').2, -3 .-)1(*(-),# P02 &'; %3-0(=(*, .-77-)

+3-7 R')(&' ')1 127')121 +3-7 *02 %3->().('& *32 ',<323 +-3 *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ 2'.0

.'33(23, +3-7 ,<=Q2.*()5 ')9 %23,-): 2*.#: -3 &-.'&(*9: -3 ')9 %'3*(.<&'3 /()1 -+ *3'++(.:

-)2 !C .2)*'>-, ;0(.0 '7-<)*21 *- ?LDY#ZC#

*- ')9 <)1<2 -3 <)32',-)'=&2 %32Q<1(.2 -3 1(,.3(7()'*(-) ;0'*,-2>23#

P02 %3-,2.<*()5 '**-3)29 -+ *02 ?3->().2 -+ @&-.-, N-3*2 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),*

P02 &'; 1-2, )-* 32J<(32 *0'* *02 ,'72 .0'352 ,0'&& =2 7'12 +-3 *02 .'339()5 -+

*02 12+2)1')*, ,*'*()5 *0'* *02 %3->().('& 5->23)72)* -+ @&-.-, N-3*2 ,<++2321

%',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9: <)&2,, '&& *02 .-)1(*(-), '32 '&(/2 ')1 .-)*27%-3')2-<,# @*

1'7'521 () *02 ,<7 -+ HLD#!Z: ()',7<.0 ', (* ,0-<&1 0'>2 %'(1 -)&9 AHD#KK: ()

(, )-* =2&(2>21 *0'* *02 &'; %3-0(=(*, *02 .0'35()5 -+ ' 1(++232)* 3'*2 +-3 *02 .'339()5

'..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 ,'(1 )-37'& 3'*2 -+ Z .2)*'>-, +-3 2'.0 %'./'52#

-+ %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9 ;02) *02 '.*<'& .-,* -+ 0')1&()5 ')1 *3'),%-3*()5 *02

P02 %3->().('& +(,.'& %32,2)*21 ;(*)2,,2, *- %3->2 *0'* 12+2)1')*, 2)*2321 ()*- ' ,%2.('& .-)*3'.* ;(*0 .23*'() 723.0')*,: <)123 ') 1 =9 >(3*<2 -+ *02 *237, -+ ;0(.0 *029 .0'3521 ')1 .-&&2.*21: +-3 &-'1()5 723.0')1( ,2 () ,'(1 %-3*: *02 ,<7 -+ Z .2)*'>-, +-3 2'.0 %'./'52: ;(*0-<* 32+232).2 *- (*, ,([2 -3 ;2(50*# V2+2)1')*, ;232 .0'3521 -+ >(-&'*()5 I.* N-# DY -+ *02 8(>(& 8-77(,,(-)#

,'72 (, 1(++232)*# @* (, )-* =2&(2>21 *0'* *02 &'; ()*2)121 *- 32J<(32 .-77-) .'33(23, *- .'339 *02 ,'72 /()1 -+ 723.0')1(,2: 2>2) '* *02 ,'72 %3(.2: <)123 1(++232)* ')1 <)&(/2 .-)1(*(-), ')1 ;0232 *02 '.*<'& .-,* (, 1(++232)*# @* (, ;02) *02 %3(.2 .0'3521 (, +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ +'>-3()5 %23,-), -3 &-.'&(*(2, -3 %'3*(.<&'3 /()1, -+ 723.0')1(,2: *0'* *02 &'; ()*23>2)2, ')1 %3-0(=(*,# @* (, +'>-3(*(,7 ')1 1(,.3(7()'*(-) ;0(.0 *02 &'; %3-0(=(*,# P02 1(++232).2 () .0'352 7<,* )-* =2 7'12

6'(1 I.* N-# DY (, EI) I.* *- 325<&'*2 .-7723.2 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2 @,&')1,#E @*,

*- +'>-3 -)2 723.0')*: -3 ,0(%%23: -3 &-.'&(*9: *- *02 1(,'1>')*'52 -+ ')-*023

%<3%-,2: ,- +'3 ', (* (, %-,,(=&2: (, *- .-7%2& .-77-) .'33(23, *- 32)123 *- '&&

723.0')*: -3 ,0(%%23: -3 &-.'&(*9# @+ *02 ,23>(.2, '32 '&(/2 ')1 .-)*27%-3')2-<,:

%23,-), 2F'.*&9 *02 ,'72 -3 ')'&-5-<, ,23>(.2 +-3 2F'.*&9 *02 ,'72 %3(.2: *- *02

1(,.3(7()'*(-) () *02 %3(.2 .0'3521 (, %3-0(=(*21#

2)1 *0'* *0232 7'9 =2 )- <)Q<,* '1>')*'52 -3 <)32',-)'=&2 1(,.3(7()'*(-)# @* '%%&(2, *- %23,-), -3 .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 ', .-77-) .'33(23, -+ %',,2)523, -3 %3-%23*9# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, ' %23,-) -3 . -3%-3'*(-) ;0-,2 325<&'3 =<,()2,, (, *-

@) *02 .',2 '* ='3: *0232 (, )- %3--+ *0'* *02 .-)1(*(-), ;232 1(++232)*# P0232 (, )%3--+ *0'* *02 ,23>(.2, 32)12321 =9 *02 12+2)1')*, +-3 *02 1(++232)* %'3*(2, ;232 <)&(/2 -3 2>2) )-* .-)*27%-3')2-<,# P0232 (, )- %32*2),2 *0'* (* '.*<'&&9 .-,*

A

7-32 *- 0')1&2 *02 3(.2 +-3 *02 %3->().2 *0') (* 1(1 +-3 *02 723 .0')*, ;(*0 ;0-7 *02 ,%2.('& .-)*3'.*, ;232 7'12# T3-7 *02 2>(12).2 (* ;-<&1 ,227 *0'* *0232 ;', '

', () *0(, .',2: (* ;', ,0-;) *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', '&,- .'339()5 %',,2)523,# \)123 Article 1732 of the Civil Code the Civil Code defines “common carriers” in the

.&2'3 1(,.3(7()'*(-) 7'12 '5'(),* *02 %3->().2# V( ,.3(7()'*(-) (, *02 *0()5 ;0(.0 (,

+-&&-;()5 *237,U

,%2.(+(.'&&9 %3-0(=(*21 ')1 %<)(,021 <)123 *02 &';#

I3*# !`HA# 8-77-) .'33(23, '32 %23,-),: .-3%-3'*(-),: + (37, -3 ',,-.('*(-), 2)5'521 () *02 =<,()2,, -+ .'339()5 -3 *3'),%-3*()5 %',,2)523, -3 5--1, -3 =-*0: =9 &')1: ;'*23: -3 '(3 +-3 .-7%2),'*(-): -++23()5 *02(3 ,23>(.2, *- *02 %<=&(.#

3/+]#0+& #$"22",- ./); ",.) (# ./V&0 /! +22%+3#

T'.*,U O) !D N->27=23 !DYK: ÔIV6PI_ 32.2(>21 -) =-'31 '$ `CL ='&2, -+ &';')(* 0'31;--1G =$ A` =-F2, ')1 .3'*2, -+ *(&2;--1 ',,27=&(2, ')1 *02 -*023, G')1 .$ KD =<)1&2, -+ 7-<&1()5, _ a M bH$ I%(*-)5 c-&(12)([21# O) (*, ;'9 *- R')(&' +3-7 *02 %-3* -+ N',(%(*: I5<,') 12& N-3*2: *02 >2,,2&: '&-)5 ;(*0 (*, .'35-: ,')/ -++ ^(7',';' @,&')1# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *02 *-*'& &-,, -+ (*, ,0(%72)*: *02 .-),(5)22 7'12 ' .&'(7 ;(*0 ÔIV6PI_ ;0(.0: 0-;2>23: (5)-321 *02 ,'72# R@8 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ÔIV6PI_ ')1 ?dI@: '&&25()5 *0'* *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* ')1 )25&(52).2 -+ ÔIV6PI_ ')1 (*, 27%&-922,# ÔIV6PI_ 12)(21 ')9 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 loss of the shipper’s goods and claimed that sinking o+ (*, >2,,2& ;', 1<2 *- +-3.2 7'Q2<32# ÔIV6PI_ ,<=7(*, *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 =2.'<,2 (* ;', )-* (,,<21 .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2: (* 1(1 )-* 0'>2 ' 325<&'3 *3(% -3 ,.021<&2 nor a fixed route, and there was only “one shipper, one co),(5)22 +-3 ' ,%2.('& .'35-# @,,<2,U 1. Is the M/V “Cherokee” a private or a common carrier? *common+

A#V(1 ÔIV6PI_ -=,23>2 1<2 ')1e-3 -31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02,2 %327(,2,# fN-g ]2&1U ?2*(*(-) (, 1(,7(,,21U !# 68 0-&1 *0'* ÔIV6PI_ (, ' .-77-) .'33(23# @ * (, )-* )2.2,, '39 *0'* *02 .'33(23 =2 (,,<21 ' .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2: ')1 *0(, %<=&(. .0'3'.*23 (, )-* '&*2321 =9 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 .'33('52 -+ *02 5--1, () J<2,*(-) ;', %23(-1(.: -..',(-)'&: 2%(,-1(. -3 <),.021<&21# P02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 +'(&21 *- ,0-; ')9 ,%2.('& '33')5272)*: =<* -)&9 a general provision to the effect that the M/V”Cherokee” was a “general cargo carrier.” 14 Further, the bare fact that t he vessel was carrying a particular type of

.'35- +-3 -)2 ,0(%%23: ;0(.0 '%%2'3, *- =2 %<32&9 .-().(12)*'&: (, )-* 32',-) 2)-<50 *- .-)>23* *02 >2,,2& +3-7 ' .-77-) *- ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23: 2,%2.('&&9 ;0232:

2. We find that the M/V “Cherokee” was not seaworthy when it embarked on its

>-9'52 -) !D N->27=23 !DYK# P02 >2,,2& ;', )-* 2>2) ,<++(.(2)*&9 7'))21 '* *02 time. “For a vessel to be seaworthy, it must be adequately equipped for the voyage

')1 7'))21 ;(*0 ' ,<++(.(2)* )<7=23 -+ .-7%2*2)* -++(.23, ')1 .32;# P02 +'(&<32 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 *- 7'()*'() () ,2';-3*09 .-)1(*(-) (*, >2,,2& ()>-&>21 () ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, ' .&2'3 =32'.0 -+ (*, 1<*9#

I- ;01*0%D>01+"& A/$< J/0G)*" .)//0"/ 9$<" 6%1>/)%#" .$- G- 3<"/0#)% !*")<1+0C K-L- M$- :N,OOPP

2)#*15

E8-),-3.(-?2,J<23- 12& ?23< -+ 6-<*0 I723(.'E ,0(%%21 +3-7 ?23< A!:` KC Q<*2 ='5, -+ ?23<>(') +(,0 72'& *03-<50 66 83-;=-3-<50 b.->2321 =9 .&2') =(&&, -+ &')1()5 )<7=23, ! ')1 A$# P02 .'35- ;', .- ),(5)21 *- 6') R(5<2& 8-3%-3'*(-): (),<321 =9 ]-72 @),<3').2 8-7%')9# M02) (* '33(>21 *- R')(&': (* ;', 1(,.0'3521 ()*- *02 &(50*23, -+ ^<[-) 6*2>21-3()5 8-7%')9# M02) (* ;', 12&(>2321 *- 6R8: *0232 ;232 ,0-3*'52, '7-<)*()5 *- ?!A:CHH#YL# ]-72 @),<3').2 8-7%')9 %'(1 *02 .-),(5)22 ?!K:Y`C#`! —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

H

P02 8T@ '=,-&>21 ^<[-) 6*2>21-3()5 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 ')1 -312321 I723(.') 6*2'7,0(% *- %'9 *02 %&'()*(++#

611>"5

M02*023 -3 )-* *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9 -+ *02 -;)23S, )-)h&('=(&(*9 (, >'&(1 ,- ', *- '=,-&>2 *02 I723(.') 6*2'7,0(% I52).(2, +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,,

L>?0%D5

@* (, >'&(1# P02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5: .->23()5 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ ?23<>(') +(,0 72'& %3->(12 '* *02 ='./ *0232-+ *0'* *02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 ,0'&& =2 5->23)21 =9 ')1 ,<=Q2.* *- *02 *237, ')1 .-)1(*(-), -+ *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9: (+ ')9: -*023;(,2: *02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 %32>'(& ->23 '&& *02 '532272)*,# O) *02 -+ *02 =(&&, '32 ,*'7%21 ET32(50* %32%'(1 ', %23 .0'3*23 %'3*9# 6<=Q2.* *- '&& *237,: .-)1(*(-), ')1 2F.2%*(-), -+ .0'3*23 %'3*9 1'*21 ^-)1-): V2.# !H: !DZA#E 62.*(-) A: %'3'53'%0 A -+ *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9: %3->(12, *0'* *02 -;)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- *02 5--1, .'<,21 =9 %23, -)'& ;')* -+ 1<2 1(&(52).2 -) (*, %'3* -3 (*, 7')'523 *- 7'/2 *02 >2,,2& () '&& 32,%2.*, ,2';-3*09 ')1 *- ,2.<32 *0'* ,02 =2 %3-%23&9 7'))21: 2J<(%%21 ')1 ,<%%&(21 -3 =9 *02 %23,-)'& '.* -3 12+'<&* -+ *02 -;)23 -3 (*, 7')'523# 6'(1 %'3'53'%0: 0-;2>23: 2F27%*, *02 -;)23 -+ *02 >2,,2& +3-7 ')9 &-,, -3 1'7'52 -3 12&'9 '3(,()5 +3-7 ')9 -*023 ,-<3.2: 2>2) +3-7 *02 )25&2.* -3 +'<&* -+ *02 .'%*'() -3 .32; -3 ,-72 -*023 %23,-) 27%&-921 =9 * 02 -;)23 -) =-'31: +-3 ;0-,2 '.*, *02 -;)23 ;-<&1 -31()'3(&9 =2 &('=&2 2F.2%* + -3 ,'(1 %'3'53'%0## P02 %3->(,(-), -+ -<3 8(>(& 8-12 -) .-77-) .'33(2 3, ;232 *'/2) +3-7 I)5&-h I723(.') &';# \)123 I723(.') Q<3(,%3<12).2: ' .-77-) .'33(23 <)123*'/()5 *.'339 ' ,%2.('& .'35- -3 .0'3*2321 *- ' ,%2.('& %23,-) -)&9: =2.-72, ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23# I, ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23: ' ,*(%<&'*(-) 2F27%*()5 *02 -;)23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ (*, '52)* (, )-* '5'(),* %<=&(. %-&(.9:')1 (, 122721 >'&(1#

!)% J)F?$ G- J)%*/)%#$ E K-L- M$- :NQRSQRE ,R 3>D>1* RPTU 2)#*15 P02 ?')*3').- 6-<*0 XF%32,,: @).#: 0232()'+*23 32+23321 *- ', ?INP_IN8O (, '

1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () *02 &')1 *3'),%-3*'*(-) =<,()2,, ;(*0 ?\c ,23>(.2 +-3 %',,2)523, ')1 +32(50* ')1 >'3(-<, .23*(+(.'*2, +-3 %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2, b8?8$ *-

-%23'*2 %',,2)523 =<,2, +3-7 R2*3- R')(&' *- c(.-& _25(-) ')1 X',*23) 6'7'3# O) R'3.0 A`:!DYC ?INP_IN8O *03-<50 (*, .-<),2& ;3-*2 *- R'3(*(72 @)1<,*39 I<*0-3(*9 bRI_@NI$ 32J<2,*()5 '<*0-3(*9 *- &2',2e%<3.0',2 ' >2,,2& )'721 RN Ec&'./ V-<=&2E E*- =2 <,21 +-3 (*, %3-Q2.* *- -%23'*2 ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 +3-7 R'*)-5: 6-3,-5-) ')1 I&&2): 6'7'3 *0'* ;(&& %3->(12 ,23>(.2 *- .-7%')9 =<,2, ')1 +32(50* *3<./, *0'* 0'>2 *- .3-,, 6') c23)'31- 6*3'(*# @) ' 32%&9 -+ I%3(& AD:!DY! ?INP_IN8O ;', ()+-3721 =9 RI_@NI *0'* (* .'))-* 5(>2 1<2 .-<3,2 *- *02 32J<2,*#

?INP_IN8O )2>23*02&2,, '.J<(321 *02 >2,,2& RN Ec&'./ V-<=&2E -) R'9 A`: !DY! +-3 ?H R(&&(-) %2,-,# @* ;3-*2 *02 80'(37') -+ *02 c-'31 -+ P3'),%-3*'*(-) bcOP$ *03-<50 (*, .-<),2&: *0'* (* %3-%-,2, *- -%23'*2 ' +2339 ,23>(.2 *- .'339 (*, %',,2)523 =<,2, ')1 +32(50* *3<./, =2*;22) I&&2) ')1 R'*)-5 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 (*, *3(%, *- P'.&-=') 8(*9# ?INP_IN8O .&'(7, *0'* (* .') -%23'*2 ' +2339 ,23>(.2 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 (*, +3').0(,2 +-3 =<, -%23'*(-) () *02 0(50;'9 +3-7 ?','9 8(*9 *P'.&-=') 8(*9 E+-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ .-)*()<()5 *02 0(50;'9: ;0(.0 (, ()*233<%*21 =9 ' ,7'&& =-19 -+ ;'*23: *02 ,'(1 %3-%-,21 +2339 -%23'*(-) (, 7232&9 ' )2.2,,'39 ')1 ().(12)*'& ,23>(.2 *- (*, 7'() ,23>(.2 ')1 -=&(5'*(-) -+ *3'),%-3*()5 (*, %',,2)523, +3-7 ?','9 8(*9 *- P'.&-=') 8(*9# 6<.0 =2()5 *02 .',2 *0232 (, )- )221 *- -=*'() ' ,2%'3'*2 .23*(+(.'*2 +-3 %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 *- -%23'*2 ' +2339 ,23>(.2 =2*;22) I&&2) ')1 R'*)-5 *- .'*23 2F.&<,(>2&9 *- (*, %',,2)523 =<,2, ')1 +32(50* *3<./,# M(*0-<* ';'(*()5 '.*(-) -) (*, 32J<2,* ?INP_IN8O ,*'3*21 *- -%23'*2 ,'(1 +2339 ,23>(.2# I.*()5 80'(37') B-,2 8# 8'7%-,: B3# -+ cOP -312321 ?INP_IN8O )-* *- -%23'*2 (*, >2,,2& <)*(& *02 '%%&(.'*(-) +-3 02'3()5 -) O.*# !: !DY!# @) ')-*023 -3123 cOP 2)Q-()21 ?INP_IN8O +3-7 -%23'*()5 *02 RN Ec&'./ V-<=&2E -*023;(,2 (* ;(&& =2 .(*21 *- ,0-; .'<,2 ;09 (*, 8?8 ,0-<&1 )-* =2 ,<,%2)121 -3 *02 %2)1()5 '%%&(.'*(-) 12)(21# X%(*'.(- 6') ?'=&- b)-; 32%32,2)*21 =9 0(, 02(3,$ ')1 8'31()'& 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ;0- '32 +3').0(,2 0-&123, -+ *02 +2339 ,23>(.2 () *0(, '32' ()*23%-,21 *02(3 -%%-,(*(-)# P029 .&'(7 *029 '12J<'*2&9 ,23>(.2 *02 ?INP_IN8O =9 +2339()5 (*, =<,2,: *3<./, ')1 %',,2)523,# cOP *02) ',/21 *02 &25'& -%()(-) +3-7 *02 R()(,*23 -+ B<,*(.2 ;02*023 -3 )-* ' =<, .-7%')9 ;(*0 ') 2F(,*()5 8?8 =2*;22) ?','9 8(*9 ')1 P'.&-=') 8(*9 7'9 ,*(&& =2 32J<(321 *- ,2.<32 ')-*023 .23*(+(.'*2 () -3123 *- -%23'*2 ' +2339 ,23>(.2 =2*;22) *;- *237()'&, -+ ' ,7'&& =-19 -+ ;'*23# O) O.*-=23 AC: !DY! *02) R()(,*23 -+ B<,*(.2 _(.'31- ?<)- 32)12321 ') -%()(-) *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *0232 (, )- )221 +-3 =<, -%23'*-3, *- ,2.<32 ' ,2%'3'*2 8?8 *- -%23'*2 ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2#

K

P0<, -) O.*-=23 AH: !DY! *02 cOP 32)12321 (*, 12.(,(-) 0-&1()5 *0'* *02 +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 (, %'3* -+ (*, 8?8 *- -%23'*2 +3-7 ?','9 *- 6'7'3e^29*2 =9 '72)1()5 ?INP_IN8OS, 8?8 ,- ', *- 32+&2.* *02 ,'72#

02'3()5 ')1 '++-31()5 *02 -%%-,(*-3, *02 -%%-3*<)(*9 *- =2 02'31: '7-)5 -*023,: ', %3->(121 =9 &';#

23+,0%&# 2&/]V.0# ",.) () .+

2)#*15

8'31()'& 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ')1 *02 02(3, -+ 6') ?'=&- +(&21 ,2%'3'*2 7-*(-), +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) -+ ,'(1 12.(,(-) ')1 6') ?'=&- +(&21 ' ,<%%&272)*'& 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) *0'* ;232 12)(21 =9 *02 cOP -) B<&9 A!: !DY!# ]2).2: 6') ?'=&- +(&21 *02 0232() %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; -) .23*(-3'3( ;(*0 %3'923 +-3 %32&(7()'39 ()Q<).*(-) ,22/()5 *02 32>-.'*(-) -+ ,'(1 12.(,(-): ')1 %2)1()5 .-),(123'*(-) -+ *02 %2*(*(-) *02 (,,<').2 -+ ' 32,*3'()()5 -3123 -3 %32&(7()'39 ()Q<).*(-) '5'(),* *02 -%23'*(-) =9 ?INP_IN8O -+ ,'(1 +2339 ,23>(.2 611>"5 M02*023 -3 )-* *02 +2339 =-'* (, ' .-77-) .'33(23i 9"?&5 8-),(123()5 *02 2)>(3-)72)*'& .(3.<7,*').2, -+ *02 .',2: *02 .-)>29').2 -+

%',,2)523,: *3<./, ')1 .'35- +3-7 R'*)-5 *- I&&2) (, .23*'()&9 )-* ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 =<* ' .-',*;(,2 -3 ()*23(,&')1 ,0(%%()5 ,23>(.2# \)123 )- .(3.<7,*').2 .') *02 ,2' =2*;22) R'*)-5 ')1 I&&2) =2 .-),(12321 ' .-)*()<'*(-) -+ *02 0(50;'9# M0(&2 ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 0', =22) .-),(12321 ', ' .-)*()<'*(-) -+ *02 0(50;'9 ;02) .3-,,()5 3(>23, -3 2>2) &'/2,: ;0(.0 '32 ,7'&& =-19 -+ ;'*23, ,2%'3'*()5 *02 &')1: 0-;2>23: ;02) ', () *0(, .',2 *02 *;- *237()'&,: R'*)-5 ')1 I&&2) '32 ,2%'3'*21 =9 ') -%2) ,2' (* .'))-* =2 .-),(12321 ', ' .-)*()<'*(-) -+ *02 0(50;'9# P02 .-)*2)*(-) -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ?INP_IN8O *0'* (*, +2339 ,23>(.2 -%23'*(-) (, ', ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23: )-* ', ' .-77-) .'33(23 +-3 (*, 2F.&<,(>2 <,2 () *02 +2339()5 -+ (*, %',,2)523 =<,2, ')1 .'35- *3<./, (, '=,<31# ?INP_IN8O 1-2, )-* 12)9 *0'* (* .0'352, (*, %',,2)523, ,2%'3'*2&9 +3-7 *02 .0'352, +-3 *02 =<, *3(%, ')1 (,,<2, ,2%'3'*2 *(./2*, ;02)2>23 *029 =-'31 *02 RN Ec&'./ V-<=&2E *0'* .3-,,2, R'*)-5 *- I&&2)# N2>23*02&2,,: .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 '<*0-3(*9 53')*21 *?INP_IN8O (, *- -%23'*2 ' %3(>'*2 +2339: (* .') ,*(&& ',,23* *0'* (* .'))-* =2 02&1 *'..-<)* ', ' .-77-) .'33(23 *-;'31, (*, %',,2)523, ')1 .'35-# 6<.0 ') ')-7'&-<, ,(*<'*(-) *0'* ;(&& Q2-%'31([2 *02 ,'+2*9 ')1 ()*232,*, -+ (*, %',,2)523, ')1 *02 .'35-;)23, .'))-* =2 '&&-;21# P0<, *02 8-<3* 0-&1, *0'* *02 ;'*23 *3'),%-3* ,23>(.2 =2*;22) R'*)-5 ')1 I&&2) (, )-* ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 =<* ' .-',*;(,2 -3 ()*23(,&')1 ,0(%%()5 ,23>(.2# c2+-32 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 7'9 =2 (,,<21 ' +3').0(,2 -3 8?8 +-3 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ *02 ,'(1 ,23>(.2 ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: (* 7<,* .-7%&9 ;(*0 *02 <,<'& 32J<(3272)*, -+ +(&()5 ') '%%&(.'*(-): %'972)* -+ *02 +22,: %<=&(.'*(-): '11<.()5 2>(12).2 '* '

?&')*23, ?3-1<.*, b?&')*23,$ %<3.0',21 +3-7 R(*,<=(,0( @)*23)'*(-)'& 8-3%-3'*(-) -+ \6I -+ D:CCC 72*3(. *-), -+ <32' + 23*(&([23 ;0(.0 *02 &'**23 ,0(%%21 '=-'31 *02 .'35>2,,2& -;)21 =9 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* j9-,2(j(,() j'=<,0(/( j'(,0' bjjjj$ +3-7 I723(.' *- ^' \)(-)# ?3(-3 *- (*, >-9'52: ' *(72 .0'3*23 %'3*9 ;', 2)*2321 ()*=2*;22) R(*<,=(,0( ', ,0(%%23e.0'3*2323 ')1 jjjj ', ,0(%h-;)23# I+*23 *02 \32' +23*(&([23 ;', &-'121 () =<&/ =9 ,*2>21-32, 0(321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23: *02 ,*22& 0'*.02, ;232 .&-,21 ;(*0 02'>9 (3-) &(1, ;0(.0 327'()21 .&-,21 1<3()5 *02 2)*(32 Q-<3)29# \%-) '33(>'& -+ *02 >2,,2&: *02 0'*.02, ;232 -%2)21 ;(*0 *02 <,2 -+ *02 >2,,2& =--7# ?&')*23, <)&-'121 *02 .'35- +3-7 *02 0-&1 23, ()*- *02 ,*22& =-1(21 1<7% *3<./,# X'.0 *(72 *02 1<7% *3<./, ;232 + (&&21 <%: (*, &-'1 -+ <32' ;', .->2321 ;(*0 tarpaulin before it was transported to the consignee’s warehouse located some (50)

+(+*9 72*23, +3-7 *02 ;0'3+# @* *--/ b!!$ 2&2>2) 1'9, +3-7 %&')*23, *- <)&-'1 *02 .'35-# P02 32%-3* ,<=7(**21 =9 %3(>'*2 7'3()2 ') 1 .'35- ,<3>29-3, 32>2'&21 ' ,0-3*'52 () *02 .'35-: ')1 ,-72 %-3*(-) () *02 .'35- ;', .-)*'7()'*21 ;(*0 1(3*: 32)123()5 *02 ,'72 <)+(* +-3 .-7723.2# ??@ +(&21 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, ;(*0 *02 8T@ R')(&'# P02 12+2)1')* .'33(23 '35<21 *0'* *02 ,*3(.* %<=&(. %-&(.9 5->23)()5 .-77-) .'33(23, 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- *027 =2.'<,2 *029 0'>2 =2.-72 %3(>'*2 .'33(23, =9 32',-) -+ *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 .0'3*23h%'3*9# P02 .-<3* ' J<- 0-;2>23 ,<,*'()21 *02 .&'(7 -+ *02 %&'()*(++ '5'(),* *02 12+2)1')* .'33(23 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, &-,* -3 1'7'521# O) '%%2'&: 32,%-)12)* 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 32>23,2 1 *02 &-;23 .-<3* ')1 '=,-&>21 *02 .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 .'35- *0'* ;', &-,* -3 1'7'521# _2&9()5 -) *02 !DZY .',2 -+ ]-72 @),<3').2 8-#># I723(.') 6*2'7,0(% I52).(2,: @).#: *02 appellate court ruled that the cargo vessel M/V “S un Plum” owned by private

L

32,%-)12)* jjjj ;', ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 ')1 )-* ' .-77-) .'33(23 =9 32',-) -+ *02

() ' *(72 -3 >-9'52 .0'3*23 32*'(), %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ *02 , 0(%: '&*0-<50 023

*(72 .0'3*2323h%'3*9 ')1 *0'* *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(,(-), -) .-77-) .'33(23, ;0(.0

0-&1, 7'9: +-3 *02 7-72)*: =2 *02 %3-%23*9 -+ *02 .0'3*2323#

,2* +-3*0 ' %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 1- )-* +()1 '%%&(.'*(-) () *02 .',2 '* ='3# A# _2,%-)12)* (, ' .-77-) .'33(23# P02 *237 .-77-) .'33(23 (, 12+()21 () I3*(.&2 611>"15

!`HA -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# P02 12+()(*(-) 32+23, *- .'33(23, 2(*023 =9 &')1 : ;'*23: -3 '(3

!# M02*023 ' .-77-) .'33(23 =2.-72, ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 =9 32',-) -+ ' .0'3*23h

;0(.0 0-&1, *027,2&>2, -<* ', 32'19 *- 2)5'52 () .'339()5 5--1, -) *3'),%-3*()5

%'3*9#

%',,2)523, -3 =-*0 +-3 .-7%2),'*(-) ', ' %<=&(. 27%&-972)* ')1 )-* ', ' .',<'&

A# M02*023 -3 )-* *02 32,%-)12)* (, ' .-77-) .'33(23#

-..<%'*(-)G (+ *02 <)123*'/()5 (, ' ,()5&2 *3'),'.*(-): )-* ' %'3* -+ *02 52)23'&

H# M02*023 -3 )-* *02 32,%-)12)* (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,#

=<,()2,, -3 .-3%-3'*(-): '&*0-<50 ()>-&>()5 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, +-3 ' +22: *02) *02

9"?&5

%23,-) -3 .-3%-3'*(-) -++23()5 ,<.0 ,23>(.2, (, ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23# @) *02 .',2 '* ='3

1. The distinction between a “common or public carrier” and a “private or special

32,%-)12)* .'33(23 *3'),%-3*, 5--1, ()1(,.3(7()'*2&9 +-3 '&& %23,-),# c2()5 ,<.0: 02

carrier” lies in the character of the business, such that if the undertaking is a single

(, ' .-77-) .'33(23#

*3'),'.*(-): )-* ' %'3* -+ *02 52)23'& =<,()2,, -3 -..<%'*(-): '&*0-<50 ()>-&>()5 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, +-3 ' +22: *02 %23,-) -3 .-3%-3'*(-) -++23()5 ,<.0 ,23>(.2 (, '

H# P02 .-<3* 3<&21 () *02 )25'*(>2# M0(&2 32,%-)12)* (, ' .-77-) .'33(23: 02 0',

%3(>'*2 .'33(23#

,<++(.(2)*&9 ->23.-72 =9 .&2'3 ')1 .-)>().()5 %3--+ *02 %3(7' +'.(2 %32,<7%*(-) -+

@* (, )-* 1(,%<*21 *0'* 32,%-)12)* .'33(23: () *02 -31()'39 .-<3,2 -+ =<,()2,,:

)25&(52).2: 1<2 *- *02 7'))23 -+ ,*-3'52 -+ *02 5--1, 1<3()5 *02 >-9'52# P02

-%23'*2, ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: *3'),%-3*()5 5--1, ()1(,.3(7()'*2&9 +-3 '&& %23,-),#

%32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 32,%-)12)* .'33(23 0', =22)

When petitioner chartered the vessel M/V “Sun Plum”, the s hip captain, its officers

2++(.'.(-<,&9 ->23.-72 =9 *02 ,0-;()5 -+ 2F* 3'-31()'39 [2'& ')1 ',,(1<(*9 2F23.(,21

')1 .-7%&(72)* ;232 <)123 *02 27%&-9 -+ *02 ,0 (%-;)23 ')1 *0232+-32 .-)*()<21

=9 *02 .'33(23 () *02 .'32 -+ *02 .'35-#

*- =2 <)123 (*, 1(32.* ,<%23>(,(-) ') 1 .-)*3-&# ]'31&9 *02) .') ;2 .0'352 *02 .0'3*2323: ' ,*3')523 *- *02 .32; ' )1 *- *02 ,0(%: ;(*0 *02 1<*9 - + .'3()5 +-3 0(,

I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* .-77-) .'33(23, '32 )-*

.'35- ;02) *02 .0'3*2323 1(1 )-* 0'>2 ')9 .-)*3-& -+ *02 72'), () 1-()5 ,-# P0(, (,

32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (+ .'<,21 =9 *02

2>(12)* () *02 %32,2)* .',2 .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 ,*223()5 -+ *02 ,0(%: *02 7'))()5 -+

.0'3*2323 -+ *02 5--1, -3 12+2.*, () *02 %'./'5()5 -3 () *02 .-)*'()23,# P02 8-12 -+

*02 12./,: *02 12*237()'*(-) -+ *02 .-<3,2 -+ *02 >-9'52 ')1 -*023 *2.0)(.'&

8-7723.2 '&,- %3->(12, *0'* '&& &-,,2, ')1 12*23(-3'*(-) ;0(.0 *02 5--1, 7'9

().(12)*, -+ 7'3(*(72 )'>(5'*(-) ;232 '&& .-), (5)21 *- *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32; ;0-

,<++23 1<3()5 *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) =9 32',-) -+ +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*: +-3.2 7'Q2<32: -3 *02

;232 ,.322)21: .0-,2) ')1 0(321 =9 *02 ,0(%-;)23#

()0232)* 12+2.* -+ *02 5--1,: ,0'&& =2 +-3 *02 '..-<)* ')1 3(,/ -+ *02 ,0(%%23: ')1 *0'* %3--+ -+ *02,2 '..(12)*, (, ().<7=2)* <%-) *02 .'33(23#

@* (, *0232+-32 (7%23'*(>2 *0'* ' %<=&(. .'33(23 ,0'&& 327'() ', ,<.0: )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 .0'3*23 -+ *02 ;0-&2 -3 %-3*(-) -+ ' >2,,2& =9 -)2 -3 7-32 %23,-),: %3->(121

4. Government Regulation of Common Carrier’s Business

*02 .0'3*23 (, &(7(*21 *- *02 ,0(% -)&9: ', () *02 .',2 -+ ' *(72h.0'3*23 -3 >-9'52h .0'3*23# @* (, -)&9 ;02) *02 .0'3*23 ().&<12, =-*0 *02 >2,,2& ')1 (*, .32;: ', () '

K-L- M$- RROITR ;"#"
='32=-'* -3 127(,2 *0'* ' .-77-) .'33(23 =2.-72, %3(>'*2: '* &2',* (),-+'3 ', *02 %'3*(.<&'3 >-9'52 .->23()5 *02 .0'3*23h%'3*9 (, .-).23)21# @)1<=(*'=&9: ' ,0(%-;)23

Z

^"3V#+,- 1+*/ V,/ 3+R/& .%,0%& 234 $/,) <%#V# R) -+&."+; <&); @GH 3+,] 0&+,#2/&0+0"/, !&+,.$"#",- +,] &%-V3+0/&* R/+&]; AKN @ GH 2&/(",."+3 RV# /2%&+0/&# +##/."+0"/, /! 0$% 2$"3"22",%#

'%%&(.')* +-3 ' %3-%-,21 *3'),%-3* ,23>(.2 ;(*0-<* 0'>()5 *- %3->2 %<=&(. )2.2,,(*9: (, (&&25'& +-3 =2()5 >(-&'*(>2 -+ *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 I.* ')1 *02 _O8# 611>"5 V-2, *02 '<*0-3(*9 5(>2) <).-),*(*<*(-)'&: ()>'&(1 ')1 (&&25'&i

2)#*15 P02) 62.32*'39 -+ VOP8: O3=-,: (,,<21 R8 N-# DChHDL *- *02) ^PT_c

80'(37'): T23)')1- '&&-;()5 %3->().('& =<, -%23'*-3, *- .0'352 %',,2)523, 3'*2, ;(*0() ' 3')52 -+ !Lk '=->2 ')1 !Lk =2&-; *02 ^PT_c -++(.('& 3'*2 +-3 ' %23(-1 -+ ! 92'3#T()1()5 *02 (7%&272)*'*(-) -+ *02 +'32 3')52 ,.0272 E)-* &25'&&9 +2',(=&2:E T23)')1- ,<=7(**21 ' 727-3')1<7 *- 62.# O3=-, ?3->().('& c<, O%23'*-3, I,,-.('*(-) -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: @).# b?cOI?$ +(&21 ') '%%&(.'*(-) +-3 +'32 3'*2 ().32',2# P02 '%%&(.'*(-) ;', -%%-,21 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-),<723, T-<)1'*(-): @).# ')1 ?23&' 8# c'<*(,*' '&&25()5 *0'* *02 %3-%-,21 3'*2, ;232 2F-3=(*')* ')1 <)32',-)'=&2 ')1 *0'* *02 '%%&(.'*(-) .-)*'()21 )- '&&25'*(-) -) *02 3'*2 -+ 32*<3) -+ *02 %3-%-,21 ().32',2 () 3'*2,#^PT_c 32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) 53')*()5 *02 +'32 3'*2 ().32',2 P02) 62.32*'39 -+ *02 VP8 ?3'1- (,,<21 VO N-#DAhLY` 12+()()5 *02 %-&(.9 +3'72;-3/ -) *02 325<&'*(-) -+ *3'),%-3* ,23>(.2,# 62.32*'39 -+ *02 VOP8 d'3.(' (,,<21 ' 727-3')1<7 *- *02 I.*()5 80'(37') -+ *02 ^PT_c ,<552,*()5 ,;(+* '.*(-) -) *02 '1-%*(-) -+ 3<&2, ')1 %3-.21<32, *- (7%&272)* '=->2hJ<-*21 VO N-# DAh LY` *0'* &'(1 1-;) 12325<&'*(-) ')1 -*023 &(=23'& (['*(-) %-&(.(2, +-3 *02 *3'),%-3* ,2.*-3# P02 ^PT_c (,,<21 R8 N-# DAhCCD %3-7<&5'*()5 *02 5<(12&()2, +-3 *02 (7%&272)*'*(-) -+ VOP8 VO N-# DAhLY`# ?cOI?: '>'(&()5 (*,2&+ -+ *02 12325<&'*(-) %-&(.9 - + *02 VOP8 '&&-;()5 %3->().('& =<, -%23'*-3, *- .-&&2.* %&<, ACk ')1 7()<, ALk -+ *02 %32,.3(=21 +'32 ;(*0-<* + (3,* 0'>()5 +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 ')1 ;(*0-<* *02 =2)2+(* -+ ' %<=&(. 02'3()5: '))-<).21 ' +'32 ().32',2 -+ ACk -+ *02 2F(,*()5 +'32,# jR\ +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) =2+-32 *02 ^PT_c -%%-,()5 *02 <%;'31 '1Q<,*72)* -+ =<, +'32,G =<* *02 ^PT_c 1(,7(,,21 *02 %2*(*(-) +-3 &'./ -+ 723(* ]2).2: *02 (),*')* %2*(*(-) +-3 56789:7;79 ;(*0 ;(*0 ') <352)* %3'923 +-3 (,,<').2 -+ ' P_OG ;0(.0 *02 68 1(1 2)Q-()()5: %3-0(=(*()5 ')1 %32>2)*()5 32,%-)12)*, +3-7 (7%&272)*()5 *02 =<, +'32 3'*2 ().32',2 ', ;2&& ', *02 J<2,*(-)21 -3123, ')1 727-3')1<7 .(3.<&'3,#

9"?&5 42,# @) *02 .',2 '* =2).0: *02 '<*0-3(*9 5(>2) =9 *02 ^PT_c *- *02 %3->().('&

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c *- (,,<2 '17()(,*3'*(>2 -3123, *- 325<&'*2 *02 *3'),%-3* ,2.*-3: ;2 +()1 *0'* *029 .-77(**21 53'>2 '=<,2 -+ 1(,.32*(-) () (,,<()5 VOP8 VO N-# DAhLY` 12+()()5 *02 %-&(.9 +3'72;-3/ -) *02 325<&'*(-) -+ *3'),%-3* ,23>(.2, ')1 ^PT_c R8 N-# DAhCCD %3-7<&5'*()5 *02 (7%&272)*()5 5<(12&()2, -) VOP8 VO N-# DAhLY`: *02 ,'(1 '17()(,*3'*(>2 (,,<').2, =2()5 '72)1'*-39 ')1 >(-&'*(>2 -+ *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 I.* ')1 *02 _O8# 8-),2J<2)*&9: ;2 3<&2 *0'* *02 ACk +'32 ().32',2 (7%-,21 =9 32,%-)12)* ?cOI? -) ;(*0-<* *02 =2)2+(* -+ ' %2*(*(-) ' )1 ' %<=&(. 02'3()5 (, )<&& ')1 >-(1 ')1 -+ )+-3.2 ')1 2++2.*# N- 53'>2 '=<,2 -+ 1(,.32*(-) 0-;2>23 ;', .-77(**21 () *02 (,,<').2 -+ VOP8 R8 N-# DChHDL ')1 VOP8 R27-3')1<7: *02 ,'72 =2()5 7232&9 ()*23)'& .-77<)(.'*(-), =2*;22) '17()(,*3'*(>2 -++(.23,# P02 P_O (,,<21 (, 0232=9 RIVX ?X_RINXNP (),-+'3 ', (* 2)Q-()21 *02 =<, +'32 3'*2 ().32',2 53')*21 <)123 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 '+-3272)*(-)21 '17()(,*3'*(>2 .(3.<&'3,: 727-3')1' ')1e-3 -3123, 12.&'321 ()>'&(1# d#_# N-# !!KAAA I%3(& Z: !DDL

jR\ ').0-3, (*, .&'(7 -) A 53-<)1,# T(3,*: *02 '<*0-3(*9 5(>2) =9 ^PT_c *%3->().('& =<, -%23'*-3, *- ,2* ' +' 32 3')52 -+ %&<, -3 7()<, !Lk %2 3.2)*: &'*23 ().32',21 *- %&<, ACk ')1 hALk %23.2)*: ->23 ')1 '=->2 *02 2F(,*()5 '<*0-3([21 +'32 ;(*0-<* 0'>()5 *- +(&2 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 *02 %<3%-,2: (, <).-),*(*<*(-)'&: ()>'&(1 ')1 (&&25'&# 62.-)1: *02 2,*'=&(,072)* -+ ' %32,<7%*(-) -+ %<=&(. )221 () +'>-3 -+ ')

!&+,."#./ #) 0+0+];
`

0JAK=LEJ@A@?EK AKN .EPP>K?MA@?EK=; AKN %]#+ 3&0 ./&2/&+0"/,; 30])

62.32*'39 ?3'1-: *0232'+*23: 32J<2,*21 %32,(12)*('& '%%3->'& -+ *02 .-)*3'.*#

[V"+#/,; <)S

]-;2>23: XF2.<*(>2 62.32*'39 T3')/&() V3(&-): ;0- 32%&'.21 XF2.<*(>2 62.32*'39

TI8P6U VOP8 %&'))21 *- .-),*3<.* ' &(50* 3'(&;'9 *3'),(* b ^_P$ &()2 '&-)5 XV6I 32+23321 *', XV6I ^(50* _'(& P3'),(* @@@ bXV6I ^_P @@@$# X&( ^2>() X)*23%3(,2,: @).#: 32%32,2)*21 =9 X&(Q'0< ^2>() *- VOP8 62.32*'39 O,.'3 O3=-,: ,2)* ' &2**23 %3-%-,()5 *- .-),*3<.* *02 XV6I ^_P @@@ -) ' c<(&1hO%23'*2hP3'),+23 bcOP$ =',(,# _I ZDL` 2)*(*&21 EI) I.* I<*0-3([()5 *02 T()').()5: 8-),*3<.*(-): O%23'*(-) ')1 R'()*2)').2 -+ @)+3',*3<.*<32 ?3-Q2.*, =9 *02 ?3(>'*2 62.*-3: ')1 T-3 O*023 ?<3%-,2,:E -3 *02 c<(&1hO%23'*2hP3'),+23 bcOP$ ^'; ;', ,(5)21 ()*- &';# @* %3->(12, *;- ,.0272, +-3 *02 +()').()5: .-),*3<.*(-) ')1 -%23'*(-) -+ 5->23)72)* %3-Q2.*, *03-<50 %3(>'*2 ()(*('*(>2 ')1 ()>2,*72)*U c<(&1hO%23'*2hP3'),+23 bcOP$ -3 c<(&1h P3'),+23 bcP$#

O3=-,: ()+-3721 62.32*'39 ?3'1- *0'* *02 ?32,(12)* .-<&1 )-* 53')* *02 32J<2,*21 '%%3->'&# P02 %'3*(2, 2)*2321 ()*- ' E_2>(,21 ')1 _2,*'*21 I532272)* *- c<(&1: ^2',2 ')1 P3'),+23 ' ^(50* _'(& P3'),(* 69,*27 +-3 XV6IE# VOP8: 32%32,2)*21 =9 62.32*'39 B2,<, d'3.(' >(.2 62.32*'39 ?3'1-: ')1 XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# 2)*2321 ()*- ' E6<%%&272)*'& I532272)* *- *02 AA I%3(& !DDA _2>(,21 ')1 _2,*'*21 I532272)* *- c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

?<3,<')* *- _I ZDL`: *02 ?32J<'&(+(.'*(-) c(1, ')1 I;' 31, 8-77(**22 b?cI8$ ')1

%-3*(-) *- VOP8 ;0(.0 ,0'&& -%23'*2 *02 ,'72# VOP8 ,0'&& %'9 XV6I ^_P

*02 P2.0)(.'& 8-77(**22 ;232 .32'*21# T(>2 53-< %, 32,%-)121 *- *02 ()>(*'*(-)

8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# 32)*'&, -) ' 7-)*0&9 =',(, *03-<50 ') @332>-.'=&2 ^2**23 -+ 8321(*#

)'72&9: Icc P3'[(-)2 -+ @*'&9: ]-%2;2&& ]-&1()5, ^*1# -+ ]-)5/-)5: R'),*22&

I, '53221 <%-): XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1#S, .'%(*'& ,0'&& =2 32.->2321 +3-7 *02

@)*23)'*(-)'& -+ R')1'<2: 82=<: R(*,<( a 8-#: ^*1# -+ B'%'): ')1 XV6I ^_P

32)*'&, *- =2 %'(1 =9 *02 VOP8 ;0(.0: () *<3): ,0'&& .-72 +3-7 *02 2'3)()5, -+ *02

8-),-3*(<7: .-7%-,21 -+ *2) +-32(5) ')1 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-),U )'72&9: j'(,23

XV6I ^_P @@@# I+*23 AL 92'3, ') 1 VOP8 ,0'&& 0'>2 .-7%&2*21 %'972)* -+ * 02 32)*'&,:

X)5()223, @)*23)'*(-)'&: @).#: I8X_ 8-),<&*')*, bT'3 X',*$ ^*1# ')1 T3227') T-F:

-;)23,0(% -+ *02 %3-Q2.* ,0'&& =2 *3'),+23321 *- *02 &'**23 +-3 ' .-),(123'*(-) -+

P3'12()>2,*e8jV P'*3' -+ *02 8[2.0 ')1 6&->'/ T2123'& _2%<=&(.,: P8d@ X)5()223()5

-)&9 \#6# l!#CC# b8ONP_I8P OT ^XI6X$

I&& I,(' 8'%(*'& ')1 ^2',()5 8-3%-3'*(-): P02 6'& (7 d3-<% -+ B'/'3*': X# ^# X)*23%3(,2,: @).#: I#R# O32*'a 8-# 8'%(*-& @)1<,*3('& 8-),*3<.*(-) d3-<%: @).: ')1 T# T# 83<[ a .-#: @).#

_I ``!Y: ') EI.* I72)1()5 823*'() 62.*(-), -+ _2%<=&(. I.* N-# ZDL`: X)*(*&21 EI) I.* I<*0-3([()5 *02 T()').()5: 8-),*3<.*(-): O%23'*(-) ')1 R'()*2)').2 -+ @)+3',*3<.*<32 ?3-Q2.*, =9 *02 ?3(>'*2 62.*-3: ')1 +-3 O*023 ?<3%-,2,E ;', ,(5)21

I+*23 2>'&<'*()5 *02 %32J<'&(+(.'*(-): =(1,: *02 ?cI8 (,,<21 ' _2,-&<*(-) 12.&'3()5

()*- &'; =9 *02 ?32,(12)*# @* 2F%32,,&9 32.-5)([2, c^P ,.0272 ')1 '&&-;, 1(32.*

*0'* -+ *02 +(>2 '%%&(.')*,: -)&9 *02 XV6I ^_P 8-),-3*(<7 E72* *02 32J<(3272)*, -+

)25-*('*(-) -+ c^P .-)*3'.*,#

5'3)23()5 '* &2',* A! %-()*, %23 .3(*23(': 2F.2%* +-3 ^25'& I,%2.*,: ')1 -=*'()()5 ') ->23h'&& %',,()5 7'3/ -+ '* &2',* YA % -()*,E# P02 XV6I ^_P 8-),-3*(<7 ,<=7(**21 (*, =(1 %3-%-,'& *- VOP8# T-3 .-7%&(').2 -+ 32J<(3272)*, : VOP8 ')1 XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1#: () ,<=,*(*<*(-) -+ *02 XV6I ^_P 8-),-3*(<7: 2)*2321 ()*- ') EI532272)* *- c<(&1: ^2',2 ')1 P3'),+23 ' ^(50* _'(& P3'),(* 69,*27 +-3 XV6IE <)123 *02 *237, -+ *02 cOP ^';#

P'*'1: O,72)' ')1 c('[-): ,<()5 ', 62)'*-3, ')1 *'F%'923,: ',,23*21 *0'* *02 _2>(,21 ')1 _2,*'*21 I532272)* -+ I%3(& A A: !DDA ')1 *02 6<%%&272)*'& I532272)* -+ R'9 Z: !DDH '32 <).-),*(*<*(-)'& ' )1 ()>'&(1: '7-)5 -*023,: +-3 *0(, 32',-)U *02 XV6I ^_P @@@ (, ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9: ')1 *02 -;)23,0(% ')1 -%23'*(-) *0232-+ (, &(7(*21 =9 *02 8-),*(*<*(-) *- T(&(%()- .(*([2), ')1 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-),: )-* +-32(5) .-3%-3'*(-), &(/2 XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1#

Y

XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# *- ;0-7 *02 .-)*3'.* *- .-),*3<.* *02 XV6I ^_P @@@ ;',

%<=&(. 7'9 =2 1-)2 =9 *02 -;)23 -3 =9 *02 %23,-) () .-)*3-& *0232-+ ;0- 7'9 )-*

';'3121 =9 %<=&(. 32,%-)12)*: (, '17(**21&9 ' + -32(5) .-3%-3'*(-) E1<&9

)2.2,,'3(&9 =2 *02 -;)23 *0232-+#

().-3%-3'*21 ')1 2F(,*()5 <)123 *02 &';, -+ ] -)5/-)5E# P0232 (, '&,- )- 1(,%<*2

@) ,<7: XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# ;(&& )-* 3<) *02 &(50* 3'(& >20(.&2, ')1 .-&&2.* +22,

*0'* -).2 *02 XV6I ^_P @@@ (, .-),*3<.*21: XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1#: ', &2,,-3: ;(&&

+3-7 *02 3(1()5 %<=&(.# @* ;(&& 0'>2 )- 12'&()5, ;(*0 *02 %<=&(. ')1 *02 %<=&(. ;(&&

*<3) (* ->23 *- VOP8: ', &2,,22: +-3 *02 &'**23 *- -%23'*2 *02 ,9,*27 ')1 %'9 32)*'&,

0'>2 )- 3(50* *- 127')1 ')9 ,23>(.2, +3-7 (*#

+-3 ,'(1 <,2# @66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1#: ' +-32(5) .-3%-3'*(-): .') -;)

nXV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# 7232&9 -;), *02 +'.(&(*(2, )2.2,,'39 *- -%23'*2 XV6I ^_P @@@#

XV6I ^_P @@@: ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9i ]X^VU 4X6: XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# .') -;) X V6I ^_P @@@#

O- K$G"/%0%D :)@

M0'* XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# -;), '32 *02 3'(& *3'./,: 3-&&()5 ,*-./, &(/2 *02

#+1+& 1",",- ./); ",.) (#) ,/&]%V0#.$%& 33/*]

.-'.02,: 3'(& ,*'*(-),: *237()'&, ')1 *02 %-;23 %&')*: )-* ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9# M0(&2 ' +3').0(,2 (, )22121 *- -%23'*2 *02,2 +'.(&(*(2, *- ,23>2 *02 %<=&(.: *029 1- )-* =9 *027,2&>2, .-),*(*<*2 ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9# M0'* .-),*(*<*2, ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 (, )-* *02(3 -;)23,0(% =<* *02(3 <,2 *- ,23>2 *02 %<=&(. b@&-(&- @.2 a 8-&1 6*-3'52 8-# ># ?<=&(. 623>(.2 c-'31: KK ?0(&# LL!: LL` LLY f!DAHg$# P02 8-),*(*<*(-): () )- <).23*'() *237,: 32J<(32, ' +3').0(,2 +-3 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9# ]-;2>23: (* 1-2, )-* 32J<(32 ' +3').0(,2 =2+-32 -)2 .') -;) *02 +'.(&(*(2, )22121 *- -%23'*2 ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 ,- &-)5 ', (* 1-2, )-* -%23'*2 *027 *,23>2 *02 %<=&(.# 62.*(-) !! -+ I3*(.&2 m@@ -+ *02 8-),*(*<*(-) %3->(12,U N- +3').0(,2: .23*(+(.'*2 -3 ')9 -*023 +-37 -+ '<*0-3(['*(-) +-3 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 ,0'&& =2 53')*21 2F.2%* *- .(*([2), -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2, -3 *- .-3%-3'*(-), -3 ',,-.('*(-), -35')([21 <)123 *02 &';, -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2, '* &2',* ,(F*9 %23 .2)*<7 -+ ;0-,2 .'%(*'& (,

N-# ^hAYZ`H# O.*-=23 AH: !DYK 2)#*15 P02 .',2 '3-,2 +3-7 ') (7%-3*'*(-) 7'12 =9 6IRI_ R@N@Nd 8OR?IN4:

@N8#: -+ -)2 b!$ .3'*2 O%*(7' ;2&121 ;2152 ;(32 ,(2>2, *03-<50 *02 Re6 68]MIcXN6PX@N: ' >2,,2& -;)21 NO_VX\P68]X_ ^Ô4V: ^Ô4V: ;0(.0 ,0(%72)* (, .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# !Y 1<&9 (,,<21 *- .-),(5)22 6IRI_ R@N@Nd 8OR?IN4: @N8## \%-) '33(>'& -+ *02 '+-32,'(1 >2,,2& '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&': *02 '+-3272)*(-)21 (7%-3*'*(-) ;', <)&-'121 ')1 12&(>2321 () 5--1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-) *- *02 =-)121 ;'320-<,2 -+ IR84^# P02 5--1, ;232 0-;2>23 )2>23 12&(>2321 *-: )-3 32.2(>21 =9: *02 .-),(5)22 '* *02 %-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-)—V'>'-# M02) *02 &2**23, -+ .-7%&'()* ,2)* *- 12+2)1')*, +'(&21 *- 2&(.(* *02 12,(321 32,%-),2: .-),(5)22 +(&21 ' +-37'& .&'(7 '5'(),* *02 +-3723: =<* )2(*023 %'(1# ]2).2: *02 +(&()5 -+ *02 (),*')* ,<(* *- 2)+-3.2 %'972)*# V2+2)1')*,h'%%2&&')*, =3-<50* () IR84^ ', *0(31 %'3*9 12+2)1')*# P02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 Q<1572)* () +'>-3 -+ %&'()*(++: -3123()5 12+2)1')*, *- %'9 *02 '7-<)* -+ ?!:ZD!#DH %&<, attorney’s fees and costs. Only the defendants appe'&21 +3-7 ,'(1 12.(,(-)#

-;)21 =9 ,<.0 .(*([2),: )-3 ,0'&& ,<.0 +3').0(,2: .23*(+(.'*2 -3 '<*0-3(['*(-) =2

The extent of appellant carrier’s responsibility and/or liability in the transshipment

2F.&<,(>2 .0'3'.*23 -3 +-3 ' &-)523 %23(-1 *0') +(+*9 92'3, # # # bX7%0',(, ,<%%&(21$#

-+ *02 5--1, () J<2,*(-) '32 ,%2&&21 -<* ')1 12&()2'*21 <)123 62.*(-) !: %'3'53'%0 H -+ c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# !Y: *- ;(*U

@) &';: *0232 (, ' .&2'3 1(,*().*(-) =2*;22) *02 E-%23'*(-)E -+ ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 ')1 *02 -;)23,0(% -+ *02 +'.(&(*(2, ')1 2J<(%72)* <,21 *- ,23>2 *02 %<=&(.# P02 3(50* *- -%23'*2 ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 7'9 2F(,* ()12%2)12)*&9 ')1 ,2%'3'*2&9 + 3-7 *02 -;)23,0(% -+ *02 +'.(&(*(2, *0232-+# O)2 .') -;) ,'(1 +'.(&(*(2, ;(*0-<* -%23'*()5 *027 ', ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9: -3 .-)>23,2&9: - )2 7'9 -%23'*2 ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 ;(*0-<*

“The carrier shall not A6 =9;A=6 9? ;?B 5;@;598B CD;83:6267 E:7 ;?B <6=;B. =:33 :7 <;F;>6 occurring before the goods enter ship’s tackle to be loaded or after the goods leave ship’s tackle 8: A6 <935D;7>6<. 87;?33D9@@6< :7 E:7C;7<6< G xx.”

')1 () 62.*(-) !! -+ *02 ,'72 c(&&: ;0(.0 %3->(12,U

-;)()5 *02 +'.(&(*(2, <,21 *- ,23>2 *02 %<=&(.# P02 12>-*(-) -+ %3-%23*9 *- ,23>2 *02

D

“Whenever the carrier or master may deem it advisable or in any case placed at carrier’s disposal at or consigned to a point CD676 8D6 >::<3 ;76 CD676 8D6 3D9@ <:63 ?:8 6G@658 8: =:;< :7 <935D;7>6. 8D6 5;77967 :7 F;3867 F;B. C98D:H8 ?:8956. E:7C;7< 8D6 CD:=6 :7 ;?B @;78 :E 8D6 >::<3 A6E:76 :7 ;E867 =:;<9?> ;8 8D6 :79>9?;= @:78 :E 3D9@F6?84 G GG !D93 5;77967. 9? F;I9?> ;77;?>6F6?83 E:7 ;?B 87;?33D9@@9?> :7 E:7C;7<9?> 26336=3 :7 F6;?3 :E 87;?3@:78;8 9:? ?:8 :@67;86< AB 8D93 5;77967 3D;== A6 5:?39<676< 3:=6=B @GH FEJUAJN?KO AOHK@ EF @GH =G?LLHJ ;?< C98D:H8 ;?B :8D67 763@:?39A9=98B CD;83:6267 626? 8D:H>D 8D6 E769>D8 E:7 8D6 CD:=6 87;?3@:78 D;3 A66? 5:==6586< AB D9F4 G GG &6?<9?> :7 E:7C;7<9?> :7 87;?33D9@@9?> 8D6 5;77967 F;B 38:76 8D6 >::<3 ;3D:76 :7 ;E=:;8 3:=6=B ;3 ;>6?8 :E 8D6 3D9@@67 ;?< ;8 793I ;?< 6G@6?36 :E 8D6 >::<3 ;?< 8D6 5;77967 3D;== ?:8 A6 =9;A=6 E:7 <686?89:? ?:7 763@:?39A=6 E:7 8D6 ;583. ?6>=658. <6=;B :7 E;9=H76 8: ;58 :E ;?B:?6 8: CD:F 8D6 >::<3 ;76 6?87H386< :7 <6=92676< E:7 38:7;>6. D;?<=9?> :7 ;?B 3672956 9?59<6?8;= thereto”

611>"5 @, *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 2F27%*()5 *02 .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3

&-,, -+ 5--1, )-* () (*, '.*<'& .<,*-19 >'&(1i 9"?&5 42,# c2()5 ' .-)*3'.*: (* (, *02 &'; =2*;22) *02 %'3*(2, *0232*-: ;0- '32

=-<)1 =9 (*, *237, ')1 .-)1(*(-), %3->(121 *0'* *02,2 '32 )-* .-)*3'39 *- &';: 7-3'&,: 5--1 .<,*-7,: %<=&(. -3123 ')1 %<=&(. %-&(.9# N88 I3*(.&2 !`HZ (, '%%&(.'=&2 *- *02 (),*')* ,<(*# \)123 ,'(1 '3*(.&2: *02 .'33(23 7'9 =2 32&(2>21 -+ *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- *02 5--1, <%-) '.*<'& -3 .-),*3<.*(>2 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,'72 =9 *02 .'33(23 *- *02 .-),(5)22: -3 *- *02 %23,-) ;0- 0', ' 3(50* *32.2(>2 *027# Appellant’s liability as a common carrier was effective only +-3 *02 *3'),%-3* -+

5--1, +3-7 d237')9 *- R')(&': *02 %-()* -+ 1(,.0'352# T3-7 R')(&' *- V' >'-: <%-) *3'),,0(%72)* -+ *02 ,'72 5--1, *02 .'33(23 (, *3'),+-3721 ()*- ') '52)* -+ *02 .-),(5)22 ')1 .2',2, *- =2 &('=&2 ', ' .'33(23 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- 5--1, *3'),,0(%%21# P;- <)123*'/()5, '%%2'321 27=-1(21 ')1e-3 %3->(121 +-3 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 () J<2,*(-)# P02 +(3,* (, TO_ P]X P_IN6?O_P OT dOOV6 +3-7 c3272): d237')9 *- R')(&'# P02 ,2.-)1: P]X P_IN66]@?RXNP OT P]X 6IRX dOOV6 +3-7 R')(&' *- V'>'-: ;(*0 '%%2&&')* '.*()5 ', '52)* -+ *02 .-),(5)22# I* *02 0('*<, =2*;22) *02,2 *;- <)123*'/()5, -+ '%%2&&')* ;0(.0 (, *02 7-72)* ;02) *02 ,<=Q2.* 5--1, '32 1(,.0'3521 () R')(&': (*, %23,-)'&(*9 .0')52, +3-7 *0'* -+ .'33(23 *- *0'* -+ '52)* -+ *02 .-),(5)22# 6<.0 =2()5 *02 .',2: *0232 ;',: () 2++2.*: '.*<'& 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, +3-7 '%%2&&')* ', .'33(23 *- *02 ,'72 '%%2&&')* ', '52)* -+ *02 .-),(5)22# \%-) ,<.0

12&(>239: *02 '%%2&&')*: ', 23,*;0(&2 .'33(23: .2',2, *- =2 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 ')9 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *0'* 7'9 =2+'&& *02 5--1, +3-7 *0'* %-()* -);'31,# P0(, (, *02 +<&& (7%-3* -+ I3*(.&2 !`HZ: ', '%%&(21 *- *02 .',2 =2+-32 \,# %+#0%&, #$"22",- 3",%#; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) ",0%&1%]"+0% +22%33+0% ./V&0 AKN ]%(%3/21%,0 ",#V&+,.% ` #V&%0* ./&2/&+0"/,; JH=LEKNHK@=) -)&) ,E) 34\76aa 1AD b7; :75c %+#0%&, #$"22",- 3",%#; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ; I=)0$% ,"##$", !"&% +,] 1+&",% ",#V&+,.% ./); AKN ]/X+ !"&% ` 1+&",% ",#V&+,.% ./); 30] ); JH=LEKNHK@=) -)&) ,E) c:ac5

1AD b7; :75c

!'&,)J -:267?9?> K;C

23.4!5

@) d#_# N-# ZDCKK: *02 Re6 I6@IP@8I: ' >2,,2& -%23'*21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2,: @).#: &-'121 '* j-=2: B'%') +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) *- R')(&': L:CCC %(2.2, -+ .'&-3([21 ?)%#" C0C"1 .-),(5)21 *- ?0(&(%%()2 c&--7()5 R(&&, 8-#: @).#: ')1 ` .',2, -+ 1C)/" C)/*1: .-),(5)21 *- 82)*3'& P2F*(&2 R(&&,: @).# c-*0 ,2*, -+ 5--1, ;232 (),<321 '5'(),* 7'3()2 3(,/ +-3 *02(3 ,*'*21 >'&<2 ;(*0 32,%-)12)* V2>2&-%72)* @),<3').2 ')1 6<32*9 8-3%-3'*(-)# @) d#_# N-# `!K`Y: 1<3()5 *02 ,'72 %23(-1: *02 ,'72 >2,,2& *--/ -) =-'31 !AY .'3*-), -+ D)/<"%* A)F/0#1 )%& )##"11$/0"1 : .-),(5)21 *- R'3(>2&2, I%%'32& 8-3%-3'*(-): ')1 *;- .',2, -+ 1>/G"B0%D 0%1*/><"%*1 .-),(5)21 *- I7') X)*23%3(,2, ')1 d2)23'& R23.0')1(,2# P02 !AY .'3*-), ;232 (),<321 +-3 *02(3 ,*'*21 >'&<2 =9 32,%-)12)* N(,,0() T(32 a R'3()2 @),<3').2 8-# ')1 *02 A .',2, =9 32,%-)12)* V-;' T(32 a R'3()2 @),<3').2 8-#: ^*1# X)3-<*2 +-3 j-=2: B'%'): *- R')(&': *02 >2,,2& .'<50* +(32 ')1 ,')/: 32,<&*()5 () *02 *-*'& &-,, -+ ,0(% ')1 .'35-# P02 32,%2.*(>2 32,%-)12)* @),<323, %'(1 *02 .-332,%-)1()5 7'3()2 (),<3').2 >'&<2, *- *02 .-),(5)22, .-).23)21#

K-L- MV- QPWSS

_2,%-)12)* V2>2&-%72)* @),<3').2 a 6<32*9 8-3%-3'*(-) 0'>()5 =22) ,<=3-5'*21 <)*- *02 3(50*, -+ *02 *;- (),<321 .-7%')(2,: +(&21 ,<(* '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 +-3 *02 32.->239 -+ *02 '7-<)*, (* 0'1 %'(1 *- *02 (),<321 =2+-32 *02 8T@#

!C

?2*(*(-)23h8'33(23 12)(21 &('=(&(*9 7'()&9 -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* *02 &-,, ;', 1<2 *- ') 2F*3'-31()'39 +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*: 02).2: (* (, )-* &('=&2 <)123 *02 &';# P02 8T@ 3<&21 () +'>-3 Development Insurance. The CA affirmed the CFI’s decision. K-L- MV- URSUT

_2,%-)12)*, N(,,0() T(32 a R'3()2 @),<3').2 8-# ')1 V-;' T(32 a R'3()2 @),<3').2 8-#: ^*1# +(&21 ,<(* '5'(),* ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 +-3 *02 32.->239 -+ *02 (),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 .'35- &-,* =2+-32 *02 8T@: (7%<*()5 <),2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 ,0(% ')1 )-)h-=,23>').2 -+ 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 =9 %2*(*(-)23 8'33(23# ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 12)(21 &('=(&(*9 -) *02 %3().(%'& 53-<)1, *0'* *02 +(32 ;0(.0 .'<,21 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 ,0(% (, ') 2F27%*()5 .(3.<7,*').2 <)123 62.*(-) KbA$ b=$ -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* b8Od6I$G ')1 *0'* ;02) *02 &-,, -+ +(32 (, 2,*'=&(,021: *02 =<312) -+ %3->()5 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 >2,,2& (, ,0(+*21 *- *02 .'35,0(%%23# P02 _P8 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')(2,# P02 8I '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-)#

6!!785 !# M02*023 *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(,(-), -) .-77-) .'33(23, -3 *02 .'33('52 -+

5--1, =9 ,2' '.* ,0-<&1 5->23) A# M02*023 *02 =<312) -+ %3--+ 32,*, -) *02 %'3*9 (7%<*()5 )25&(52).2 98:;5

!#

A#

P02 &'; -+ *02 .-<)*39 *- ;0(.0 *02 5--1, '32 *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 5->23), *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 () .',2 -+ *02(3 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-)# I, *02 .'35-2, () J<2,*(-) ;232 *3'),%-3*21 +3-7 B'%') *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 (, 5->23)21 %3(7'3(&9 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12# ]-;2>23: () '&& 7'**23, )-* 325<&'*21 =9 ,'(1 8-12: *02 3(50*, ')1 -=&(5'*(-), -+ .-77-) .'33(23 ,0'&& =2 5->23)21 =9 *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 =9 ,%2.('& &';,# P0<,: *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*: ' ,%2.('& &';: (, ,<%%&2*-39 *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# \)123 *02 8(>(& 8-12: .-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 +-3 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 5--1,: '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2# 8-77-) .'33(23, '32 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, <)&2,, *02 ,'72 (, 1<2 *- ')9 -+ *02 +-&&-;()5 .'<,2, -)&9U

LMN O=::<. 38:7F. 6;78DPH;I6. =9>D8?9?> :7 :8D67 ?;8H7;= <93;3867 :7 5;=;F98BQ

?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 .&'(7, *0'* *02 &-,, -+ * 02 >2,,2& =9 +(32 2F27%*, (* +3-7 &('=(&(*9 <)123 *02 %03',2 E)'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9# E ]-;2>23: ;2 '32 -+ *02 -%()(-) *0'* +(32 7'9 )-* =2 .-),(12321 ' )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9# P0(, 7<,* =2 ,- ', (* '3(,2, '&7-,* ()>'3('=&9 +3-7 ,-72 '.* -+ 7') -3 =9 0<7') 72'),# @* 1-2, )-* +'&& ;(*0() *02 .'*25-39 -+ ') '.* -+ d-1 <)&2,, .' <,21 =9 &(50*)()5 -3 =9 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9# !A @* 7'9 2>2) =2 .'<,21 =9 *02 '.*<'& +'<&* -3 %3(>(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23# I, *02 %23(& -+ *02 +(32 (, )-* .-7%3202)121 ;(*0() *02 2F.2%*(-) () I3*(.&2 !`HK: ,<%3': I3*(.&2 !`HL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* '&& .',2, *0') *0-,2 72)*(-) () I3*(.&2 !`HK: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 ,0'&& =2 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, (* %3->2, *0'* (* 0', -=,23>21 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 12&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &';#

@) *0(, .',2: *02 32,%2.*(>2 @),<323,# ',,<=3-522, -+ *02 .'35- ,0(%%23,: 0'>2 %3->2) *0'* *02 *3'),%-3*21 5--1, 0'>2 =22) &-,*# ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 0', '&,%3->21 *0'* *02 &-,, ;', .'<,2 1 =9 +(32# P02 =<312) *02) (, <%-) ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 *- %3->21 *0'* (* 0', 2F23.(,21 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &';# ]'>()5 +'(&21 *- 1(,.0'352 *02 =<312) -+ %3->()5 *0'* (* 0'1 2F23.(,21 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &';: ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 .'))-* 2, .'%2 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35-# I)1 2>2) (+ +(32 ;232 *- =2 .-),(12321 ' E)'*<3'& 1(,',*23E ;(*0() *02 72')()5 -+ I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 : (* (, 32J<(321 <)123 I3*(.&2 !`HD -+ *02 ,'72 8-12 *0'* *02 E)'*<3'& 1(,',*23E 7<,* 0'>2 =22) *02 E%3-F(7'*2 ')1 -)&9 .'<,2 -+ *02 &-,,:E ')1 *0'* *02 .'33(23 0', E2F23.(,21 1<2 1(&(52).2 *%32>2)* -3 7()(7([2 *02 &-,, =2+-32: 1<3()5 -3 '+*23 *02 -..<332).2 -+ *02 1(,',*23# E P0(, ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 0', '&,- +'(&21 *- 2,*'=&(,0 ,'*(,+'.*-3(&9# N-3 7'9 ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 ,22/ 32+<52 +3-7 &('=(&(* 9 <)123 *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*: @* (, %3->(121 *0232() *0'*U !"#- SX,Y- N2(*023 *02 .'33(23 )-3 *02 ,0(% ,0'&& =2 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 &-,, -3

1'7'52 '3(,()5 -3 32,<&*()5 +3-7 b=$

T(32: <)&2,, .'<,21 =9 *02 '.*<'& +'<&* -3 %3(>(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23#

@) *0(, .',2: =-*0 *02 P3('& 8-<3* ')1 *02 I%%2&&'*2 8-<3*: () 2++2.*: +-<)1: ', ' +'.*: *0'* *0232 ;', E'.*<'& +'<&*E -+ *02 .'33(23 ,0-;) =9 E&'./ -+ 1(&(52).2E ()

!!

*0'* E;02) *02 ,7-/2 ;', )-*(.21: *02 +(32 ;', '&32'19 =(5G *0'* *02 +(32 7<,* 0'>2 ,*'3*21 *;2)*9h+-<3 bAK$ 0-<3, =2+-32 *02 ,'72 ;', )-*(.21G E ')1 *0'* E'+*23 *02 .'35-2, ;232 ,*-321 () *02 0'*.02,: )- 325<&'3 (),%2.*(-) ;', 7'12 ', *- *02(3 .-)1(*(-) 1<3()5 *02 >-9'52#E P02 +-325-()5 ,<++(.2, *- ,0-; *0'* *02 .(3.<7,*').2, <)123 ;0(.0 *02 +(32 -3(5()'*21 ')1 ,%32'1 '32 ,<.0 ', *- ,0-; *0'* ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 -3 (*, ,23>')*, ;232 )25&(52)* () .-))2.*(-) *0232;(*0# 8-),2J<2)*&9: *02 .-7%&2*2 12+2),2 '++-3121 =9 *02 8Od6I ;02) &-,, 32,<&*, +3-7 +(32 (, <)'>'(&()5 *- ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23# ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23 '>23, *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9 (+ ' )9: ,0-<&1 )-* 2F.221 \6 lLCC %23 %'./'52 ', %3->(121 () ,2.*(-) Kb L$ -+ *02 8Od6I# I3*(.&2 !`KD -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12 '&,- '&&-;, *02 &(7(*'*(-), -+ &('=(&(*9 () *0(, ;(,2U 3/*- RUSP#I ,*(%<&'*(-) *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 ', &(7(*21 *- *02

>'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, =()1()5# @* (, *- =2 )-*21 *0'* * 02 8(>(& 8-12 1-2, )-* -+ (*,2 &+ &(7(* *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 *- ' +(F21 '7-<)* %23 %'./'52 '&*0-<50 *02 8-12 2F%32,,&9 %237(*, ' ,*(%<&'*(-) &(7(*()5 ,<.0 &('=(&(*9# P0<,: *02 8Od6I ;0(.0 (, ,<%%&2*-39 *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: ,*2%, () ')1 ,<%%&272)*, *02 8-12 =9 2,*'=&(,0()5 ' ,*'*<*-39 %3->(,(-) &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 () *02 '=,2).2 -+ ' 12.&'3'*(-) -+ ' 0(5023 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, =9 *02 , 0(%%23 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# P02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* -) &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 '32 ', 7<.0 ' %' 3* -+ ' =(&& -+ &' 1()5 ', *0-<50 %09,(.'&&9 () (* ')1 ', 7<.0 ' %'3* *0232-+ ', *0-<50 %&'.21 *0232() =9 '532272)* -+ *02 %'3*(2,# @) d#_# N-# ZDCKK: *0232 (, )- ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 32,%2.*(>2 c(&&, -+ ^'1()5 bXF0(=(*, E8hAE ')1 E@hHE$ ! ` &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 +- 3 *02 &-,, -3 12,*3<.*(-) -+ *02 5--1,# N-3 (, *0232 ' 12.&'3'*(-) -+ ' 0(5023 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1,# ]2).2: ?2*(*(-)23 8'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 ,0-<&1 )-* 2F.221 \6 lLCC %23 %'./' 52: @) d#_# N-# `!K`Y: () ,- +'3 ', *02 *;- bA$ .',2, -+ ,<3>29()5 (),*3<72)*, '32 .-).23)21: *02 '7-<)* ';'3121 *- VOMI ;0(.0 ;', '&32'19 321<.21 *l!:CCC =9 *02 I%%2&&'*2 8-<3* +-&&-;()5 *02 ,*'*<*-39 lLCC &('=(&(*9 %23 %'./'52: (, () -3123#

-)&) ,E) 34a7a6c +>O>=@ :7; :755 ,+0"/,+3 ]%(%3/21%,0 ./12+,*; LH@?@?EKHJ4ALLHCCAK@; I=) 0$% ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN ]%(%3/21%,0 ",#V&+,.% ` #V&%0* ./&2/&+0"/,; JH=LEKNHK@=4 ALLHCCHH=)

,E) 34a7a\7 +>O>=@ :7; :755 1+&"0"1% ./12+,* /! 0$% 2$"3"22",%#; LH@?@?EKHJ4ALLHCCAK@; I=) 0$% ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN ]%(%3/21%,0 ",#V&+,.% ` #V&%0* ./&2/&+0"/,; JH=LEKNHK@=4 ALLHCCHH=#

23.4!5 NV8 ')1 R8? 2)*2321 ()*- ' 727-3')1<7 '532272)*;0232() NV8 ', *02

+(3,* %32+23321 7-3*5'522 -+ H -.2') 5-()5 >2,,2&,b ().&<1()5 SV-)' N'*(S$ '%%-()*21 R8? ', (*, '52)* *- 7')'52 ')1 -%23'*2 ,'(1 >2,,2& +-3 ')1 () (*, =20'&+ ')1 '..-<)*# X# ?0(&(%% 8-3%# &-'121 -) =-'31 EV-)' N'*(E '* 6') T3').(,.-: 8'&(+-3)(': !:ACC ='&2, -+ I723(.') 3'; .-**-) .-),(5)21 *- *02 -3123 -+ R')(&' c')/()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ')1 *02 ?2-%&2S, c')/ ')1 P3<,* 8-7%')9# I&,- &-'121 -) *02 ,'72 >2,,2& '* P-/9-: B'%'): ;232 *02 .'35- -+ j9-/<*- c-2/<(: j'(,': ^*1#: .-),(5)21 **02 -3123 -+ R')(&' c')/()5 8-3%# .-),(,*()5 -+ ACC .'3*-), -+ ,-1(<7 &'<39& ,<&+'*2 ')1 !C .',2, -+ '&<7()<7 +-(&# X) 3-<*2 *- R')(&' V-)' N'*(.-&&(121 ;(*0 S66 4',<,0(7'R'323'52 6<3>29-3G !L ='&2, ;232 )-* &')121 ')1 122721 &-,*# I&,- .-),(12321 *-*'&&9 &-,* ;232 *02 '+-32,'(1 ,0(%72)* -+ j9-/<*-: c-2/<(j'(,' ^*1# V2>2&-%72)* @),<3').2 ')1 6<32*9 8-3%-3'*(-): ', (),<323: %'(1 *02 *-*'& '7-<)* -+ &-,,# V@68 +(&21 =2+-32 *02 *02) 8T@ ') '.*(-) +-3 *02 32.->239 -+ *02 ,<7 -+ ?HZK:D!L#YZ# 8T@32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) -3123()5 R8? ')1 NV8 *- %'9 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,-&(1'3(*9 *- V@68# 8I %3-7<&5'*21 (*, 12.(,(-) '++(37()5 () *-*- *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*# ]2).2 *02,2 '%%2'&, =9 .23*(-3'3(# NV8 '35<2, *0'* *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62 ' I.* ,0-<&1 '%%&9 ')1 ) -* *02 8(>(& 8-12 -3 *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2# \)123 62.*(-) K bA$ -+ ,'(1 I.*: *02 .' 33(23 (, )-* 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -3 1'7'52 32,<&*()5 +3-7 *02 E'.*: )25&2.* -3 12+'<&* -+ *02 7',*23: 7'3()23: %(&-* -3 *02 ,23>')*, -+ *02 .'33(23 () *02 )'>(5'*(-) - 3 () *02 7')'5272)* -+ *02 ,0(%#E P0<,: NV8 (),(,*, *0'* =',21 -) *02 +()1()5, -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* ;0(.0 ;232 '1-%*21 =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: =-*0 %(&-*, -+ *02 .-&&(1()5 >2,,2&, ;232 '* +'<&* ')1 )25&(52)*: NV8 ;-<&1 0'>2 =22) 32&(2>21 -+ &('=(&(*9 <)123 *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*# @),*2'1: I3*(.&2 AY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ;', '%%&(21 ')1 =-*0 NV8 ')1 R8? ;232 -312321 *- 32 (7=<3,2 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 +-3 *02 '7-<)* *02 &'**23 %'(1 *- *02 .-),(5)22 ', 2'3&(23 ,*'*21# 6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* *02 .-<3* 23321 () ' %%&9()5 *02 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 *02 8-12 -+

8-7723.2 () *02 .',2 '* ='3#

!A

98:;5NO: 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 '32 &';, * 0'* 5->23) &-,, -3

12,*3<.*(-) -+ 5--1, 1<2 *- .-&&(,(-) -+ >2,,2&, -<*,(12 ?0(&(%%()2 ;'*23, ', ;2&& ', *02 2F*2)* -+ &('=(&(*9# @) X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2, @).# ># @I8: (* ;', 02&1 <)123 ,(7(&'3 .(3.<7,*').2 E*0'* *02 &'; -+ *02 .-<)*39 *- ;0(.0 *02 5--1, '32 *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 5->23), *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 () .',2 -+ *02(3 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-)E bI3*(.&2 !`LH: 8(>(& 8-12$# P0<,: *02 3<&2 ;', ,%2.(+(.'&&9 &'(1 1-;) *0'* +-3 .'35-2, *3'),%-3*21 +3-7 B'%') *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23 (, 5->23)21 %3(7'3(&9 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 () '&& 7'**23, )-* 325<&'*21 =9 ,'(1 8-12: *02 3(50*, ')1 -=&(5'*(-), -+ .-77-) .'33(2 3 ,0'&& =2 5->23)21 =9 *02 8-12 -+ .-7723.2 ')1 =9 &';, bI3*(.&2 !`ZZ: 8(>(& 8-12$# ]2).2: *02 8'33('52 -+ d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c'9: B'%')# @* '%%2'3,: 0-;2>23: *0'* .-&&(,(-) +'&&, '7-)5 7'**23, )-* ,%2.(+(.'&&9 325<&'*21 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12: ,- *0'* )- 32>23,(=&2 233-3 .') =2 +-<)1 () 32,%-)12)* .-<3,2, '%%&(.'*(-) *- *02 .',2 '* ='3 -+ I3*(.&2, YAZ *- YHD: c--/ P0322 -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2: ;0(.0 12'& 2F.&<,(>2&9 ;(*0 .-&&(,(-) -+ >2,,2&,# \)123*02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2: %'3*(.<&'3&9 I3*,# YAZh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d--1, =9 62' I.* 1-2, )-* ,%2.(+(.'&&9 %3->(12 +-3 *02 ,<=Q2.* -+ .-&&(,(-): ,'(1 I.* () )- <).23*'() *237,: 32,*3(.*, (*, '%%&(.'*(-) E*- '&& .-)*3'.*, +-3 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, =9 ,2' *- ')1 +3-7 ?0(&(%%()2 %-3*, () +-32(5) *3'12#E

R"%,(%,"]/ -%3"#+, I=) R%,"0/ +3]+* -)&) ,E) 3496b:b #HL@HPBHJ 96; :75c 2+]"33+; <)S

TI8P6U V2+2)1')* c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,') ')1 _-=23*- X,%(3(*< 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* <)123 ;0(.0 X,%(3(*< 0(321 *02 +32(50* *3<./ -+ d2&(, ') +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ 0'<&()5 3(.2: ,<5'3: +&-<3 ')1 +23*(&([23# @* (, '&,- '53221 *0'* X,%(3(*< ,0'&& =2'3 ')1 %'9 '&& &-,,2, ')1 1'7'52, '**2)1()5 *02 .'33('52 -+ *02 5--1, *- =2 0'<&21 =9 0(7# ?2*(*(-)23 c2)(*- I&1'9: ' *3<./()5 -%23'*-3 ')1 0 '1 /)-;) *02 _-=23*- X,%(3(*< ,().2 !DKY ', ' *3<./ -%23'*-3# I&1'9 0'1 ' .-)*3'.* *- 0'<& *02 +23*(&([23, -+ *02 I*&', T23*(&([23 8-3%-3'*(-) +3-7 ?(23 K: N-3*0 ]'3=-3: *- (*, M'320-<,2 () R')1'&<9-)5# I&1'9 72* X,%(3(*< '* *02 5'*2 -+ ?(23 K ')1 *02 &'**23 -++2321 *02 <,2 -+ 0(, *3<./ ;(*0 *02 13(>23 ')1 02&%23 '* D .2)*'>-, %23 ='5 -+ +23*(&([23# P02 -++23 ;', '..2%*21 =9 I&1'9 ')1 02 (),*3<.*21 0(, .02./23 *- &2* _-=23*- X,%(3(*< 0'<& *02 +23*(&([23# X,%(3(*< 7'12 *;- 0'<&, -+ ACC ='5, -+ +23*(&([23 %23 *3(%# P02 +23*(&([23 ;', 12&(>2321 *- *02 13(>23 ')1 02&%23 -+ X,%(3(*< ;(*0 *02 )2.2,,'39 ;'9 =(&& 32.2(%*,# X,%(3(*<: 0-;2>23: 1(1 )-* 12&(>23 *02 +23*(&([23 *- *02 I*&', T23*-&([23 =-125' '* R')1'&<9-)5# _-=23*- X,%(3(*< ;', &'*23 '332,*21 ')1 =--/21 +-3 *02+*# c2)(*- I&1'9 ;', .-7%2&&21 *- %'9 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 KCC ='5, -+ +23*(&([23: () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?L:HD`#HH: *- I*&', T23*(&([23 8-3%-3'*(-) ,- *0'*: -) !A T2=3<'39 !DZA: 02 bI&1'9$ +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* _-=23*- X,%(3(*< ')1 c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,') +-3 *02 32.->239 -+ 1'7'52, ,<++2321 =9 0(7 *03< *02 .3(7()'& '.*, .-77(**21 =9 *02 12+2)1')*,# c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,') .&'(721 *0'* 02 0'1 )- .-)*3'.*<'& 32&'*(-), ;(*0 *02 %&'()*(++ c2)(*- I&1'9 ', 325'31, *02 0'<&()5 ')1 e-3 12&(>239 -+ *02 KCC ='5, -+ +23*(&([23 72)*(-)21 () *02 .-7%&'()*G *0'* *02 ' &&2521 7(,'%%3-%3('*(-) -3 )-)12&(>239 =9 12+2)1')* _-=23*- X,%(3(*< -+ %&'()*(++S, KCC ='5, -+ +23*(&([23: ;', 2)*(32&9 =29-)1 0(, bd2&(,')S,$ .-)*3-& ')1 /)-;&2152: ')1 ;0(.0 +'.* =2.'72 /)-;) *- 0(7 ;02) 0(, *3<./ ;', (7%-<)121 =9 *02 R')(&' ?-&(.2 V2 %'3*72)* ')1 *0'* () 0(, ;3(**2) .-)*3'.* -+ 0(32 ;(*0 _-=23*- X,%(3(*<: (* ;', 2F%32,,&9 %3->(121 *0'* *02 &'**23 ;(&&

a.“Registered Owner Rule”

!H

=2'3 ')1 %'9 '&& &-,, ')1 1'7'52, '**2)1()5 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, *- =2 0'<&21 =9

%3-%23*9 .->2321 =9 *02 +3').0(,2 (, *3'),+23321: -3 &2',21 *- ')-*023 ;(*0-<*

,'(1 _-=23*- X,%(3(*<#

-=*'()()5 *02 32J<(,(*2 '%%3->'&: *02 *3'),+23 (, )-* =()1()5 '5'(),* *02 ?<=&(.

I+*23 *3('&: *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ R')(&' 3<&21 *0'* _-=23*- X,%(3(*< '&-)2

623>(.2 8-77(,,(-) ')1 () .-)*27%&'*(-) -+ &'; * 02 53')*22 .-)*()<2, *- =2

;', &('=&2 *- c2)(*- I&1'9: ,().2 c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,') ;', )-* %3(>9 *- *02 .-)*3'.*

32,%-),(=&2 <)123 *02 +3').0(,2 () 32 &'*(-) *- *02 8-77(,,(-) ')1 *- *02 ?<=&(.#

=2*;22) X,%(3(*< ')1 I&1'9# O) '%%2'&: 0-;2>23: *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: .(*()5 *02

6().2 *02 &2',2 -+ *02 * 3<./ () J<2,*(-) ;', 7'12 ;(*0-<* ,<.0 ' %%3->'& *02 -)&9

.',2 -+ R-)*-9' >,# @5)'.(-: +-<)1 *0'* c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,') (, &(/2;(,2 &('=&2 +-3

.-).&<,(-) *0'* .') =2 13';) (, *0'* d2&(,') ,*(&& .-)*()<2, *- =2 (*, -%23'*-3 ()

=2()5 *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3<./G ')1 *0'* *02 &2',2 .-)*3'.*: 2F2.<*21 =9

.-)*27%&'*(-) -+ &';: ')1 ', ,<.0 (, 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 .-),2J<2).2, ().(12)* *-

')1 =2*;22) c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,') ')1 _-=23*- X,%(3(*<: (, )-* =()1()5 <%-) c2)(*-

(*, -%23'*(-): -)2 -+ *027 =2()5 *02 .-&&(,(-) <)123 .-),(123'*(-)#

I&1'9 +-3 )-* 0'>()5 =22) %32>(-<,&9 '%%3->21 =9 *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 8-77(,,(-)#

c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,'): *02 325(,*2321 -;)23: (, )-* 0-;2>23 ;(*0-<* 32.-<3,2# ]2 0',

]2).2: *02 %32,2)* 32.-<3,2 =9 c(2)>2)(1-d2&(,')#

' 3(50* *- =2 ()127)(+(21 =9 _-=23*- X,%( 3(*< +-3 *02 '7-<)* *(*'* 02 7'9 =2

@

32J<(321 *- %'9 ', 1'7'52, +-3 *02 ()Q<39 .'<,21 *- c2)(*- I&1'9: ,().2 *02 &2',2

66\XU M02*023 -3 )-3d2&(,') (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 '.* .-77(**21 =9 X,%(3(*<

.-)*3'.* () J<2,*(-): '&*0-<50 )-* 2++2.*(>2 '5'(),* *02 %<=&(. +-3 )-* 0'>()5 =22)

]X^VU 4X6#

'%%3->21 =9 *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 8-77(,,(-): (, >'&(1 ')1 =()1()5 =2*;22) *02

P02 8-<3* 0', ()>'3('=&9 02&1 () ,2>23'& 12.(,(-), *0'* *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ '

.-)*3'.*()5 %'3*(2,#

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

1+) 3V"#+ R%,%]".0/ (#) "+. ` -&%%,$"33# X//] ",]V#0&"%# ./12+,* ",.

T'.*,U d322)0(&&,: ' &<7=23 7')<+'.*<3()5 +(37: -%23'*2, ' ,';7(&&# @* =-<)1 (*,2&+ *12&(>23 *- c&<2 6*'3 R'0-5')9 @).# d322)0(&&, .-)*3'.*21 *02 ,23>(.2, -+ o(35(&(^(.<12): 13(>23 -+ ' .'35- *3<./ 325(,*2321 () *02 )'72 -+ ?2*(*(-)23 c2)21(.* -# P02 .'35- 1(1 )-* '33(>2 -) *02 ,.021<&21 12&(>239 1'*2 ;0(.0 +-3.21 c&<2 6*'3 *- &--/ +-3 -*023 ,<%%&(23,# d322)0(&&, *3(21 () >'() *- .-)>().2 c&<2 6*'3 *- .-)*()<2 ;(*0 *02(3 .-)*3'.*# d322)0(&&, +(&21 ' .3(7()'& .',2 '5'(),* ^(.<12) ')1 ' .(>(& .',2 '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23 c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

!K

@,,<2U MON *02 %2*(*(-)23: =2()5 *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 - + *02 .'33(23: ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 <)12&(>2321 -3 &-,* ,';) &<7=23# f4X6g

I .',2 ;', +(&21 =9 *02 02(3, -+ _'7-) I.<2,*' '5'(),* ?0(&*3').- +-3 '&&2521 53-,, )25&(52).2: 32./&2,,)2,,: >(-&'*(-) -+ *3'++(. 3<&2, ')1 325<&'*(-),: '=')1-)72)* -+ >(.*(7: ')1 '**27%* *- 2,.'%2 +3-7 ' .3(72#

]2&1U P0232 (, )- 1(,%<*2 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 c2)21(.*- 0', =22) 0-&1()5 023,2&+ -<* *- *02 %<=&(. ', 2)5'521 () *02 =<,()2,, -+ 0'<&()5 -3 *3'),%-3*()5 5--1, +-3 0(32 -3 .-7%2),'*(-)# ?2*(*(-)23 c2)21(.*- (,: () =3(2+: ' .-77-) .'33(23#

I..-31()5 *- *02 ;(*)2,,2,- *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: '* '3-<)1 ZUCC'7: _'7-) I# I.<2,*' ;', 3(1()5 () 0(, 2',9 3(123 =(.9.&2 '&-)5 *02 d-72[ 6*322* -+ 8'&='9-5 8(*9# O) *02 R'5,'9,'9 c&>1#: '&,- () 8'&='9-5 8(*9: 12+2)1')* ?0(&*3').- 623>(.2

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b6889

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Enterprises, Inc.’s bus, driven by defendant RogasionesManilhig was being pushed

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P3('& 8-urt ruled against Equitable and ordered it t o pay damages to the victims’ relatives. Upon Equitable’s appeal, the Court of A ppeals sustained the RTC.

XJ<(*'=&2 +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; ;(*0 *02 6<%3272 8-<3*# @,,<2U M02*023 XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, +-3 *029 '32 *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3<./# ]2&1e_'*(-U 42,: XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2# P02 %2*(*(-) (, 12)(21 ')1 *02 8I12.(,(-) (, '++(3721#I, *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3'.*-3: XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 '.*,-+ _'<& P<*-3 2>en if he was actually the employee of Equitable’sformer lessee, X.'*()2 8-3%-3'*(-): ;0- =2.'72 *02 '.*<'& -;)2 3 -+ *02 *3'.*-3 =9 >(3*<2 -+ ' 1221 -+ ,'&2 )-* 325(,*2321 ;(*0 *02 ^PO#_25'31&2,, -+ ,'&2, 7'12 -+ ' 7-*-3 >20(.&2: *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 (, *02&';+<& -%23'*-3 (),-+'3 ', *02 %<=&(. ')1 *0(31 %23,-), '32 .-).23)21G.-),2J<2)*&9: (* (, 1(32.*&9 ')1 %3(7'3(&9 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02.-),2J<2).2, -+ (*, -%23'*(-)# @) *02 292, -+ *02 &';: *02-;)23e-%23'*-3 -+ 32.-31 (, *02 27%&-923 -+ *02 13(>23: *02 '.*<'&-;)23e-%23'*-3 =2()5 .-),(12321 ', 7232&9 *02 '52)* -+ *02 325(,*2321-;)23e-%23'*-3# P02 %3().(%&2 '%%&(2, 2>2) (+ *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ ')9 >20(.&2 1-2, )-* <,2 (* +-3 %<=&(. ,23>(.2# P02 7'() '(7 -+ 7-*-3 >20(.&2 325(,*3'*(-) (, *- (12)*(+9 *02 -;)23 ,- *0'* (+ ')9 '..(12)* 0'%%2),: -3 ')9 1'7'52 -3 ()Q<39 (, .'<,21 =9 * 02>20(.&2: 32,%-),(=(&(*9 .') =2 +(F21 -) ' 12+()(*2 ()1(>(1<'&: *02325(,*2321 -;)23#T'(&<32 *- 325(,*23 *02 1221 -+ ,'&2 ,0-<&1 )-* %32Q<1(.2 >(.*(7,: ;0- 0'>2*02 3(50* *- 32&9 -) *02 %3().(%&2 *0'* *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 (, &('=&2 +-31'7'52, .'<,21 =9 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 13(>23#XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 can’t hide behind the allegation that Tutor was EcatineCorp’s employee, because it ;(&& %32>2)* >(.*(7, +3-7 32.->23()5 *02(3&-,, -) *02 =', (, of Equitable’s inaction in +'(&()5 *- 325(,*23 *02 ,'&2# P02 )-)hregistration is Equitable’s fault, which should

+'.2 *02 &25'&.-),2J<2).2, *0232-+

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“kabit system”, and V(1'1 2F2.<*21 ' 32h*3'),+23 1-.<72)* %32,<7'=&9 *- =2

325(,*2321 ;02) *029 12.(12 *0'* *02 Q22%)29 =2 ;(*013';) +3-7 *02 '33')5272)*# O) I%3(& AZ: !DZH: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* I=3'0'7 6(=<5 ;', =<7%21 =9 *02 Q22%)29 13(>2) =9 62>23-d3'5',# 6(=<5 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* o(1'1 ')1 d3'5', ;(*0 c3').0 mo@@ -+ *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 () R')(&'# B<1572)* ;', 32)12321 ,2)*2).()5 *02 12+2)1')*, *- %'9 ?LCZ#AC ', '.*<'& 1'7'52,: ?H:CCC ', 7-3'& damages, and P500 as attorney’s fees and costs. On April 10, 1964, the ,023(++ &2>(21 -) *02 7-*-3 >20(.&2 ')1 ,.021<&21 ') '<.*(-) ,'&2# O) I%3(& !!: %2*(*(-)23 ,<=7(**21 ' *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()*: '&&25()5 *0'* 02 ;', *02 32'& -;)23 -+ *02 Q22%)29# 6(=<5 ,<=7(**21 ' =-)1 *- *02 ,023(++ *- ,'>2 *02 &'**23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 (+ 02 ;232 *- %3-.221 ;(*0 *02 ,'&2 ') 1 *02 *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* ;-<&1 =2 <&*(7'*2&9 <%02&1# O) I%3(& AA: %2*(*(-)23 (),*(*<*21 ;(*0 8T@ c3').0 m ') '.*(-) +-3 V'7'52, ')1 @)Q<).*(-): ;(*0 ?32&(7()'39 R')1'*-39 @)Q<).*(-) '5'(),* 6(=<5: o(1'1 ' )1 *02 ,023(++# P02 .-7%&'()* ;', '72)121 *- ().&<12 *02 =-)1()5 .-7%')9# O) R'9 !!: c3').0 m (,,<21 ' 32,*3'()()5 -3123 2)Q-()()5 *02 , 023(++ +3-7 .-)1<.*()5 *02 auction sale. On October 14, 1965, Branch X upheld petitioner’s ownership. Sibug

'%%2'&21 +3-7 *02 12.(,(-) -+ c3').0 m# P02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, )<&&(+(21 *02 '%%2'&21 12.(,(-)#

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b!$ M02*023 *02 8T@ 0', Q<3(,1(.*(-) *- (,,<2 ') ()Q<).*(-) 32,*3'()()5 *02 2F2.<*(-) ,'&2 -+ *02 Q22%)29 &2>(21 <%-) =9 ' Q<1572)* .321(*-3 () ')-*023 8T@ bA$ M02*023 *02 *0(31h%'3*9 .&'(7')* 0', ' 3(50* *- >()1(.'*2 0(, .&'(7 *- *02 >20(.&2 &2>(21 <%-) *03-<50 ' ,2%'3'*2 '.*(-)

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@) ',,23*()5 0(, 3(50*, -+ -;)23,0(% *- *02 >20(.&2 () J<2,*(-): 6INPO6 .')1(1&9 '17(**21 0(, %'3*(.(%'*(-) () *02 (&&25'& ')1 %23)(.(-<, %3'.*(.2 () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) =<,()2,, /)-;) ', *02 /'=(* ,9,*27# I&*0-<50 6INPO6: ', *02 /'=(*: ;', *02 *3<2 -;)23 ', '5'(),* o@VIV: *02 &'**23: ', *02 325(,*2321 -;)23e-%23'*-3 ')1 53')*22 -+ *02 +3').0(,2: (, 1(32.*&9 ')1 %3(7'3(&9 32,%-),(=&2 ')1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 1'7'52, .'<,21 *- 6@c\d: *02 ()Q<321 %'3*9: ', ' .-),2J<2).2 -+ *02 )25&(52)* -3 .'32&2,, -%23'*(-) -+ *02 >20(.&2# P0(, 3<&()5 (, =',21 -) *02 %3().(%&2 *0'* *02 -%23'*-3 -+ 32.-31 (, .-),(12321 *02 -%23'*-3 -+ *02 >20(.&2 () .-)*27%&'*(-) -+ &'; ', 325'31, *02 %<=&(. ')1 *0(31 %23,-), 2>2) (+ *02 >20(.&2 ()>-&>21 () *02 '..(12)* 0'1 =22)

,-&1 *- ')-*023 ;0232 ,<.0 ,'&2 0'1 )-* =22) '%%3->21 =9 *02 *02) ?<=&(. 62 3>(.2 8-77(,,(-)# P02 &2>9 -) 2F2.<*(-) '5'(),* ,'(1 >20(.&2 ,0-<&1 =2 2)+-3.21 ,- *0'* *02 Q<1572)* () *02 c_IN8] mo@@ 8I6X 7'9 =2 ,'*(,+(21: )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 ,2 .32* -;)23,0(% -+ *02 >20(.&2 =2&-)521 *- ')-*023# 6INPO6: ', *02 /'=(*: ,0-<&1 )-* =2 '&&-;21 *- 12+2'* *02 &2>9 -) 0(, >20(.&2 ')1 *- '>-(1 0(, 32,%-),(=(&(*(2, ', ' /'=(* -;)23 +-3 02 0'1 &21 *02 %<=&(. *- =2&(2>2 *0'* *02 >20(.&2 =2&-)521 *- o@VIV# P0(, (, -)2 ;'9 -+ .<3=()5 *02 %23)(.(-<, /'=(* ,9,*27 *0'* +'.(&(*'*2, *02 .-77(,,(-) -+ +3'<1 '5'(),* *02 *3'>2&&()5 %<=&(.# 6INPO6S 3272 19: ', *02 32'& -;)23 -+ *02 >20(.&2: (, *- 5- '5'(),* o@VIV: *02 '.*<'& -%23'*-3 ;0- ;', 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '..(12)*: +-3 *02 32.->239 -+ ;0'*2>23 1'7'52, 6INPO6 7'9 ,<++23 =9 32',-) -+ *02 2F2.<*(-)# @) +'.*: (+ 6INPO6: ', *02 /'=(*: 0'1 =22) (7%&2'121 ', ' %'3*9 12+2)1')* () *02 c_IN8] mo@@ 8I6X: 02 ,0- <&1 =2 02&1 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 o@VIV ')1 *02 13(>23 +-3 1'7'52, ,<++2321 =9 6@c\d: ', ;2 && ', +-3 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,# 8-)*3'39 *- *02 3'*(-)'&2 () *02 V2.(,(-) -+ 32,%-)12)* 8-<3*: (* ;', '%%3-%3('*2: ' , ' 7'**23 -+ %3-.21<32: +-3 6INPO6: ', ') -31()'39 *0(31h%'3*9 .&'(7')*: *- >()1(.'*2 0(, .&'(7 -+ -;)23,0(% () ' ,2 %'3'*2 '.*(-) <)123 62.*(-) !` -+ _<&2 HD# I)1 *02 Q<1572)* 32)12321 () 0(, +'>-3 =9 c3').0 m: 12.&'3()5 0(7 *- =2 *02 -;)23 -+ *02 %3-%23*9: 1(1 )-* ', ' =',(. %3-%-,(*(-): .-),*(*<*2 ()*23+232).2 ;(*0 *02 %-;23, -3 %3-.2,,2, -+ c3').0 mo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c3').0 m %237')2)*&9 2)Q-()()5 *02 '<.*(-) ,'&2: ,0-<&1 =2 <%02&1# ^25 '&&9 ,%2'/()5: (* ;', )-* ' E,*3')523S, %3-%23*9E *0'* ;', &2>(21 <%-) =9 *02 6023(++ %<3,<')* *- *02 Q<1572)* 32)12321 =9 c3').0 mo@@# P02 >20(.&2 ;',: () +'.*: 325(,*2321 () *02 )'72 -+ o@VIV: -)2 -+ *02 Q<1572)* 12=*-3,# I)1 ;0'* (, 7-32: *02 ',%2.* -+ %<=&(. ,23>(.2: ;(*0 (*, 2++2.*, -) *02 3(1()5 %<=&(.: (, ()>-&>21# M0'*2>23 &25'& *2.0)(.'&(*(2, 7'9 =2 ()>-/21: ;2 +()1 *02 Q<1572)* -+ 32,%-)12)* 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, *- =2 () .-),-)').2 ;(*0 Q<,*(.2#

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?2*(*(-)23 7->21 +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) -+ *02 12.(,(-): =<* *02 ,'72 ;', 12)(21# O) '%%2'& =9 %2*(*(-)23: *02 @I8 7-1(+(21 *02 12.(,(-) *0'* () *02 2>2)* *02 .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 H P-9-*' 32'3, ;(&& )- &-)523 ,23>2 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ *02 1221 -+ .-)>29').2 =2.'<,2 -+ *02(3 12*23(-3'*(-): -3 =2.'<,2 *029 '32 )- &-)523 ,23>(.2'=&2: -3 =2.'<,2 *029 '32 )- &-)523 '>'(&'=&2: *02) ^(*' X)*23%3(,2,: @).# (, -312321 *- %'9 *02 %&'()*(++, *02(3 +'(3 7'3/2* >'&<2 ', -+ !D`L#

S*G @;58:9==9598: ?:? :798H7;589:S fN- '.*(-) '3(,2, -<* -+ ') (&&(.(* ='35'()g (, *02

*<)2h0-)-321 7'F(7 *0'* 7<,* =2 '%%&(21 *- *02 %'3*(2, () *02 .',2 '* ='3# ]'>()5 2)*2321 ()*- ') (&&25'& .-)*3'.*: )2(*023 .') ,22/ 32&(2+ +3-7 *02 .-<3*,: ')1 2'.0 7<,* =2'3 *02 .-),2J<2).2, -+ 0(, '.*,# 2)#*15 @) !DZZ: *02 ,%-<,2, O.'7%- ')1 d'3.(' %<3.0',21 () (),*'&&72)* +3-7 *02

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d'&>2[: 1(21 +3-7 *02 02'1 ()Q<3(2, ,<,*'()21 *0232+3-7# I .3(7()'& .',2 ;', 2>2)*<'&&9 +(&21 '5'(),* *02 13(>23 R'3*(): ;0(&2 ' .(>(& .',2 +-3 1'7'52, ;', (),*(*<*21 =9 _-,(*' d'&>2[: 02(3 -+ *02 >(.*(7: '5'(),* ^(*' X)*23%3(,2,: @).# 8T@ -+ R')(&' '1Q<1521 %2*(*(-)23 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?AL:CCC#CC ')1 ?`:CCC#CC +-3 '**-3)29S, +22,#P0(, 12.(,(-) 0'>()5 =2.-72 +()'&: ' ;3(* -+ 2F2.<*(-) ;', (,,<21# O)2 -+ *02 >20(.&2, -+ 32,%-)12)* ,%-<,2, ;', &2>(21 <%-) ')1 ,-&1 '* %<=&(. '<.*(-) + -3 !A:!LC#CC *- 8-3*2[# I)-*023 .'3 ;', &(/2;(,2 &2>(21 <%-) ')1 ,-&1 '* %<=&(. '<.*(-) +-3 ?Y:CCC#CC *- R3# ^-%2[# @) !D`H: 32,%-)12)* 12.(121 *- 325(,*23 0(, *'F(.'=, () 0(, )'72# ]2 32J<2,*21 *02 7')'523 -+ %2*(*(-)23 ^(*' X)*23%3(,2,: @).# *- *<3) ->23 *02 325(,*3'*(-) %'%23, *0(7: =<* *02 &'**23 '&&2521&9 32+<,21# ]2).2: 02 ')1 0(, ;(+2 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ^(*' X)*23%3(,2,: @).#: _-,(*' d'&>2[: o(,'9') 6<32*9 a @),<3').2 8-# ')1 *02 6023(++ -+ R')(&' +-3 32.-)>29').2 -+ 7-*-3 >20(.&2, ;(*0 1'7'52,# 8T@ -+ R')(&' 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()* ', +'3 ', _-,(*' d'&>2[: o(,'9') 6<32*9 a @),<3').2 8-7%')9 ')1 *02 6023(++ -+ R')(&' '32 .-).23)21#V2+2)1')* (, -312321 *- *3'),+23 *02 325(,*3'*(-) .23*(+(.'*2 -+ *02 H P-9-*' .'3, )-* &2>(21 <%-) =9 2F2.<*()5 ' 1221 -+ .-)>29').2 () +'>-3 -+ *02 %&'()*(++#?&'()*(++ (, '&,- -312321 *- %'9 ^(*' X)*23%3(,2,: @).#: *02 32)*'&, () '332'3, +-3 *02 .23*(+(.'*2 -+ .-)>2)(2).2 +3-7 R'3.0 !D`H <% *- R'9 !D`H '* *02 3'*2 -+ ?ACC ' 7-)*0 %23 <)(* +-3 *02 *0 322 .'3,#

611>"5 I32 *02 %'3*(2, 2)*(*&21 *- ')9 32&(2+ +3-7 *02 .-<3*i 9"?&5 M$-\)J<2,*(-)'=&9: *02 %'3*(2, 0232() -%23'*21 <)123 ') '33')5272)*:

.-7-)&9 /)-;) ', *02 E/'=(* ,9,*27E: ;0232=9 ' %23,-) ;0- 0', =22) 53')*21 ' .23*(+(.'*2 -+ .-)>2)(2).2 '&&-;, ')-*023 %23,-) ;0- -;), 7-*-3, >20(.&2, *-%23'*2 <)123 ,<.0 +3').0(,2 +-3 ' +22# I .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 (, ' ,%2.('& %3(>(&252 .-)+23321 =9 *02 5->23)72)* # I=<,2 -+ *0(, %3(>(&252 =9 *02 53')*22, *0232-+ .'))-* =2 .-<)*2)').21# P02 E/'=(* ,9,*27E 0', =22) @12)*(+(21 ', -)2 -+ *02 3--* .'<,2, -+ *02 %32>'&2).2 -+ 53'+* ')1 .-33<%*(-) () *02 5->23)72)* *3'),%-3*'*(-) -++(.2,# I&*0-<50 )-* -<*3(50*&9 %2)'&([21 ', ' .3(7()'& -++2),2: *02 E/'=(* ,9,*27E (, ()>'3('=&9 32.-5)([21 ', =2()5 .-)*3'39 *- %<=&(. %-&(.9 ' )1: *0232+-32: >-(1 ')1 ()2F(,*2)* <)123 I3*(.&2 !KCD -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: @* (, ' +<)1'72)*'& %3().(%&2 *0'* *02 .-<3* ;(&& )-* '(1 2(*023 %'3*9 *- 2) +-3.2 ') (&&25'& .-)*3'.*: =<* ;(&& &2'>2 *027 =-*0 ;0232 (* +()1, *027# \%-) *0(, %327(,2: (* ;', +&'53')* 233-3 -) *02 %'3* -+ =-*0 *02 *3('& ')1 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3*, *- 0'>2 '..-3121 *02 %'3*(2, 32&(2+ +3-7 *02(3 %321(.'72)*# I3*(.&2 !K!A -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 12)(2, *027 ,<.0 '(1# @* %3->(12,U8TU4VWDPCXV I_P# !K!A# (+ *02 '.* () ;0(.0 *02 <)&';+<& -3 +-3=(112) .'<,2 .-),(,*, 1-2, )-* .-),*(*<*2 ' .3(7()'& -++2),2: *02 +-&&-;()5 3<&2, ,0'&& =2 -=,23>21G b!$ ;02) *02 +'<&*: (, -) *02 %'3* -+ =-*0 .-)*3'.*()5 %'3*(2,: )2(*023 7'9 32.->23 ;0'* 02 0', 5(>2) =9 >(3*<2 -+ *02 .-)*3'.*: -3 127')1 *02 %23+-37').2 -+ *02 -*023S, <)123*'/()5# I&,-: ;0232 *02 %'3*(2, '32 9? @;79 <6=958:. )- '++(37'*(>2 32&(2+ -+ ')9 /()1 ;(&& =2 5(>2) *- -)2 '5'(),* *02 -*023#E I&*0-<50 .23*'() 2F.2%*(-), *- *02 3<&2 '32 %3->(121 =9 &';: M2 ,22 )- .-52)* 32', -) ;09 *02 +<&& +-3.2 -+ *02 3<&2 ,0-<&1 )-* =2 '%%&(21 () *02 (),*')* .',2#

-)&) ,E) 34\88:6 1AJMG 7; :75c 0%<+ 1+&^%0",- +,]d/& +,-%3 <+V."+,

!Y

I=)

7-*-3.9.&2: N'&2 ,<++2321 1'7'52, ;02) 02 +'(&21 *- .&'(7 ')9 (),<3').2

$/,/&+R3% ",0%&1%]"+0% +22%33+0% ./V&0 e +,] 2%]&/ ,) ,+3%

()127)(*9 +-3 *;- 7-*-3.9.&2 '..(12)*,#

2+&+#; <)S

P02 &-;23 .-<3* 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ P2Q' -3123()5 N'&2 *- %'9 *02 <)%'(1 ='&' ).2 -+

ESXF %'.*-(&&(.(*-S )-) -3(*<3'.*(-E bN- '.*(-) '3(,2, -<* -+ (&&(.(* ='35'()$ (, *02 *(72h

*02 %<3.0',2 %3(.2# P02 .-<3* +-<)1 *0'* N'&2 %<3.0',21 *02 7-*-3.9.&2:

0-)-321 7'F(7 *0'* 7<,* =2 '%%&(21 *- *02 %'3*(2, () *02 .',2 '* ='3# ]'>()5

%'3*(.<&'3&9 +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ 2)5'5()5 ')1 <,()5 *02 ,'72 () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-)

2)*2321 ()*- ') (&&25'& .-)*3'.*: )2(*023 .') ,22/ 32&(2+ +3-7 *02 .-<3*,: ')1 2'.0

=<,()2,, ')1 +-3 *0(, %<3%-,2 ,'(1 *3(7-=(&2 <)(* ;', '**'.021 *- *02 P2Q'S,

7<,* =2'3 *02 .-),2J<2).2, -+ 0(, '.*,#E b^(*' X)*23%3(,2, >,# @I8: !AD 68_I Y!#$

*3'),%-3*'*(-) &()2 ;0- 0'1 *02 +3').0(,2: ,- 7<.0 ,- *0'* () *02 325(,*3'*(-)

TI8P6U

.23*(+(.'*2: P2Q' '%%2'3, *- =2 *02 -;)23 -+ *02 <)(*#

N'&2 =-<50* +3-7 P2Q' ' 7-*-3.9.&2 ;(*0 .-7%&2*2 '..2,,-3(2, ')1 ' ,(12.'3 +-3

O) '%%2'&: *02 12.(,(-) ;', '++(3721# N'&2 +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; ;(*0 @I8

?Y:CCC#CC# ]2 5'>2 ' 1-;)%'972)* -+ ?!:`CC#CC ;(*0 ' %3-7(,2 * 0'* 02 ;-<&1 %'9

;0(.0 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()* '35<()5 *0'* *02 % '3*(2, 2)5'521 () *02 (&&25'&

P2Q' *02 ='&').2 ;(*0() ZC 1'9,# N'&2 : 0-;2>23: +'(&21 *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 0(, % 3-7(,2

*3'),'.*(-) -+ /'=(* ,9,*27# P02 %'3*(2,: =2()5 () %'3( 12&(.*-: )2(*023 -+ *027 7'9

')1 32J<2,*21 +-3 ') 2F*2),(-) *- ! 92'3 () 7-)*0&9 (),*'&&72)*, <)*(& B')<'39 !D`Z

=3()5 ') '.*(-) '5'(),* *02 -*023 *- 2)+-3.2 *02(3 (&&25'& .-)*3'.* ]2).2: *0(,

;02) 02 ,*-%%21 %'9()5 ')97-32# P2Q' 7'12 127')1, =<* N'&2 +'(&21 *- .-7%&9

%2*(*(-)#

;(*0 *02 ,'72# P2Q' ;', +-3.21 *- +(&2 ' ,<(* '5'(),* N'&2#

@66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* @I8 23321 () '%%&9()5 *02 1-.*3()2 -+ E%'3( 12&(.*-Ei

@) *0(, %'3*(.<&'3 *3'),'.*(-) ' .0'**2& 7-3*5'52 ;', .-),*(*<*21 ', ' ,2.<3(*9 +-3

]X^VU NO: @I8 1(1 )-* 233 () '%%&9()5 *02 1-.*3()2 -+ %'(3 12&(.*-#

*02 %'972)* -+ *02 ='&').2 -+ *02 %<3.0',2 %3(.2# @* 0', =22) *02 %3'.*(.2 -+

P02 %'3*(2, -%23'*21 <)123 ') '33')5272)*: .-77-)&9 /)-;) ', *02 E/'=(*

+()').()5 +(37, *0'* ;02)2>23 *0232 (, ' ='&').2 -+ *02 %<3.0',2 %3(.2 *02

,9,*27E ;0232=9 ' %23,-) ;0- 0', =22) 53')*21 ' .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(.

325(,*3'*(-) %'%23, -+ *02 7-*-3 >20(.&2 ,<=Q2.* -+ *02 ,'&2 '32 )-* 5(>2) *- *02

.-)>2)(2).2 '&&-;, ')-*023 %23,-) ;0- -;), 7-*-3 >20(.&2, *- -%23'*2 <)123

=<923# P02 32.-31, -+ *02 ^P8 ,0-; *0'* *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ,-&1 *- N'&2 ;', + (3,*

,<.0 +3').0(,2 +-3 ' +22# I .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 (, ' ,%2.('& %3(>(&252

7-3*5'521 *- *02 P2Q' R'3/2*()5 =9 I)52& B'<.(') *0-<50 *02 P2Q' R'3/2*()5 ')1

.-)+23321 =9 *02 5->23)72)*# I=<,2 -+ *0(, %3(>(&252 =9 *02 53')*22, *0232-+

I)52& B'<.(') '32 -)2 ')1 *02 ,'72: =2.'<,2 (* ;', 7'12 *- '%%2'3 *0'* ;'9 -)&9

.'))-* =2 .-<)*2)').21# P02 E/'=(* ,9,*27E 0', =22) @12)*(+(21 ', -)2 -+ *02 3--*

', N'&2 0'1 )- +3').0(,2 -+ 0(, -;) ')1 02 '**'.02 1 *02 <)(* *- *02 P2Q'S, R8]

.'<,2, -+ *02 %32>'&2).2 -+ 53'+* ')1 .-33<%*(-) () *02 5->23)72)* *3'),%-3*'*(-)

^()2#

-++(.2,#

N'&2 1(1 )-* 1(,%<*2 *02 ,'&2 ')1 *02 -<*,*')1()5 ='&').2 -+ ?!:`CC# CC ,*(&& %'9'=&2

I&*0-<50 )-* -<*3(50*&9 %2)'&([21 ', ' .3(7()'& -++2),2: *02 /'=(* ,9,*27 (,

*- *02 P2Q'# ]2 .&'(721 *0'* 02 ;', -)&9 %23,<'121 *- =<9 +3-7 P2Q' *02 7-*-3.9.&2

()>'3('=&9 32.-5)([21 ', =2()5 .-)*3'39 *- %<=&(. %-&(.9 ' )1: *0232+-32: >-(1 ')1 ()

;(*0 *02 ,(12 .'3 =2.'<,2 -+ *02 .-)1(*(-) *0'* P2Q' ;-<&1 =2 *02 -)2 *- 325(,*23

2F(,*2)* <)123 I3*(.&2 !KCD -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# @ * (, ' +<)1'72)*'& %3().(%&2 *0'* *02

2>239 92'3 *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ;(*0 *02 ^')1 P3'),%-3*'*(-) 8-77(,,(-)# @) !D`Z:

.-<3* ;(&& )-* '(1 2(*023 %'3*9 *- 2)+-3.2 ') (&&25'& .-)*3'.*: =<* ;(&& &2'>2 =-*0

0-;2>23: P2Q' +'(&21 *- 325(,*23 =-*0 *02 .0'**2& 7-3*5'52 ')1 *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ;(*0

;0232 (* +()1, *02)# \%-) *0(, %327(,2 (* ;-<&1 =2 233-3 *- '..-31 *02 %'3*(2, 32&(2+

*02 ^P8 )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 +'.* *0'* N'&2 5' >2 0(7 ?DC#CC +-3 7-3*5'52 +22 ')1

+3-7 *02(3 %321(.'72)*# I3*(.&2 !K!A -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 12) (2, *027 ,<.0 '(1# @*

325(,*3'*(-) +22 ')1 0'1 *02 7-*-3.9.&2 (),<321 ;(*0 ^' ?23&'8-7%')' 12 625<3-,#

%3->(12,U

c2.'<,2 -+ *0(, +'(&<32 -+ *02 P2Q' *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 0(, -=&(5'*(-) *- 325(,*23 *02

!D

I3*# !K!A# @+ *02 '.* () ;0(.0 *02 <)&';+<& -3 +-3=(112) .'<,2 .-),(,*, 1-2, )-* .-),*(*<*2 ' .3(7()'& -++2),2: *02 +-&&-;()5 3<&2, ,0'&& =2 -=,23>21U !# M02) *02 +'<&* (, -) *02 %'3* -+ =-*0 .-)*3'.*()5 %'3*(2,: )2(*023 7'9 32.->23 *0'* 02 0', 5(>2) =9 >(3*<2 -+ *02 .-)*3'.*: -3 127')1: *02 %23+-37').2 -+ *02

32&'*(-),0(% 2F(,*, =2*;22) ' Q22%)29h-;)23 ')1 ' 13(>23 <)123 ' E=-<)1'39 ,9,*27E '33')5272)*# I%%2&&')* .-)*2)1, *0'* *02 32&'*(-),0(% (, 2,,2)*('&&9 *0'* -+ &2,,-3 ')1 &2,,22# @,,<2U @, *0232') 27%&-923h27%&-922 32&'*(-), 0(% =2*;22) ' Q22%)29h -; )2 3 ') 1 '13(>23 <)123 ' “boundary system” '33')5272)*

-*023S, <)123*'/()5# P02 12+2.* -+ () 2F(,*2).2 -+ ' .-)*3'.* (, %237')2)* ')1 .'))-* =2 .<321 =9 3'*(+(.'*(-) -3 =9 %32,.3(%*(-)# P02 7232 &'%,2 -+ *(72 .'))-* 5(>2 2++(.'.9 *.-)*3'.*, *0'* '32 )<&& ')1 >-(1# M) RE>KNAJD #D=@HP 1+-R// (#) R%&,+&]/ -4"4 $'4 KRMYZ[\ #&",K ]\. M[Y]

2)#*15 P0'* %&'()*(++, '32 *02 %'32)*, -+ 82,'3 R'5=--: ' .0(&1 -+ Y 92'3, -&1: ;0-

&(>21 ;(*0 *027 ')1 ;', <)123 *02(3 .<,*-19 <)*(& 0(, 12'*0 -) O.*-=23 AK:!DLZ ;02) 02 ;', /(&&21 () ' 7-*-3 >20(.&2 '..(12)*: *02 +'*'& >20(.&2 =2()5 ' %',,2)523 Q22%)29 ;(*0 ?&'*2 N-: I8h!DZH bLZ$ -;)21 =9 *02 12+2 )1')*G P0'* '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 '..(12)*: ,'(1 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 ;', 13(>2) =9 8-)3'1- _-J<2# P02 .-)*3'.* =2*;22) 8-)3'1- _-J<2 ')1 12+2)1')* V2&+() c23)'31- ;', *0'* _-J<2 ;', *- %'9 *- 12+2)1')* *02 ,<7 -+ ?Y#CC: ;0(.0 02 %'(1 *- ,'(1 12+2)1')*: +-3 %3(>(&252 -+ 13(>()5 *02 Q22%)29 -) O.*-=23 AK: !DLZ: (* =2()5 *02(3 '532272)* *0'* ;0'*2>23 2'3)()5, _-J<2 .-<&1 7'/2 -<* -+ *02 <,2 -+ *02 Q22%)29 () *3'),%-3*()5 %',,2)523, +3-7 -)2 %-()* *- ')-*023 () *02 8(*9 -+ R')(&' ;-<&1 =2&-)5 2)*(32&9 *8-)3'1- _-J<2# I, ' .-),2J<2).2 -+ *02 '..(12)* ')1 ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 12'*0 -+ 82,'3 R'5=-- () ,'(1 '..(12)*: 8-)3'1- _-J<2 ;', %3-,2.<*21 +-3 0-7(.(12 *03< 32./&2,, (7%3<12).2 =2+-32 *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ R')(&': *02 ()+-37'*(-) 0'>()5 =22) 1-./2*21 ', 83(7()'& 8',2 N-# H``HZ: ')1 *0'* <%-) '33'(5)72)* 8-)3'1- _-J<2 %&2'121 5<(&*9 *- *02 ()+-37'*(-) ')1 ;', ,2)*2).21 *- ,(F bZ$ 7-)*0, -+ ;77638: F;B:7 : ;(*0 *02 '..2,,-39 %2)'&*(2, -+ *02 &';G *- ()127)(+9 *02 02(3, -+ *02 12.2',21 () *02 ,<7 -+ ?H:CCC#CC: ;(*0 ,<=,(1('39 (7%3(,-)72)* () .',2 -+ (),-&>2).9: ')1 *- %'9 *02 .-,*,# ?<3,<')* *- ,'(1 Q<1572)* 8-)3'1- _-J<2 ,23>21 0(, ,2)*2).2 =<* 02 ;', )-* '=&2 *- %'9 *02 ()127)(*9 =2.'<,2 02 ;', (),-&>2)*# P02 ,%-<,2, R'5=-- +(&21 ') '.*(-) '5'(),* c23)'31- +-3 *02 2)+-3.272)* -+ 0(, ,<=,(1('39&('=(&(*9 ', 27%&-923 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 I3*(.&2 !CH: _2>(,21 ?2)'& 8-12# I%%2&&')* ',,'(&, , '(1 12.(,(-): ',,(5)()5 *0322 233-3, ;0(.0 =-(& 1-;) *- *02 J<2,*(-) -+ ;02*023 -3 )-* ') 27%&-923h27%&-922

]2&1U 42,# I) 27%&-923h 27%&-922 32&'*(-),0(% 2F(,*, =2*;22) ' Q22%)29h-;)23 ')1 ' 13(>23 <)123 ' “boundary system” '33')5272)*# P02 +2'*<32, ;0(.0 .0'3'.*23([2 *02 “boundary system”— )'72&9: *02 +'.* *0'* *02 13(>23 1-2, )-* 32.2(>2 ' +(F21 ;'52 =<* 52*, -)&9 *02 2F.2,, -+ *02 '7-<)* -+ +'32, .-&&2.*21 =9 0(7 ->23 *02 '7-<)* 02 %'9, *- *02 Q22%h-;)23: ')1 *0'* *02 5',-&()2 .-),<721 =9 *02 Q22% (, +-3 *02 '..-<)* -+ *02 13(>23 — '32 )-* ,<++(.(2)* *- ;(*013'; *02 32&'*(-),0(% =2*;22) *027 +3-7 *0'* -+ 27%&-923 ')1 27%&-922# @)1221 *- 2F27%* +3-7 &('=(&(*9 *02 -;)23 -+ ' %<=&(. >20(.&2 ;0- -%23'*2, (* <)123 *02 E=-<)1'39 ,9,*27E -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* 02 (, ' 7232 &2,,-3 ;-<&1 =2 )-* -)&9 *'=2* +&'53')* >(-&'*(-), -+ *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 &'; =<* '&,- *- %&'.2 *02 3(1()5 %<=&(. '* *02 723.9 -+ 32./&2,, ')1 (332,%-),(=&2 13(>23, h 32./&2,, =2.'<,2 *02 72',<32 -+ *02(3 2'3)()5, 12%2)1, &'352&9 <%-) *02 )<7=23 -+ *3(%, *029 7'/2 ')1: 02).2: *02 ,%221 '* ;0(.0 *029 13(>2G ')1 (332,%-),(=&2 =2.'<,2 7-,* (+ )-* '&& -+ *027 '32 () )- %-,(*(-) *- %'9 *02 1'7'52, *029 7(50* .'<,2#

I/& ()*#+ @@# P_IN6?O_PIP@ON OT dOOV6 !# XF*3'-31()'39 V(&(52).2 %+#0%&, #$"22",- 3",%#; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) 0$% ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN 0$% !"� ,+0"/,X"]% +##V&+,.% ./&2/&+0"/,; JH=LEKNHK@=) -)&) ,E) 7a:8:

+LJ?C 96; :77:

!:@95J *G87;:7<9?;7B +9=9>6?56

23.4!5

!H .-(&, -+ <).-'*21 `h;(32 ,*32,, 32&(2>21 ;(32 ,*3')1 +-3 %32,*32,,21 .-).32*2 ;232 ,0(%%21 -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& EB'%3( o2)*<32:E -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 12+2)1')* X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2,: @).#: '* j-=2: B'%'): +-3 12&(>239 *- 6*32,,*2/ ?-,*hP2),(-)()5 ?0(&,#: @).# () R')(&': ;0(.0 ;232 ( ),<321 =9 *02 %&'()*(++ T(3,* N'*(-);(12 I,,<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-)#

AC

P02 .'339()5 >2,,2& '33(>21 () R')(&' ')1 1(,.0'3521 *02 .'35- *- *02 .<,*-19 -+ *02 12+2)1')* X# _'[-): @ ).#: +3-7 ;0-7 *02 .-),(5)22S, .<,*-7, =3-/23 32.2(>21 (* +-3 12&(>239 *- *02 .-),(5)22S, ;'320-<,2# P02 32,%-)12)* ()127)(+(21 *02 .-),(5)22 +-3 1'7'52 ')1 &-,, *- *02 (),<321 .'35-: ;0232<%-) *02 +-3723 ;', ,<=3-5'*21 +-3 *02 &'**23# _2,%-)12)* )-; ,22/, *- 32.->23 +3-7 *02 %2*(*(-)23 ;0'* (* 0', ()127)(+(21 *02 .-),(5)22#@* '%%2'3, *0'* ;0(&2 2)3-<*2 +3-7 j-=2 *- R')(&': *02 .'339()5 >2,,2& E2).-<)*2321 >239 3-<50 ,2', ')1 ,*-379 ;2'*023E +-3 *0322 1'9,: 7-32 -3 &2,,: ;0(.0 .'<,21 (* *- 3-&& ')1 %-<)1 02'>(&9: 7->()5 (*, 7',* 23 *2F2.<*2 ' 7'3()2 )-*2 -+ %3-*2,* <%-) '33(>'& '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&'G *0'* *02 .-(&, ;3'%%21 () =<3&'% .&-*0 ')1 .'31=-'31 %'%23 ;23 2 ,*-321 () *02 &-;23 0-&1 -+ *02 0'*.0 -+ *02 >2,,2& ;0(.0 ;', +&--121 ;(*0 ;'*23 '=-<* -)2 +--* 122%G *0'* *02 ;'*23 2)*2321 *02 0'*.0 ;02) *02 >2,,2& 2).-<)*2321 02'>9 ;2'*023 2)3-<*2 *R')(&'G *0'* <%-) 32J<2,*: ' ,<3>29 -+ ='1 -3123 .'35- ;', .-)1<.*21 '* *02 %(23 () *02 %32,2).2 -+ *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2, -+ *02 .-),(5)22 ')1 *02 12+2)1')* X# _'[-): @).# ')1 (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* ,2>2) .-(&, ;232 3<,*9 -) -)2 ,(12 2'.0G *0'* <%-) ,<3>29 .-)1<.*21 '* *02 .-),(5)22S, ;'320-<,2 (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* *02 E;2**()5 b-+ *02 .'35-$ ;', .'<,21 =9 +32,0 ;'*23E *0'* 2)*2321 *02 0'*.0 ;02) *02 >2,,2& 2).-<)*2321 02'>9 ;2'*023 2)3-<*2 *- R')(&' G ')1 *0'* '&& *0(3*22) .-(&, ;232 2F*3272&9 3<,*9 ')1 *-*'&&9 <),<(*'=&2 +-3 *02 ()*2)121 %<3%-,2# ?2*(*(-)23 .&'(7, (* ,0-<&1 )-* =2 02&1 &('=&2 ', *02 ,0(%72)* ;', 1(,.0'3521 ')1 12&(>2321 .-7%&2*2 ()*- *02 .<,*-19 -+ *02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 <)123 .&2') *'&&9 ,022*,#

%3->(12 +-3: () *02 -31()'39 .-<3,2 -+ ' >-9'52# P0'* 3'() ;'*23 b)-* ,2' ;'*23$ +-<)1 (*, ;'9 ()*- *02 0-&1, -+ *02 B<%3( o2)*<32 (, ' .&2'3 ()1(.'*(-) *0'* .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* 1(1 )-* '**2)1 *02 .&-,()5 -+ *02 ,0(%S, 0'*.02, ,- *0'* 3'() ;'*23 ;-<&1 )-* +()1 (*, ;'9 ()*- *02 .'35- 0-&1, -+ *02 ,0(%# R-32->23: <)123 I3*(.&2 !`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: .- 77-) .'33(23, '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 E2F*3'h-31()'39 >(5(&').2 ->23 5--1, # # # #'..-31()5 *- '&& .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2:E ')1 I3*(.&2 !`HL -+ *02 ,'72 8-12 ,*'*2,: *- ;(*U @) '&& .',2, -*023 *0') *0-,2 72)*(-)21 () N-,# !: A: H: K: 3/*- RUIO# ')1 L -+ *02 %32.21()5 '3*(.&2: (+ *02 5--1, '32 &-,*: 12,*3-921 -3 12*23(-3'*21: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', 32J<(321 () '3*(.&2 !`HH# 6().2 *02 .'33(23 0', +'(&21 *- 2,*'=&(,0 ')9 .',-+-3*<(*-: *02 %32,<7%*(-) =9 &'; -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 .'33(23 '%%&(2,G ')1 *02 .'33(23 7<,* %32,2)* 2>(12).2 *0'* (* 0', -=,23>21 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 I3*(.&2 !`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 () -3123 *- 2,.'%2 &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52 -3 12,*3<.*(-) *- *02 5--1, *0'* (* 0'1 '17(**21&9 .'33(21 () *0(, .',2# N- ,<.0 2>(12).2 2F(,*, -+ record. Thus, the carrier cannot escape liability.”

P02 8-<3* '5322, ;(*0 ')1 (, =-<)1 =9 *02 +-325-()5 +()1()5, -+ +'.* 7'12 =9 *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3*# P02 %32,<7%*(-): *0232+-32: *0'* *02 .'35- ;', () '%%'32)* 5--1 .-)1(*(-) ;02) (* ;', 12&(>2321 =9 *02 >2,,2& *- *02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 =9 *02 .&2') *'&&9 ,022*, 0', =22) ->23*<3)21 ')1 *3'>23,21# P02 2>(12).2 (, .&2'3 *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- ;', ,<++2321 ;0(&2 '=-'31 %2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2&#

6!!785 MON %2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 +- 3 )-* 2F23.(,()5 2F*3'-31()'39

1(&(52).2 98:;5

4X6# c',21 -) *02 +'.*,: *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 7'12 *02 +-&&-;()5 +()1()5, ')1 .-).&<,(-),U “Plainly, the heavy seas and rains referred to in the master's report were

)-* .',-+-3*<(*-: =<* )-37'& -..<332).2, *0'* ') -.2')h5-()5 >2,,2&: %'3*(.<&'3&9 () *02 7-)*0 -+ 62%*27=23 ;0(.0: () -<3 '32': (, ' 7-)*0 -+ 3'(), ')1 02'>9 ,2', ;-<&1 2).-<)*23 ', ' 7'**23 -+ 3-<*()2# P029 '32 )-* <)+-32,22) )-3 <)+-32,22'=&2# P02,2 '32 .-)1(*(-), *0'* -.2')h5-()5 >2,,2&, ;-<&1 2).-<)*23 ')1

]%3#+, 0&+,#2/&0 3",%#; ",.) I=) 0$% $/,) ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN +1%&".+, $/1% +##V&+,.% ./&2/&+0"/, -)&) ,E) :bc57c) ,EIHPBHJ :8; b66: ]% 3%/,; <&); <)

23.4!5 8'&*2F 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)* ;(*0V2&,') +-3 ' %23(-1 -+ !92'3 ;0232=9 *02 ,'(1 .-77-) .'33(23 agreed to transport Caltex’s industrial fuel

-(& +3-7 *02 c'*')5',hc'*'') _2+()239 *- 1(++232)* %'3*, -+ *02 .-<)*39# \)123 *02 .-)*3'.*: %2*(*(-)23 *--/ -) =-'31 (*, >2,,2&: RP R'9,<): A:A``#H!K /& -+ ()1<,*3('& +<2& -(& *- =2 12&(>2321 *- *02 8'&*2F O(& P237()'& () p'7=-')5' 8(*9# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', (),<321 ;(*0 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: I723(.') ]-72 I,,<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-)#

A!

RP R'9,<) ,2* ,'(& +3-7 c'*')5', +-3 p'7=-')5' 8(*9# \)+-3*<)'*2&9: *02 >2,,2& ,')/ () *02 2'3&9 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* !Z: !DYZ )2'3 ?')'9 d<&+ () *02 o(,'9', *'/()5 ;(*0 (* *02 2)*(32 .'35- -+ +<2& -(&# I]I8 %'(1 8'&*2F *02 ,<7 -+ ?L:CDZ:ZHL#L`# V<2 *- (*, +'(&<32 *- .-&&2.* +3-7 *02 %2*(*(-)23: I]I8 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* ;(*0 *02 _P8 +-3 .-&&2.*(-) -+ ' ,<7 -+ 7-)29#

N2(*023 7'9 %2*(*(-)23 2,.'%2 &('=(&(*9 =9 %32,2)*()5 () 2>(12).2 .23*(+(.'*2, *0'* *2)1 *- ,0-; *0'* '* *02 *(72 -+ 139h1-./()5 ')1 (),%2.*(-) =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31: RP R'9,<): ;', +(* +-3 >-9'52# P02,2 %(2.2, -+ 2>(12).2 1- )-* )2.2,,'3(&9 *'/2 ()*- '..-<)* *02 '.*<'& .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 >2,,2& '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 .-772).272)* -+ *02 >-9'52#

_P8 3<&21 *0'* V2&,') ,0'&& =2 +322 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 1<2 *- +-3.2 7'Q2<32# P02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*: 0-;2>23: ;', 32>23,21: =9 8I# @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ')9 2F%&')'*(-) ', *- ;0'* 7'9 0'>2 .'<,21 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& .-<%&21 ;(*0 *02 +()1()5 *0'* *02 ,'72 ;', (7%3-%23&9 7'))21: 8I 3<&21 *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 -) (*, -=&(5'*(-) ', .-77-) .'33(23# P0<,: *0(, (),*')* %2*(*(-)#

Additionally, the exoneration of MT Maysun’s officers and crew by the Board of

6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* %2*(*(-)23 +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# 98:;54X6: *0<, %2*(*(-)23 ,0'&& =2 02&1 &('=&2# T3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1

+-3 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, ')1 +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027: '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2# @) *02 2>2)* -+ &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 (),<321 5--1,: .-77-) .'33(23, ,0'&& =2 32,%-),(=&2 <)&2,, *02 ,'72 (, =3-<50* '=-<*: '7-)5 -*023,: =9 +&--1: ,*-37: 2'3*0J<'/2: &(50*)()5 -3 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9# @) '&& -*023 .',2,: (+ *02 5--1, '32 &-,*: 12,*3-921 -3 12*23(-3'*21: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# @) -3123 *- 2,.'%2 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ (*, .'35- -+ ()1<,*3('& +<2& -(& =2&-)5()5 *8'&*2F: %2*(*(-)23 '**3(=<*2, *02 ,()/()5 -+ RP R'9,<) *- +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*# T3-7 *02 *2,*(7-)(2, -+ B'3'=2 ')1 c23()': .'%*'() ')1 .0(2+ 7'*2: 32,%2.*(>2&9 -+ *02 (&&h +'*21 >2,,2&: (* '%%2'3, *0'* ' ,<112) ')1 <)2F%2.*21 .0')52 -+ ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-) -..<3321 () *02 2'3&9 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* !Z: !DYZG *0'* '* '3-<)1 HU!L'#7# ' ,J<'&& (“unos”) carrying strong winds with an approximate velocity of 30 knots per hour

')1 =(5 ;'>2, '>23'5()5 2(50*22) !YhAC+*# 0(50: 32%2'*21&9 =<++2*21 RP R'9,<) .'<,()5 (* *- *(&*: *'/2 () ;'*23 ')1 2>2)*<'&&9 ,()/ ;(*0 (*, .'35-# P0(, *'&2 -+ ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 =(5 ;'>2, =9 *02 ,'(1 -++(.23, -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 0-;2>23: ;', 2++2.*(>2&9 32=<**21 ')1 =2&(21 =9 *02 ;2'*023 32%-3* +3-7 ?IdI6I ,0-;()5 *0'* +3-7 AUCC o’clock to 8:00 o’clock in the morning on August 16, 1986, the wind speed remained

'* !ChAC /)-*, %23 0-<3 ;0(&2 *02 02(50* -+ *02 ;'>2, 3')521 +3-7 #` hA 72*23, () *02 >(.()(*9 -+ 8<9- X',* ?',, ')1 ?')'9 d<&+ ;0232 *02 ,<=Q2.* >2,,2& ,')/# P0<,: as the appellate court correctly ruled, petitioner’s vessel, MT Maysun, sank with its

2)*(32 .'35- +-3 *02 32',-) *0'* (* ;', )-* ,2';-3*09# P0232 ;', )- ,J<'&& -3 ='1 ;2'*023 -3 2F*3272&9 %--3 ,2' .-)1(*(-) () *02 >(.()(*9 ;02) *02 ,'(1 >2,,2& ,')/#

R'3()2 @)J<(39 7232&9 .-).23), *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 '17()(,*3'*(>2 &('=(&(*(2,# @* 1-2, )-* () ')9 ;'9 -%23'*2 *- '=,-&>2 *02 %2*(*(-)23 .-77-) .'33(23 +3-7 (*, .(>(& &('=(&(*9 '3(,()5 +3-7 (*, +'(&<32 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, (* ;', *3'),%-3*()5 ')1 +-3 *02 )25&(52)* '.*, -3 -7(,,(-), -+ (*, 27%&-922,: *02 12*237()'*(-) -+ ;0(.0 %3-%23&9 =2&-)5, *- *02 .-<3*,# @) *02 .',2 '* ='3: %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 (),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- -+ ()1<,*3('& +<2& -(& =2&-)5()5 *- 8'&*2F +-3 (*, +'(&<32 *- 32=<* *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 ', .-77-) .'33(23 -..',(-)21 =9 *02 <)2F%&'()21 ,()/()5 -+ (*, >2,,2&: RP R'9,<): ;0(&2 () *3'),(*# 2$"3"22",% .$+&0%& ",#V&+,.% ./&2/&+0"/,; LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) V,^,/X, OWNER OF THE VESSEL M/V “NATIONAL HONOR,” NATIONAL SHIPPING ./&2/&+0"/, /! 0$% 2$"3"22",%# AKN ",0%&,+0"/,+3 ./,0+",%& #%&(".%#; ",.); JH=LEKNHK@=) Q-)&) ,E) :\:599) <>CD 5; b668Z .+33%
23.4!5

?2*(*(-)23 J.6. XJ+0?0CC0%" .+)/*"/ 6%1>/)%#" .$/C$/)*0$%Y (, *02 (),<323 -+ ' ,0(%72)* .-)*'()()5 A$>/ >%0*1 $A C)/*1 )%& ) ##"11$/0"1 $A <)#+0%"1 +3-7 Z4/)&0%D .$--+ 62-<&: j-32': -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& M/V “National Honor,” 32%32,2)*21 =9 M!.J XM)*0$%)? !+0CC0%D .$/C$/)*0$% $A *+" J+0?0CC0%"1YP02 ,0(%72)* ;', .-)*'()21 () *;- ;--12) .3'*2 , b83'*2 ! ')1 A$ .-7%&2*2 ')1 () 5--1 -3123 .-)1(*(-)# P0232 ;232 )- 7'3/()5, -) *02 -<*23 %-3*(-) -+ *02 .3'*2, 2F.2%* *02 )'72 -+ *02 .-),(5)22: ([6.6 X(?>" [$%$ 6%*"/%)*0$%)? .$(.2,: @).-3%-3'*21 b@8P6@$ ;', +<3)(,021 ;(*0 ' .-%9 -+ *02 .3'*2 .'35- &(,* ')1 =(&& -+ &'1()5: ')1 (* /)2; *02 .-)*2)*, -+ *02 .3'*2# 8&'<1(- 8'),()-: *02 ,*2>21-32 -+ *02 @8P6@: %&'.21 *;- ,&()5 .'=&2, -) 2'.0 2)1 -+ 83'*2 N-# !# N- ,&()5 .'=&2 ;', +',*2)21 -) *02 7(1h%-3*(-) -+ *02 .3'*2# @)

AA

*02(3 2F%23(2).2: *0(, ;', ' )-37'& %3-.21<32# I, *02 .3'*2 ;', =2()5 0-(,*21 +3-7 the vessel’s hatch, the mid h%-3*(-) -+ *02 ;--12) +&--3()5 ,<112)&9 ,)'%%21 () *02 air, about five feet high from the vessel’s twin deck, sending all its contents crashing

1-;) 0'31: 32,<&*()5 () 2F*2),(>2 1'7'52 *- *02 ,0(%72)*# \%-) 32.2(%* -+ *02 1'7'521 ,0(%72)*: cR@8@ +-<)1 *0'* *02 ,'72 .-<&1 )- & -)523 =2 <,21 +-3 *02 ()*2)121 %urpose. The Mariners’ Adjustment Corporation hired by ?8@8 .-)1<.*21 ' ,<3>29 ')1 12.&'321 *0'* *02 %' ./()5 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ;', .-),(12321 (),<++(.(2)*# @* 3<&21 -<* *02 %-,,(=(&(*9 -+ *'F2, 1<2 *- (),<++(.(2).9 -+ %'./()5# @* -%()21 *0'* *0322 *- +-<3 %(2.2, -+ .'=&2 -3 ;(32 3-%2 ,&()5,: 02&1 () '&& 2J<'& ,2**()5: )2>23 =9h%',,()5 *02 .2)*23 -+ *02 .3'*2: ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) <,21: .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 .3'*2 .-)*'()21 02'>9 7'.0()239# ([6.6 1>F1"\>"%*?B A0?"& 1"C)/)*" #?)0<1 )D)0%1* *+" M!.JE *+" 6.4!6E )%& 0*1 0%1>/"/E *+" J.6.E A$/ 7!]QREOWW-WW- ^+"% *+" $*+"/ #$"& ) !>F/$D)*0$% L"#"0C* A$/ JREUSWEQIS-OW- ?8@8: as subrogee, filed a Complaint for D amages against the “Unknown owner of the >2,,2& Reo National Honor,” NSCP and ICTSI.

;?< <6=9267B4 ,8 76PH9763 5:FF:? 5;779673 8: 76?<67 3672956 C98D 8D6 >76;8638 3I9== and foresight and “to use all reasonable means to ascertain the nature and 5D;7;586793895 :E >::<3 8 6?<676< E:7 3D9@F6?8. ;?< 8: 6G675936

The common carrier’s duty to observe the requisite diligence in the shipment of

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`HK -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12: *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- ')9 -+ *02 +-&&-;()5 .'<,2,U

4+" 6.4!6 )&&>#"& 0% "G0&"%#" *+" /"C$/* $A *+" L-Z- ;"? J)% _ .$-E 6%#- *+)* *+" &)<)D" *$ *+" #)/D$ #$>?& F" )**/0F>*"& *$ 0%1>AA0#0"%* C)#H0%D )%& >%F)?)%#"& @"0D+* &01*/0F>*0$% $A *+" #)/D$ 0%10&" *+" #/)*" )1 "G0&"%#"& FB *+" *BC"1 )%& 1+)C"1 $A 0*"<1 A$>%&-

!# T&--1: ,*-37: 2'3*0J<'/2: &(50*)()5 -3 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9G

c-*0 _P8 ')1 8I 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()*#

H# I.* -3 -7(,,(-) -+ *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,G

@66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* P]X 6PIP\PO_4 ?_X6\R?P@ON OT TI\^P INV NXd^@d XN8X (, '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 .',2 '* ='3#

S- 4+" #+)/)#*"/ $A *+" D$$&1 $/ &"A"#*1 0% *+" C)#H0%D $/ 0% *+" #$%*)0%"/1`

A# I.* -+ *02 %<=&(. 2)279 () ;'3: ;02*023 ()*23)'*(-)'& -3 .(>(&G

L# O3123 -3 '.* -+ .-7%2*2)* %<=&(. '<*0-3(*9# ]X^VU NO# M2 '5322 ;(*0 *02 .-)*2)*(-) -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 *0'* .-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 +-3 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 7')1'*21 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, ')1 +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027: '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2# P02 8-<3* 0', 12+()21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, ', +-&&-;,U !D6 6G87;:7<9?;7B <9=9>6?56 9? 8D6 29>9=;?56 :267 8D6 >::<3 86?<676< E:7 3D9@F6?8 76PH9763 8D6 5:FF:? 5;77967 8: I?:C ;?< 8: E:==:C 8D6 76PH976< @765;H89:? E:7 ;2:9<9?> <;F;>6 8:. :7 <6387H589:? :E 8D6 >::<3 6?87H386< 8: 98 E:7 3;=6. 5;779;>6

@* =2'3, ,*32,,()5 *0'* * 02 2)<723'*(-) () I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12 ;0 (.0 2F27%*, *02 .-77-) .'33(23 +-3 *02 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- (, ' .&-,21 &(,*# P2F.<&%'*2 (*,2&+ +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,,e1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- <)123 ')9 - + *02 .'<,2,: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 (, =<312)21 *- %3->2 ')9 -+ *02 '+-32.(*21 .'<,2, .&'(721 =9 (* =9 ' %32%-)123').2 -+ 2>(12).2# @+ *02 .'33(23 ,<..221,: *02 =<312) -+ 2>(12).2 (, ,0(+*21 *- *02 ,0(%%23 *- %3->2 *0'* *02 .'33(23 (, )25&(52)*# “Defect” is the want or absence of something necessary for completeness or

%23+2.*(-)G ' &'./ -3 '=,2).2 -+ ,-72*0()5 2,,2)*('& *- .-7%&2*2)2,,G ' 12+(.(2).9 () ,-72*0()5 2,,2)*('& *- *02 %3-%23 <,2 +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 +-3 ;0(.0 ' *0()5 (, *- =2 <,21# O) *02 -*023 0')1: ()+23(-3 72'), -+ %--3 J<'&(*9: 721(-.32: -3 ,2.-)1 3'*2# I *0()5 7'9 =2 -+ ()+23(-3 J<'&(*9 =<* )-* )2.2,,'3(&9 12+2.*(>2# @ ) -*023 ;-31,: “defectiveness” is not synonymous with “inferiority.”

AH

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

P02 .3'*2 ,0-<&1 0'>2 *0322 ,-&(1 ')1 ,*3-)5 ;--12) ='**2) %&'.21 ,(12 =9 ,(12 <)123)2'*0 -3 -) *02 +&--3()5 -+ *02 .3'*2 *- ,<%%-3* *02 ;2(50* -+ (*, .-)*2)*,# F FF

#+3V]/ <&) () .+

T'.*,U 83(,%()' d'&1- 6'&<1-: 7-*023 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23, : 1(21 () 80(.'5-: @&&()-(,# ?-7(23,/( ')1 6-) T<)23'& ]-72 -+ 80(.'5-: 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 %32%'3'*(-), ')1 '33')5272)*, +-3 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ *02 327'(), +3-7 80(.'5- *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,# ?-7(23,/( =3-<50* *02 327'(), *- 8-)*()2)*'& R-3*<'39 I(3 623>(.2, b 8RI6$ '* *02 80(.'5- I(3%-3* ;0(.0 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 '33')5272)*, ,<.0 ', +&(50*,: *3'),+23,: etc. CMAS booked the shipment with PAL thru the carrier’s agent Air Care

@)*23)'*(-)'&# ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& O31()'39 ;', (,,<21 ;0232() *02 32J<2,*21 3-<*()5 ;', +3-7 80(.'5- *- 6') T3').(,.- -) =-'31 P3'), M-3&1 I(3&()2 bPMI$ ')1 +3-7 6') T3').(,.- *- R')(&' -) =-'31 ?I^# 6'&>'.(-) b-)2 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23,$: <%-) '33(>'& '* 6') T3').(,.-: ;2)* *- *02 PMI *inquire about her mother’s rem '(),# c<* ,02 ;', *-&1 *029 1(1 )-* /)-; ')9*0()5 about it. She then called Pomierski that her mother’s remains were not at the West

8-',* *237()'&# ?-7(23,/( (7721('*2&9 .'&&21 8RI6 ;0(.0 ()+-3721 *0'* *02 327'(), ;232 -) ' %&')2 *- R2F(.- 8(*9: *0'* *0232 ;232 *;- =-1(2, '* *02 *237()'&: ')1 ,-720-; *029 ;232 ,;(*.021# 8RI6 .'&&21 ')1 *-&1 ?-7(23,/( *0'* *029 ;232 ,2)1()5 *02 327'(), ='./ *- 8'&(+-3)(' >(' P2F',# ?2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* PMI ')1 ?I^ +(3 *02 7(,,0(%72)* ')1 12&'9 () *02 12&'9 -+ *02 .'35- .-)*'()()5 *02 327'(), -+ *02 &'*2 83(,%()' 6'&<1-# ?2*(*(-)23, '&&2521 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 32.2(>21 *02 .',/2*21 327'(), -+ 83(,%()' -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z: ', 2>(12).21 =9 *02 (,,<').2 -+ ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& =9 I(3

8'32 ')1 +3-7 ,'(1 1'*2: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ;232 .0'3521 ;(*0 *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ,- 7<.0 ,- *0'* *02 '&&2521 ,;(*.0()5 -+ *02 .',/2*, -) O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z: -3 -)2 1'9 '+*23 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 32.2(>21 *02 .'35-: *02 &'**23 7<,* )2.2,,'3(&9 =2 &('=&2# @,,<2U Whether or not the delay in the delivery of the casketed remains of petitioners’

7-*023 ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* -+ 32,%-)12)* '(3&()2 .-7%')(2, ]2&1U NO: =<* PMI ;', 02&1 *- %'9 %2*(*(-)23, )-7()'& 1'7'52, -+ ?KC:CCC +-3 (*, >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &'; *- =2 2F23.(,21 =9 2>239 .-77-) .'33(23 I, '&32'19 127-),*3'*21: *02 +'.*, () *02 .',2 '* ='3 =2&(2 *02 '>2372)* *0'* *0232 ;', 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- *- *02 .'33(23 -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z# _'*023: ', 2'3&(23 2F%&'()21: *02 =-19 ()*2)121 *- =2 ,0(%%21 ', '53221 <%-) ;', 32'&&9 %&'.21 () *02 %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ ?I^ -) O.*-=23 AY: !D`Z ')1 (* ;', +3-7 *0'* 1'*2 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, =2.'72 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '53221 .'35- <)123 *02(3 <)123*'/()5, () ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& N-# C`DhC!!YCKLK# 8-),2J<2)*&9: +-3 *02 ,;(*.0()5 -+ .',/2*, %3(-3 *0232*- ;0(.0 ;', )-* .'<,21 =9 *027: ')1 ,<=,2J<2)* 2>2)*, .'<,21 *0232=9: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2# P02 -+*h32%2'*21 3<&2 325'31()5 ' .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 +-3 12&'9 (, *0'* () *02 '=,2).2 -+ ' ,%2.('& .-)*3'.*: ' .'33(23 (, )-* ') (),<323 '5'(),* 12&'9 () *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1,# M02) ' .-77-) .'33(23 <)123*'/2, *- .-)>2 9 5--1,: *02 &'; (7%&(2, ' .-)*3'.* *0'* *029 ,0'&& =2 12&(>2321 '* 12,*()'*(-) ;(*0() ' 32',-)'=&2 *(72: () *02 '=,2).2: -+ ')9 '532272)* ', *- *02 *(72 -+ 12&(>239# c<* ;0232 ' .'33(23 0', 7'12 ') 2F%32,, .-)*3'.* *- *3'),%-3* ')1 12&(>23 %3-%23*9 ;(*0() ' ,%2.(+(21 *(72: (* (, =-<)1 *- +<&+(&& (*, .-)*3'.* ')1 (, &('=&2 +-3 ')9 12&'9: )- 7'**23 +3-7 ;0'* .'<,2 (* 7'9 0'>2 '3(,2)# P0(, 32,<&* &-5(.'&&9 +-&&-;, +3-7 *02 ;2&&h,2**&21 3<&2 *0'* ;0232 *02 &'; .32'*2, ' 1<*9 -3 . 0'352: ')1 *02 %'3*9 (, 1(,'=&21 +3-7 %23+-37()5 (* ;(*0-<* ')9 12+'<&* () 0(7,2&+: ')1 0', )- 327219 ->23: *02) *02 &'; ; (&& 2F.<,2 0(7: =<* ;0232 *02 %'3*9 =9 0(, -;) .-)*3'.* .32'*2, ' 1<*9 -3 .0'352 <%-) 0 (7,2&+: 02 (, =-<)1 *- 7'/2 (* 5--1 )-*;(*0,*' )1()5 ')9 '..(12)* -3 12&'9 =9 ()2>(*'=&2 )2.2,,(*9 =2.'<,2 02 7(50* 0'>2 %3->(121 '5'(),* (* =9 .-)*3'.*# M02*023 -3 )-* *0232 0', =22) ,<.0 ') <)123*'/()5 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 .'33(23 *- =2 12*237()21 +3-7 *02 .(3.<7,*').2, ,<33-<)1()5 *02 .',2 ')1 =9 '%%&(.'*(-) -+ *02 -31()'39 3<&2, +-3 *02 ()*23%32*'*(-) -+ .-)*3'.*,#

AK

X.0-()5 *02 +()1()5, -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*: *02 32,%-)12)* .-<3* .-332.*&9 12.&'321 *0'*

7'.0()2 %'3*,# I..-31()5 *- *02 J<-*'*(-) (* ,2)*: 12&(>23(2, -+ ,<.0 (*27, '32

—

“within 2 months after receipt of firm order.” Petitioner thereafter issued a

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bR2)1-[' >,# ?I^: DC ?0(&# YHZ$# P0232 (, )- ,0-;()5 =9 %&'()*(++, *0'* ,<.0 ' ,%2.('& -3 ,%2.(+(. .-)*3'.* 0'1 =22) 2)*2321 ()*- =2*;22) *027 ')1 *02 12+2)1')* '(3&()2 .-7%')(2,# I)1 *0(, ,%2.('& .-)*3'.* +-3 %3-7%* 12&(>239 ,0-<&1 .'&& *02 '**2)*(-) -+ *02 .'33(23 *- *02 .(3.<7,*').2, ,<33-<)1()5 *02 .',2 ')1 *02 '%%3-F(7'*2 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52, *- =2 ,<++2321 () .',2 -+ 12&'9 b622 R2)1-[' >,# ?I^: ,<%3'$# P0232 ;', )such contract entered into in the instant case.”

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a8a59

2)#*15

^-32)[- 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () .-',*;(,2 ,0(%%()5# cB R'3*02& @)*23)'*(-)'&: @).# (, ') (7%-3*23 ')1 1(,*3(=<*-3 -+ 1(++232)* =3')1, -+ 2)5()2, ')1 ,%'32 %'3*,# 6().2 !DY`: _2,%-)12)* ,<%%&(21 %2*(*(-)23 ;(*0 ,%'32 %'3*, +-3 *02 &'**23S, 7'3()2 2)5()2,# 6-72*(72 () !DYD: %2*(*(-)23 ',/21 32,%-)12)* +-3 ' J<-*'*(-) +-3 >'3(-<,

?<3.0',2 O3123 +-3 *02 %3-.<3272)* -+ -)2 ,2* -+ .9&()123 &()23: >'&<21 '* ?K``:CCC @),*2'1 -+ %'9()5 *02 ALk 1-;) %'972)* ', ()1(.'*21 () *02 %<3.0',2 -3123: +-3 *02 +(3,* .9&()123 &()23: %2*(*(-)23 (,,<21 () +'>-3 -+ 32,%-)12)* *2) %-,*1'*21 .02./,# P02 .02./, ;232 ,<%%-,21 *- 32%32,2)* *02 +<&& %'972)* -+ *02 '+-3272)*(-)21 .9&()123 &()23# 6<=,2J<2)*&9: %2*(*(-)23 (,,<21 ')-*023 ?<3.0',2 +-3 ')-*023 <)(* -+ .9&()123 &()23# P0(, %<3.0',2 -3123 ,*'*2 1 *02 *237 -+ %'972)* *- =2 EALk <% -) 12&(>239: ='&').2 %'9'=&2 () L =(h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bA$ 7-)*0, '+*23 32.2(%* -+ +(37 -3123#E P02 _P8 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()*# @* 02&1 32,%-)12)* =-<)1 *- *02 J<-*'*(-) (* ,<=7(**21 *- %2*(*(-)23 %'3*(.<&'3&9 ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 *237, -+ %'972)* ')1 12&(>239 -+ *02 .9&()123 &()23,# @* '&,- 12.&'321 *0'* 32,%-)12)* 0'1 '53221 *- *02 .').2&&'*(-) -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ ,'&2 ;02) (* 32*<3)21 *02 %-,*1'*21 .02./, (,,<21 =9 %2*(*(-)23# O) '%%2'&: *02 8I 32>23,21 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _P8# 611>"5

M02*023 -3 )-* *0232 ;', &'*2 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,<=Q2.*, -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ ,'&2 * Q<,*(+9 %2*(*(-)23 *- 1(,325'31 *02 *237, -+ *02 .-)*3'.* .-),(123()5 *0'* *(72 ;', -+ *02 2,,2).2 *0232-+

AL

L>?0%D5

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b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

M02*023 XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, +-3 *029 '32 *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3<./# ]2&1e_'*(-U 42,: XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2# P02 %2*(*(-) (, 12)(21 ')1 *02 8I 12.(,(-) (, '++(3721# I, *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3'.*-3: XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 '.*, -+ _'<& P<*-3 2>2) (+ 02 ;', 'ctually the employee of Equitable’s former lessee, X.'*()2 8-3%-3'*(-): ;0- =2.'72 *02 '.*<'& -;)2 3 -+ *02 *3'.*-3 =9 >(3*<2 -+ ' 1221 -+ ,'&2 )-* 325(,*2321 ;(*0 *02 ^PO# _25'31&2,, -+ ,'&2, 7'12 -+ ' 7-*-3 >20(.&2: *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 (, *02 &';+<& -%23'*-3 (),-+'3 ', *02 %<=&(. ')1 *0(31 %23,-), '32 .-).23)21G .-),2J<2)*&9: (* (, 1(32.*&9 ')1 %3(7'3(&9 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 .-),2J<2).2, -+ (*, -%23'*(-)# @) *02 292, -+ *02 &';: *02 -;)23e-%23'*-3 -+ 32.-31 (, *02 27%&-923 -+ *02 13(>23: *02 '.*<'& -;)23e-%23'*-3 =2()5 .-),(12321 ', 7232&9 *02 '52)* -+ *02 325(,*2321 -;)23e-%23'*-3# P02 %3().(%&2 '%%&(2, 2>2) (+ *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ ')9 >20(.&2 1-2, )-* <,2 (* +-3 %<=&(. ,23>(.2# P02 7'() '(7 -+ 7-*-3 >20(.&2 325(,*3'*(-) (, *- (12)*(+9 *02 -;)23 ,- *0'* (+ ')9 '..(12)* 0'%%2),: -3 ')9 1'7'52 -3 ()Q<39 (, .'<,21 =9 * 02 >20(.&2: 32,%-),(=(&(*9 .') =2 + (F21 -) ' 12+()(*2 ()1(>(1<'&: *02 325(,*2321 -;)23# T'(&<32 *- 325(,*23 *02 1221 -+ ,'&2 ,0-<&1 )-* %32Q<1(.2 >(.*(7,: ;0- 0'>2 *02 3(50* *- 32&9 -) *02 %3().(%&2 *0'* *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, .'<,21 =9 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 13(>23# XJ<(*'=&2 Leasing can’t hide behind the allegation that Tutor was Ecatine Corp’s employee, =2.'<,2 (* ;(&& %32>2)* >(.*(7, +3-7 32.->23()5 *02(3 &-,, -) *02 =',(s of Equitable’s ()'.*(-) () +'(&()5 *- 325(,*23 *02 ,'&2# P02 )-)hregistration is Equitable’s fault, which

,0-<&1 +'.2 *02 &25'& .-),2J<2).2, *0232-+ %[V"0+R3% 3%+#",- ./&2/&+0"/, () 3V."0+#V*/,; %0 +3); -)&) ,/) :a99\6; 68 #%20%1R%& b66b

T'.*,U I *3'.*-3 13(>2) =9 _'<& P<*-3 3'7721 ()*- ' 0-<, 2h.<7h,*-32 () P-)1-: R')(&'# ?'3* -+ *02 0-<,2 ;', 12,*3-921# P;- %2-%&2 1(21 ')1 +-<3 ;232 ( )Q<321# P<*-3 ;', .-)>(.*21 -+ 32./&2,, (7%3<12).2 32,<&*()5 () 7<&* (%&2 0-7(.(12 ')1 7<&*(%&2 %09,(.'& ()Q<3(2,# o23(+(.'*(-) ;(*0 *02 ^')1 P3'),%-3*'*(-) O++(.2 32>2'&21 *0'* *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3'.*-3 ;', XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ;0- &2',21 (* *X1;() ^(7# P02 32&'*(>2, -+ *02 >(.*(7, +(&21 ' .(>(& .',2 +-3 1'7'52,# P02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* 3<&21 '5'(),* Equitable and ordered it to pay damages to the victims’ relatives. Upon Equitable’s appeal, the Court of A ppeals sustained the RTC.

XJ<(*'=&2 +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; ;(*0 *02 6<%3272 8-<3*# @,,<2U

66- 4L3M!JVL4346VM V2 KVV;! R- 8a*/)$/&0%)/B ;0?0D"%#" %+#0%&, #$"22",- 3",%#; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) 0$% ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN 0$% !"� ,+0"/,X"]% +##V&+,.% ./&2/&+0"/,; JH=LEKNHK@=) -)&) ,E) 7a:8:

+LJ?C 96; :77:

!:@95J *G87;:7<9?;7B +9=9>6?56

23.4!5

!H .-(&, -+ <).-'*21 `h;(32 ,*32,, 32&(2>21 ;(32 ,*3')1 +-3 %32,*32,,21 .-).32*2 ;232 ,0(%%21 -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& EB'%3( o2)*<32:E -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 12+2)1')* X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2,: @).#: '* j-=2: B'%'): +-3 12&(>239 *- 6*32,,*2/ ?-,*hP2),(-)()5 ?0(&,#: @).# () R')(&': ;0(.0 ;232 ( ),<321 =9 *02 %&'()*(++ T(3,* N'*(-);(12 I,,<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-)#

AZ

P02 .'339()5 >2,,2& '33(>21 () R')(&' ')1 1(,.0'3521 *02 .'35- *- *02 .<,*-19 -+ *02 12+2)1')* X# _'[-): @ ).#: +3-7 ;0-7 *02 .-),(5)22S, .<,*-7, =3-/23 32.2(>21 (* +-3 12&(>239 *- *02 .-),(5)22S, ;'320-<,2# P02 32,%-)12)* ()127)(+(21 *02 .-),(5)22 +-3 1'7'52 ')1 &-,, *- *02 (),<321 .'35-: ;0232<%-) *02 +-3723 ;', ,<=3-5'*21 +-3 *02 &'**23#

+-32,(50* 1(1 )-* '**2)1 *02 .&-,()5 -+ *02 ,0(%S, 0'*.02, ,- *0'* 3'() ;'*23 ;-<&1 )-* +()1 (*, ;'9 ()*- *02 .'35- 0-&1, -+ *02 ,0(%#

_2,%-)12)* )-; ,22/, *- 32.->23 +3-7 *02 %2*(*(-)23 ;0'* (* 0', ()127)(+(21 *02 .-),(5)22#@* '%%2'3, *0'* ;0(&2 2)3-<*2 +3-7 j-=2 *- R')(&': *02 .'339()5 >2,,2& E2).-<)*2321 >239 3-<50 ,2', ')1 ,*-379 ;2'*023E +-3 *0322 1'9,: 7-32 -3 &2,,: ;0(.0 .'<,21 (* *- 3-&& ')1 %-<)1 02'>(&9: 7->()5 (*, 7',* 23 *2F2.<*2 ' 7'3()2 )-*2 -+ %3-*2,* <%-) '33(>'& '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&'G *0'* *02 .-(&, ;3'%%21 () =<3&'% .&-*0 ')1 .'31=-'31 %'%23 ;23 2 ,*-321 () *02 &-;23 0-&1 -+ *02 0'*.0 -+ *02 >2,,2& ;0(.0 ;', +&--121 ;(*0 ;'*23 '=-<* -)2 +--* 122%G *0'* *02 ;'*23 2)*2321 *02 0'*.0 ;02) *02 >2,,2& 2).-<)*2321 02'>9 ;2'*023 2)3-<*2 *R')(&'G *0'* <%-) 32J<2,*: ' ,<3>29 -+ ='1 -3123 .'35- ;', .-)1<.*21 '* *02 %(23 () *02 %32,2).2 -+ *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2, -+ *02 .-),(5)22 ')1 *02 12+2)1')* X# _'[-): @).# ')1 (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* ,2>2) .-(&, ;232 3<,*9 -) -)2 ,(12 2'.0G *0'* <%-) ,<3>29 .-)1<.*21 '* *02 .-),(5)22S, ;'320-<,2 (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* *02 E;2**()5 b-+ *02 .'35-$ ;', .'<,21 =9 +32,0 ;'*23E *0'* 2)*2321 *02 0'*.0 ;02) *02 >2,,2& 2).-<)*2321 02'>9 ;2'*023 2)3-<*2 *- R')(&' G ')1 *0'* '&& *0(3*22) .-(&, ;232 2F*3272&9 3<,*9 ')1 *-*'&&9 <),<(*'=&2 +-3 *02 ()*2)121 %<3%-,2#

@) '&& .',2, -*023 *0') *0-,2 72)*(-)21 () N-,# !: A: H: K: 3/*- RUIO# ')1 L -+ *02 %32.21()5 '3*(.&2: (+ *02 5--1, '32 &-,*: 12,*3-921 -3 12*23(-3'*21: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', 32J<(321 () '3*(.&2 !`HH#

?2*(*(-)23 .&'(7, (* ,0-<&1 )-* =2 02&1 &('=&2 ', *02 ,0(%72)* ;', 1(,.0'3521 ')1 12&(>2321 .-7%&2*2 ()*- *02 .<,*-19 -+ *02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 <)123 .&2') *'&&9 ,022*,#

R-32->23: <)123 I3*(.&2 !`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: .- 77-) .'33(23, '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 E2F*3'h-31()'39 >(5(&').2 ->23 5--1, # # # #'..-31()5 *- '&& .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2:E ')1 I3*(.&2 !`HL -+ *02 ,'72 8-12 ,*'*2,: *- ;(*U

6().2 *02 .'33(23 0', +'(&21 *- 2,*'=&(,0 ')9 .',-+-3*<(*-: *02 %32,<7%*(-) =9 &'; -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 .'33(23 '%%&(2,G ')1 *02 .'33(23 7<,* %32,2)* 2>(12).2 *0'* (* 0', -=,23>21 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 I3*(.&2 !`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 () -3123 *- 2,.'%2 &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52 -3 12,*3<.*(-) *- *02 5--1, *0'* (* 0'1 '17(**21&9 .'33(21 () *0(, .',2# N- ,<.0 2>(12).2 2F(,*, -+ record. Thus, the carrier cannot escape liability.”

P02 8-<3* '5322, ;(*0 ')1 (, =-<)1 =9 *02 +-325-()5 +()1()5, -+ +'.* 7'12 =9 *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3*# P02 %32,<7%*(-): *0232+-32: *0'* *02 .'35- ;', () '%%'32)* 5--1 .-)1(*(-) ;02) (* ;', 12&(>2321 =9 *02 >2,,2& *- *02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 =9 *02 .&2') *'&&9 ,022*, 0', =22) ->23*<3)21 ')1 *3'>23,21# P02 2>(12).2 (, .&2'3 *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- ;', ,<++2321 ;0(&2 '=-'31 %2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2&#

6!!785 MON %2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 +- 3 )-* 2F23.(,()5 2F*3'-31()'39

]%3#+, 0&+,#2/&0 3",%#; ",.) I=) 0$% $/,) ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN +1%&".+, $/1% +##V&+,.% ./&2/&+0"/,

1(&(52).2

-)&) ,E) :bc57c) ,EIHPBHJ :8; b66:

98:;5

]% 3%/,; <&); <)

4X6# c',21 -) *02 +'.*,: *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 7'12 *02 +-&&-;()5 +()1()5, ')1 .-).&<,(-),U “Plainly, the heavy seas and rains referred to in the master's report were

)-* .',-+-3*<(*-: =<* )-37'& -..<332).2, *0'* ') -.2')h5-()5 >2,,2&: %'3*(.<&'3&9 () *02 7-)*0 -+ 62%*27=23 ;0(.0: () -<3 '32': (, ' 7-)*0 -+ 3'(), ')1 02'>9 ,2', ;-<&1 2).-<)*23 ', ' 7'**23 -+ 3-<*()2# P029 '32 )-* <)+-32,22) )-3 <)+-32,22'=&2# P02,2 '32 .-)1(*(-), *0'* -.2')h5-()5 >2,,2&, ;-<&1 2).-<)*23 ')1 %3->(12 +-3: () *02 -31()'39 .-<3,2 -+ ' >-9'52# P0'* 3'() ;'*23 b)-* ,2' ;'*23$ +-<)1 (*, ;'9 ()*- *02 0-&1, -+ *02 B<%3( o2)*<32 (, ' .&2'3 ()1(.'*(-) *0'* .'32 ')1

23.4!5 8'&*2F 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)* ;(*0V2&,') +-3 ' %23(-1 -+ !92'3 ;0232=9 *02 ,'(1 .-77-) .'33(23 'greed to transport Caltex’s industrial fuel

-(& +3-7 *02 c'*')5',hc'*'') _2+()239 *- 1(++232)* %'3*, -+ *02 .-<)*39# \)123 *02 .-)*3'.*: %2*(*(-)23 *--/ -) =-'31 (*, >2,,2&: RP R'9,<): A:A``#H!K /& -+ ()1<,*3('& +<2& -(& *- =2 12&(>2321 *- *02 8'&*2F O(& P237()'& () p'7=-')5' 8(*9# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', (),<321 ;(*0 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: I723(.') ]-72 I,,<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-)# RP R'9,<) ,2* ,'(& +3-7 c'*')5', +-3 p'7=-')5' 8(*9# \)+-3*<)'*2&9: *02 >2,,2& ,')/ () *02 2'3&9 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* !Z: !DYZ )2'3 ?')'9 d<&+ () *02 o(,'9', *'/()5 ;(*0 (* *02 2)*(32 .'35- -+ +<2& -(&# I]I8 %'(1 8'&*2F *02 ,<7 -+ ?L:CDZ:ZHL#L`# V<2

A`

*- (*, +'(&<32 *- .-&&2.* +3-7 *02 %2*(*(-)23: I]I8 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* ;(*0 *02 _P8 +-3 .-&&2.*(-) -+ ' ,<7 -+ 7-)29#

*'/2 ()*- '..-<)* *02 '.*<'& .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 >2,,2& '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 .-772).272)* -+ *02 >-9'52#

_P8 3<&21 *0'* V2&,') ,0'&& =2 +322 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 1<2 *- +-3.2 7'Q2<32# P02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*: 0-;2>23: ;', 32>23,21: =9 8I# @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ')9 2F%&')'*(-) ', *- ;0'* 7'9 0'>2 .'<,21 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& .-<%&21 ;(*0 *02 +()1()5 *0'* *02 ,'72 ;', (7%3-%23&9 7'))21: 8I 3<&21 *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 -) (*, -=&(5'*(-) ', .-77-) .'33(23# P0<,: *0(, (),*')* %2*(*(-)#

Additionally, the exoneration of MT Maysun’s officers and crew by the Board of

6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* %2*(*(-)23 +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# 98:;54X6: *0<, %2*(*(-)23 ,0'&& =2 02&1 &('=&2# T3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1

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c23()': .'%*'() ')1 .0(2+ 7'*2: 32,%2.*(>2&9 -+ *02 (&&h +'*21 >2,,2&: (* '%%2'3, *0'* ' ,<112) ')1 <)2F%2.*21 .0')52 -+ ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-) -..<3321 () *02 2'3&9 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* !Z: !DYZG *0'* '* '3-<)1 HU!L'#7# ' ,J<'&& (“unos”) carrying strong winds with an approximate velocity of 30 knots per hour

')1 =(5 ;'>2, '>23'5()5 2(50*22) !YhAC+*# 0(50: 32%2'*21&9 =<++2*21 RP R'9,<) .'<,()5 (* *- *(&*: *'/2 () ;'*23 ')1 2>2)*<'&&9 ,()/ ;(*0 (*, .'35-# P0(, *'&2 -+ ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 =(5 ;'>2, =9 *02 ,'(1 -++(.23, -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 0-;2>23: ;', 2++2.*(>2&9 32=<**21 ')1 =2&(21 =9 *02 ;2'*023 32%-3* +3-7 ?IdI6I ,0-;()5 *0'* +3-7 AUCC o’clock to 8:00 o’clock in t he morning on August 16, 1986, the wind speed remained

'* !ChAC /)-*, %23 0-<3 ;0(&2 *02 02(50* -+ *02 ;'>2, 3')521 +3-7 #` hA 72*23, () *02 >(.()(*9 -+ 8<9- X',* ?',, ')1 ?')'9 d<&+ ;0232 *02 ,<=Q2.* >2,,2& ,')/# P0<,: ', *02 '%%2&&'*2 .ourt correctly ruled, petitioner’s vessel, MT Maysun, sank with its 2)*(32 .'35- +-3 *02 32',-) *0'* (* ;', )-* ,2';-3*09# P0232 ;', )- ,J<'&& -3 ='1 ;2'*023 -3 2F*3272&9 %--3 ,2' .-)1(*(-) () *02 >(.()(*9 ;02) *02 ,'(1 >2,,2& ,')/# N2(*023 7'9 %2*(*(-)23 2,.'%2 &('=(&(*9 =9 %32,2)*()5 () 2>(12).2 .23*(+(.'*2, *0'* *2)1 *- ,0-; *0'* '* *02 *(72 -+ 139h1-./()5 ')1 (),%2.*(-) =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31: RP R'9,<): ;', +(* +-3 >-9'52# P02,2 %(2.2, -+ 2>(12).2 1- )-* )2.2,,'3(&9

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“NATIONAL HONOR,” NATIONAL SHIPPING ./&2/&+0"/, /! 0$% 2$"3"22",%# AKN ",0%&,+0"/,+3 ./,0+",%& #%&(".%#; ",.); JH=LEKNHK@=) Q-)&) ,E) :\:599) <>CD 5; b668Z .+33%
23.4!5

?2*(*(-)23 J.6. XJ+0?0CC0%" .+)/*"/ 6%1>/)%#" .$/C$/)*0$%Y (, *02 (),<323 -+ ' ,0(%72)* .-)*'()()5 A$>/ >%0*1 $A C)/*1 )%& ) ##"11$/0"1 $A <)#+0%"1 +3-7 Z4/)&0%D .$--+ 62-<&: j-32': -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& M/V “National Honor,” 32%32,2)*21 =9 M!.J XM)*0$%)? !+0CC0%D .$/C$/)*0$% $A *+" J+0?0CC0%"1YP02 ,0(%72)* ;', .-)*'()21 () *;- ;--12) .3'*2 , b83'*2 ! ')1 A$ .-7%&2*2 ')1 () 5--1 -3123 .-)1(*(-)# P0232 ;232 )- 7'3/()5, -) *02 -<*23 %-3*(-) -+ *02 .3'*2, 2F.2%* *02 )'72 -+ *02 .-),(5)22: ([6.6 X(?>" [$%$ 6%*"/%)*0$%)? .$(.2,: @).-3%-3'*21 b@8P6@$ ;', +<3)(,021 ;(*0 ' .-%9 -+ *02 .3'*2 .'35- &(,* ')1 =(&& -+ &'1()5: ')1 (* /)2; *02 .-)*2)*, -+ *02 .3'*2# 8&'<1(- 8'),()-: *02 ,*2>21-32 -+ *02 @8P6@: %&'.21 *;- ,&()5 .'=&2, -) 2'.0 2)1 -+ 83'*2 N-# !# N- ,&()5 .'=&2 ;', +',*2)21 -) *02 7(1h%-3*(-) -+ *02 .3'*2# @) *02(3 2F%23(2).2: *0(, ;', ' )-37'& %3-.21<32# I, *02 .3'*2 ;', =2()5 0-(,*21 +3-7 the vessel’s hatch, the midh%-3*(-) -+ *02 ;--12) +&--3()5 ,<112)&9 ,)'%%21 () *02 '(3: '=-<* + ive feet high from the vessel’s twin deck, sending all its contents crashing 1-;) 0'31: 32,<&*()5 () 2F*2),(>2 1'7'52 *- *02 ,0(%72)*#

AY

\%-) 32.2(%* -+ *02 1'7'521 ,0(%72)*: cR@8@ +-<)1 *0'* *02 ,'72 .-<&1 )- & -)523 =2 <,21 +-3 *02 ()*2)121 %<3%-,2# P02 R'riners’ Adjustment Corporation hired by ?8@8 .-)1<.*21 ' ,<3>29 ')1 12.&'321 *0'* *02 %' ./()5 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ;', .-),(12321 (),<++(.(2)*# @* 3<&21 -<* *02 %-,,(=(&(*9 -+ *'F2, 1<2 *- (),<++(.(2).9 -+ %'./()5# @* -%()21 *0'* *0322 *- +-<3 %(2.2, -+ .'=&2 -3 ;(32 3-%2 ,&()5,: 02&1 () '&& 2J<'& ,2**()5: )2>23 =9h%',,()5 *02 .2)*23 -+ *02 .3'*2: ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) <,21: .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 .3'*2 .-)*'()21 02'>9 7'.0()239# ([6.6 1>F1"\>"%*?B A0?"& 1"C)/)*" #?)0<1 )D)0%1* *+" M!.JE *+" 6.4!6E )%& 0*1 0%1>/"/E *+" J.6.E A$/ 7!]QREOWW-WW- ^+"% *+" $*+"/ #$"& ) !>F/$D)*0$% L"#"0C* A$/ JREUSWEQIS-OW- ?8@8: as subrogee, filed a Complaint for D amages against the “Unknown owner of the >2,,2& Reo N'*(-)'& ]-)-3:” NSCP and ICTSI. 4+" 6.4!6 )&&>#"& 0% "G0&"%#" *+" /"C$/* $A *+" L-Z- ;"? J)% _ .$-E 6%#- *+)* *+" &)<)D" *$ *+" #)/D$ #$>?& F" )**/0F>*"& *$ 0%1>AA0#0"%* C)#H0%D )%& >%F)?)%#"& @"0D+* &01*/0F>*0$% $A *+" #)/D$ 0%10&" *+" #/)*" )1 "G0&"%#"& FB *+" *BC"1 )%& 1+)C"1 $A 0*"<1 A$>%&-

c-*0 _P8 ')1 8I 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()*# @66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* P]X 6PIP\PO_4 ?_X6\R?P@ON OT TI\^P INV NXd^@d XN8X (, '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 .',2 '* ='3#

]X^VU NO# M2 '5322 ;(*0 *02 .-)*2)*(-) -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 *0'* .-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 +-3 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 7')1'*21 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, ')1 +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027: '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2# P02 8-<3* 0', 12+()21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, ', +-&&-;,U !D6 6G87;:7<9?;7B <9=9>6?56 9? 8D6 29>9=;?56 :267 8D6 >::<3 86?<676< E:7 3D9@F6?8 76PH9763 8D6 5:FF:? 5;77967 8: I?:C ;?< 8: E:==:C 8D6 76PH976< @765;H89:? E:7 ;2:9<9?> <;F;>6 8:. :7 <6387H589:? :E 8D6 >::<3 6?87H386< 8: 98 E:7 3;=6. 5;779;>6 ;?< <6=9267B4 ,8 76PH9763 5:FF:? 5;779673 8: 76?<67 3672956 C98D 8D6 >76;8638 3I9== and foresight and “to use all reasonable means to ascertain the nature and 5D;7;586793895 :E >::<3 86?<676< E:7 3D9@F6?8. ;?< 8: 6G675936

The common carrier’s duty to observe the requisite diligence in the shipment of

() *02 %-,,2,,(-) -+: ')1 32.2(>21 =9: *02 .'33(23 +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) <)*(& 12&(>2321 *-: -3 <)*(& *02 &'%,2 -+ ' 32',-)'=&2 *(72 +-3 *02(3 '..2%*').2: =9 *02 %23,-) 2)*(*&21 *- 32.2(>2 *027# M02) *02 5--1, ,0(%%21 '32 2(*023 &-,* -3 '33(>2 () 1'7'521 .-)1(*(-): ' %32,<7%*(-) '3(,2, '5'(),* *02 .'33(23 -+ (*, +'(&<32 *- -=,23>2 *0'* 1(&(52).2: ')1 *0232 )221 )-* =2 ') 2F%32,, +()1()5 -+ )25&(52).2 *- 0-&1 (* &('=&2# P- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 () *02 .',2 -+ &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1,: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7<,* %3->2 *0'* (* 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# ]-;2>23: <)123 I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12: *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- ')9 -+ *02 +-&&-;()5 .'<,2,U

!# T&--1: ,*-37: 2'3*0J<'/2: &(50*)()5 -3 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9G A# I.* -+ *02 %<=&(. 2)279 () ;'3: ;02*023 ()*23)'*(-)'& -3 .(>(&G H# I.* -3 -7(,,(-) -+ *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,G S- 4+" #+)/)#*"/ $A *+" D$$&1 $/ &"A"#*1 0% *+" C)#H0%D $/ 0% *+" #$%*)0%"/1`

L# O3123 -3 '.* -+ .-7%2*2)* %<=&(. '<*0-3(*9# @* =2'3, ,*32,,()5 *0'* * 02 2)<723'*(-) () I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12 ;0(.0 2F27%*, *02 .-77-) .'33(23 +-3 *02 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- (, ' .&-,21 &(,*# P2F.<&%'*2 (*,2&+ +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,,e1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- <)123 ')9 - + *02 .'<,2,: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 (, =<312)21 *- %3->2 ')9 -+ *02 '+-32.(*21 .'<,2, .&'(721 =9 (* =9 ' %32%-)123').2 -+ 2>(12).2# @+ *02 .'33(23 ,<..221,: *02 =<312) -+ 2>(12).2 (, ,0(+*21 *- *02 ,0(%%23 *- %3->2 *0'* *02 .'33(23 (, )25&(52)*# “Defect” is the want or absence of something necessary for completeness or

%23+2.*(-)G ' &'./ -3 '=,2).2 -+ ,-72*0()5 2,,2)*('& *- .-7%&2*2)2,,G ' 12+(.(2).9 () ,-72*0()5 2,,2)*('& *- *02 %3-%23 <,2 +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 +-3 ;0(.0 ' *0()5 (, *- =2 <,21# O) *02 -*023 0')1: ()+23(-3 72'), -+ %--3 J<'&(*9: 721(-.32: -3 ,2.-)1 3'*2# I *0()5 7'9 =2 -+ ()+23(-3 J<'&(*9 =<* )-* )2.2,,'3(&9 12+2.*(>2# @) -*023 ;-31,: “defectiveness” is not synonymous with “inferiority.”

F FF @) *02 %32,2)* .',2: *02 *3('& .-<3* 12.&'321 *0'* =',21 -) *02 32.-31: *02 &-,, -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ;', .'<,21 =9 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 ', *02 ,0(%%23U P02 ,'72 7'9 =2 ,'(1 ;(*0 32,%2.* *- 12+2)1')* @8P6@# P02 =32'/'52 ')1 .-&&'%,2 -+ 83'*2 N-# ! ')1 *02 *-*'& 12,*3<.*(-) -+ (*, .-)*2)*, ;232 )-* (7%<*'=&2 *- ')9 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ ,'(1 12+2)1')* () 0')1&()5 *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ *02

5--1, &',*, +3-7 *02 *(72 *02 '3*(.&2, '32 ,<332)12321 *- -3 <).-)1(*(-)'&&9 %&'.21

AD

.'35-2, +3-7 *02 .'339()5 >2,,2&: =<* ;', 1<2 ,-&2&9 *- *02 ()0232)* 12+2.* ')1 ;2'/)2,, -+ *02 7'*23('&, <,21 () *02 +'=3(.'*(-) -+ ,'(1 .3'*2#

@,,<2U Whether or not the delay in the delivery of the casketed remains of petitioners’

7-*023 ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* -+ 32,%-)12)* '(3&()2 .-7%')(2, P02 .3'*2 ,0-<&1 0'>2 *0322 ,-&(1 ')1 ,*3-)5 ;--12) ='**2) %&'.21 ,(12 =9 ,(12 <)123)2'*0 -3 -) *02 +&--3()5 -+ *02 .3'*2 *- ,<%%-3* *02 ;2(50* -+ (*, .-)*2)*,# F FF

#+3V]/ <&) () .+

T'.*,U 83(,%()' d'&1- 6'&<1-: 7-*023 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23,: 1(21 () 80(.'5-: @&&()-(,# ?-7(23,/( ')1 6-) T<)23'& ]-72 -+ 80(.'5-: 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 %32%'3'*(-), ')1 '33')5272)*, +-3 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ *02 327'(), +3-7 80(.'5- *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,# ?-7(23,/( =3-<50* *02 327'(), *- 8-)*()2)*'& R-3*<'39 I(3 623>(.2, b8RI6$ '* *02 80(.'5- I(3%-3* ;0(.0 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 '33')5272)*, ,<.0 ', +&(50*,: *3'),+23,: 2*.# 8RI6 =--/21 *02 ,0(%72)* ;(*0 ?I^ *03< the carrier’s agent Air Care @)*23)'*(-)'&# ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& O31()'39 ;', (,,<21 ;0232() *02 32J<2,*21 3-<*()5 ;', +3-7 80(.'5- *- 6') T3').(,.- -) =-'31 P3'), M-3&1 I(3&()2 bPMI$ ')1 +3-7 6') T3').(,.- *- R')(&' -) =-'31 ?I^# 6'&>'.(-) b-)2 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23,$: <%-) '33(>'& '* 6') T3').(,.-: ;2)* *- *02 PMI *inquire about her mother’s remains. But she was told they did not kn ow anything about it. She then called Pomierski that her mother’s remains were not at the West

8-',* *237()'&# ?-7(23,/( (7721('*2&9 .'&&21 8RI6 ;0(.0 ()+-3721 *0'* *02 327'(), ;232 -) ' %&')2 *- R2F(.- 8 (*9: *0'* *0232 ;232 *;- =-1(2, '* *02 *237()'&: ')1 ,-720-; *029 ;232 ,;(*.021# 8RI6 .'&&21 ')1 *-&1 ?-7(23,/( *0'* *029 ;232 ,2)1()5 *02 327'(), ='./ *- 8'&(+-3)(' >(' P2F',# ?2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* PMI ')1 ?I^ +(3 *02 7(,,0(%72)* ')1 12&'9 () *02 12&'9 -+ *02 .'35- .-)*'()()5 *02 327'(), -+ *02 &'*2 83(,%()' 6'&<1-# ?2*(*(-)23, '&&2521 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 32.2(>21 *02 .',/2*21 327'(), -+ 83(,%()' -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z: ', 2>(12).21 =9 *02 (,,<').2 -+ ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& =9 I(3 8'32 ')1 +3-7 ,'(1 1'*2: %3(>'*2 32, %-)12)*, ;232 .0'3521 ;(*0 *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ,- 7<.0 ,- *0'* *02 '&&2521 ,;(*.0()5 -+ *02 .',/2*, -) O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z: -3 -)2 1'9 '+*23 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 32.2(>21 *02 .'35-: *02 &'**23 7<,* )2.2,,'3(&9 =2 &('=&2#

]2&1U NO: =<* PMI ;', 02&1 *- %'9 %2*(*(-)23, )-7()'& 1'7'52, -+ ?KC:CCC +-3 (*, >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &'; *- =2 2F23.(,21 =9 2>239 .-77-) .'33(23 I, '&32'19 127-),*3'*21: *02 +'.*, () *02 .',2 '* ='3 =2&(2 *02 '>2372)* *0'* *0232 ;', 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- *- *02 .'33(23 -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z# _'*023: ', 2'3&(23 2F%&'()21: *02 =-19 ()*2)121 *- =2 ,0(%%21 ', '53221 <%-) ;', 32'&&9 %&'.21 () *02 %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ ?I^ -) O.*-=23 AY: !D`Z ')1 (* ;', +3-7 *0'* 1'*2 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, =2.'72 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '53221 .'35- <)123 *02(3 <)123*'/()5, () ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& N-# C`DhC!!YCKLK# 8-),2J<2)*&9: +-3 *02 ,;(*.0()5 -+ .',/2*, %3(-3 *0232*- ;0(.0 ;', )-* .'<,21 =9 *027: ')1 ,<=,2J<2)* 2>2)*, .'<,21 *0232=9: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2# P02 -+*h32%2'*21 3<&2 325'31()5 ' .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 +-3 12&'9 (, *0'* () *02 '=,2).2 -+ ' ,%2.('& .-)*3'.*: ' .'33(23 (, )-* ') (),<323 '5'(),* 12&'9 () *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1,# M02) ' .-77-) .'33(23 <)123*'/2, *- .-)>2 9 5--1,: *02 &'; (7%&(2, ' .-)*3'.* *0'* *029 ,0'&& =2 12&(>2321 '* 12,*()'*(-) ;(*0() ' 32',-)'=&2 *(72: () *02 '=,2).2: -+ ')9 '532272)* ', *- *02 *(72 -+ 12&(>239# c<* ;0232 ' .'33(23 0', 7'12 ') 2F%32,, .-)*3'.* *- *3'),%-3* ')1 12&(>23 %3-%23*9 ;(*0() ' ,%2.(+(21 *(72: (* (, =-<)1 *- +<&+(&& (*, .-)*3'.* ')1 (, &('=&2 +-3 ')9 12&'9: )- 7'**23 +3-7 ;0'* .'<,2 (* 7'9 0'>2 '3(,2)# P0(, 32,<&* &-5(.'&&9 +-&&-;, +3-7 *02 ;2&&h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—

@) ' ,(7(&'3 .',2 -+ 12&'921 12&(>239 -+ '(3 .'35- <)123 ' >239 ,(7(&' 3 ,*(%<&'*(-) .-)*'()21 () *02 '(3;'9 =(&& ;0(.0 32'1,U EP02 .'33(23 1-2, )-* -=&(5'*2 (*,2&+ *-

HC

.'339 *02 5--1, =9 ')9 ,%2.(+(21 '(3.3'+* -3 -) ' ,%2.(+(21 *(72# 6'(1 .'33(23 =2()5 0232=9 '<*0-3([21 *- 12>('*2 +3-7 *02 3-<*2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ;(*0-<* ')9 &('=(&(*9 *0232+-3E: -<3 6<%3272 8-<3* 3<&21 *0'* .-77-) .'33(23, '32 ) -* -=&(5'*21 =9 &'; *- .'339 ')1 *- 12&(>23 723.0')1(,2: ')1 %23,-), '32 )-* >2,*21 ;(*0 *02 3(50* *%3-7%* 12&(>239: <)&2,, ,<.0 .-77-) .'33(23, %32>(-<,&9 ',,<72 *02 -=&(5'*(-)# 6'(1 3(50*, ')1 -=&(5'*(-), '32 .32'*21 =9 ' ,%2.(+(. .-)*3'.* 2)*2321 ()*- =9 *02 %'3*(2, bR2)1-[' >,# ?I^: DC ?0(&# YHZ$# P0232 (, )- ,0-;()5 =9 %&'()*(++, *0'* ,<.0 ' ,%2.('& -3 ,%2.(+(. .-)*3'.* 0'1 =22) 2)*2321 ()*- =2*;22) *027 ')1 *02 12+2)1')* '(3&()2 .-7%')(2,# I)1 *0(, ,%2.('& .-)*3'.* +-3 %3-7%* 12&(>239 ,0-<&1 .'&& *02 '**2)*(-) -+ *02 .'33(23 *- *02 .(3.<7,*').2, ,<33-<)1()5 *02 .',2 ')1 *02 '%%3-F(7'*2 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52, *- =2 ,<++2321 () .',2 -+ 12&'9 b622 R2)1-[' >,# ?I^: ,<%3'$# P0232 ;', )-

P02 .02./, ;232 ,<%%-,21 *- 32%32,2)* *02 +<&& %'972)* -+ *02 '+-3272)*(-)21 .9&()123 &()23# 6<=,2J<2)*&9: %2*(*(-)23 (,,<21 ')-*023 ?<3.0',2 +-3 ')-*023 <)(* -+ .9&()123 &()23# P0(, %<3.0',2 -3123 ,*'*21 *02 *237 -+ %'972)* *- =2 EALk <%-) 12&(>239: ='&').2 %'9'=&2 () L =(h7-)*0&9 2J<'& (),*'&&72)*,#E ^(/2 *02 +(3,* %<3.0',2 -3123: *02 ,2.-)1 %<3.0',2 -3123 1(1 )-* ,*'*2 *02 1'*2 -+ *02 .9&()123 &()23S, 12&(>239#

such contract entered into in the instant case.”

P02 32,%-)12)* 12&(>2321 *02 *;- .9&()123 &()23, ' * %2*(*(-)23S, ;'320-<,2 () R')(&'# P02 32,%-)12)* *02) 127')121 %'972)* +3-7 * 02 %2*(*(-)23# P02 %2*(*(-)23 -++2321 *- %'9 ?!LC:CCC -)&9 .&'(7()5 *0'* ', *02 .9&()123 &()23, ;232 12&(>2321 &'*2 ')1 1<2 *- *02 ,.3'%%()5 -+ (*, >2,,2&: (* ;-<&1 0'>2 *- ,2&& *02 .9&()123 &()23, () 6()5'%-32 ')1 %'9 *02 ='&').2 +3-7 *02 %3-.221, -+ ,'(1 ,'&2#

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

3/&%,_/ #$"22",- () R< 1+&0$%3 -)&) ,/) :a8a59

2)#*15

^-32)[- 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () .-',*;(,2 ,0(%%()5# cB R'3*02& @)*23)'*(-)'&: @).# (, ') (7%-3*23 ')1 1(,*3(=<*-3 -+ 1(++232)* =3')1, -+ 2)5()2, ')1 ,%'32 %'3*,# 6().2 !DY`: _2,%-)12)* ,<%%&(21 %2*(*(-)23 ;(*0 ,%'32 %'3*, +-3 *02 &'**23S, 7'3()2 2)5()2,# 6-72*(72 () !DYD: %2*(*(-)23 ',/21 32,%-)12)* +-3 ' J<-*'*(-) +-3 >'3(-<, 7'.0()2 %'3*,# I..-31()5 *- *02 J<-*'*(-) (* ,2)*: 12&(>23(2, -+ ,<.0 (*27, '32 “within 2 months after receipt of firm order.” Petitioner thereafter issued a

?<3.0',2 O3123 +-3 *02 %3-.<3272)* -+ -)2 ,2* -+ .9&()123 &()23: >'&<21 '* ?K``:CCC @),*2'1 -+ %'9()5 *02 ALk 1-;) %'972)* ', ()1(.'*21 () *02 %<3.0',2 -3123: +-3 *02 +(3,* .9&()123 &()23: %2*(*(-)23 (,,<21 () +'>-3 -+ 32,%-)12)* *2) %-,*1'*21 .02./,#

P02 %2*(*(-)23 *02) 12%-,(*21 *02 .02./: ;0(.0 ;', 1(,0-)-321 +-3 (),<++(.(2).9 -+ +<)1,# P02 327'()()5 )()2 %-,*1'*21 .02./, ;232 2>2)*<'&&9 32*<3)21 =9 32,%-)12)* *- %2*(*(-)23# ?2*(*(-)23 .&'(721 *0'* (* 32%&'.21 ,'(1 .02./ ;(*0 ' 5--1 -)2: *02 %3-.221, -+ ;0(.0 ;232 '%%&(21 *- (*, -*023 -=&(5'*(-) *- 32,%-)12)*# T-3 (*, %'3*: 32,%-)12)* (),(,*21 *0'* (* 32*<3)21 ,'(1 %-,*1'*21 .02./ *- %2*(*(-)23#

P02 32,%-)12)* +(&21 ') '.*(-) =2+-32 *02 _P8# P02 %2*(*(-)23 +(&21 (*, I),;23 '&&25()5 *0232() *0'* *(72 ;', -+ *02 2,,2).2 () *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 .9&()123 &()23, ')1 *0'* 1'*2 -+ 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,'(1 (*27, ;', &'*2 ', 32,%-)12)* .-77(**21 *12&(>23 ,'(1 (*27, E;(*0() *;- bA$ 7-)*0, '+*23 32.2(%* -+ +(37 -3123#E P02 _P8 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()*# @* 02&1 32,%-)12)* =-<)1 *- *02 J<-*'*(-) (* ,<=7(**21 *- %2*(*(-)23 %'3*(.<&'3&9 ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 *237, -+ %'972)* ')1 12&(>239 -+ *02 .9&()123 &()23,# @* '&,- 12.&'321 *0'* 32,%-)12)* 0'1 '53221 *- *02 .').2&&'*(-) -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ ,'&2 ;02) (* 32*<3)21 *02 %-,*1'*21 .02./, (,,<21 =9 %2*(*(-)23# O) '%%2'&: *02 8I 32>23,21 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _P8# 611>"5

M02*023 -3 )-* *0232 ;', &'*2 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,<=Q2.*, -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ ,'&2 * Q<,*(+9 %2*(*(-)23 *- 1(,325'31 *02 *237, -+ *02 .-)*3'.* .-),(123()5 *0'* *(72 ;', -+ *02 2,,2).2 *0232-+ L>?0%D5

P0232 ;', )- 12&'9 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 32,%-)12)*: 02).2: *02 %2*(*(-)23 (, )-* Q<,*(+(21 () 1(,325'31()5 *02 *237, - *02 .-)*3'.*# @) 12*237()()5 ;02*023 *(72 (, -+ *02 2,,2).2 () ' .-)*3'.*: *02 <&*(7'*2 .3(*23(-) (, *02 '.*<'& -3 '%%'32)* ()*2)*(-) -+ *02 %'3*(2, ')1 =2+-32 *(72 7'9 =2 ,- 325'3121 =9 ' .-<3*: *0232 7<,* =2 ' ,<++(.(2)* 7')(+2,*'*(-): 2(*023 () *02 .-)*3'.* (*,2&+ -3 *02 ,<33-<)1()5

H!

.(3.<7,*').2, -+ *0'* ()*2)*(-)# ?2*(*(-)23 (),(,*, *0'* '&*0-<50 (*, %<3.0',2 -3123, 1(1 )-* ,%2.(+9 *02 1'*2, ;02) *02 .9&()123 &()23, ;232 ,<%%-,21 *- =2 12&(>2321: )2>23*02&2,,: 32,%-)12)* ,0-<&1 '=(12 =9 *02 *237 -+ 12&(>239 '%%2'3()5 -) *02 J<-*'*(-) (* ,<=7(**21 *- %2*(*(-)23# ?2*(*(-)23 *02-3([2, *0'* *02 J<-*'*(-) 27=-1(21 *02 -++23 +3-7 32,%-)12)* ;0(&2 *02 %<3.0',2 -3123 32%32,2)*21 (*, b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

%[V"0+R3% 3%+#",- ./&2/&+0"/, () 3V."0+#V*/,; %0 +3); -)&) ,/) :a99\6; 68 #%20%1R%& b66b

1221 -+ ,'&2 )-* 325(,*2321 ;(*0 *02 ^PO# _25'31&2,, -+ ,'&2, 7'12 -+ ' 7-*-3 >20(.&2: *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 (, *02 &';+<& -%23'*-3 (),-+'3 ', *02 %<=&(. ')1 *0(31 %23,-), '32 .-).23)21G .-),2J<2)*&9: (* (, 1(32.*&9 ')1 %3(7'3(&9 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 .-),2J<2).2, -+ (*, -%23'*(-)# @) *02 292, -+ *02 &';: *02 -;)23e-%23'*-3 -+ 32.-31 (, *02 27%&-923 -+ *02 13(>23: *02 '.*<'& -;)23e-%23'*-3 =2()5 .-),(12321 ', 7232&9 *02 '52)* -+ *02 325(,*2321 -;)23e-%23'*-3# P02 %3().(%&2 '%%&(2, 2>2) (+ *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ ')9 >20(.&2 1-2, )-* <,2 (* +-3 %<=&(. ,23>(.2# P02 7'() '(7 -+ 7-*-3 >20(.&2 325(,*3'*(-) (, *- (12)*(+9 *02 -;)23 ,- *0'* (+ ')9 '..(12)* 0'%%2),: -3 ')9 1'7'52 -3 ()Q<39 (, .'<,21 =9 * 02 >20(.&2: 32,%-),(=(&(*9 .') =2 + (F21 -) ' 12+()(*2 ()1(>(1<'&: *02 325(,*2321 -;)23# T'(&<32 *- 325(,*23 *02 1221 -+ ,'&2 ,0-<&1 )-* %32Q<1(.2 >(.*(7,: ;0- 0'>2 *02 3(50* *- 32&9 -) *02 %3().(%&2 *0'* *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, .'<,21 =9 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 13(>23# XJ<(*'=&2 Leasing can’t hide behind the allegation that Tutor was Ecatine Corp’s employee, because it will prevent victims from recovering their loss on the basis of Equitable’s ()'.*(-) () +'(&()5 *- 325(,*23 *02 ,'&2# P02 )-)hregistration is Equitable’s fault, which

,0-<&1 +'.2 *02 &25'& .-),2J<2).2, *0232-+

bK-L- M$- RQUIQI ;"#"
T'.*,U

!83:V3;8L !96JJ6MK .VLJVL346VME J"*0*0$%"/E

I *3'.*-3 13(>2) =9 _'<& P<*-3 3'7721 ()*- ' 0-<,2h.<7h,*-32 () P-)1-: R')(&'# ?'3* -+ *02 0-<,2 ;', 12,*3-921# P;- %2-%&2 1(21 ')1 +-<3 ;232 ( )Q<321# P<*-3 ;', .-)>(.*21 -+ 32./&2,, (7%3<12).2 32,<&*()5 () 7<&* (%&2 0-7(.(12 ')1 7<&*(%&2 %09,(.'& ()Q<3(2,# o23(+(.'*(-) ;(*0 *02 ^')1 P3'),%-3*'*(-) O++(.2 32>2'&21 *0'* *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3'.*-3 ;', XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ;0- &2',21 (* *X1;() ^(7# P02 32&'*(>2, -+ *02 >(.*(7, +(&21 ' .(>(& .',2 +-3 1'7'52,# P02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* 3<&21 '5'(),* XJ<(*'=&2 ')1 -312321 (* *- %'9 damages to the victims’

G1-

relatives. Upon Equitable’s appeal, the Court of A ppeals sustained the RTC.

XJ<(*'=&2 +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; ;(*0 *02 6<%3272 8-<3*# @,,<2U M02*023 XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, +-3 *029 '32 *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3<./# ]2&1e_'*(-U 42,: XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2# P02 %2*(*(-) (, 12)(21 ')1 *02 8I 12.(,(-) (, '++(3721# I, *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 -+ *02 *3'.*-3: XJ<(*'=&2 ^2',()5 (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 '.*, -+ _'<& P<*-3 2>2) (+ 02 ;', '.*<'&&9 *02 27%&-922 -+ XJ<(*'=&e’s former lessee, X.'*()2 8-3%-3'*(-): ;0- =2.'72 *02 '.*<'& -;)23 -+ *02 *3'.*-3 =9 >(3*<2 -+ '

KL3M; .8[8M4 [3M723.47L6MK .VLJVL346VME ZVd.8 :37M.9 _ 47K .V-E 6M.-E LV[7:V ;63M43M _ ZV9MMd JVM.8E L"1C$%&"%*1-

T'.*,U 62'&-'123 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) b62'&-'123$ (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () *02 =<,()2,, -+ ,0(%%()5 ')1 0'<&()5 .'35- +3-7 -)2 %-()* *- ')-*023 <,()5 ,2'h 5-()5 ()*23h(,&')1 ='352,#d3')1 8272)* R')<+'.*<3()5 8-3%-3'*(-) b)-; P'(02(98272)* ?0(&(%%()2,: @).#$: -) *02 -*023 0')1: (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () *02 =<,()2,, -+ 7')<+'.*<3()5 ')1 ,2&&()5 .272)* *03-<50 (*, '<*0-3([21 1(,*3(=<*-3, ')1: +-3 ;0(.0 %<3%-,2,: (* 7'()*'(), (*, -;) %3(>'*2 ;0'3+ () 6') T23)')1-: 82=<: ?0(&(%%()2,

62'&-'123 2F2.<*21 ' P(72 80'3*23 ?'3*9 I532272)* ;(*0 B-9.2 ^'<).0 +-3 *02 .0'3*23()5 -+ RP o(%23 () -3123 *- *-; (*, <)%3-%2&&21 ='352, +-3 ' 7()(7<7 -+ !L 1'9,#

HA

62'&-123 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* ;(*0 d3')1 8272)* +-3 *02 &-'1()5 -+ .272)*

_<&()5U

clinkers and the delivery thereof to Manila. On March 31, 1994, Sealoder’s barge

4X6# 62'&-'123 (, &('=&2 +-3 (*, )25&(52).2# T(3,* =2.'<,2 (* ;', )-* 2J<(%%21 ;(*0 ' 3'1(- -3 ' )'>(5'*(-)'& +'.(&(*9 ')1 (* +'(&21 *- 7-)(*-3 *02 %32>'(&()5 ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-),# 62.-)1: (* .'))-* %',, *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 -+ .',*()5 -++ *02 7--3()5 &()2, =2.'<,2 *02 %2-%&2 '* *02 ;0'3+ .-<&1 )-* Q<,* .',* -++ *02 7--3()5 &()2, ;(*0-<* ')9 (),*3<.*(-), +3-7 *02 .32; -+ *02 >2,,2&# @* ,0-<&1 0'>2 *'/2) *02 ()(*('*(>2 *.',* -++ *02 7--3()5 &()2, 2'3&9 -)#

'33(>21 '* *02 ;0'3+ -+ d3')1 8272)* *<5521 =9 RP o(%23# @* ;', )-* (7721('*2 &9 &-'121 ', *02 27%&-922, -+ d3')1 8272)* ;232 &-'1()5 ')-*023 >2,,2&#

O) I%3(& K: *9%0--) c(,()5 ,*3<./ 82=< '32'# P02 ='352 ;', ,*(&& 1-./21 '* *02 ;0'3+ -+ d3')1 8272)*# I, (* =2.'72 ,*3-)523: RP o(%23 *3(21 *- *-; *02 ='352 ';'9 =<* (* ;', <),<..2,,+<& =2.'<,2 *02 *-;()5 &()2, .-))2.*()5 *02 >2,,2&, ,)'%%21 ,().2 *02 7--3()5 &()2, ;232 )-* .',* -++: ;0(.0 (, *02 <&*(7'*2 .'<,2# ]2).2: *02 ='352 3'7721 *02 ;0'3+ .'<,()5 ,(5)(+(.')* 1'7'52#

d3')1 8272)* +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, b?A#KR$ ,().2 62'&-'123 (5)-321 (*, 127')1,# P029 '&&252 *0't Sealoader was negligent when it ignored its employee’s '1>(.2 *- 7->2 *02 >2,,2&, '+*23 (* 0'1 32.2(>21 ;2'*023 <%1'*2,# 62'&-'123 +(&21 ' 7-*(-) *- 1(,7(,, -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* B-9.2 ^'<).0 (, *02 -)2 &('=&2 ,().2 (* ;', *02 owner of MT Viper, who’s emplo 922, ;232 7'))()5 *02 >2,,2&# 62'&-'123 +(&21 ' .3-,,h.&'(7 '5'(),* B-9.2 ^'<).0# B-9.2 7'()*'(), *0'* *02 1'7'52, ;232 1<2 *-

M(*0 325'31 *- d3')1 8ement’s contributory negligence, the court found that it was )-* 5<(&*9 *0232-+# @* 0'1 *(72&9 ()+- 3721 *02 ='352 -+ *02 (7%2)1()5 *9%0--) ')1 1(32.*21 *02 >2,,2&, *- 7->2 *- ' ,'+23 %&'.2# 62'&-'123 0'1 *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 *()+-37 (*,2&+ -+ *02 %32>'(&()5 ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-), () *02 '32', ;0232 (*, >2,,2& ;', *- ,'(&# @* .'))-* 7232&9 32&9 -) -*023 >2,,2&, +-3 ;2'*023 <%1'*2, ')1 ;'3)()5, -) '%%3-'.0()5 ,*-37,# T-3 *- 1- ,- ;-<&1 =2 *- 5'7=&2 ;(*0 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ (*, -;) >2,,2&: %<**()5 *02 &(>2, -+ (*, .32; <)123 *02 723.9 -+ *02 ,2': ', ;2&& ', 3<))()5 *02 3(,/ -+ .'<,()5 1'7'52 *- %3-%23*9 -+ *0(31 %'3*(2, +-3 ;0(.0 (* ;-<&1 )2.2,,'3(&9 =2 &('=&2#

force majeure and faulted Grand Cement’s employees for abandoning the wharf

&2'>()5 *027 02&%&2,, ')1 +-3 )-* ;'3)()5 *027 2 '3&9 -)#

\%-) *2,*(7-)(2,: *02 _P8 32)12321 Q<1572)* () +'>-3 -+ d 3')1 8272)* 0-&1()5 *02 *;- .-7%')(2, &('=&2 ,().2 *0232 ;', .-7%&2*2 1(,325'31 -+ *02 ,*-37 ,(5)'&: *02 .'%*'() -+ *02 >2,,2& ;', )-* %32,2)* ')1 *02 >2,,2& ;', )-* 2J<(%%21 ;(*0 ' 3'1(- -3 ')9 )'>(5'*(-)'& +'.(&(*9: ;0(.0 (, 7')1'*-39# B-9.2 &'<).0 1(1 )-* '%%2'&#

O) '%%2'&: *02 8I '++(3721 *02 12.(,(- ) =<* -) R_: (* %'3*&9 32>23,21 (*, 12.(,(-) +()1()5 d3')1 8272)* *- =2 5<(&*9 -+ .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2 ,().2 (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* (* ;', ,*(&& &-'1()5 *02 -*023 >2,,2& '* *02 &',* 7()<*2 Q<,* =2+-32 *02 ,*-37 0(*: hence Sealoder’s vessel did not move. Damages were reduced to 50%. Hence,

%2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; *- 68#

@,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* 62'&-'123 ,0-<&1 =2 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52 ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 ;0'3+ -+ d3')1 8272)*

,- J/"1>
;"?1)% 4/)%1C$/* G- 3<"/0#)% 9$<" d#_# N-# !KDC!D: !L I<5<,* ACCZ 2)#*1U

V2&,') (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) ;0(.0 -;), ')1 -%23'*2, *02 >2,,2& RP ^'3<,')# O) *02 -*023 0')1: 32,%-)12)* I723(.') ]-72 I,,<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-) bI]I8 +-3 =32>(*9$ (, ' +-32(5) (),<3').2 .-7%')9 1<&9 &(.2),21 *- 1- =<,()2,, () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,# O) !DYK: V2&,') 32.2(>21 -) =-'31 RP ^'3<,') ' ,0(%72)* .-),(,*()5 -+ !:DYZ#ZA` /e& I<*-7-*(>2 V(2,2& O(& b1(2,2& -(&$ '* *02 c'*'') _2+()239 8-3%-3'*(-) +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) ')1 12&(>239 *- *02 =<&/ 12%-* () c'.-&-1 8(*9 -+ 8'&*2F ?0(&,#: @).# b8'&*2F$: %<3,<')* *- ' 8-)*3'.* -+ I+32(50*72)*# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', (),<321 =9 32,%-)12)* I]I8 '5'(),* '&& 3(,/,# P02 ,0(%72)* '33(>21 () c'.-&-1 8(*9# @7721('*2&9 *0232'+*23: <)&-'1()5 -%23'*(-), .-772).21# P02 1(,.0'35()5 -+ *02 1(2,2& -(& ,*'3*21 '* '=-<* !UHC ?R -+ *02 ,'72 1'9# ]-;2>23: '* '=-<* !CUHC ?R: *02 1(,.0'35()5 0'1 *- =2 ,*-%%21

HH

-) '..-<)* -+ *02 1(,.->239 *0'* *02 C$/* F$@ <$$/0%D -+ *02 >2,,2& ;', ()*2)*(-)'&&9 .<* -3 ,*-&2) =9 <)/)-;) %23,-),# c2.'<,2 *0232 ;', )-*0()5 0-&1()5 (*: *02 >2,,2& 13(+*21 ;2,*;'31: 13'5521 ')1 ,*32*.021 *02 +&2F(=&2 3<==23 0-,2 '**'.021 *- *02 3(,23: =3-/2 *02 2&=-; ()*- %(2.2,: ,2>2321 .-7%&2*2&9 *02 3<==23 0-,2 .-))2.*21 *- *02 *')/23 +3-7 *02 7'() 12&(>239 &()2 '* ,2' =21 &2>2& ')1 <&*(7'*2&9 .'<,21 *02 1(2,2& -(& *- ,%(&& ()*- *02 ,2'# P- '>-(1 +<3*023 ,%(&&'52: *02

I3*# !`HK# 8-77-) .'33(23, '32 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1,: <)&2,, *02 ,'72 (, 1<2 *- ')9 -+ *02 +-&&-;()5 .'<,2, -)&9U

vessel’s crew tried water flushing to clear the line of the diesel oil but to no avail. In

*02 72')*(72: *02 ,0-32 *2)123: ;0- ;', ;'(*()5 +-3 *02 .-7%&2*(-) -+ *02 ;'*23 +&<,0()5: ;', ,<3%3(,21 ;02) *02 *')/23 ,(5)'&2d a “red light” which meant stop %<7%()5# \)';'32 -+ ;0'* 0'%%2)21: *02 ,0-32 *2)123: *0()/()5 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;-<&1: '* ')9 *(72: 32,<72 %<7%()5: 1(1 )-* ,0<* *02 ,*-3'52 *')/ 5'*2 >'&>2# I, '&& *02 5'*2 >'&>2, 327'()21 -%2): *02 1(2,2& -(& *0'* ;', 2'3&(23 1(,.0'3521 +3-7 *02 >2,,2& ()*- *02 ,0-32 *')/ ='./+&-;21# V<2 *- )-)h'>'(&'=(&(*9 -+ ' %<7% =-'*: *02 >2,,2& .-<&1 )-* ,2)1 ,-72=-19 ',0-32 *- ()+-37 *02 %2-%&2 '* *02 12%-* '=-<* ;0'* 0'%%2)21# I+*23 '&7-,* ') 0-<3: ' 5'<523 ')1 ') ',,(,*')* ,<3>29-3 +3-7 *02 Caltex’s Bulk Depot Office boarded the vessel. It was only then that they found out

;0'* 0'1 0'%%2)21# P0232'+*23: *02 1<- (7721('*2&9 ;2)* ',0-32 *- ,22 *- (* *0'* *02 ,0-32 *')/ 5'*2 >'&>2 ;', .&-,21# P02 &-,, -+ 1(2,2& -(& 1<2 *- ,%(&&'52 ;', %&'.21 '* !!H#`YY /e& ;0(&2 ,-72 KHL:CY! /e& *0232 -+ ='./+&-;21 +3-7 *02 ,0-32 *')/# I, ' 32,<&* -+ ,%(&&'52 ')1 ='./+&-; -+ 1(2,2& -(&: 8'&*2F ,-<50* 32.->239 -+ *02 &-,, +3-7 V2&,'): =<* *02 &'**23 32+<,21 *- %'9# I, (),<323: I]I8 %'(1 8'&*2F# I]I8 (),*(*<*21 ' .(>(& '.*(-) *- 32.->23 *02 >'& <2 -+ *02 '7-<)* %'(1 *- 8'&*2F %&<, 1'7'52,# _P8 ')1 8I +()1, *02 .',2 () +'>-3 -+ I]I8: 02).2 *0(, %2*(*(-)# 611>"U

@, V2&,') &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35- +-3 (*, )25&(52).2 () (*, 1<*9 ', ' .-77-) .'33(23i 9"?&U

42,# 8-77-) .'33(23, '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027# P029 '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9 (+ *02 5--1, '32 &-,*: 12,*3-921 -3 12*23(-3'*21# P- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 () .',2 -+ &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1,: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7<,* %3->2 *0'* (* 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# P0232 '32: 0-;2>23: 2F.2%*(-), *- *0(, 3<&2# I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 2)<723'*2, *02 (),*').2, ;02) *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 1-2, )-* '**'.0U

!$

T&--1 ,*-37: 2'3*0J<'/2: &(50*)()5: -3 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3

A$

I.* -+ *02 %<=&(. 2)279 () ;'3: ;02*023 ()*23)'*(-)'& -3 .(>(&G

H$ K$

I.* -3 -7(,,(-) -+ *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,G P02 .0'3'.*23 -+ *02 5--1, -3 12+2.*, () *02 %'./()5 -3 () *02

L$

O3123 -3 '.* -+ .-7%2*2)* %<=&(. '<*0-3(*9#

.'&'7(*9G

.-)*'()23,G

@* 0'1 =22) 2,*'=&(,021 *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 ,%(&&'52 ')1 ='./+&-; -+ *02 1(2,2& -(& ;', 1<2 *- *02 ,2>23').2 -+ * 02 %-3* =-; 7--3()5 &()2 -+ *02 >2,,2& ')1 *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 ,0-32 *2)123 *- .&-,2 *02 ,*-3'52 *')/ 5'*2 >'&>2 2>2) ', ' .02./ -) *02 13'() .-./ ,0-;21 *0'* *0232 ;', ,*(&& ' %3-1<.* -) *02 %(%2&()2# I, ;2 ,22 (*: *02 .32; -+ *02 >2,,2& ,0-<&1 0'>2 %3-7%*&9 ()+-3721 *02 ,0-32 *2)123 *0'* *02 %-3* 7--3()5 &()2 ;', .<* -++# ]-;2>23: V2&,') 1(1 )-* 1- ,-) the lame excuse that there was no available banca. As it is, Delsan’s personnel signaled a “red light” which was not a sufficient warning because such signal only

72')* *0'* *02 %<7%()5 -+ 1(2,2& -(& 0'1 =22) +()(,021# N2(*023 1(1 *02 =&-;()5 -+ ;0(,*&2 ,<++(.2 .-),(123()5 *02 1(,*').2 -+ 7-32 *0') A /(&-72*23, =2*;22) *02 >2,,2& ')1 *02 8'&*2F c<&/ V2%-*: ',(12 +3-7 *02 +'.* *0'* (* ;', )-* *02 '53221 ,(5)'&# P02 .32; -+ *02 >2,,2& ,0-<&1 0'>2 2F23*21 <*7-,* 2++-3* *- (7721('*2&9 ()+-37 *02 ,0-32 *2)123 *0'* *02 %-3* =-; 7--3()5 &()2 ;', ,2>2321# P- =2 ,<32: V2&,'): ', *02 -;)23 -+ *02 >2,,2&: ;', -=&(521 *- %3->2 *0'* *02 &-,, ;', .'<,21 =9 -)2 -+ *02 2F.2%*21 .'<,2, (+ (* ;232 *- ,22/ 2F27%*(-) +3-7 32,%-),(=(&(*9#f`g \)+-3*<)'*2&9: (* 7(,23'=&9 +'(&21 *- 1(,.0'352 *0(, =<312) =9 *02 32J<(321 J<')*<7 -+ %3--+# ]%3#+, 0&+,#2/&0 3",%#; ",.) I=) 0$% $/,) ./ V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN +1%&".+, $/1% +##V&+,.% ./&2/&+0"/, ]% 3%/,; <&); <)S

c2+-32 <, (, ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; -) 56789:7;79 -+ *02 V2.(,(-) -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, %3-7<&5'*21 -) B<)2 !`: !DDZ: 32>23,()5 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ R'/'*( 8(*9: c3').0 !H`: -3123()5 %2*(*(-)23 *- %'9 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* *02

HK

,<7 -+ ?L:CDZ:ZHL#L` ')1 .-,*, ')1 *02 _2,-&<*(-) 1'*21 B')<'39 A!: !DD` ;0(.0 12)(21 *02 ,<=,2J<2)* 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-)# T'.*,U8'&*2F ?0(&(%%()2, b8'&*2F +-3 =32>(*9$ 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)* ;(*0 *02 %2*(*(-)23: V2&,') P3'),%-3* ^()2,: @).#: +-3 ' %23(-1 -+ -)2 92'3 ;0232=9 *02 ,'(1 .-77-) .'3rier agreed to transport Caltex’s industrial fuel oil from the c'*')5',hc'*'') _2+()239 *- 1(++232)* %'3*, -+ *02 .-<)*39# \)123 *02 .-)*3'.*: %2*(*(-)23 *--/ -) =-'31 (*, >2,,2 &: RP R'9,<): A:A``#H!K /(&-&(*23, -+ ()1<,*3('& +<2& -(& -+ 8'&*2F *- =2 12&(>2321 *- *02 8'&*2F O(& P237()'& () p'7=-')5' 8(*9# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', (),<321 ;(*0 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: I723(.') ]-72 I,,<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-)# O) I<5<,* !K: !DYZ: RP R'9,<) ,2* ,'(& +3-7 c'*')5', +-3 p'7=-')5' 8(*9# \)+-3*<)'*2&9: *02 >2,,2& ,')/ () *02 2'3&9 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* !Z: !DYZ )2'3 ?')'9 d<&+ () *02 o(,'9', *'/()5 ;(*0 (* *02 2)*(32 .'35- -+ +<2& -(&# 6<=,2J<2)*&9: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* %'(1 8'&*2F *02 , <7 -+ ?L:CDZ:ZHL#L` 32%32,2)*()5 *02 (),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35-# XF23.(,()5 (*, 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) <)123 I3*(.&2 AAC` -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12: *02 % 3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 127')121 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 *02 ,'72 '7-<)* (* %'(1 *- 8'&*2F# V<2 *- (*, +'(&<32 * - .-&&2.* +3-7 *02 %2*(*(-)23 12,%(*2 %3(-3 127')1: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* ;(*0 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ R'/'*( 8(*9: c3').0 !H`: +-3 .- &&2.*(-) -+ ' ,<7 -+ 7-)29# I+*23 *02 *3('& ')1 <%-) ')'&9[()5 *02 2>(12).2 '11<.21: *02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) -) N->27=23 AD: !DDC 1(,7(,, ()5 *02 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* 0232() %2*(*(-)23 ;(*0-<* %3-)-<).272)* ', *- .-,*# P02 *3('& .-<3* +-<)1 *0'* *02 >2,,2&: RP R'9,<): ;', ,2';-3*09 *- <)123*'/2 *02 >-9'52 ', 12*237()21 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 %23 6<3>29 823*(+(.'*2 _2%-3* <%-) (),%2.*(-) 1<3()5 (*, '))<'& 139h1-./()5 ')1 *0'* *02 ().(12)* ;', .'<,21 =9 <)2F%2.*21 ().&272)* ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-) -3 E:756 F;^6H76. *0<, 2F27%*()5 *02 .-77-) .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ (*, .'35-# P02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*: 0-;2>23: ;', 32>23,21: -) '%%2'&: =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,# P02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 5'>2 .3212).2 *- *02 ;2'*023 32%-3* (,,<21 =9 *02 PAGASA which showed that from 2:00 o’clock to 8:00 o’clock in the morning on

I<5<,* !Z: !DYZ: *02 ;()1 ,%221 327'()21 '* !C *- AC /)-*, %23 0-<3 ;0(&2 *02 ;'>2, 72',<321 +3-7 #` *- A 72*23, () 02(50* -)&9 () *02 >(.()(*9 -+ *02 ?')'9 d<&+ where the subject vessel sank, in contrast to herein petitioner’s allegation that the

;'>2, ;232 AC +22* 0(50# @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ')9 2F%&')'*(-) ', *- ;0'* 7'9 0'>2 .'<,21 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& .-<%&21 ;(*0 *02 +()1()5 *0'* *02 ,'72 ;', (7%3-%23&9 7'))21: *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 3<&21 *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 -) (*, -=&(5'*(-) ', .-77-) .'33(23 *- 0232() %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (),<3').2 .-7%')9 ', ,<=3-522 -+ 8'&*2F# P02 ,<=,2J<2)* 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) -+ 0232() %2*(*(-)23 ;', 12)(21 =9 *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3*#

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h+'*21 >2,,2& ;', ,2';-3*09G -*023;(,2: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ;', )-* &25'&&9 liable to Caltex due to the latter’s breach of implied warranty under the marine

(),<3').2 %-&(.9 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', ,2';-3*09# @,,<2 !U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 %'972)* 7'12 =9 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* *- 8'&*2F +-3 *02 (),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- '7-<)*21 *- ') '17(,,(-) *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', ,2';-3*09: *0<, %32.&<1()5 ')9 '.*(-) +-3 32.->239 '5'(),* *02 %2*(*(-)23i @,,<2 AU M02*023 -3 )-* *02 )-)h%32,2)*'*(-) -+ *02 7'3()2 (),<3').2 %-&(.9 ='3, *02 .-7%&'()* +-3 32.->239 -+ ,<7 -+ 7-)29 +-3 &'./ -+ .'<,2 -+ '.*(-)i ]2&1 !U N-#P02 %'972)* 7'12 =9 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +-3 *02 (),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- -%23'*2, ', ;'(>23 -+ (*, 3(50* *- 2)+-3.2 *02 *237 -+ *02 (7%&(21 ;'33')*9 '5'(),* 8'&*2F <)123 *02 7'3()2 (),<3').2 %-&(.9# ]-;2>23: *02 ,'72 cannot be validly interpreted as an automatic admission of the vessel’s

,2';-3*0()2,, =9 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ', *- +-32.&-,2 32.-<3,2 '5'(),* *02 %2*(*(-)23 +-3 ')9 &('=(&(*9 <)123 (*, .-)*3'.*<'& -=&(5'*(-) ', ' .-77-) .'33(23# P02 +'.* -+ %'972)* 53')*, *02 %3(>'*2 32, %-)12)* ,<=3-5'*-39 3(50* ;0(.0 2)'=&2, (* *2F23.(,2 &25'& 32721(2, *0'* ;-<&1 -*023;(,2 =2 '>'(&'=&2 *- 8'&*2F ', -;)23 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- '5'(),* *02 %2*(*(-)23 .-77-) .'33(23# I3*(.&2 AAC` -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'*U I3*# AAC`# If the plaintiff’s property has been insured, and he has received ()127)(*9 +3-7 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 +-3 *02 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, '3(,()5 -<* -+ *02 ;3-)5 -3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* .-7%&'()21 -+: *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 ,0'&& =2 ,<=3-5'*21 *- *02 3(50*, -+ *02 (),< 321 '5'(),* *02 ;3-)51-23 -3 *02 %2 3,-) ;00', >(-&'*21 *02 .-)*3'.*# @+ *02 '7-<)* %'(1 =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 1-2, )-* +<&&9 .->23 *02 ()Q<39 -3 &-,,: *02 '5 53(2>21 %'3*9 ,0'&& =2 2)*(*&21 *- 32.->23 *02 12+(.(2).9 +3-7 *02 %23,-) .'<,()5 *02 &-,, -3 ()Q<39#

Additionally, the exoneration of MT Maysun’s offi cers and crew by the Board of

R'3()2 @)J<(39 7232&9 .-).23), *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 '17()(,*3'*(>2 &('=(&(*(2,# @* 1-2,

HL

)-* () ')9 ;'9 -%23'*2 *- '=,-&>2 *02 %2*(*(-)23 .-77-) .'33(23 +3-7 (*, .(>(& &('=(&(*9 '3(,()5 +3-7 (*, +'(&<32 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, (* ;', *3'),%-3*()5 ')1 +-3 *02 )25&(52)* '.*, -3 -7(,,(-), -+ (*, 27%&-922,: *02 12*237()'*(-) -+ ;0(.0 %3-%23&9 =2&-)5, *- *02 .-<3*,# @) *02 .',2 '* ='3: %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 (),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- -+ ()1<,*3('& +<2& -(& =2&-)5()5 *- 8'&*2F +-3 (*, +'(&<32 *- 32=<* *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 ', .-77-) .'33(23 -..',(-)21 =9 *02 <)2F%&'()21 ,()/()5 -+ (*, >2,,2&: RP R'9,<): ;0(&2 () *3'),(*#

P03-<50 ' R27-3')1<7 -+ 60(%72)*: *02 ,0(%%23 X&( ^(&&9: @ ).# -+ ?<23*- _(.'1>(,21 8',*(&&- ', .-),(5)22 *0'* *02 ZCC:CCC 27%*9 52&'*() .'%,<&2, () ,(F bZ$ 13<7, -+ !CC:CCC .'%,<&2, 2'.0: ;232 '&32'19 ,0(%%21 -) =-'31 Ro EI)123, R'23,/&()2E <)123 o-9'52 N-# ``CH +-3 ,0(%72)* *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2, >(' O'/&')1: 8'&(+-3)('# @) ,'(1 R27-3')1<7: ,0(%%23 X&( ^(&&9: @).# ,%2.(+(21 *02 1'*2 -+ '33(>'& *=2 I%3(& H: !D``# T-3 32',-), <)/)-;): ,'(1 .'35- -+ .'%,<&2, ;232 7(,0(%%21 ')1 1(>23*21 *-

]2&1 AU N-# @* (, -<3 >(2; ')1 ,- 0-&1 *0'* *02 %32,2)*'*(-) () 2>(12).2 -+ *02 7'3()2 (),<3').2 %-&(.9 (, )-* ()1(,%2),'=&2 () *0(, .',2 =2+-32 *02 (),<323 7'9 32.->23 +3-7 *02 .-77-) .'33(23 *02 (),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- () *02 2F23.(,2 -+ (*, ,<=3-5'*-39 3(50*# P02 ,<=3-5'*(-) 32.2(%*: =9 (*,2&+: (, ,<++(.(2)* *- 2,*'=&(,0 )-* -)&9 *02 32&'*(-),0(% -+ 0232() %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ', (),<323 ')1 8'&*2F: ', *02 ',,<321 ,0(%%23 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- -+ ()1<,*3('& +<2& -(&: =<* '&,- *02 '7-<)* %'(1 *,2**&2 *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# P02 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) '..3<2, ,(7%&9 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7#

_(.07-)1: o(35()(': \6I ')1 *02) *3'),%-3*21 ='./ O'/&')1: 8'&(+-3(&('# P02 5--1, +()'&&9 '33(>21 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, -) B<)2 !C : !D`` -3 '+*23 *;- bA$ 7-)*0, +3-7 *02 1'*2 ,%2.(+(21 () *02 727-3')1<7# I, ' .-),2J<2).2: 8',*(&&- ', .-),(5)22 32+<,21 *- *'/2 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, -) '..-<)* -+ (*, +'(&<32 *- '33(>2 -) *(72# 8',*(&&-: '&&25()5 53-,, )25&(52).2 ')1 <)1<2 12&'9 () *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1,: +(&21 ') '.*(-) =2+-32 *02 .-<3* ' J<- +-3 32,.(,,(-) -+ .-)*3'.* ;(*0 1'7'52, '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23 ')1 X&( ^(&&9: @).# V2)9()5 *0'* (* .-77(**21 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.*: R'23,/

-)&) ,E) 7ac\: 1AD :c; :779 1+%&#^ 3",%; LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) ./V&0 /! +22%+3# +,] %!&%, () .+#0"33/; NE?KO B>=?KH== >KNHJ @GH KAPH AKN

^()2 '&&2521 () (*, *0'* '),;23 *0'* *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* ;', *3'),%-3*21 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 .->23()5 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9 <)123 *02 &'; -) *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1 '**'.02, -)&9 () .',2 -+ &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, ', %3->(121 +-3 () I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ 8(>(& 8-12#

=@DCH EF %@GHOAC 3ABEJA@EJ?H=; JH=LEKNHK@=)

X&( ^(&&9: @).#: -) *02 -*023 0')1: +(&21 (*, '),;23 ;(*0 .-7%<&,-39 ')1 .3-,,h.&'(7# @)

R"]",; <)S

(*, .3-,,h.&'(7: (* '&&2521 *0'* *02 12&'9 () *02 '33(>'& -+ *02 *02 ,<=Q2.* 723.0')1(,2

TI8P6U R'23,/ ^()2 (, 2)5'521 () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1, =9 ,2': 1-()5 =<,()2,, () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, *03-<50 (*, 52)23'& '52)* 8-7%')(' d2)23'& 12 P'='.-, 12 T(&(%()',# X+32) 8',*(&&-: -) *02 -*023 0')1: (, *02 %3-%3(2*-3 -+ X*025'& ^'=-3'*-3(2,: ' +(37 2)5'521 () *02 7')<+'.*<32 -+ %0'37'.2<*(.'& %3-1<.*,# O) N->27=23 !A: !D`Z: 8',*(&&- -312321 +3-7 X&( ^(&&9# @).# -+ ?<23*- _(.- *03-<50 (*, bX&( ^(&&9: @).#S,$ '52)* () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, : X&').- ?3-1<.*,: ZCC:CCC 27%*9 52&'*() .'%,<&2, +-3 *02 7')<+'.*<32 -+ 0(, %0'37'.2<*(.'& %3-1<.*,# P02 .'%,<&2, ;232 %&'.21 () ,(F bZ$ 13<7, -+ !CC:CCC .'%,<&2, 2'.0 >'&<21 '* \6 l!:ZZY#`!#

;', 1<2 ,-&2&9 *- *02 53-,, )25&(52).2 -+ %2*(*(-)23 R'23,/ ^()2# P02 (,,<2, 0'>()5 =22) Q-()21: 8',*(&&- 7->21 +-3 *02 1(,7(,,'& -+ *02 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* X&( ^(&&9: @).# -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* *02 2>(12).2 -) 32.-31 ,0-;, *0'* *02 12&'9 () *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ;', '**3(=<*'=&2 ,-&2&9 *- %2*(*(-)23# P02 *3('& .-<3* 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* X&( ^(&&9: @).# 8-332,%-)1()5&9: *02 &'**23 ;(*013'; (*, .3-,,h.&'(7 '5'(),* %2*(*(-)2 3 () ' Q-()* 7-*(-) 1'*21 V2.27=23 H: !D`D# I, =2*;22) 8',*(&&- ')1 R'23,/: *02 *3('& .-<3* 3<&21 () +'>-3 (+ *02 +-3723 3<&()5 *0'* *0232 ;', ' =32'.0 () *02 %23+-37').2 -+ *02 -=&(5'*(-) -+ R'2 3,/ ^()2 .-),(,*()5 -+ *02(3 )25&(52).2 *- ,0(% * 02 Z 13<7, -+ 27%*9 d2&'*() 8'%,<&2, ;0(.0 <)123 *02(3 -;) 727-3')1<7 ,0(%72)* ;-<&1 '33(>2 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, -) I%3(& H: !D`` ;0(.0 <)123 I3*# !!`C -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12: *029 ,*--1 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,#

HZ

O) '%%2'&: 8I '++(3721 *02 &-;23 .-<3*S, =<* ;(*0 7-1(+(.'*(-), ', *- '7-<)* -+

%2*(*(-)23S, )25&(52).2 ;', 7(,0(%%21 *- _(.07-)1: o(35()('# ?2*(*(-)23S, (),(*2).2

1'7'52,#

*0'* (* .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 12&'9 +()1, )- 723(*#

@66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* 8',*(&&- (, 2)*(*&21 *- 1'7'52, 32,<&*()5 +3-7 12&'9 () *02

h@) *02 .',2 =2+-32 <,: *02 -)&9 2>(12).2 %32,2)*21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 ;', *02 *2,*(7-)9

12&(>239 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* () *02 '=,2).2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 -+ ' ,*(%<&'*(-) -) *02

-+ R3# _-&')1- _'7(32[: ' .&'(7, 7')'523 -+ (*, '52)* 8-7%')(' d2)23'& 12

%23(-1 -+ 12&(>239i

P'='.-, 12 T(&(%()',: ;0- 7232&9 *2,*(+(21 -) XF0,# S!S *- SLS bI8hd_ 8o N-# !CHKC: %#

]X^VU 4X6: ,().2 R'23,/ (, &('=&2 +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 *03-<50 53-,, )25&(52).2 '7-<)*()5 *- ='1 +'(*0: 8',*(&&- (, 2)*(*&21 *- 7-3'& 1'7'52,: 2F2 7%&'39 1'7'52, ')1 32',-)'=&2 '**-3)29S, +22,# P02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 .->23()5 *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* '7-)5 -*023,: 32'1,U Z# dXNX_I^

A$ ')1 )-*0()5 2&,2# ?2*(*(-)23 )2>23 2>2) =-*02321 *- 2F%&'() *02 .-<3,2 +-3 *02 12&'9: (#2# 7-32 *0') *;- bA$ 7-)*0,: () *02 12&(>239 -+ ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)*# \)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ *02 .',2: ;2 0-&1 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 *03-<50 53-,, )25&(52).2 '7-<)*()5 *- ='1 +'(*0# P0<,: *02 ';'31 -+ 7-3'& 1'7'52, (+ *0232+-32 %3-%23 () *0(, .',2# h@) &()2 ;(*0 *0(, %3-)-<).272)*: ;2 0-&1 *0'* 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, 7'9 =2

b!$ P02 8'33(23 1-2, )-* <)123*'/2 *0'* *02 5--1, ,0'&& '3(>2 '* *02 %-3* -+

';'3121 *- *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*# @) .-)*3'.*,: 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, 7'9 =2

1(,.0'352 -3 *02 %&'.2 -+ 12&(>239 '* ')9 %'3*(.<&'3 *(72 -3 *- 722* ')9 %'3*(.<&'3

';'3121 (+ *02 12+2)1')* '.*21 () ' ;')*-): +3'<1<&2)*: 32./&2,,: -%%32,(>2 -3

7'3/2* -3 <,2 ')1 ,'>2 ', (, %3->(121 () .&'<,2 K *02 8'33(23 ,0'&& () )-

7'&2>-&2)* 7'))23# P0232 ;', 53-,, )25&(52).2 - ) *02 %'3* -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 ()

.(3.<7,*').2, =2 &('=&2 +-3 ')9 1(32.*: ()1(32.* -3 .-),2J<2)*('& &-,, -3 1'7'52

7(,0(%()5 *02 ,<=Q2.* 5--1, 12,*()21 +-3 R')(&' =<* ;', ()2F%&(.'=&9 ,0(%%21 *-

.'<,21 =9 12&'9# @+ *02 8'33(23 ,0-<&1 )2>23*02&2,, =2 02&1 &25'&&9 &('=&2 +-3 ')9 ,<.0

_(.07-)1: o(35()(': \#6#I# d3-,, .'32&2,,)2,, -3 )25&(52).2 .-)*(*<*2, ;')*-)

1(32.* -3 ()1(32.* -3 .-),2J<2)*('& &-,, -3 1'7'52 .'<,21 =9 12&'9: ,<.0 &('=(&(*9

7(,.-)1<.*: 02).2: 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, 7'9 =2 ';'3121 *- *02 '553(2>21 %'3*9

,0'&& () )- 2>2)* 2F.221 *02 +32(50* %'(1 +-3 *02 *3'),%-3* .->2321 =9 *0(, c(&& -+

b_'1(- 8-77<)(.'*(-) -+ *02 ?0(&,#: @).# ># 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: !DL 68_I !K` f!DD!g$#

^'1()5#

I&*0-<50 '**-3)29S, +22, '32 52)23'&&9 )-* 32.->23'=&2: ' %'3*9 .') =2 02&1 &(=&2 +-3

hI) 2F'7()'*(-) -+ *02 ,<=Q2.* =(&& -+ &'1()5 ,0-;, *0'* *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* ;',

,<.0 (+ 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, '32 ';'3121 bI3*(.2 AACY: N2; 8(>(& 8-12$# @) *02 .',2

2,*(7'*21 *- '33(>2 () R')(&' -) I%3(& H: !D``# M0(&2 *0232 ;', )- ,%2.('& . -)*3'.*

'* ='3: ;2 0-&1 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (, 2)*(*&21 *- 32',-)'=&2 '**-3)29q, +22,

2)*2321 ()*- =9 *02 %'3*(2, ()1(.'*()5 *02 1'*2 -+ '33(>'& -+ *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)*:

,().2 %2*(*(-)23 '.*21 ;(*0 53-,, )25&(52).2 '7-<)*()5 *- ='1 +'(*0#

%2*(*(-)23 )2>23*02&2,,: ;', >239 ;2&& ';'32 -+ *02 ,%2.(+(. 1'*2 ;02) *02 5--1, ;232 2F%2.*21 *- '33(>2 ', ()1(.'*21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (*,2&+# @) *0(, 325'31: *0232 '3(,2, )- )221 *- 2F2.<*2 ')-*023 .-)*3'.* +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 ', (* ;-<&1 =2 ' 7232 ,<%23+&<(*9# h@) *02 .',2 =2+-32 <,: ;2 +()1 *0'* ' 12&'9 () *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, ,%'))()5 '

!-V "K=>JAKMH I) .E>J@ EF +LLHAC= -)&) ,E) :9ccc8) 1AJMG 9:; b668 .$"./4,+_+&"/; <)S

%23(-1 -+ *;- bA$ 7-)*0, ')1 ,2>2) b`$ 1'9, +'&&, ;', =29-)1 *02 32'&7 -+ 32',-)'=&2)2,,# V2,.3(=21 ', 52&'*() .'%,<&2, +-3 <,2 () %0'37'.2<*(.'& %3-1<.*,:

2)#*15 O) 62%*27=23 AH: 6') R(5<2& 8-3%-3'*(-) 2)*2321 ()*- .-)*3'.* ;(*0 I).-

,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* ;', 12&(>2321 *-: ')1 &2+* (): *02 %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .<,*-19 -+

X)*23%3(,2, *- ,0(% +3-7 R')1'<2 8(*9: 82=< *- I)*(J<2 bc(&& -+ ^'1()5 !$ ')1 ')-*023 *- @&-h(&- bc(&& -+ ^'1()5 A$ -) =-'31 *02 Vec ^<.(-: +-3 *-;'52 =9 ReP IN8O >'3(-<, =223 %3-1<.*,# 6().2 *02 Vec ^<.(- 0'1 )- 2)5()2 -+ (*, -;): (* .-<&1 )-*

%2*(*(-)23h.'33(23 +-3 *3'),%-3* *- R')(&' >(' O'/&')1: 8'&(+-3)('# c<* *03-<50

H`

7')2<>23 =9 (*,2&+ ')1 0'1 *- =2 *-;21 =9 ReP IN8O: ' *<5=-'* +-3 (* *- 7->2 +3-7 -)2 %&'.2 *- ')-*023# M02) *02 ='352 ')1 *<5=-'* '33(>21 '* I)*(J<2: *02 .&-<1, ->23 *02 '32' ;232 1'3/ ')1 *02 ;'>2, ;232 '&32'19 =(5# SMC’S representative requested them to transfer *02 ='352 *- ' ,'+23 %&'.2 =2.'<,2 *02 >2,,2& 7(50* )-* =2 '=&2 *- ;(*0,*')1 *02 =(5 ;'>2,# P0(, 32J<2,* ;', )-* 022121# P0(,: )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 +'.* *0'* '* *0'* *(72: -)&9 *02 ReP IN8O ;', &2+* '* *02 ;0'3+ -+ 6') B-,2: I)*(J<2: ', '&& -*023 >2,,2&, '&32'19 &2+* *02 ;0'3+ *- ,22/ ,02&*23# M(*0 *02 ;'>2, 53-;()5 =(5523 ')1 =(5523: -)&9 P2) P0-<,')1 62>2) ]<)1321 N()2*9 b!C:`DC$ .',2, -+ =223 ;232 1(,.0'3521 ()*- *02 .<,*-19 -+ *02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3# O) O.*-=23 !: *02 .32; -+ Vec Lucio abandoned the vessel because the barge’s rope attached to the wharf was cut

-++ =9 *02 =(5 ;'>2,# I* '3-<)1 7(1)(50*: *02 ='352 3<) '53-<)1 ')1 ;', =3-/2) ')1 *02 .'35-2, -+ =223 () *02 ='352 ;232 ,;2%* ';'9# I, ' .-),2J<2).2 -+ *02 ().(12)*: 6R8 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 c32'.0 -+ 8-)*3'.* -+ 8'33('52 ')1 V'7'52, '5'(),* IN8O#

9"?&5 d8!- ANCO’s representatives failed to exercise the extraordinary degree of

1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 *02 &'; *- 2F.<&%'*2 *027 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35-2,# @* (, =-3)2 -<* () *02 *2,*(7-)9 -+ *02 ;(*)2,,2, -) 32.-31 *0'* *02 ='352 Vec ^<.(- 0'1 )- 2)5()2 -+ (*, -;) ')1 .-<&1 )-* 7')2<>23 =9 (*,2&+# 42*: *02 patron of ANCO’s tugboat M/T ANCO left it to fend for itself notwithstanding the

+'.* *0'* ', *02 *;- >2,,2&, '33(>21 '* *02 %-3* -+ 6') B-,2: I)*(J<2: ,(5), -+ *02 (7%2)1()5 ,*-37 ;232 '&32'19 7')(+2,*# I, ,*'*21 =9 *02 &-;23 .-<3*: ;(*)2,, R3# I)',*'.(- R')(&'5 *2,*(+(21 *0'* *02 .'%*'() -3 %'*3-) -+ *02 *<5=-'* ReP IN8O &2+* *02 ='352 Vec ^<.(- (7721('*2&9 '+*23 (* 32'.021 6') B-,2: I)*(J<2: 12,%(*2 *02 +'.* *0'* *0232 ;232 '&32'19 =(5 ;'>2, ')1 *02 '32' ;', '&32'19 1'3/# P02 32.-31, ,0-; *0'* *02 Vec ^<.(- ;', *02 -)&9 >2,,2& &2+* '* 6') B-,2: I)*(J<2: 1<3()5 *02 *(72 () J<2,*(-)# P02 -*023 >2,,2&, ;232 *3'),+23321 ')1 *27%-3'3(&9 7->21 *# R'&')1-)5: L /(&-72*23, +3-7 ;0'3+ ;0232 *02 ='352 327'()21 8&2'3&9: *02 *3'),+23321 >2,,2&, ;232 12+()(*2&9 ,'+23 () R'&')1-)5 *0') '* *02 %-3* -+ 6') B-,2: I)*(J<2: '* *0'* %'3*(.<&'3 *(72: ' +'.* ;0(.0 %2*(*(-)23, +'(&21 *- 1(,%<*2# @) *0(, .',2: *02 .'&'7(*9 ;0(.0 .'<,21 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35-2, ;', )-* <)+-32,22) )-3 ;', (* <)'>-(1'=&2#

Anco’s defense: 



6().2 *02 .',2, -+ =223 ?'&2 ?(&,2) ')1 823>2[' N253' ;232 &-,* =9 32',-) -+ ' ,*-37: ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* ;0(.0 ='**2321 ')1 ,<)/ *02 >2,,2& () ;0(.0 *029 ;232 &-'121: *029 ,0-<&1 )-* =2 02&1 &('=&2# P02 &-,, -+ ,'(1 .'35-2, -..<3321 ', ' 32,<&* -+ 3(,/, (),<321 '5'(),* () *02 (),<3').2 %-&(.9 ')1 1<3()5 *02 2F(,*2).2 ')1 &(+2*(72 -+ ,'(1 (),<3').2 %-&(.9 bTd\$ I)1 *0'* () .',2 *02 .-<3* ;(&& -3123 IN8O *- %'9 6R8: *029 .') 32(7=<3,2 +3-7 Td\#

Td\ '&&2521 *0'* *02 P0(31h?'3*9 ?&'()*(++ IN8O ')1 ?&'()*(++ 6R8 +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 -31()'39 1(&(52).2 -3 *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ *02 +'7(&9 () *02 .'32 ')1 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ *02 .'35-2, (),<321 *- %32>2)* (*, &-,, ')1e-3 12,*3<.*(-)# P02 *3('& .-<3* +-<)1 *0'* ;0(&2 *02 .'35-2, ;232 ()1221 &-,* 1<2 *- +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*: *0232 ;', +'(&<32 -n ANCO’s part, through their representatives, to observe *02 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 *0'* ;-<&1 2F-)23'*2 *027 +3-7 &('=(&(*9# P02 *3('& .-<3* *0<, 02&1 *02 X,*'*2 -+ I)5 d<( ')1 8- P- &('=&2 *- 6R8 +-3 *02 '7-<)* -+ *02 &-,* ,0(%72)*# M(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 P0(31h?'3*9 .-7%&'()*: *02 .-<3* ' J<- +-<)1 Td\ &('=&2 *- =2'3 T(+*9hP0322 ?23.2)* bLHk$ -+ *02 '7-<)* -+ *02 &-,* .'35-2,

_O-` C;3 6G:?67;86< E7:F =9;A9=98B 8: #$)' A65;H36 :E A=;8;?8 ?6>=9>6?56 :? 8D6 @;78 :E 8D6 6F@=:B663 :E <6E6?<;?83R;@@6==;?83 CD6? 8D6 @;87:? L:@67;8:7N :E 8D6 8H> A:;8 9FF6<9;86=B =6E8 8D6 A;7>6 ;8 8D6 %;? a:36. #?89PH6 CD;7E <63@986 8D6 =::F9?> A;< C6;8D674 $6>=9>6?56 C;3 =9I6C936 6GD9A986< AB 8D6 <6E6?<;?83R appellants’ representative who did not heed the request that the barge be moved to ; F:76 365H76 @=;564

]#&4#%,+0/& 3",%# +,] .)!) #$+&2 +,] ./12+,*; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ=; I=) !%]%&+3 2$/%,"W +##V&+,.% ./); ",.); JH=LEKNHK@)

TI8P6U c2312 ?&')*,: @).# bc2312 ?&')*,$ 12&(>2321 ZHA <)(*, -+ '3*(+(.('& *322, *8#T# 60'3% ')1 8-7%')9: @).# b8#T# 60'3%$: *02 d2)23'& 60(% I52)* -+ V6_h62)'*-3 ^()2,: ' +-32(5) ,0(%%()5 .-3%-3'*(-): +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) ')1 12&(>239 *- *02 .-),(5)22: I&hR-03 @)*23)'*(-)'& d3-<%: () _(9'10: 6'<1( I3'=('# 8#T# 60'3% (,,<21 ' c(&& -+ ^'1()5 +-3 *02 .'35-# \)123 *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5: *02 %-3* -+ 1(,.0'352 +-3 *02 .'35- ;', '* *02 j0-3 T'//') %-3* ')1 *02 %-3* -+ 12&(>239 ;', _(9'10: 6'<1( Arabia, via Port Dammam. The cargo was loaded in M/S “Arabian Senator.” Federal

?0-2)(F I,,<3').2 8-7%')9: @).# bT2123'& ?0-2)(F I,,<3').2$ (),<321 *02 .'35611>"5 MON

*02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 .32;727=23, -+ *02 Vec ^<.(- ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35-2,

against all risks. On July 3, 1993 M/S “Arabian Senator” left the Manila South

]'3=-3 +-3 6'<1( I3'=(' ;(*0 *02 .'35- -) =-'31# M02) *02 >2,,2& '33(>21 () j0-3

HY

T'//') ?-3*: *02 .'35- ;', 32&-'121 -) =-'31 V6_hSenator Lines’ feeder vessel, M/V “Kapitan Sakharov,” bound for Port Dammam, Saudi Arabia. Howe>23: ;0(&2 () *3'),(*: *02 >2,,2& ')1 '&& (*, .'35- .'<50* +(32# O) B<&9 L: !DDH: V6_h62)'*-3 ^()2, informed Berde Plants that M/V “Kapitan Sakharov” with its cargo was gutted by

+(32 ')1 ,')/ -) -3 '=-<* B<&9 K: !DDH# 8-),2J<2)*&9: T2123'& ?0-2)(F I,,<3').2 %'(1 c2312 ?&')*, .-332,%-)1()5 *- *02 '7-<)* -+ (),<3').2 +-3 *02 .'35-# T2123'& ?0-2)(F I,,<3').2 ,2)* ' &2**23 *- 8#T# 60'3% 127')1()5 %'972)* +3-7 8#T# 60'3%# 8#T# 60'3% 12)(21 ')9 &('=(&(*9 -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* ,<.0 &('=(&(*9 ;', 2F*()5<(,021 ;02) *02 >2,,2& .'339()5 *02 .'35- ;', 5<**21 =9 +(32# P0<,: T2123'& ?0-2)(F I,,<3').2 +(&21 ;(*0 *02 _P8 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* V6_h62)'*-3 ^()2, ')1 8#T# 60'3%#

ISSUE: WON C.F. Sharp’s liability is extinguished by reason of the fire

]X^VU N-# T(32 (, )-* -)2 -+ *0-,2 2)<723'*21 <)123 I3*# !`HK -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ;0(.0 2F27%*, ' .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 & -,, -3 12,*3<.*(-) -+ *02 .'35-# @ ) X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2,: @).# >,# @)*23721('*2 I%%2&&'*2 8-<3*: ;2 3<&21 *0'* 10%#" *+" C"/0? $A A0/" 01 %$* #$<"& *$ +)G" F""% )* A)>?* $/ *$ +)G" )#*"& %"D?0D"%*?BE >%?"11 0* C/$G"1 *+)* 0* +)1 $F1"/G"& *+" "a*/)$/&0%)/B &0?0D"%#" /"\>0/"& FB ?)@- X>2) (+ +(32 ;232 *- =2 .-),(12321 ' )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 ;(*0() *02

%<3>(2; -+ I3*(.&2 !`HK: (* (, 32J<(321 <)123 I3*( .&2 !`HDf!Cg -+ *02 ,'72 8-12 *0'* *02 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 7<,* 0'>2 =22) *02 %3-F(7'*2 ')1 -)&9 .'<,2 -+ *02 &-,,: ')1 *0'* *02 .'33(23 0', 2F23.(,21 1<2 1(&(52).2 *- %32>2)* -3 7()(7([2 *02 &-,, =2+-32: 1<3()5 -3 '+*23 *02 -..<332).2 -+ *02 1(,',*23# 8-77-) .'33(23, '32 -=&(521 *-=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->2 3 *02 5--1, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027# I..-31()5&9: *029 '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9 (+ *02 5--1, '32 &-,*: 12,*3-921 -3 12*23(-3'*21# P0232 '32 >239 +2; (),*').2, ;02) *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 1-2, )-* '**'.0 ')1 *02,2 (),*').2, '32 2)<723'*21 () I3*(.&2 !`HK# @) *0-,2 .',2, ;0232 *02 %32,<7%*(-) (, '%%&(21: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7<,* %3->2 *0'* (* 2F23.(,21 2 F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () -3123 *->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-)# _2,%-)12)* T2123'& ?0-2)(F I,,<3').2 3'(,21 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23,# ]-;2>23: *029 +'(&21 *- ->23.-72 (* =9 ,<++(.(2)* %3--+ -+ 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 2$"3"22",% +1%&".+, -%,%&+3 ",#V&+,.% ./12+,*; ",.) +22%+3# AKN 0&+,#2+."!". 0/X+-%; ",.) -)&) ,E) :6:ab\) 1AD :c; :779

I=) ./V&0 /!

2+]"33+; <)

23.4!5 V'>'- \)(-) R'3/2*()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ,0(%%21 -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& Reo

E83'[9 ]-3,2E -%23'*21 =9 *02 P3'),%'.(+(. P-;'52: @).# .'35- .-),(,*()5 -+ ,022*, -+ <)(-) =3')1 d@ ,022*, ')1 ='5, -+ <)(-) ?-[[-&') ')1 <)(-) ?-3*&')1 8272)*# P02 .'35- ;', .-),(5)21 *- *02 c(.-& \)(-) 82)*23 -+ ?','.'-: 8'7'3()2, 6<3: ;(*0 ' .23*'() ?213- O&(>') ', *02 EN-*(+9h?'3*9#EP0(, ;' , (),<321 =9 ?0(&I7d2)# 83'[9 ]-3,2 '33(>21 ', ,.021<&21 '* *02 %-3* -+ ?','.'-# 60(%7',*23 *02) )-*(+(21 *02 .-),(5)22S, EN-*(+9h?'3*9E *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', '&32'19 b,(.$ *- 1(,.0'352 *02 .'35-# P02 1(,.0'35()5 .-<&1 )-* =2 '++2.*21 (7721('*2&9 ')1 .-)*()<-<,&9 =2.'<,2 -+ .23*'() 32',-),U b!$ *02 =<-9, ;232 (),*'&&21 -)&9 -) 62%*27=23 !!: !DYLG bA$ 1(,.03'52 %237(* ;', ,2.<321 =9 *02 .-),(5)22 -)&9 -) 62%*27=23 !H: !DYLG bH$ ' ;--12) .'*;'&/ 0'1 *- =2 (),*'&&21 ')1 2F*2),(-) -+ *02 ;0'3+ 0'1 *- =2 7'12: ;0(.0 ;', .-7%&2*21 -)&9 -) 62%*27=23 AZ: !DYLG bK$ 1(,.0'35()5 ;', )-* .-)*()<-<, =2.'<,2 *0232 ;232 ()*237(**2)* 3'(), ')1 *02 ,*2>21-32, ,<%%&(21 =9 *02 .-),(5)22 1(1 )-* ;-3/ 1<3()5 *02 *-;) +(2,*'# I ,<%23 *9%0--) E6'&()5E 2)*2321 *02 ?0(&(%%()2,# P0<,: *02 1(,.0'35()5 -+ *02 .'350'1 *- =2 ,<,%2)121 -) O.*-=23 !`: !DYL 1<2 *- *02 02'>9 1-;)%-<3: ,*3-)5 ;()1,: ')1 *<3=<&2)* ,2'# P- %32>2)* 1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- '&& 0'*.02, -+ *02 >2,,2& ;232 .&-,21 ')1 ,2.<321# I* *02 *(72 *02 1(,.0'35()5 -+ *02 .'35- ;', ,<,%2)121: ,-72 ='5, -+ .272)* ')1 .3'*2, -+ d@ ,022*, 0'1 '&32'19 =22) 1(,.0'3521# I..-31()5 *- *02 ,0(%7',*23 ;0- ;', %&-**()5 *02 *9%0--)S, %'*0 () ' .0'3*: *02 3'1(<, ;', ,- ;(12 *0'* *0232 ;', )- ;'9 *02 *9%0--) .-<&1 =2 2>'121# P02 *9%0--) 3'521 () *02 '32' ')1 *02 ,0(%7',*23 -312321 *02 7')2<>23()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& =<* (* .-<&1 )-* =2 ,*22321 1<2 *- ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 3-<50 ,2',# P02 >2,,2& ,<,*'()21 0-&2, () *02 2)5()2 3--7 ')1 *0232 ;', ' %-;23 +'(&<32 () *02 >2,,2&# M'*23 ,*'3*21 *- +(&& *02 2)5()2 3--7 ')1 *02 2)5()2 =3-/2 1-;)# P02 ,0(%7',*23 0'1 )- .0-(.2 =<* *- -3123 *02 ,0(% *- =2 '=')1-)21 =<* 02 -312321 *02 .32; *- ,2.<32 *02 >2,,2& ;0(&2 02 ,-<50* +-3 ',,(,*').2# ]2 ;', <)'=&2 *- 52* ')9 ',,(,*').2 ')1 <%-) 32*<3)()5: 02 +-<)1 *0'* (* ;', =2()5 .-)*()<-<,&9 %-<)121 =9 *02 ,*3-)5 ,2' ;'>2, '5'(),* *02 3-./,# P0(, .'<,21 *02 >2,,2& *- =32'/ ()*- A %'3*, ')1 *- ,()/ %'3*('&&9# P02 ,0(%7',*23 32%-3*21 *02 ().(12)* *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 =<* (),%(*2 *02 %32,2).2 -+ H .-',* 5<'31,: )-*0()5 .-<&1 =2 1-)2 '=-<* *02 %(&+23'52 1-)2 -) *02 >2,,2& ')1 (*, .'35-# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *02 ().(12)* *02 .'35- -+ .272)* ;', 1'7'521 ;0(&2 *02 d@ ,022*, ;232 &--*21 ')1 )-*0()5 ;', &2+* -+ *02 <)1(,.0'3521 %(2.2,# ?0(&I7d2) *02) %'(1 V'>'- \)(-) R'3/2*()5 8-3%# I)1 =2.'<,2: P3'),%'.(+(. P-;'52: @).# 32+<,21 *- %'9 12,%(*2 127')1,: ?0(&I7d2) +(&21 *02 %32,2)* .-7%&'()*#

HD

P02 &-;23 .-<3* +-<)1 *0'* '&*0-<50 *02 (7721('*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 &-,, 7'9 0'>2 =22) 1<2 *- ') '.* -+ d-1: *02 12+2)1')* .'33(23 0'1 2F%-,21 *02 %3-%23*9 *- *02 '..(12)*# P02 .-<3* '&,- +-<)1 %&'()*(++ 5<(&*9 -+ .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2 ')1 7(*(5'*21 *02 %&'()*(++S, .&'(7# 8I 32>23,21 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*: 3<&()5 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: (, )-* 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 (),<321 .'35- ()>-&>21: ', ,'(1 &-,, ;', 1<2 ,-&2&9 *- ' +-3*(*<-<, 2>2)*# 6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* P_IN6?I8@T@8 POMIdX: @N8# 0', =22) )25&(52)* *0<, &('=&2# 98:;5 MV, CA’s decision is affirmed. The appellate court in 2F27%*()5 %3(>'*2 respondent from liability applied Article 1739 of the Civil Code which provides: “In

!`HD -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# I&& *-&1: ;2 +()1 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* )-* &25'&&9 &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 (),<321 .'35- ()>-&>21 () *02 %32,2)* .',2# R%3-"+, /(%&#%+# .$+&0%&",- +,] #$"22",- ,)() AKN <+&]",% ]+("%# 0&+,#2/&0 #%&(".%#; ",.); @68989:?673. 234 2$"3"22",% !"� ",#V&+,.% ./); ",.); 763@:?<6?834 -)&) ,E) :a9:99

<>KH 8; b66b

2+,-+,"R+,; <)

P0(, (, ' ?2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2; ',,'(&()5 *02 V2.(,(-) ')1 _2,-&<*(-) -+ *02 8I

-3123 *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7'9 =2 2F27%*21 +3-7 32,%-),(=(&(*9: *02 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 7<,* 0'>2 =22) *02 %3-F(7'*2 ')1 -)&9 .'<,2 -+ *02 &-,,# ]-;2>23: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7<,* 2F23.(,2 1<2 1(&(52).2 *- %32>2)* -3 7()(7([2 &-,, =2+-32: 1<3()5 ')1 '+*23 *02 -..<332).2 -+ +&--1: ,*-37: -3 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 () -3123 *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7'9 =2 2F27%*21 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*erioration of the goods.”

reversing the Makati RTC’s Decision in dismissing the complaint and counterclaim of

8R8 P3'1()5 I#d# b8R8$

h ,0(%%23

8-),(123()5 *02 1(,%<*21 +'.* *0'* *0232 32'&&9 ;', 12&'9 () .-7%&2*()5 *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ *02 5--1, +3-7 *02 >2,,2&: *02 8-<3* =2&(2>2, *0'* *02 32'& (,,<2 '* ='3 .2)*23, -) *02 '%%&(.'*(-) -+ I3*(.&2 !`KC -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# @) ,0-3*: *02 %3().(%'& J<2,*(-): () 12*237()()5 ;0(.0 -+ *02 %'3*(2, () *02 %32,2)* .',2 ,0-<&1 =2'3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 5--1,: (, ;02*023 *02 12&'9 ()>-&>21 () *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ *02 5--1, (, 122721 )25&(52)*&9 ().<3321 (): ,- ', )-* *- +322 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +3-7 &('=(&(*9: )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 <&*(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 &-,, -+ *02 5--1, ;', *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& =3-<50* '=-<* =9 *9%0--) E6'&()5#E

?0(&(%%()2 6*22& P3'1()5 8-3%-3'*(-) b?6P8$

h .-),(5)22

c2&5(') O>23,2', 80'3*23()5 ')1 60(%%()5 N#o# bc2&5(')$

h .'33(23

B'31()2 V'>(2, P3'),%-3* 623>(.2,: @).# bB'31()2$

h .'33(23

?0(&(%%()2 T(3,* @),<3').2 8-#: @).# b?T@8$

h (),<323

@)1221: +3-7 *02 *(72 *02 >2,,2& '33(>21 '* %-3* ?','.'- -) ` 62%*27=23 !DYL <% *!` O.*-=23 !DYL ;02) *02 ?','.'- '32' ;', %&'.21 <)123 ,*-37 ,(5)'& N-# H 1<2 *- *9%0--) E6'&()5E: KC 1'9, 0'1 %',,21# \)123 )-37'& .-)1(*(-),: ' %23(-1 -+ KC 1'9, (, <)1-<=*21&9 7-32 *0') 2)-<50 *(72 ;(*0() ;0(.0 *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ *02 .'35- b5(>2) (*, )'*<32$ +3-7 *02 >2,,2& .-<&1 =2 .-7%&2*21# ]2).2: *02 J<2,*(-) =-(&, 1-;) +<3*023 *- ;0(.0 %'3*9 ,0-<&1 =2 +'<&*21 +-3 *0(, 12&'9# M0(&2 (* (, *3<2 *0'* *0232 ;', ()1221 12&'9 () 1(,.0'35()5 *02 .'35- +3-7 *02 >2,,2&: ;2 '5322 ;(*0 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, *0'* )2(*023 -+ *02 %'3*(2, 0232() .-<&1 =2 +'<&*21 +-3 ,<.0 12&'9: +-3 *02 ,'72 b12&'9$ ;', 1<2 )-* *- )25&(52).2: =<* *,2>23'& +'.*-3, 2'3&(23 1(,.<,,21# b622 +'.*,: %'3#A$ P02 .'35- 0'>()5 =22) &-,* 1<2 **9%0--) E6'&()5E: ')1 *02 12&'9 ().<3321 () (*, <)&-'1()5 )-* =2()5 1<2 *)25&(52).2: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (, 2F27%* +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35-: %<3,<')* *- I3*(.&2 !`KC -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# P02 1(&(52).2 2F23.(,21 =9 *02 ,0(%7',*23 +<3*023 ,<%%-3*, *02 2F27%*(-) -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35-: () '..-31').2 ;(*0 I3*(.&2

?0(&(%%()2 T(3,* @),<3').2 8-#: @).# 23.4!

O) B<)2 !H: !DDC: 8R8 ,0(%%21 -) =-'31 *02 Reo SI)')52& 6/9S '* ]'7=<35: d237')9 AKA .-(&, -+ >'3(-<, ?3(72 8-&1 _-&&21 6*22& ,022*, +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) *- R')(&' .-),(5)21 *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2 6*22& P3'1()5 8-3%-3'*(-)# O) B<&9 AY: !DDC: Reo I)')52& 6/9 '33(>21 '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' ')1: ;(*0() *02 ,<=,2J<2)* 1'9,: 1(,.0'3521 *02 ,<=Q2.* .'35-# T-<3 bK$ .-(&, ;232 +-<)1 *- =2 () bad order. It was noted on the Bill of Lading that “metal envelopes rust stained and slightly dented.” Finding the four (4) coils in their damaged ,*'*2 *- =2 <)+(* +-3 *02

()*2)121 %<3%-,2: ?6P8 12.&'321 *027 *- =2 ' *-*'& &-,,#

?T@8 %'(1 *02 (),<3').2 +-3 *02 1'7'521 5--1, b?0% LCZ:CYZ#LC$ *- ?6P8# @* +-37'&&9 127')121 c2&5(') ')1 B'31()2 +-3 32.->239 -+ *02 ,'(1 '7-<)* =<* =-*0 32+<,21 *- ,<=7(t to PFIC’s claim which then instituted a complaint for recovery. c2&5(') ')1 B'31()2 .-)*2)1 *02 +-&&-;()5U 

*0'* 1'7'52 ')1e-3 &-,, ;', 1<2 *- %32h,0(%72)* 1'7'52: *- *02 ()0232)* )'*<32: >(.2 -3 12+2.* -+ *02 5--1,: -3 *- %23(&,: 1')523 ')1 '..(12)*, -+ *02 ,2': -3 *- (),<++(.(2).9 -+ %'./()5 *0232-+: -3

KC

*- *02 '.* -3 -7(,,(-) -+ *02 ,0(%%23 -+ *02 5--1, -3 *02(3 32%32,2)*'*(>2,G 



*0'* *02(3 &('=(&(*9: (+ *0232 =2 ')9: ,0-<&1 )-* 2F.221 *02 &(7(*'*(-), -+ &('=(&(*9 %3->(121 +-3 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 -*023 %23*()2)* &';,G

*0'*: () ')9 2>2)*: *029 2F23.(,21 1<2 1(&(52).2 ')1 +-32,(50* 32J<(321 =9 &'; *- %32>2)* ')9 1'7'52e&-,, *- ,'(1 ,0(%72)*#

"!) b;I;89 +65939:?

The complaint was dismissed due to PFIC’s failure to prove its claims with quantum of proof required by law. It also debunked Belgian and Jardine’s counterclaim because PFIC’s suit ;', )-* 7')(+2,*&9 +3(>-&-<, -3 %3(7'3(&9 ()*2)121

*- 0'3',, *027# )# +65939:?

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b!$ +&--1: ,*-37: 2'3*0J<'/2: &(50*)()5: -3 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9G bA$ ') '.* -+ *02 %<=&(. 2)279 () ;'3: ;02*023 ()*23)'*(-)'& -3 .(>(&G bH$ ') '.* -3 -7(,,(-) -+ *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,G bK$ *02 .0'3'.*23 -+ *02 5--1, -3 12+2.*, () *02 %'./()5 -3 *02 .-)*'()23G -3 bL$ ') -3123 -3 '.* -+ .-7%2*2)* %<=&(. '<*0-3(*9# @+ *02 .'<,2 -+ 12,*3<.*(-): &-,, -3 12*23(-3'*(-) (, -*023 *0') *02 2)<723'*21 .(3.<7,*').2,: *02) *02 .'33(23 (, &('=&2 *0232+-3#

RTC’s Decision was reversed. Belgian and Jardine were liable for the loss or

*02 1'7'52 -+ *02 5--1, ,0(%%21# P029 0'1 +'(&21 *- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 (7%-,21 -) .-77-) .'33(23,# P02 1'7'52 ;', )-* .&2'3&9 ,0-;) *- =2 1<2 *- %32h,0(%72)* 1'7'52 -3 *0'* *02 1'7'52 )-*21 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2# I&,-: *02 *02 %'./'52 &(7(*'*(-) <)123 8Od6I ;', )-* '%%&(.'=&2: =2.'<,2 *02 ;-31, Eê8 N-# DCeCAKKÈ ()1(.'*21 *0'* ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) -+ *02 .'35- 0'1 =22) 12.&'321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23#

R232 %3--+ -+ 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, () 5--1 -3123 *- ' .-77-) .'33(23 ')1 -+ *02(3 '33(>'& () ='1 -3123 '* *02(3 12,*()'*(-) .-),*(*<*2, ' %3(7' +'.(2 .',2 -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 '5'(),* *02 .'33(23# @+ )- '12J<'*2 2F%&')'*(-) (, 5(>2) ', *- 0-; *02 12*23(-3'*(-): *02 &-,, -3 *02 12,*3<.*(-) -+ *02 5--1, 0'%%2)21: *02 *3'),%-3*23 ,0'&& =2 02&1 32,%-),(=&2#

6!!78!

!# A# H#

MON %2*(*(-)23, 0'>2 ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23# MON *02 )-*(.2 -+ &-,, ;', * (72&9 +(&21# MON *02 %'./'52 &(7(*'*(-) -+ &('=(&(*9 (, '%%&(.'=&2#

98:;

!#

@) *02 .',2: %2*(*(-)23, +'(&21 *- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 ')1 *- %3->2 *02 2F23.(,2 -+ 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 2>(12).21 ', +-&&-;,U 

NO# 8-77-) .'33(23,: ', ' 52)23'& 3<&2: '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 )25&(52)* (+ *02 5--1, *029 *3'),%-3*21 12*23(-3'*21 -3 5-* &-,* -3 12,*3-921# P0'* (,: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *3'),%-3*()5 *02 5--1,# bI3*# !`HL: N88$ @) -3123 *- '>-(1 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 ')9 &-,, -3 1'7'52: *0232+-32: *029 0'>2 *02 =<312) -+ %3->()5 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 ,<.0 1(&(52).2# XF*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(32, .-77-) .'33(23, *- 32)123 ,23>(.2 ;(*0 *02 532'*2,* ,/(&& ')1 +-32,(50* ')1 E*- <,2 '&& 32',-)f'g=&2

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', ,*'*21 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5: %2*(*(-)23, 32.2(>21 *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* () 5--1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-) () ]'7=<35: d237')9 ', ,*'*21 () *02 @),%2.*(-) _2%-3* %32%'321 ')1 ,(5)21 =9 *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2, -+ =-*0 %'3*(2, *0'* %3(-3 *- *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ *02 .'35-: *02 ,*22& =')1, =3-/2): *02 72*'& 2)>2&-%2, 3<,*h,*'()21 ')1 02'>(&9 =<./&21: ')1 *02 .-)*2)*, *0232-+ 2F%-,21 ')1 3<,*9G ', ,*'*21 () *02 c'1 O3123 P'&&9 6022* (,,<21 =9 B'31()2: *02 +-<3 .-(&, ;232 () ='1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-)G bN-*2U ' 32J<2,* +-3 ' ='1 -3123 ,<3>29 (, 7'12 () .',2 *0232 (, ') '%%'32)* -3 ' %32,<721 &-,, -3 1'7'52$

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', ,*'*21 () *02 823*(+(.'*2 -+ I)'&9,(,: =',21 -) *02 ,'7%&2 ,<=7(**21 ')1 *2,*21: *02 ,*22& ,022*, +-<)1 () ='1 -3123 ;232 ;2* ;(*0 +32,0 ;'*23G ')1 ', ,*'*21 () *02 &2**23 '1132,,21 *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2 6*22& 8-'*()5 8-3%-3'*(-) b1'*21 O.*-=23 !A: !DDC$: %2*(*(-)23, '17(**21 *0'* *029 ;232 ';'32 -+ *02 .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 +-<3 .-(&, +-<)1 () ='1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-)#

P02,2 ;232 .-)+(3721 =9 _<%23*- X,723(-: 02'1 .02./23 -+ cR 6')*-, 802./23, I52).9# R-32>-23: 0'>()5 =22) () *02 ,23>(.2 +-3 ,2>23'& 92'3,: *02 7',*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& ,0-<&1 0'>2 /)-;) '* *02 -<*,2* *0'* 72*'& 2)>2&-%2, () *02 ,'(1 ,*'*2 ;-<&1 2>2)*<'&&9 12*23(-3'*2 ;02) )-* %3-%23&9 ,*-321 ;0(&2 () *3'),(*# XJ<(%%21 ;(*0 *02 %3-%23 /)-;&2152 -+ *02 )'*<32 -+ ,*22& ,022*, () .-(&, ')1 -+ *02 %3-%23 ;'9 -+ *3'),%-3*()5 *027: *02 7',*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& ')1 0(, .32; ,0-<&1 0'>2 <)123*'/2) %32.'<*(-)'39 72',<32, *'>-(1 %-,,(=&2 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 .'35-# c<* )-)2 -+ *02,2 72',<32, ;', *'/2)# @)>-/()5 I3*# !`HKbK$ -+ *02 N88 =9 *02 %2*(*(-)23, .'))-* %3-,%23# T3-7 *02 2>(12).2 -) 32.-31: (* .'))-* =2 32',-)'=&9 .-).&<121 *0'* *02 1'7'52 *- *02 +-<3 .-(&, ;', 1<2 *- *02 .-)1(*(-) )-*21 -) *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# P02 '+-32.(*21 2F.2%*(-) 32+23, *- .',2, ;02) 5--1, '32 &-,* -3 1'7'521 ;0(&2 () *3'),(* ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 )'*<3'& 12.'9 -+ %23(,0'=&2 5--1, -3 *02 +2372)*'*(-) -3 2>'%-3'*(-) -+ ,<=,*').2, &('=&2 *0232+-3: *02 )2.2,,'39 ')1 )'*<3'& ;2'3 -+ 5--1, () *3'),%-3*: 12+2.*, () %'./'52, () ;0(.0 *029 '32 ,0(%%21: -3 *02 )'*<3'& %3-%2),(*(2, -+ ')(7'&,# N-)2 -+ *02,2 (, %32,2)* () *02 (),*')* .',2#

A#

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d--1, =9 62' I.* b8Od6I$: 32,%-)12)* ,0-<&1 0'>2 +(&21 (*, N-*(.2 -+ ^-,, ;(*0() *0322 1'9, +3-7 12&(>239# P0(, (, )-* *02 .',2#

H#

P02 '=->2h.(*21 %3->(,(-) -+ 8Od6I %3->(12, *0'* *02 )-*(.2 -+ .&'(7 )221 )-* =2 5(>2) (+ *02 ,*'*2 -+ *02 5--1,: '* *02 *(72 -+ *02(3 32.2(%*: 0', =22) *02 ,<=Q2.* -+ ' Q-()* (),%2.*(-) -3 ,<3>29# I, ,*'*21 2'3&(23: %3(-3 *- <)&-'1()5 *02 .'35-: ') @),%2.*(-) _2%-3* ', *- *02 .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 5--1, ;', %32%'321 ')1 ,(5)21 =9 32%32,2)*'*(>2, -+ =-*0 %'3*(2,# R-32->23: ' +'(&<32 *- +(&2 ' )-*(.2 -+ .&'(7 ;(*0() *0322 1'9, ;(&& )-* ='3 32.->239 (+ (* (, )-)2*02&2,, +(&21 ;(*0() -)2 92'3# P0(, -)2h92'3 %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1 '&,- '%%&(2, *- *02 ,0(%%23: *02 .-),(5)22: *02 (),<323 -+ *02 5--1, -3 ')9 &25'& 0-&123 -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# ]2).2: *02 +(&()5 -+ *02 .-7%&'()* ;', ;(*0() *02 -)2h92'3 %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1# NO# ?2*(*(-)23, .-)*2)1 *0'* *02(3 &('=(&(*9 ,0-<&1 =2 &(7(*21 *- \6lLCC %23 %'./'52 ', %3->(121 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ')1 =9 62.*(-) KbL$ -+ 8Od6I =<* 32,%-)12)* ',,23*, -*023;(,2# 62.*(-) KbL$ -+ 8Od6I (, ()'%%&(.'=&2: =2.'<,2 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* ;', 12.&'321 =9 %2*(*(-)23, =2+-320')1: ', 2>(12).21 =9 *02 32+232).2 *- ')1 *02 (),23*(-) -+ *02 ^2**23 -+ 8321(* -3 Eê8 N-# DCeCAKKÈ () *02 ,'(1 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# T(3,* ')1 +-327-,*: ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 ,23>2, *;- +<).*(-),U '# =#

(* (, ' 32.2(%* +-3 *02 5--1, ,0(%%21G ')1 (* (, ' .-)*3'.* =9 ;0(.0 *0322 %'3*(2, hh )'72&9: *02 ,0(%%23: *02 .'33(23: ')1 *02 .-),(5)22 hh <)123*'/2 ,%2.(+(. 32,%-),(=(&(*(2, ')1 ',,<72 ,*(%<&'*21 -=&(5'*(-),#

T<3*023: ' ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 &(7(*()5 *- ' .23*'() ,<7 *02 .-77-) .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,, -3 12,*3<.*(-) -+ ' .'35- hh <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2 hh (, ,').*(-)21 =9 &';# P0232 '32: 0-;2>23: *;- .-)1(*(-), *- =2 ,'*(,+(21U b!$ *02 .-)*3'.* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 bA$ (* 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-) =9 *02 %'3*(2,# P02 3'*(-)'&2 +-3 *0(, 3<&2 (, *- =()1 *02 ,0(%%23, =9 *02(3 '532272)* *- *02 >'&<2 b7'F(7<7 >'&<'*(-)$ -+ *02(3 5--1,# ]-;2>23: *02 8(>(& 8-12 1-2, )-* &(7(* *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 *- ' +(F21 '7-<)* %23 %'./'52# P02 8Od6I: 72');0(&2: ;0(.0 (, ,<%%&2*-39 *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: ,<%%&272)*, *02 &'**23 =9

KA

2,*'=&(,0()5 ' ,*'*<*-39 %3->(,(-) &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 () *02 '=,2).2 -+ ' ,0(%%23S, 12.&'3'*(-) -+ ' 0(5023 >'&<2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# @) *02 .',2: *0232 ;', )- ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9# N2(*023 1(1 *02 ,0(%%23 12.&'32 ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, *- =2 ,0(%%21# P0(, +'.* )-*;(*0,*')1()5: *02 (),23*(-) -+ *02 ;-31, Eê8 N-# DCeCAKK` .'))-* =2 *02 =',(, +-3 %2*(*(-)23,S &('=(&(*9# T(3,*: ' )-*'*(-) () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ;0(.0 ()1(.'*21 *02 '7-<)* -+ *02 ^2**23 -+ 8321(* -=*'()21 =9 *02 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 (7%-3*'*(-) -+ ,*22& ,022*, 1(1 )-* 2++2.* ' 12.&'3'*(-) -+ *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, ', 32J<(321 =9 *02 =(&&# P0'* )-*'*(-) ;', 7'12 -)&9 +-3 *02 .-)>2)(2).2 -+ *02 ,0(%%23 ')1 *02 =')/ %3-.2,,()5 *02 ^2**23 -+ 8321(*# 62.-)1: ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 ;', ,2%'3'*2 +3-7 *02 O*023 ^2**23 -+ 8321(* '33')5272)*,# I, *02 =')/ .'))-* =2 2F%2.*21 *- &--/ =29-)1 *02 1-.<72)*, %32,2)*21 *- (* =9 *02 ,2&&23 %<3,<')* *- *02 &2**23 -+ .321(*: )2(*023 .') *02 .'33(23 =2 2F%2.*21 *- 5- =29-)1 *02 32%32,2)*'*(-), -+ *02 ,0(%%23 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 *- >23(+9 *02(3 '..<3'.9 293RcR293 *02 .-7723.('& ()>-(.2 ')1 *02 &2**23 -+ .321(*# P0232+-32: %2*(*(-)23,S &('=(&(*9 ,0-<&1 =2 .-7%<*21 =',21 -) \6lLCC %23 %'./'52 ')1 )-* -) *02 %23 72*3(. *-) %3(.2 12.&'321 () *02 Letter of Credit. By “package,” in accordance with COGSA, it means the

)<7=23 -+ <)(*, 1(,.&-,21 () *02 ,0(%%()5 1-.<72)*,# ^98L82VL8E *02 ?2*(*(-) (, %'3*&9 53')*21 ')1 *02 ',,'(&21 V2.(,(-) 1/]"!"%]#

?2*(*(-)23,S &('=(&(*9 (, 321<.21 *- \6lA:CCC %&<, ()*232,* '* *02 &25'& 3'*2 -+ ,(F %23.2)* +3-7 *02 *(72 -+ *02 +(&()5 -+ *02 8-7%&'()* -) B<&9 AL: !DD! <)*(& *02 +()'&(*9 -+ *0(, V2.(,(-): ')1 !A %23.2)* *0232'+*23 <)*(& +<&&9 %'(1# N%3-)-<).272)* ', *- .-,*,# Q-)&) ,E) :a\6:5) <>KH b8; b669Z %]-+& ./^+3"/,- #$"22",- 3",%#; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) V.2R -%,%&+3 ",#V&+,.% ./12+,*; ",.); JH=LEKNHK@) 2+,-+,"R+,; <)S

TI8P6U 6-72*(72 -) V2.27=23 !!: !DD!: M"1*$/ 3%D"?0) &"?0G"/"& *$ *+" 8&D)/ .$H)?0$%D !+0CC0%D :0%"1 bC"*0*0$%"/c : .'35- .-),(,*()5 -+ -)2 b!$ .'3*-) -+ 803(,*7', 1r.-3 ')1 *;- bA$ ,'./, -+ %&',*(. *-9,: *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 -) =-'31 *02 Reo P')1'5 +3-7 82=< 8(*9 *- P')1'5: 6<3(5'- 12& 6<3# f?2*(*(-)23g (,,<21 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# LY

.->23()5 *02 .'35-# N2,*-3 I)52&(' ;', =-*0 *02 ,0(%%23 ')1 .-),(5)22 -+ *02 .'35>'&<21: -) *02 +'.2 *0232-+: () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?Z:LCC#CC# e$10<$ ["/#)&$ ?0H"@01" &"?0G"/"& #)/D$ *$ bC"*0*0$%"/c : .-),(,*()5 -+ *;- bA$

.'3*-), -+ %&',*(. *-9, ')1 803(,*7', 12.-3: -)2 b!$ 3-&& -+ +&--3 7'* ')1 -)2 b!$ =<)1&2 -+ >'3(-<, -3 ',,-3*21 5--1, +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) +3-7 82=< 8(*9 *- P')1'5: 6<3(5'- 12& 6<3: -) =-'31 *02 ,'(1 >2,,2&: ')1 ,'(1 >-9'52# f?2*(*(-)23g (,,<21 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# LD .->23()5 *02 .'35- ;0(.0: -) *02 +'.2 *0232-+: ;', >'&<21 () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?!K:CCC#CC# \)123 *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5: p-,(7- R23.'1- ;', =-*0 *02 ,0(%%23 ')1 .-),(5)22 -+ *02 .'35-# O) V2.27=23 !A: !DD!: 2"?0#0)%) :"D)1C0 0%1>/"& *+" #)/D$ : .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# LD b?!CC:CCC$ ')1 cO^LY b?LC:CCC$ ;(*0 *02 \8?c d2)23'& @ ),<3').2 f32%-,)12)*g I+*23 *02 >2,,2& 0'1 %',,21 =9 *02 R')1'<2hR'.*') c3(152E A0/" "%1>"& 0% *+" "%D0%" /$$?A"& )%& &"1*/$B"& *+" "%*0/" G"11"? /"1>?*0%D 0% *+" ?$11 $A *+" G"11"? )%& *+" #)/D$"1 *+"/"0%-

60-3*&9 *0232'+*23: T2&(.(')' ^25',%( +(&21 ' .&'(7: ;(*0 f32,%-)12)*g: +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 .'35- (),<321 >'&<21 () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?!!C:CLZ#CC bcO^ AD$ ')1 ?ZC:HHY#CC bcO^ LY$# f_2,%-)12)*g '%%3->21 *02 .&'(7 -+ T2&(.(')' ^25',%( ')1 132; ')1 (,,<21 \8?c () *02 )2* '7-<)* -+ ?DD:CCC#CC bcO^ LD$ ')1 ?KD:LCC#CC bcO^ LY$# O) B<&9 !K: !DDA: b/"1C$%&"%*cE )1 1>F/$D"" $A 2"?0#0)%) :"D)1C0E A0?"& ) #$2,,2&G b=$ *02 .-7%&'()* ,*'*21 )- .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) '5'(),* f%2*(*(-)23gG ')1 b.$ *02 ,0(%%23,e.-),(5)22 0'1 '&32'19 =22) %'(1 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, ', ,*'*21 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ')1: 02).2: f%2*(*(-)23g .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35=29-)1 *02 >'&<2 *0232-+ 12.&'321 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# Respondent contends that petitioner’s liability should be based -) *02 '.*<'&

(),<321 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1,: ,<=Q2.* -+ *0(, .',2# O) *02 -*023 0')1: %2*(*(-)23 .&'(7, *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9 ,0-<&1 =2 &(7(*21 *- *02 >'&<2 12.&'321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23e.-),(5)22 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# 8I 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ 32,%-)12)* =')/# 6!!78!5 b!$ @, %2*(*(-)23 &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 5--1,i bA$ @+ (* (, &('=&2: ;0'* (, *02

2F*2)* -+ (*, &('=(&(*9i

KH

!#

4X6#

c3-'1&9 ,%2'/()5: +-3.2 7'Q2<32 52)23'&&9 '%%&(2, *- ' )'*<3'& '..(12)*: ,<.0 ', *0'* .'<,21 =9 ' &(50*)()5: ') 2'3*0J<'/2: ' *27%2,* -3 ' %<=&(. 2)279# ]2).2: +(32 (, )-* .-),(12321 ' )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9# I, 2F%&'()21 () X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2, >, @I8 .',2U “x x x. This must be so as it arises almost invariably from some act of

<)% $/ FB +><)% <")%1- 6* &$"1 %$* A)?? @0*+0% *+" #)*"D$/B $A )% )#* $A K$& >%?"11 #)>1"& FB ?0D+*0%D $/ FB $*+"/ %)*>/)? &01)1*"/ $/ #)?)<0*B- 6* <)B "G"% F" #)>1"& FB *+" )#*>)? A)>?* $/ C/0G0*B $A *+" #)//0"/-

P02 <).-)*3->23*21 +()1()5, -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 ,0-; *0'* *02 Reo P')1'5 ,')/ 1<2 *- ' +(32: ;0(.0 32,<&*21 +3-7 ' .3'./ () *02 '(.2 *')/# P02 .3'./ ;', &-.'*21 -) *02 ,(12 -+ *02 +<2& -(& *')/: ;0(.0 0'1 ' 7232 *;-h().0 5'% +3-7 *02 2)5()2 3--7 ;'&&()5: *0<, %32.&<1()5 .-),*')* (),%2.*(-) ')1 .'32 =9 *02 .32;# 9)G0%D $/0D0%)*"& A/$< )% >%#+"#H"& #/)#H 0% *+" A>"? $0? 1"/G0#" *)%HE *+" A0/" #$>?& %$* +)G " F""% #)>1"& FB A$/#" <)=">/"4+" ?)@ C/$G0&"1 *+)* ) #$<<$% #)//0"/ 01 C/"1><"& *$ +)G" F""% %"D?0D"%* 0A 0* A)0?1 *$ C/$G" *+)* 0* "a"/#01"& "a*/)$/&0%)/B G0D0?)%#" $G"/ *+" D$$&1 0* */)%1C$/*"& X3/*- RUIOY- X),<3()5 *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& (, *02 +(3,* ,*2% () 2F23.(,()5 *02 32J<(321 >(5(&').2# J"*0*0$%"/ &0& %$* C/"1"%* 1>AA0#0"%* "G0&"%#" 1+$@0%D @+)* <")1>/"1 $/ )#*1 0* +)& >%&"/*)H"% *$ "%1>/" *+" 1")@$/*+0%"11 $A *+" G"11"?- 6* A)0?"& *$ 1+$@ @+"% *+" ?)1* 0%1C"#*0$% )%& #)/" $A *+" )>a0?0)/B "%D0%" A>"? $0? 1"/G0#" *)%H @)1 <)&"E @+)* *+" %$/<)? C/)#*0#" @)1 A$/ 0*1 <)0%*"%)%#"E $/ 1$<" $*+"/ "G0&"%#" *$ "1*)F?01+ *+)* 0* +)& "a"/#01"& "a*/)$/&0%)/B &0?0D"%#"- @* 7232&9 ,*'*21 *0'* .-),*')* (),%2.*(-) ')1 .'32 ;232

)-* %-,,(=&2: ')1 *0'* *02 &',* *(72 *02 >2,,2& ;', 139h1-./21 ;', () N->27=23 !DDC# M"#"11)/0?BE 0% )##$/&)%#" @0*+ 3/*0#?" RUIO$A *+" .0G0? .$&"E @" +$?& C"*0*0$%"/ /"1C$%10F?" A$/ *+" ?$11 $A *+" D$$&1 #$G"/"& FB (0??1 $A :)&0%D M$1- OT )%& OP-

A# P02 &('=(&(*9 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 + -3 *02 &-,, -+ 5--1, 7'9: =9 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: =2 &(7(*21 *- *02 >'&<2 12.&'321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23# ‘Art. 1749. A stipulation that the common carrier’s liability is limited to *+" G)?>" $A *+" D$$&1 )CC")/0%D 0% *+" F0?? $A ?)&0%DE >%?"11 *+" 1+0CC"/ or owner declares a greater va lue, is binding.’ ‘Art. 1750. A contract fixing the sum that may be recovered by the owner $/ 1+0CC"/ A$/ *+" ?$11E &"1*/>#*0$%E $/ &"*"/0$/)*0$% $A *+" D$$&1 01 G)?0&E 0A 0* 01 /")1$%)F?" )%& =>1* >%&"/ *+" #0/#><1*)%#"1E )%& +)1 F""% A/""?B and fairly agreed upon.’

P02 32.-31, ,0-; *0'* *02 c(&&, -+ ^'1()5 .->23()5 *02 &-,* 5--1, .-)*'() *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) *0'* () .',2 -+ .&'(7 +-3 &-,, -3 +-3 1'7'52 *- *02 ,0(%%21 723.0')1(,2 or property, “*t+he liability of the c ommon carrier x x x s hall not exceed the value of *02 5--1, ', '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# ”

@) *02 %32,2)* .',2: *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) &(7(*()5 %2*(*(-)23’s liability is not contrary to %<=&(. %-&(.9# @) +'.*: (*, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2 .0'3'.*23 (, 2>(12)*# P02 ,0(%%23,e.-),(5)22, 7'9 32.->23 *02 +<&& >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, =9 *02 ,(7%&2 2F%21(2)* -+ 12.&'3()5 *02 *3<2 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# O*023 *0') *02 %'972)* -+ ' 0(5023 +32(50*: *0232 ;', )-*0()5 *- ,*-% *027 +3-7 %&'.()5 *02 '.*<'& >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, *0232()# @) +'.*: *029 .-77(**21 +3'<1 '5'(),* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 =9 12&(=23'*2&9 <)123>'&<()5 *02 5--1, () *02(3 c(&& -+ ^'1()5: *0<, 12%3(>()5 *02 .'33(23 -+ (*, %3-%23 ')1 Q<,* *3'),%-3* +'32# @)1221: p-,(7- R23.'1- ')1 N2,*-3 I)52&(' 7(,&21 %2*(*(-)23 =9 <)123>'&<()5 *02 5--1, () *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 c(&&, -+ ^'1()5# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23 ;', 2F%-,21 *- ' 3(,/ *0'* ;', 12&(=23'*2&9 0(112) +3-7 (*: ')1 +3-7 ;0(.0 (* .-<&1 )-* %3-*2.* (*,2&+# ?#6# ^25',%( R'3/2*()5 +(&21 ;(*0 %2*(*(-)23 ' .&'(7 +-3 *02 &-,* 5--1, <)123 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# LD: +-3 ;0(.0 *02 &'**23 ,<=,2 J<2)*&9 %'(1 ?!K:CCC# c<* )-*0()5 () *02 32.-31, .-)>().()5&9 ,0-;, *0'* *02 +-3723 ;', *02 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,# _2,%-)12)* ;',: 0-;2>23: '=&2 *- %3->2 *0'* (* ;', T2&(.(')' ^25',%( ;0- -;)21 *0-,2 5--1,: ')1 ;0- ;', *0<, 2)*(*&21 *- %'972)* +-3 *02(3 &-,,# ]2).2: *02 .&'(7 +-3 *02 5--1, <)123 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# LD .'))-* =2 122721 *- 0'>2 =22) 2F*()5<(,021: =2.'<,2 %'972)* ;', 7'12 *- ' %23,-) ;0- ;', )-* 2)*(*&21 *0232*-# M(*0 325'31 *- *02 .&'(7 +-3 *02 5--1, *0'* ;232 .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# LY ')1 >'&<21 '* ?Z:LCC: *02 %'3*(2, 0'>2 )-* .-)>().21 <, *- 1(,*<3= *02 +()1()5, -+ *02 8I *0'* .-7%2),'*(-) .-<&1 )-* >'&(1&9 *'/2 %&'.2# P0<,: ;2 <%0-&1 the appellate court’s ruling on this point. #+&^"%# 0/V&# 2$"3"22",%#; ",.) I= .+

T'.*,U T'*(7' T-3*'12, =-'3121 *02 %2*(*(-)23S, =<, () R')(&' -) 023 ;'9 *- ^25',%( 8(*9# M(*0 023 ;', H %(2.2, -+ &<55'52 .-)*'()()5 '&& -+ 023 -%*-72*39 32>(2; =--/,: 7'*23('&, ')1 2J<(%72)*: *3('& &2),2,: *3('& .-)*'.* &2),2,: %',,%-3* ')1 >(,': ', ;2&& as her mother Marisol’s U.S. immigration ( green) card, among other important

1-.<72)*, ')1 %23,-)'& =2&-)5()5,# ]23 =2&-)5()5, ;232 /2%* () *02 ='55'52 .-7%'3*72)* -+ *02 =<,: =<* 1<3()5 ' ,*-%->23 ' * V'2* (* ;', 1(,.->2321 * 0'* -)&9

KK

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the value of the lost items. They claimed that the loss was due to petitioner’s failure to observe extraordinary diligence in the care of F atima’, &<55'52 ')1 *0'*

%2*(*(-)23 12'&* ;(*0 *027 () ='1 +'(*0 +3-7 *02 ,*'3*# ?2*(*(-)23: -) *02 -*023 0')1: 1(,-;)21 ')9 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* T'*(7' '&&2521&9 1(1 )-* 12.&'32 ')9 2F.2,, ='55'52 <%-) =-'31()5 (*, =<,# P02 *3('& .-<3* ')1 *02 8I 3<&2, '5'(),* *02 %2*(*(-)23: 02).2 *0(, '%%2'&# @,,<2U MON (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 ='55'52 ]2&1U 4X6s Under the Civil Code, “Common carriers, from the nature of their business and for

32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 vigilance over the goods x x x transported by them, and this liability “lasts from the

*(72 *02 5--1, '32 <).-)1(*(-)'&&9 %&'.21 () *02 %-,,2,,(-) -+: ')1 32.2(>21 =9 *02 .'33(23 +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) <)*(& *02 ,'72 '32 12&(>2321: '.*<'&&9 -3 .-),*3<.*(>2&9: =9 *02 .'33(23 +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) <)*(& *02 ,'72 '32 12&(>2321: '.*<'&&9 -3 constructively, by the carrier to x x x the person who has a right to receive them,”

(+3%,_V%3+ $+&]X//] +,] ",]V#0&"+3 #V223* ",.); @68989:?67. 234 ./V&0 /! +22%+3# +,] #%(%, R &/0$%&# #$"22",- ./&2/&+0"/,; 763@:?<6?834

2)#*15

?&'()*(++ 2)*2321 ()*- ') '532272)* ;(*0 62>2) c3-*023, b60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-)$ *&-'1 -) =-'31 (*, >2,,2& bReo 62>2) I7=',,'1-3$ &'<') 3-<)1 &-5, '* *02 %-3* -+ R'.-)'.-): @,'=2&' +-3 ,0(%72)* *- R')(&'# P02 &-5, '32 (),<321 '5'(),* &-,, ')1e-3 1'7'52 ;(*0 12+2)1')* 6-<*0 62' 6<32*9 ')1 @),<3').2 8-#: @).# P02 %&'()*(++ 5'>2 *02 .02./ () %'972)* -+ *02 %327(<7 -) *02 (),<3').2 %-&(.9# P02 )2F* 1'9: *02 >2,,2& ,')/ 32,<&*()5 *- *02 &-,, -+ *02 &-5,# I .02./ ;', *02) *2)12321 *- .->23 %'972)* -+ *02 %327(<7 ')1 1-.<72)*'39 ,*'7%, 1<2 -) *02 %-&(.9 ;', *2)12321 1<2 =<* ;', )-* '..2%*21: (),*2'1: *02 (),<323 .').2&&21 *02 (),<3').2 %-&(.9# P02 %&'()*(++ 127')121 +3-7 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 =<* (* 12)(21 &('=(&(*9# ?&'()*(++ &(/2;(,2 +(&21 ' +-37'& .&'(7 '5'(),* *02 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ;0(.0 '&,- 12)(21 &('=(&(*9# I+*23 1<2 02'3()5 ')1 *3('&: *02 .-<3* 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ *02 %&'()*(++# c-*0 *02 ,0(%%()5 .-3%-3'*(-) ')1 *02 ,<32*9 .-7%')9 '%%2'&21# P02 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) '35<21 *0'* *02 &-;23 .-<3* 23321 () 0-&1()5 *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& ;', )-* 1<2 *- +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* =<* **02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 .'%*'() ')1 *0'* *02 )-)h&('=(&(*9 .&'<,2 -+ *02 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ;', >-(1 +-3 =2()5 .-)*3'39 *- %<=&(. %-&(.9# P02 ,<32*9 .-7%')9 '35<21 *0'* *02 &-;23 .-<3* 23321 () )-* ' %%&9()5 62.# `` -+ *02 (),<3').2 8-12 ')1 *02 1(,325'31 -+ *02 +'.* -+ .').2&&'*(-) -+ *02 %-&(.9# P02 8I ,<,*'()21 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ 6-<*0 62' 6<32*9 ')1 @),<3').2 8-7%')9 ')1 02&1 *0'* 62>2) c3-*023, 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ;', )-* &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,* .'35-# O) ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2;: *02 %&'()*(++ ',,'(&, *02 8I V2.(,(-) ;0(.0 2F27%*21 62>2) c3-*023, +3-7 ')9 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,* .'35-#

<)&2,, *02 &-,, (, 1<2 *- ')9 -+ *02 2F.2%*21 .'<,2, <)123 I3*(.&2 !`HK *0232-+# P02

611>"5

cause of the loss in the case at bar was petitioner’s negligence in not ensuring that

M02*023 -3 )-* ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9 2F27%*()5 *02 ,0(%%()5 .-7%')9 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ (*, .'%*'() (, >'&(1

*02 1--3, -+ *02 ='55'52 .-7%'3*72)* -+ (*, =<, ;232 ,2.<32&9 +',*2)21# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *0(, &'./ -+ .'32: '&7-,* '&& -+ *02 &<55'52 ;', &-,*: *- *02 %32Q<1(.2 -+ *02

L>?0%D5

%'9()5 %',,2)523,#

P02 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, >'&(1# P02 >'&(1(*9 -+ *0(, ,*(%<&'*(-) (, *02 =93 F:8; -+ *0(, .',2 b1( /- '&'7 /<)5 ')- <)5 &(, 7-*' $# @* ,0-<&1 =2 )-*21 '* *02 -<*,2* *0'* *0232 (, )1(,%<*2 =2*;22) *02 %'3*(2, *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& ;', *02 E,)'%%()5 -+ *02 (3-) .0' (), ')1 *02 ,<=,2J<2)* 3-&&()5 -+ *02 &-5, *- *02 %-3*,(12 1<2 *- *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 .'%*'() () ,*-;()5 ')1 ,2.<3()5 *02 &-5, -)

-)&) ,E) :6b9:\ <>KH 96; :77c

KL

=-'31 *02 >2,,2& ')1 )-* 1<2 *- +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*#E ^(/2;(,2 <)1(,%<*21 (, *02 ,*'*<, -+ ?3(>'*2 _2,%-)12)* 62>2) c3-*023, ', ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 ;02) (* .-)*3'.*21 **3'),%-3* *02 .'35- -+ ?2*(*(-)23 o'&2)[<2&'# X>2) *02 &'**23 '17(*, *0(, () (*, %2*(*(-)# P0<,: I3*(.&2 !`KL ')1 -*023 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(,(-), -) .-77-) .'33(23, ;0(.0 ;232 .(*21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 7'9 )-* =2 '%%&(21 <)&2,, 2F%32,,&9 ,*(%<&'*21 =9 *02 %'3*(2, () *02(3 .0'3*23 %'3*9# @) ' .-)*3'.* -+ %3(>'*2 .'33('52: *02 %'3*(2, 7'9 >'&(1&9 ,*(%<&'*2 *0'* 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 *02 .'35- 32,*, ,-&2&9 -) *02 .0'3*2323: 2F27%*()5 *02 ,0(%-;)23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,, -+ -3 1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- .'<,21 2>2) =9 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 ,0(% .'%*'()# 6<.0 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, >'&(1 =2.'<,2 (* (, +322&9 2)*2321 ()*- =9 *02 %'3*(2, ')1 *02 ,'72 (, )-* .-)*3'39 *- &';: 7-3'&,: 5--1 .<,*-7,: %<=&(. -3123: -3 %<=&(. %-&(.9# @) ' .-)*3'.* -+ %3(>'*2 .'33('52: *02 %'3*(2, 7'9 +322&9 ,*(%<&'*2 *02(3 1<*(2, ')1 -=&(5'*(-), ;0(.0 %23+-3.2 ;-<&1 =2 =()1()5 -) *027# \)&(/2 () ' .-)*3'.* ()>-&>()5 ' .-77-) .'33(23: %3(>'*2 .'33('52 1-2, )-* ()>-&>2 *02 52)23'& %<=&(.# ]2).2: *02 ,*3()52)* %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -) .-77-) .'33(23, %3-*2.*()5 *02 52)23'& %<=&(. .'))-* Q<,*(+('=&9 =2 '%%&(21 *- ' ,0(% *3'),%-3*()5 .-7723.('& 5--1, ', ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23# 8-),2J<2)*&9: *02 %<=&(. %-&(.9 27=-1(21 *0232() (, )-* .-)*3'>2)21 =9 ,*(%<&'*(-), () ' .0'3*23 %'3*9 *0'* &2,,2) -3 327->2 *02 %3-*2.*(-) 5(>2) =9 &'; () .-)*3'.*, ()>-&>()5 .-77-) .'33(23,# d-4"4 $:4 MM]\\]4 '58:A67 MZ. M[[Ze +3R%&0+ */R"]/ AKN .&%#%,."/ */R"]/; LH@?@?EKHJ=; I=) ./V&0 /! +22%+3#; 3%,* 0V1R/*; +&]%% 0V1R/* AKN <+#1", 0V1R/*;JH=LEKNHK@=)

23.4!5

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hZC /70# P02 &2+* +3-)* *(32 *0'* 2F%&-121 ;', ' =3')1 )2; d--192'3 *(32 *0'* 02 7-<)*21 -) *02 =<, -)&9 L 1'9, =2+-32 *02 ().(12)*# 602 ,*'*21 *0'* '&& 13(>23 '%%&(.')*, () 4-=(1- ^()23 <)123;2)*

'.*<'& 13(>()5 *2,*, =2+-32 *029 ;232 27%&-921# P02 12+2)1')* (, ()>-/()5 *0'* *02 *(32 =&-;-<* ;', ' .',- +-3*<(*-# 6!!78f!5

!# MON *02 *(32 =&-;-<* ;', %<32&9 .',- +-*<(*-i A# MON *02 12+2)1')* =<, &()23 (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, 32,<&*()5 +3-7 *02 12'*0 -+ P(*-i

98:;5

!#

NO#

P02 2F%&-,(-) -+ *02 *(32 (, )-* () (*,2&+ ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*# P02 .'<,2 -+ *02 =&-;h-<*: (+ 1<2 *- ' +'.*-39 12+2.*: (7%3-%23 7-<)*()5: 2F.2,,(>2 *(32 %32,,<32: (, )-* ') <)'>-(1'=&2 2>2)*# O) *02 -*023 0')1: *0232 7'9 0'>2 =22) '1>23,2 .-)1(*(-), -) *02 3-'1 *0'* ;232 <)+-32,22'=&2 ')1e-3 ()2>(*'=&2: ;0(.0 .-<&1 7'/2 *02 =&-;h-<* ' .',- +-3*<(*-# P02 +'.* *0'* *02 .'<,2 -+ *02 =&-;h-<* ;', )-* /)-;) 1-2, )-* 32&(2>2 *02 .'33(23 -+ &('=(&(*9# P0232 '32 0<7') +'.*-3, ()>-&>21 () *02 ,(*<'*(-)# P02 +'.* *0'* *02 *(32 ;', )2; 1(1 )-* (7%&9 *0'* (* ;', 2)*(32&9 +322 +3-7 7')<+'.*<3()5 12+2.*, -3 *0'* (* ;', %3-%23&9 7-<)*21 -) *02 >20(.&2# N2(*023 7'9 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 *(32 =-<50* ')1 <,21 () *02 >20(.&2 (, -+ ' =3')1 )'72 )-*21 +-3 J<'&(*9: 32,<&*()5 () *02 .-).&<,(-) that it could not explode within five days’ use. Be that as it may, it is settled that an

'..(12)* .'<,21 2(*023 =9 12+2.*, () *02 '<*-7-=(&2 -3 *03-<50 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ (*, 13(>23 (, )-* ' .',- +-3*<(*- *0'* ;-<&1 2F27%* *02 .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52,# A#

4X6#

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c2.'<,2 %2*(*(-)23, +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23: ;0(.0 32,<&*21 () *02 12'*0 -+ P(*- P<7=-9: (* (, 122721 *- 0'>2 '.*21 32./&2,,&9 bI3*(.&2 !`LZ$#

KZ

MV485 3/*- RUOQ# @) .',2 -+ 12'*0 -3 ()Q<3(2, *- %',,2)523,: .-77-) .'33(23, '32

%32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 () '3*(.&2, !`HH ')1 !`LL# 3/*0#?" RUOO provides that “(a) common carrier is bound to carry the

%',,2)523, ,'+2&9 ', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >ery cautious persons, with a due regard for all the circumstances.” I..-31()5&9: () 5H=@; 5:?87;58H;= : -).2 ' %',,2)523 1(2, -3 (, ()Q<321: *02 .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9# P0(, 1(,%<*'=&2 %32,<7%*(-) 7'9 -)&9 =2 ->23.-72 =9 2>(12).2 *0'* *02 .'33(23 0'1 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 =9 I3*(.&2, !`HH:!`LL ')1 !`LZ -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -3 *0'* *02 12'*0 -3 ()Q<39 -+ *02 %',,2)523 ;', 1<2 *- ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*# 8-),2J<2)*&9: *02 .-<3* )221 ) -* 7'/2 ') 2 F%32,, +()1()5 -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 .'33(23 *- 0-&1 (* 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 1'7'52, ,-<50* =9 *02 %',,2)523 I- ;"A"%1"1 )%& .$%&0*0$%1 .%,0&+3 #$"22",- ./12+,*; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) ",#V&+,.% ./12+,* /! ,/&0$ +1%&".+; JH=LEKNHK@)

T'.*,U I* ?<23*- ?3().2,': ?'&';'): 8XNP_I^ 6]@??@Nd 8OR?IN4: @N8 32.2(>21 -) =-'31 its vessel, the M/V ‘Central Bohol’, 376 pieces *of+ Philippine Apitong Round Logs

')1 <)123*--/ *- *3'),%-3* ,'(1 ,0(%72)* *- R')(&' +-3 12&(>239 *- I&',/' ^<7=23 8-#: @).# \%-) .-7%&2*(-) -+ &-'1()5 -+ *02 .'35-: *02 >2,,2& &2+* ?'&';') ')1 .-772).21 *02 >-9'52 *- R')(&'# P02 >2,,2& 2).-<)*2321 *;- ;2'*023 disturbances, one at around 10 o’clock to 11 o’clock in the evening and the other at around 12 o’clock midnight. Both distur=').2, ;232 .-<%&21 ;(*0 ;'>2, ')1 02'>9 rains. During the 12 o’clock midnight, the ship captain ordered his men to abandon

,0(% =2.'<,2 ,2';'*23 0', '&32'19 ,22%21 () ')1 *02 &-5, ;232 '&32'19 -<* -+ %&'.2# N2>23*02&2,,: *02 >2,,2& .-7%&2*2&9 ,')/# V<2 *- *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2&: *02 .'35- ;', *-*'&&9 &-,*# “*Respondent+ alleged that the total loss of the shipment was caused by the fault

')1 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 f%2*(*(-)23g ')1 (*, .'%*'() ')1 ', 1(32.* .-),2J<2).2 *0232-+ *02 .-),(5)22 ,<++2321 1'7'52# @),<323 %'(1 *02 &-,* '.J<(321 =9 *02 .-),(5)22 I&',/' ^<7=23 8-# @).#

“*Petitioner+, while admitting the sinking of the ves sel, interposed the defense that

*02 >2,,2& ;', +<&&9 7'))21: +<&&9 2J<(%%21 ')1 () '&& 32,%2.*, ,2';-3*09G *0'* '&& *02 &-5, ;232 %3operly loaded and secured; that the v essel’s master exercised due 1(&(52).2 *- %32>2)* -3 7()(7([2 *02 &-,, =2+- 32: 1<3()5 ')1 '+*23 *02 -..<332).2 -+ the storm. “It raised as its main defense that the proximate and only cause of the

,()/()5 -+ (*, >2,,2& ')1 *02 &-,, -+ (*, .'35- ;', ' )'*<3'& 1(,',*23: ' *3-%(.'& ,*-37 which neither *petitioner+ nor the captain of its vessel could have foreseen.”

P02 _P8 ;', <).-)>().21 *0'* *02 ,()/()5 -+ Reo 82)*3'& c-0-& 0'1 =22) .'<,21 =9 *02 ;2'*023 -3 ')9 -*023 .',- +-3*<(*-# @* )-*21 *0'* 7-),--),: ;0(.0 ;232 .-77-) -..<332).2, 1<3()5 *02 7-)*0, -+ B<&9 *- V2 .27=23: .-<&1 0'>2 =22) +-32,22) ')1 %3->(121 +-3 =9 ') -.2')h5-()5 >2,,2&# 8#I# '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _P8 0-&1()5 *0'* *02 ,*-37 ;', )-* <)+-32,22'=&2# The CA also found no merit in petitioner’s assertion of the vessel’s seaworthiness.

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dI6I: ;', ') -31()'39 >(.(,,(*<12, -+ ' ,2' >-9'52 ;0(.0 .') =2 '>-(121 ;(*0 1<2 .'32# @) +'.*: *0232 ;', ')-*023 7-*-3 &'<).0 *0'* 0'1 =22) =<++2*21 =9 *02 ,'72 ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-) ;(*0() *02 ,'72 '32': 92* (* ;', '=&2 *'33(>2 ,'+2&9 '* X& N(1A# N-# V-.*3()2 -+ ^(7(*21 ^('=(&(*9 (, )-* '%%&(.'=&2# P02 1-.*3()2 -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 <)123 I3*(.&2 LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2fHZg (, )-* ' %%&(.'=&2 *- *02 %32,2)* .',2# P0(, 3<&2 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- ,(*<'*(-), () ;0(.0 *02 &-,, -3 *02 ()Q<39 (, 1<2 **02 .-).<332)* )25&(52).2 -+ *02 ,0(%-;)23 ')1 *02 .'%*'()#fH`g @* 0', '&32'19 =22) 2,*'=&(,021 *0'* *02 ,()/()5 -+ Reo 82)*3'& c-0-& 0'1 =22) .'<,21 =9 *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 ,0(% .'%*'() ')1 *02 .32;: ', ,0-;) =9 *02 (7%3-%23 ,*-;'52 -+ the cargo of logs. “Closer supervision on the part of the shipowner could have prevented this fatal miscalculation.”*38+ As such, the shipowner was equally

)25&(52)*# @* .'))-* 2,.'%2 &('=(&(*9 =9 >(3*<2 -+ *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 3<&2# Q-)&) ,E) :bba7a) /M@EBHJ 5; :775Z

K`

%(%&%00 #0%+1#$"2 ./&2/&+0"/, I=) ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN $%&,+,]%_ 0&+]",- ./) ",.) 1+&0",%_; <)S

?2*(*(-)23 *03-<50 *0(, %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2;: ,22/, *02 32>23,'& -+ *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: 1'*21 B<)2 !K: !DDL ;0(.0 '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ j'&--/') 8(*9: c3').0 !AZ +()1()5 %2*(*(-)23 &('=&2 *- %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* T'.*,U?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (7%-3*21 *0322 .3'*2, -+ =<, ,%'32 %'3*, 7'3/21 ', RI_8O 8eN-# !A: RI_8O 8eN-# !H ')1 RI_8O 8eN-# !K: +3-7 (*, ,<%%&(23: R'3<7') P3'1()5 8-7%')9: ^*1# bR'3<7') P3'1()5$: ' +-32(5) .-3%-3'*(-) =',2 1 () @)'[';': I(.0(: B'%')# P02 .3'*2, ;232 ,0(%%21 +3-7 N'5-9': B'%') *- R')(&' -) board “ADELFAEVERETTE,” ' >2,,2& owned by petitioner’s principal, Everett Orient ^()2,# P02 ,'(1 .3'*2, ;232 .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# \%-) '33(>'& '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&': (* ;', 1(,.->2321 *0'* *02 .3'*2 7'3/21 RI_8O 8e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c3').0 !AZ# O) B<&9 !Z: !DDH: *02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 Q<1572)* () +'>-3 -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: -3123()5 %2*(*(-)23 *- %'9U b'$ 4!:LLA:LCC#CCG b=$ 4AC:CCC#CC -3 (*, %2,- 2J<(>'&2)* 32%32,2)*()5 *02 '.*<'& >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- ')1 *02 7'*23('& ')1 %'./'5()5 .-,*G (c) 10% of the total amount as an award for and as contingent attorney’s fees; and

b1$ *- %'9 *02 .-,* -+ *02 ,<(*# O) '%%2'&: *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 12&2*21 *02 ';'31 -+ attorney’s fees but affirmed the trial court’s findings with the additional

-=,23>'*(-) *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* .') )-* =2 =-<)1 =9 *02 *237, ')1 .-)1(*(-), -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 =2.'<,2 (* ;', )-* %3(>9 *- *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# @,,<2 !U MON *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 .&'<,2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, >'&(1i

12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, ,').*(-)21 =9 &';: %'3*(.<&'3&9 I3*(.&2, !`KD ')1 !`LC -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ;0(.0 %3->(12U “ART. 1749. A stipulation that the common carrier’s liability is limited to

*02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&ue, is binding.” “ART. 1750. I .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02

-;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) +322&9 ')1 +'(3&9 '5reed upon.” P02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ,<=Q2.* -+ *02 %32,2)* .-)*3->23,9 ,%2.(+(.'&&9 %3->(12,: '7-)5 -*023,U “18. I&& .&'(7, +-3 ;0(.0 *02 .'33(23 7'9 =2 &('=&2 ,0'&& =2 '1Q<,*21 ')1 settled on the basis of the shipper’s net invoice cost plus freight and

(),<3').2 %327(<7,: (+ %'(1: ')1 () )- 2>2)* ,0'&& *02 .'33(23 =2 &('=&2 +-3 ')9 &-,, -+ %-,,(=&2 %3-+(*, -3 ')9 .-),2J<2)*('& &-,,# “The carrier shall not be liable for any loss of or any damage to or in any

.-))2.*(-) ;(*0: 5--1, () ') '7-<)* 2F.221()5 4!CC:CCC#CC -3 (*, 2J<(>'&2)* () ')9 -*023 .<332).9 %23 %'./'52 -3 .<,*-7'39 +32(50* <)(* b;0(.02>23 (, &2',*$ <)&2,, *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, 0(5023 *0') *0(, '7-<)* (, 12.&'321 () ;3(*()5 =9 *02 ,0(%%2 3 =2+-32 32.2(%* -+ *02 5--1, =9 *02 .'33(23 ')1 (),23*21 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ')1 2F*3' +32(50* (, %'(1 ', required.”

P02 '=->2 ,*(%<&'*(-), '32: *- -<3 7()1: 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,*# @) *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: *02 .'33(23 7'12 (* .&2'3 *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9 ;-<&1 -)&9 =2 <% *4!CC:CCC#CC# ]-;2>23: *02 ,0(%%23: R'3<7') P3'1()5: +)& *+" $C*0$% *$ &"#?)/" ) +0D+"/ G)?>)*0$% 0A *+" G)?>" $A 0*1 #)/ D$ @)1 +0D+"/ *+)% *+" ?0<0*"& ?0)F0?0*B $A *+" #)//0"/- .$%10&"/0%D *+)* *+" 1+0CC"/ &0& %$* &"#?)/" ) +0D+"/ G)?>)*0$%E 0* +)& 0*1"?A *$ F?)<" A$/ %$* #$?)*0$%1- The trial court’s ratiocination that private respondent could not have “fairly and freely” agreed to

*02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 .&'<,2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 =2.'<,2 *02 ,'(1 .-)1(*(-), ;232 %3()*21 () ,7'&& &2**23, 1-2, )-* 7'/2 *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ()>'&(1# d32'*23 >(5(&').2: 0-;2>23: (, 32J<(321 -+ *02 .-<3*, ;02) 12'&()5 ;(*0 .-)*3'.*, -+ adhesion in that the said contracts must be carefully scrutinized “in order to shield

Held 1: Yes. A stipulation in the bill of lading limiting the common carrier’s liability

+-3 &-,, -3 12,*3<.*(-) -+ ' .'35- *- ' .23*'() ,<7: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23

*02 <);'39 b-3 ;2'/23 %'3*9$ +3-7 12.2%*(>2 ,.02 72, .-)*'()21 () 32'19h7'12 covenants,” such as the bill of lading in question. P02 ,*3()52)* 32J<(3272)* ;0(.0 *02 .-<3*, '32 2)Q-()21 *- -=,23>2 (, () 32.-5)(*(-) -+ I3*(.&2 AK -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12

KY

which mandates that “(i)n all contractual, property or other relations, @+"% $%" $A *+" C)/*0"1 01 )* ) &01)&G)%*)D" $% )##$>%* $A +01 <$/)? &"C"%&"%#"E 0D%$/)%#"E 0%&0D"%#"E <"%*)? @")H%"11E *"%&"/ )D" $/ $*+"/ +)%&0#)C : *02 .-<3*, 7<,* =2 vigilant for his protection.” The s hipper, Maruman Trading, we assume, has been

2F*2),(>2&9 2)5'521 () *02 *3'1()5 =<,()2,,# @* .') )-* =2 ,'(1 *- =2 (5)-3')* -+ *02 =<,()2,, *3'),'.*(-), (* 2)*2321 ()*- ()>-&>()5 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ (*, 5--1, *- (*, .<,*-723,# P02 ,0(%%23 .-<&1 )-* 0'>2 /)-;): -3 ,0-<&1 /)-; *02 ,*(%<&'*(-), () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 *0232 (* ,0-<&1 0'>2 12.&'321 ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, ,0(%%21# R-32->23: R'3<7') P3'1()5 0', )-* =22) 02'31 *- .-7%&'() *0'* (* 0', been deceived or rushed into agreeing to ship the cargo in petitioner’s vessel. @) +'.*: (* ;', )-* 2>2) (7%&2'121 () *0(, .',2#

I=) #V, $/3"]+*#; ",.); &H=LEKNHK@) .+&2"/ 1/&+3%#; <)S

TI8P6U P02 )2;&9h;21, _<2&(*- ')1 0(, ;(+2 ,*'921 () *02 8-.- c2'.0 @,&')1 _2,-3*# 6.021<&21 +-3 *32//()5 *- *02 -*023 ,(12 -+ 8-.- c2'.0 R-<)*'(): *029 =-'3121 Rec 8-.- =2'.0 @@@# \%-) ,'(&()5: *0232 ;2 32 ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 02'>9 3'() %-<321# P02 =-'* .'%,([21 ')1 '7-)5 *02 >(.*(7, ;232 _<2&(*- ')1 0(, ;(+2# At the time of Ruelito’s death, he was 28 years old and employed as a contractual

@,,<2 AU M02*023 -3 )-* %3(>'*2 32,%- )12)*: ', .-),(5)22: ;0- (, )-* ' ,(5)'*-39 **02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, =-<)1 =9 *02 ,*(%<&'*(-), *0232-+i

;-3/23 +-3 R(*,<( X)5()223()5 a 60(%=<(&1()5 I3'=(': ^*1# () 6'<1( I3'=(': ;(*0 ' =',(. 7-)*0&9 ,'&'39 -+ lDCC# 6%,# 83<[ 127')121 ()127)(+(.'*(-) +3-7 6<) ]-&(1'9, +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ *02(3 ,-) () *02 '7-<)* -+ '* &2',* ?K:CCC:CCC# 6<)

]2&1 AU 42,# M02) %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +-37'&&9 .&'(721 32(7=<3,272)* +-3 *02 7(,,()5 5--1, +3-7 %2*(*(-)23 ')1 ,<=,2J<2)*&9 +(&21 ' .',2 '5'(),* *02 &'**23 =',21 -) *02 >239 ,'72 =(&& -+ &'1()5: (* '..2%*21 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 .-)*3'.* ')1 *0232=9 7'12 (*,2&+ ' %'3*9 *0232*-: -3 '* &2',* 0', .-72 *- .-<3* *- 2)+-3.2 (*# P0<,: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* .')not now reject or disregard the carrier’s limited &('=(&(*9 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# @) -*023 ;-31,: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (, =-<)1 =9 *02 ;0-&2 ,*(%<&'*(-), () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 7<,* 32,%2.* *02 ,'72#

]-&(1'9, 12)(21 ')9 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 *02 ().(12)* ;0(.0 (* .-),(12321 *- =2 ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*# @* )2>23*02&2,, -++2321: ', ') '.* -+ .-77(,23'*(-): *02 '7-<)* -+ ?!C:CCC *- %2*(*(-)23, <%-) *02(3 ,(5)()5 -+ ' ;'(>23# I, 6%,# 83<[ 12.&()21 6<) ]-&(1'9S, -++23: *029 +(&21 *02 8-7%&'()* '&&25()5 *0'* 6<) ]-&(1'9,: ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: ;', 5<(&*9 -+ )25&(52).2 () '&&-;()5 Rec 8-.- c2'.0 @@@ *- ,'(& )-*;(*0,*')1()5 ,*-37 ;'3)()5 =<&&2*(), (,,<21 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2

P02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 () J<2,*(-) .-)+(37, petitioner’s contention. P- 12+2'* *02

I*7-,%023(.: d2-%09,(.'& ')1 I,*3-)-7(.'& 623>(.2, I17()(,*3'*(-) b?IdI6I$ ',

carrier’s limited liability, the aforecited Clause 18 of t he bill of lading requires that *02 ,0(%%23 ,0-<&1 0'>2 &"#?)/"& 0% @/0*0%D ) +0D+"/ G)?>)*0$% -+ (*, 5--1, =2+-32 32.2(%* *0232-+ =9 *02 .'33(23 ')1 0%1"/* *+" 1)0& &"#?)/)*0$% 0% *+" F0?? $A ?)&0%D :

2'3&9 ', LUCC '#7# -+ 62%*27=23 !!: ACCC#

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

'>'(&'=&2 *- *02 52)23'& %<=&(. ', *029 -)&9 +2339 _2,-3* 5<2,*, ')1 .32; 727=23,#

6<) ]-&(1'9, 12)(21 =2()5 ' .-77-) .'33(23: '&&2 5()5 *0'* (*, =-'*, '32 )-* N-)2*02&2,,: (* .&'(721 *0'* (* 2F23.(,21 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 () 2),<3()5 *02 ,'+2*9 of its passengers; contrary to petitioners’ allegation, there was no storm on

62%*27=23 !!: ACCC ', *02 8-',* d<'31 () +'.* .&2'321 *02 >-9'52G ')1 R ec 8-.c2'.0 @@@ ;', )-* +(&&21 *- .'%'.(*9 ')1 0'1 ,<++(.(2)* &(+2 Q'./2*, +-3 (*, %',,2)523,# c9 ;'9 -+ 8-<)*23.&'(7: 6<) ]-&(1'9, '&&2521 *0'* (* (, 2)*(*&21 *- ') ';'31 +-3 attorney’s fees and litigation expenses amounting to not less than P300,000.

8'3&-, c-)J<(): .'%*'() -+ Rec 8-.- c2'.0 @@@: '>23321 *0'* *02 _2,-3* .<,*-7'3(&9 -)&) ,E) :5\9:b <>KH b7; b6:6

32J<(32, +-<3 .-)1(*(-), *- =2 72* =2+-32 ' =-'* (, '&&-;21 *- ,'(&: *- ;(*U b!$ *02

#2/V#%# ]+,0% .&V_ AKN 3%/,/&+ .&V_; 2H@?@?EKHJ=;

,2' (, .'&7: bA$ *0232 (, .&2'3').2 +3-7 *02 8-',* d<'31: bH$ *0232 (, .&2'3').2 +3-7

KD

the captain and (4) there is clearance from the Resort’s assistant manager. He

R()1-3-# c9 *02 *2,*(7-)9 -+ V3# T3(,.- N(&-: ,<%23>(,()5 ;2'*023 ,%2.('&(,* -+

'1121 *0'* Rec 8-.- c2'.0 @@@ 72* '&& +-<3 .-)1(*(-), -) 62 %*27=23 !!: ACCC:D =<*

?IdI6I: ,J<'&&, '32 *- =2 2F%2.*21 <)123 ,<.0 ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-)#

' ,<=',.- -3 ,J<'&&: .0'3'.*23([21 =9 ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 =(5 ;'>2,: ,<112)&9

I >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-) 2F23.(,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 ;-<&1 *0<, )-* =3'>2 ,<.0

-..<3321: .'<,()5 *02 =-'* *- .'%,([2#

stormy weather and put other people’s lives at risk. The 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2

_P8 1(,7(,,21 6%,# 83<[S, 8-7%&'()* ')1 6<) ]-&(1'9S, 8-<)*23.&'(7# 6%,# 83<[ +(&21

32J<(321 -+ .-77-) .'33(23, 127')1, *0'* *029 * '/2 .'32 -+ *02 5--1, -3 &(>2,

' R-*(-) +-3 _2.-),(123'*(-): =<* (* ;', 12)(21# O) '%%2'&: 8I 12)(21 *02(3 '%%2'&

2)*3<,*21 *- *02(3 0')1, ', (+ *029 ;232 *02(3 -;)# P0(, 32,%-)12)* +'(&21 *- 1-#

0-&1()5 *0'* 6<) ]-&(1'9, (, ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 ;0(.0 (, -)&9 32J<(321 *- -=,23>2 -31()'39 1(&(52).2G *0'* 32,%-)12)* () +'.* -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ()

P02 2&272)*, -+ ' E+-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*E '32U b'$ *02 .'<,2 -+ *02 <)+-32,22) ')1 <)2F%2.*21 -..<332).2: -3 *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 12=*-3, *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 *02(3

*3'),%-3*()5 (*, 5<2,*, -) =-'31 Rec 8-.- c2'.0 @@@G ')1 *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2

-=&(5'*(-),: 7<,* 0'>2 =22) ()12%2)12)* -+ 0<7') ;(&&G b=$ *02 2>2)* *0'*

-+ *02 ().(12)* ;', ' ,J<'&&: ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*# 6%,# 83<[ +(&21 '5'() (*, R_: =<* (*

.-),*(*<*21 *02 .',- +-3*<(*- 7<,* 0'>2 =22) (7%-,,(=&2 *- +-32,22 -3: (+

;', '5'() 12)(21# ]2).2: *0(, %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2;#

+-32,22'=&2: (7%-,,(=&2 *- '>-(1G b.$ *02 -..<332).2 7<,* 0'>2 =22) ,<.0 ', *-

@66\X6U

32)123 (* (7%-,,(=&2 +-3 *02 12=*-3, *- +<&+(&& *02(3 -=&(5'*(-) () ' )- 37'& 7'))23G

M02*023 -3 )-* 6<) ]-&(1'9, (, '* +'<&* -3 )25&(52)* ', ' .-77-) .'33(23i

')1 b1$ *02 -=&(5-3 7<,* 0'>2 =22) +322 +3-7 ')9 %'3*(.(%'*(-) () *02 ' 553'>'*(-) -+

M02*023 -3 )-* 6%-<,2, 83<[ '32 2)*(*&21 *- ()127)(*9 +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ *02(3 ,-)i

*02 32,<&*()5 ()Q<39 *- *02 .321(*-3#AK

]X^VU

P- +<&&9 +322 ' .-77-) .'33(23 +3-7 ')9 &('=(&(*9: *02 +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* 7<,* 0'>2

4X6: 6<) ]-&(1'9, (, '* +'<&* -3 )25&(52)* ', ' .-77-) .'33(23#

=22) *02 %3-F(7'*2 ')1 -)&9 .'<,2 -+ *02 &-,,# I)1 (* ,0-<&1 0'>2 2F23.(,21 1<2

\)123 *02 8(>(& 8-12: .-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 +-3 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027: '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2# P029 '32 =-<)1 *- .'339 *02 %',,2)523, ,'+2&9 ', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1

1(&(52).2 *- %32>2)* -3 7()(7([2 *02 &-,, =2+- 32: 1<3()5 ')1 '+*23 *02 -..<332).2 -+ *02 +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*# A# 4X6: *02 6%-<,2, 83<[ '32 2)*(*&21 *- ()127)(*9 +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ *02(3 ,-)# hI3*(.&2 !`ZK >(,hth>(, I3*(.&2 AACZ -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 0-&1, *02 .-77-) .'33(23 ()

+-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-),: ;(*0 1<2

=32'.0 -+ (*, .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 *0'* 32,<&*, () *02 12'*0 -+ ' %',,2)523 &('=&2 *-

325'31 +-3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,#

%'9 *02 +-&&-;()5U b!$ ()127)(*9 +-3 12'*0: bA$ ()127)(*9 +-3 &-,, -+ 2'3)()5 .'%'. (*9

M02) ' %',,2)523 1(2, -3 (, ()Q<321 () *02 1(,.0'352 -+ ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: (* (,

')1 bH$ 7-3'& 1'7'52,#

%32,<721 *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 (, '* +'<&* -3 )25&(52)*# @) +'.*: *0232 (, 2>2) )-

hP02 ()127)(*9 +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ *02(3 ,-) (, +(F21 '* ?LC: CCC# AD#

)221 +-3 *02 .-<3* *- 7'/2 ') 2F%32,, +()1()5 -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+

hI, +-3 1'7'52, 32%32,2)*()5 <)2'3)21 ().-72: *02 +-37<&' +-3 (*, .-7%<*'*(-) (,U

*02 .-77-) .'33(23# P0(, ,*'*<*-39 %32,<7%*(-) 7'9 -)&9 =2 ->23.-72 =9 2>(12).2 *0'* *02 .'33(23 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# P02 2>(12).2 ,0-;, *0'* ?IdI6I (,,<21 AKh0-<3 %<=&(. ;2'*023 +-32.',*, ')1 *3-%(.'& .9.&-)2 ;'3)()5, +-3 ,0(%%()5 -) 62%*27=23 !C ')1 !!: ACCC '1>(,()5 -+ *3-%(.'& 12%32,,(-), () N-3*023) ^<[-) ;0(.0 ;-<&1 '&,- '++2.* *02 %3->().2 -+

N2* X'3)()5 8'%'.(*9 u &(+2 2F%2.*').9 F b53-,, '))<'& ().-72 h 32',-)'=&2 ')1 )2.2,,'39 &(>()5 2F%2),2,$# ^(+2 2F%2.*').9 (, 12*237()21 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 +-37<&'U A e H F fYC — '52 -+ 12.2',21 '* *02 *(72 -+ 12'*0g

LC

P02 +(3,* +'.*-3: (#2#: & (+2 2F%2.*').9: (, .-7%<*21 =9 '%%&9()5 * 02 +-37<&' bAeH F fYC

?<3,<')* *- I3*(.&2 AACY -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: '**-3)2 9S, +22, 7'9 '&,- =2 ';' 3121

— '52 '* 12'*0g$ '1-%*21 () *02 I723(.') XF%2.*').9 P'=&2 -+ R-3*'&(*9 -3 *02

;0232 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, '32 ';'3121# P02 8-<3* +()1, *0'* !Ck -+ *02 *-*'&

I.*<'3('& -+ 8-7=()21 XF%23(2).2 P'=&2 -+ R-3*'&(*9#

'7-<)* '1Q<1521 '5'(),* 6<) ]-&(1'9, (, 32',-)'=&2 +-3 *02 %<3%-,2#

P02 ,2.-)1 +'.*-3 (, .-7%<*21 =9 7<&*(%&9()5 *02 &(+2 2F%2.*').9 =9 *02 )2*

T()'&&9: X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2,: @).# ># 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, *2'.02, *0'* ;02) ')

2'3)()5, -+ *02 12.2',21: (#2#: *02 *-*'& 2'3)()5, &2,, 2F%2),2, )2.2,,'39 () *02

-=&(5'*(-): 325'31&2,, -+ (*, ,-<3.2: (#2#: &';: .-)*3'.*,: J<',(h.-)*3'.*,: 12&(.*, -3

.32'*(-) -+ ,<.0 2'3)()5, -3 ().-72 ')1 &2,, &(>()5 ')1 -*023 ().(12)*'& 2F%2),2,#

J<',(h12&(.*, (, =32'.021: *02 .-)*3'>2)-3 .') =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 %'972)* -+ ()*232,*

P02 &-,, (, )-* 2J<(>'&2)* *- *02 2)*(32 2'3)()5, -+ *02 12.2',21: =<* -)&9 ,<.0

() *02 .-).2%* -+ '.*<'& ')1 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52,: ,<=Q2.* *- *02 +-&&-;()5 3<&2,:

%-3*(-) ', 02 ;-<&1 0'>2 <,21 *- ,<%%-3* 0(, 12%2)12)*, -3 02(3,# ]2).2: *- =2

*- ;(* —

121<.*21 +3-7 0(, 53-,, 2'3)()5, '32 *02 )2.2,,'39 2F%2),2, ,<%%-,21 *- =2 <,21

!# M02) *02 -=&(5'*(-) (, =32'.021: ')1 (* .-),(,*, () *02 %'972)* -+ ' ,<7 -+

=9 *02 12.2',21 +-3 0(, -;) )221,#

7-)29: (#2#: ' &-') -3 +-3=2'3').2 -+ 7-)29: *02 ()*232,* 1<2 ,0-<&1 =2 *0'* ;0(.0

@) .-7%<*()5 *02 *0(31 +'.*-3 – )2.2,,'39 &(>()5 2F%2),2: 67(*0 c2&& V-1;2&&

7'9 0'>2 =22) ,*(%<&'*21 () ;3(*()5# T<3*0237-32: *02 ()*232,* 1<2 ,0'&& (*,2&+ 2'3)

60(%%()5 I52).9 8-3%# ># c-3Q' *2'.02, *0'* ;02): ', () *0(, .',2: *0232 (, )-

&25'& ()*232,* +3-7 *02 *(72 (* (, Q<1(.('&&9 127')121# @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ,*(%<&'*(-):

,0-;()5 *0'* *02 &(>()5 2F%2),2, .-),*(*<*21 *02 ,7'&&23 %23.2)*'52 -+ *02 53-,,

*02 3'*2 -+ ()*232,* ,0'&& =2 !Ak %23 '))<7 *- =2 .-7%<*21 +3-7 12+'<&*: (#2#: +3-7

().-72: *02 &(>()5 2F%2),2, '32 +(F21 '* 0'&+ -+ *02 53-,, ().-72#

Q<1(.('& -3 2F*3'Q<1(.('& 127')1 <)123 ')1 ,<=Q2.* *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ I3*(.&2 !!ZD

I%%&9()5 *02 '=->2 5<(12&()2,: *02 8-<3* 12*237()2, _<2&(*-S, &(+2 2F%2.*').9 ', +-&&-;,U ^(+2 2F%2.*').9 u AeH F fYC h '52 -+ 12.2',21 '* *02 *(72 -+ 12'*0g AeH F fYC h AYg AeH F fLAg ^(+2 2F%2.*').9 u HL V-.<72)*'39 2>(12).2 ,0-;, *0'* _<2&(*- ;', 2'3)()5 ' =',(. 7-)*0&9 ,'&'39 -+ lDCCHL ;0(.0: ;02) .-)>23*21 *- ?0(&(%%()2 %2,- '%%&9()5 *02 '))<'& '>23'52 exchange rate of $1 = P44 in 2000,36 amounts to P39,600. Ruelito’s net earning

.'%'.(*9 (, *0<, .-7%<*21 ', +-&&-;,U N2* X'3)()5 8'%'.(*9 u &(+2 2F%2.*').9 F b53-,, '))<'& ().-72 h 32',-)'=&2 ')1 )2.2,,'39 &(>()5 2F%2),2,$# u HL F b?K`L:ACC h ?AH`:ZCC$ u HL F b?AH`:ZCC$ N2* X'3)()5 8'%'.(*9 u ?Y:H!Z:CCC \)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: (* (, 32',-)'=&2 *- ';'31 6%,# 83<[ *02 '7-<)* -+

-+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# A# M02) ') -=&(5'*(-): )-* .-),*(*<*()5 ' &-') -3 +-3=2'3').2 -+ 7-)29: (, =32'.021: ') ()*232,* -) *02 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52, ';'3121 7'9 =2 (7%-,21 '* *02 1(,.32*(-) -+ *02 .-<3* '* *02 3'*2 -+ Zk %23 '))<7# N- ()*232,*: 0-;2>23: ,0'&& =2 '1Q<1521 -) <)&(J<(1'*21 .&'(7, -3 1'7'52, 2F.2%* ;02) -3 <)*(& *02 127')1 .') =2 2,*'=&(,021 ;(*0 32',-)'=&2 .23*'()*9# I..-31()5&9: ;0232 *02 127')1 (, 2,*'=&(,021 ;(*0 32',-)'=&2 .23*'()*9: *02 ()*232,* ,0'&& =25() *- 3<) +3-7 *02 *(72 *02 .&'(7 (, 7'12 Q<1(.('&&9 -3 2F*3'Q<1(.('&&9 bI3*# !!ZD: 8(>(& 8-12$ =<* ;02) ,<.0 .23*'()*9 .'))-* =2 ,- 32',-)'=&9 2,*'=&(,021 '* *02 *(72 *02 127')1 (, 7'12: *02 ()*232,* ,0'&& =25() *- 3<) -)&9 +3 -7 *02 1'*2 *02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 .-<3* (, 7'12 b'* ;0(.0 *(72 *02 J<')*(+(.'*(-) -+ 1'7'52, 7'9 =2 122721 *- 0'>2 =22) 32',-)'=&9 ',.23*'()21$# P02 '.*<'& =',2 +-3 *02 .-7%<*'*(-) -+ &25'& ()*232,* ,0'&&: () ')9 .',2: =2 -) *02 '7-<)* +()'&&9 '1Q<1521# H# M02) *02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 .-<3* ';'31()5 ' ,<7 -+ 7-)29 =2.-72, +()'& ')1 2F2.<*-39: *02 3'*2 -+ &25'& ()*232,*: ;02*023 *02 .',2 +'&&, <)123 %'3'53'%0 ! -3 %'3'53'%0 A: '=->2: ,0'&& =2 !Ak %23 ' ))<7 +3-7 ,<.0 +()'&(*9 <)*(& (*, ,'*(,+' .*(-):

?!CC:CCC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52, ')1 ?!CC:CCC ', 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,#

L!

*0(, ()*23(7 %23(-1 =2()5 122721 *- =2 =9 *02) ') 2J<(>'&2)* *- ' +-3=2'3').2 -+ .321(*# b27%0',(, ,<%%&(21$# 6().2 *02 '7-<)*, %'9'=&2 =9 32,%-)12)* 0'>2 =22) 12*237()21 ;(*0 .23*'()*9 -)&9 () *02 %32,2)* %2*(*(-): *02 ()*232,* 1<2 ,0'&& =2 .-7%<*21 <%-) *02 +()'&(*9 -+

9"?&5 d"1- \)123 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ I3*(.&2 HZ!: *02 12+2)1')*h.'33(23 () -3123 *- +322

(*,2&+ +3-7 &('=(&(*9: ;', -)&9 -=&(521 *- %3->2 *0'* *02 1'7'52, ,<++2321 =9 *02 5--1, ;232 E=9 >(3*<2 -+ *02 )'*<32 -3 12+2.* -+ *02 '3*(.&2,#E I3*(.&2 HZ! -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 %3->(12,U #

*0(, 12.(,(-) '* *02 3'*2 -+ !Ak %23 '))<7 <)*(& ,'*(,+'.*(-): () '..-31').2 ;(*0

I_P# HZ!# — P02 723.0')1(,2 ,0'&& =2 *3'),%-3*21 '* *02 3(,/ ')1 >2)*<32 -+ *02 ,0(%%23: (+ *02 .-)*3'39 0', )-* =22) 2F%32,,&9 ,*(%<&'*21#

%'3'53'%0 )<7=23 H -+ *02 (7721('*2&9 .(*21 5<(12&()2 () X',*23 60(%%()5 ^()2,: @).#

I, ' .-),2J<2).2: '&& *02 &-,,2, ')1 12*23(-3'*(-), ;0(.0 *02 5--1, 7'9 ,<++23 1<3()5 *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) =9 32',-) -+ +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*: +-3.2 7'Q2<32: -3 *02 ()0232)* )'*<32 ')1 12+2.* -+ *02 5--1,: ,0'&& =2 +-3 *02 '..-<)* ')1 3(,/ -+ *02 ,0(%%23#

#/V0$%&, 3",%#; ",.); I ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN ."0* /! "3/"3/ -)&) ,E) 34:\\b7

AJD 9:; :7\b

]% 3%/,; <)S ]HFHK=H AKN .EKN?@?EK=

2)#*15 8(*9 -+ @&-(&- 32J<(,(*(-)21 +-3 3(.2 +3-7 *02 N'*(-)'& _(.2 ')1 8-3)

8-3%-3'*(-) b0232'+*23 32+23321 *- ', NI_@8$ () R')(&'# NI_@8: %<3,<')* *- *02 -3123: ,0(%%21 3(.2 .-),(5)21 *- *02 8(*9 -+ @&-(&- -) =-'31 *02 66 Ed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

,0(%%21#

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bD I7 B<3# YZD#$ T<3*0237-32: '..-31()5 *- *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: E'%%2&&')* b%2*(*(-)23$ (*,2&+ +3')/&9 '17(**21 *0'* *02 ,*3()5, *0'* *(21 *02 ='5, -+ 3(.2 ;232 =3-/2)G ,-72 ='5, ;232 ;(*0 0-&2, ')1 %&2)*9 -+ 3(.2 ;232 ,%(&&21 (),(12 *02 0<&& -+ *02 =-'*: ')1 *0'* *02 %23,-))2& -+ *02 =-'* .-&&2.*21 )- &2,, *0') AZ ,'./, -+ 3(.2 ;0(.0 *029 0'1 1(,*3(=<*21 '7-)5 *027,2&>2,#E P0(, +()1()5: ;0(.0 (, =()1()5 <%-) *0(, 8-<3*: ,0-;, *0'* *02 ,0-3*'52 32,<&*21 +3-7 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ %2*(*(-)23# O- ;>/)*0$% $A L"1C$%10F0?0*B

1"0#V" /)#)^) 3",%# 30]); JHLJH=HK@HN BD 1+-#+*#+* +-%,."%#; ",.); LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN 3+(",% 3/V,-%X%+& 1!-) ./&2); JH=LEKNHK@=)

TI8P6U ?2*(*(-)23 R(*,<( O#6#j# ^()2, ^*1# (, ' +-32(5) .-3%-3'*(-) 32%32,2)*21 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, =9 (*, '52)*: R'5,'9,'9 I52).(2,# @* 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 *03-<50 R2(,*23 P3'),%-3*: @).#: ') ()*23)'*(-)'& +32(50* +-3;'3123: ;(*0 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ^'>()2 ^-<)52;2'3 R')<+'.*<3()5 8-3%-3'*(-) *- *3'),%-3* 5--1, -+ *02 &'**23 +3-7 R')(&' *- ^2 ]'>32: T3').2# ?2*(*(-)23 <)123*--/ *- 12&(>23 *02 5--1, *- T3').2 AY 1'9, +3-7 ( )(*('& &-'1()5# O) B<&9 AK: !DD!: %2*(*(-)23S,

LA

>2,,2& &-'121 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*S, .-)*'()23 >') +-3 .'33('52 '* *02 ,'(1 %-3* -+ -3(5()#

>'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, (, )-* 1<2 *- *02(3 12*23(-3'*(-) -3 1(,'%%2'3').2 =2.'<,2 *029 0'1 =22) 1'7'521 () *3'),(*#

]-;2>23: () j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d--1, =9 62' I.*# P02 _P8 12)(21 %2*(*(-)23S, 7-*(-) ', ;2&& ', (*, ,<=,2J<2)* 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-)# O) %2*(*(-) +-3 .23*(-3'3(: *02 8I ,ustained the RTC’s orders.

#V32"."/ 3",%#; ",.) I=) !"� 3%2+,0/40+"#$/ ",#V&+,.% ./&2/&+0"/,

@66\XU M02*023 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*S, '.*(-) (, +-3 E&-,, -3 1'7'52E *- 5--1, ,0(%%21: ;(*0() *02 72')()5 -+ vHbZ$ -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* b8Od6I$# ]X^VU N-# P02 ,<(* (, )-* +-3 E&-,, -3 1'7'52E *- 5--1, .-)*27%&'*21 () vHbZ$: *02 J<2,*(-) -+ %32,.3(%*(-) -+ '.*(-) (, 5->23)21 )-* =9 *02 8Od6I =<* =9 I3*# !!KK -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ;0(.0 %3->(12, +-3 ' %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1 -+ *2) 92'3,# I, 12+()21 () *02 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 ', '%%&(21 *- 62.*(-) HbZ$: %'3'53'%0 K -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*: E&-,,E .-)*27%&'*2, 7232&9 ' ,(*<'*(-) ;0232 )- 12&(>239 '* '&& ;', 7'12 =9 *02 ,0(%%23 -+ *02 5--1, =2.'<,2 *02 ,'72 0'1 %23(,021: 5-)2 -<* -+ .-7723.2: -3 1(,'%%2'321 () ,<.0 ' ;'9 *0'* *02(3 2F(,*2).2 (, <)/)-;) -3 *029 .'))-* =2 32.->2321# P0232 ;-<&1 =2 ,-72 723(* () '%%2&&')*S, (),(,*2).2 *0'* *02 1'7'52, ,<++2321 =9 0(7 ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 12&'9 () *02 ,0(%72)* -+ 0(, .'35- '32 )-* .->2321 =9 *02 %32,.3(%*(>2 %3->(,(-) -+ * 02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* '=->2 32+23321 *-: (+ ,<.0 1'7'52, ;232 1<2: )-* *- *02 12*23(-3'*(-) ')1 12.'9 -+ *02 5--1, ;0(&2 () *3'),(*: =<* *- -*023 .'<,2, ()12%2)12)* -+ *02 .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 .'35- <%-) '33(>'&: &(/2 ' 13-% () *02(3 7' 3/2* >'&<2# 6'(1 -)2h92'3 %23(-1 -+ &(7(*'*(-) (, 12,(5)21 *- 722* *02 2F(52).(2, -+ 7'3(*(72 0'['31,# @) ' .',2 ;0232 *02 5--1, ,0(%%21 ;232 )2(*023 &-,* )-3 1'7'521 () *3'),(* =<* ;232: -) *02 .-)*3'39: 12&(>2321 () %-3* *- ,-72-)2 ;0- .&'(721 *- =2 2)*(*&21 *0232*-: *02 ,(*<'*(-) (, 1(++232)*: ')1 *02 ,%2.('& )221 +-3 *02 ,0-3* %23(-1 -+ &(7(*'*(-) () .',2, -+ &-,, -3 1'7'52 .'<,21 =9 7'3(*(72 %23(&, 1-2, )-* -=*'()# @) *02 .',2 '* ='3: *0232 (, )2(*023 12*23(-3'*(-) )-3 1(,'%%2'3').2 )-3 12,*3<.*(-) -+ 5--1, .'<,21 =9 *02 .'33(23S, =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.*# M0'*2>23 321<.*(-) *0232 7'9 0'>2 =22) () *02

-)&) ,E) :a69a7) <>KH b7; b668 .$"./4,+_+&"/; <)

23.4!5 P'(9- 4<12) ?0(&(%%()2,: @).# b-;)23 -+ *02 5--1,$ ')1 V2&=3-,: @).#

b,0(%%23$ 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.*: 2>(12).21 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 (,,<21 =9 *02 &'**23 () +'>-3 -+ *02 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,: +-3 V2&=3-,: @).# *- *3'),%-3* ' ,0(%72)* -+ 5--1, .-),(,*()5 -+ H ;--12) .3'*2, .-)*'()()5 !HZ .'3*-), -+ ()1<.*-3, ')1 ^8 .-7%-<)1 -) =-'31 *02 o 6()5'%-32 oAC +3-7 82=< 8(*9 *- 6()5'%-32 () +'>-3 -+ *02 .-),(5)22: P'(9- 4<12) 6()5'%-32 ?*2: ^*1# T-3 *02 .'33('52 -+ ,'(1 ,0(%72)* +3-7 82=< *- R')(&': V2&=3-,: @).# 2)5'521 *02 ,23>(.2, -+ *02 >2,,2& Reo ?0(&(%%()2 ?3().2,,: -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 6<&%(.(- ^()2,: @).# b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hP'(,0- @),<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-) b(),<323$ ')1 *02 &'**23 %'(1 *02 ,'72# _2,%-)12)*h(),<323 *02) +(&21 .&'(7, +-3 32(7=<3,272)* +3-7 V2&=3-,: @).# ')1 6<&%(.(- ^()2,: @).# ;0(.0 ;232 ,<=,2J<2)*&9 12)(21# P0<,: (* +(&21 ' ,<(* +-3 1'7'52, ;(*0 *02 *3('& .-<3* '5'(),* V2&=3-,: @).# ')1 0232() %2*(*(-)23h.'33(23# _P8 1(,7(,,21 *02 .&'(7# 8I 32>23,21 *02 1(,7(,,'& -+ *02 .-7%&'()* =9 _P8 ')1 -312321 V2&=3-, ')1 6<&%(.(- Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2# P0<,: *0(, (),*')* %2*(*(-)# V2&=3-, @).# (, )- &-)523 ' %'3*9 () *0(, .',2 =2.'<,2 (*, '%%2'& ;', 1(,7(,,21 +-3 =2()5 +(&21 -<* -+ *(72# I, ' .-),2J<2).2: (* %'(1 () +<&& *02 '7-<)* -+ *02 1'7'52, ';'3121 =9 8I *- *02 32,%-)12)*h(),<323# c2+-32 *0(, 8-<3*: V2&=3-,: @).# %3'9, +-3 32(7=<3,272)*: .-)*3(=<*(-): -3 ()127)(*9 +3-7 6<&%(.(- ^()2,# 6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* %2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 =2 &('=&2 +-3 *02 1'7'52, -+ 5--1,# 98:;5 42,# @* .'))-* =2 12)(21 *0'* *02 ,0(%72)* ,<,*'()21 1'7'52 ;0(&2 () *02

.<,*-19 -+ %2*(*(-)23h.'33(23# ?2*(*(-)23h.'33(23 .-)*2)1, *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9: (+ ')9: (, -)&9 *- *02 2F*2)* -+ *02 .'35- 1'7'52 -3 &-,, ')1 ,0-<&1 )-* ().&<12 *02 &'./ -+ +(*)2,, -+ *02 ,0(%72)* +-3 *3'),%-3* *- 6()5'%-32 1<2 *- *02 1'7'521 %'./()5#

LH

P0(, (, 233-)2-<,# @* 7<,* =2 ,*32,,21 *0'* () *02 .',2 '* ='3: *02 1'7'52 ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 %'./'5()5 -+ *02 .'35- ;0(&2 () %2*(*(-)23hcarrier’s custody resulted in its <)+(*)2,, *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 *- (*, .-),(5)22 () 6()5'%-32# 6<.0 +'(&<32 *- ,0(% *02 .'35- *- (*, +()'& 12,*()'*(-) =2.'<,2 -+ *02 3<()21 %'./'5()5: ()1221: 32,<&*21 () 1'7'52, -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,# P02 +'&&()5 -+ *02 .3'*2 1<3()5 *02 <)&-'1()5 (, 2>(12).2 -+ %2*(*(-)23hcarrier’s )25&(52).2 () 0')1&()5 *02 .'35-# I, ' .-77-) .'33(23: (* (, 2F%2.*21 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 0')1&()5 -+ 5--1, %&'.21 () (*, %-,,2,,(-) +-3 *3'),%-3*# P02 ,*')1'31 -+ 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 (7%-,21 <%-) .-77-) .'33(23, (, .-),(123'=&9 7-32 127')1()5 *0') *02 ,*')1'31 -+ -31()'39 1(&(52).2: (#2#: *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1%'*23+'7(&(', 2,*'=&(,021 () 32,%2.* -+ *02 -31()'39 32&'*(-), =2*;22) 727=23, -+ ,-.(2*9# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, =-<)1 *- *3'),%-3* (*, .'35- ')1 (*, %',,2)523, ,'+2&9 E', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ ' >ery cautious person, with due regard to all circumstances.” P02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, *2)12321 +-3 ,0(%72)* 32J<(32, *02 .-77-) .'33(23 *- /)-; ')1 *- +-&&-; *02 32J<(321 %32.'<*(-) +-3 '>-(1()5 *02 1'7'52 *-: -3 12,*3<.*(-) -+: *02 5--1, 2)*3<,*21 *- (* +-3 ,'+2 .'33('52 ')1 12&(>239# @* 32J<(32, .-77-) .'33(23, *- 32)123 ,23>(.2 ;(*0 *02 greatest skill and foresight and “to use all reasonable means to ascertain the nature

*0(, 8-<3*: (* )-* =2()5 ' %'3*9 *- *02 (),*')* .',2# N-*;(*0,*')1()5: *0(, ,0'&& )-* ='3 ')9 '.*(-) V2&=3-,: @).# 7'9 (),*(*<*2 '5'(),* 6<&%(.(- ^()2,: @).# ;(*0 32,%2.* **02 1'7'52, *02 &'**23 (, &('=&2 *- %'9# ./+#0X"#% 3"-$0%&+-% ./&2/&+0"/,; @68989:?67. 234 ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN @GH 2$"3"22",% -%,%&+3 ",#V&+,.% ./12+,*; 763@:?<6?83) -)&) ,E) ::a:\c <>CD :b; :778 !&+,."#./; &); <)

P0(, (, ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; -) *02 8I V2.(,(-) '++(37()5 *02 _P8 R')(&' V2.(,(-) () 0-&1()5 *0'* 0232() %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 *- %'9 0232() %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* *02 '7-<)* -+ ?`CC:CCC#CC: %&<, &25'& ()*232,* *0232-): ')-*023 ,<7 -+ ?!CC:CCC#CC ', '**-3)29S, +22, ')1 *02 .-,* -+ *02 ,<(*# 23.4!

?'5h',' 6'&2,: @).# b?'5h','$

h .-),(5)22

8-',*;(,2 ^(50*23'52 8-3%-3'*(-) b8-',*;(,2$

h .'33(23

?0(&(%%()2 d2)23'& @),<3').2 8-7%')9 b?0(&d2)$

h (),<323

')1 .0'3'.*23(,*(. -+ 5--1, *2)12321 +-3 ,0(%72)*: ')1 *- 2F23.(,2 1<2 .'32 () *02 handling and stowage, including such methods as their nature requires.”

P0<,: ;02) *02 ,0(%72)* ,<++2321 1'7'52, ', (* ;', =2()5 <)&-'121: %2*(*(-)23h .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) )25&(52)* () *02 0')1&()5 -+ *02 1'7'521 .'35-# \)123 I3*(.&2, !`HL ')1 !`LA -+ *02 N88: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9 () .',2 *02 5--1, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027 '32 &-,*: 12,*3-921 -3 0'1 12*23(-3'*21# P- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ &('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ 5--1, <)123 I3*(.&2 !`HL: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7<,* %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', 32J<(321 () I3*(.&2 !`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# P0(,: %2*(*(-)23 +'(&21 *- 1-# ]2).2: ;2 <%0-&1 *02 3<&()5 -+ *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* *0'* 0232() %2*(*(-)23h.'33(23 (, &('=&2 *- %'9 *02 '7-<)* %'(1 =9 32,%-)12)*h(),<323 +-3 *02 1'7'52, ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,# ]OMXoX_: ,().2 V2&=3-, @).# '&32'19 %'(1 *02 +<&& '7-<)* (* ;(&& =2 *')*'7-<)* *- <)Q<,* 2)3(.072)* +-3 32,%-)12)*h(),<323 *- '5'() 32.->23 1'7'52, +3-7 6<&%(.(- ^()2,# With respect to Delbros, Inc.’s prayer that in case the decision in the instant case be

'1>23,2 *- %2*(*(-)23h.'33(23: ' %3-)-<).272)* ', *- *02 7'**23 -+ 32(7=<3,272)*: ()127)(+(.'*(-) -3 .-)*3(=<*(-) () +'>-3 -+ V2&=3-,: @).# =2 ().&<121 () *02 12.(,(-): *0(, 8-<3* ;(&& )-* %',, <%-) ,'(1 (,,<2 ,().2 V2&=3-,: @).# 0', )- %23,-)'&(*9 =2+-32

?'5h',' .-)*3'.*21 ;(*0 8-',*;(,2 +-3 *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 7-&',,2, +3-7 *02 %3->().2 -+ N253-, *- R')(&' <,()5 *02 &'**23S, 1<7= ='352,# P02 ='352, ;232 *-;21 () *')127 =9 *02 *<5=-'* RP R'3(.': ;0(.0 (, &(/2;(,2 -;)21 =9 8-',*;(,2# P02 %'*3-) -+ *02 >2,sel “Coastwise 9” was Jesus R. Constantino who was <)&(.2),21#

\%-) 32'.0()5 R')(&' c'9: ;0(&2 '%%3-'.0()5 ?(23 !Y: -)2 -+ *02 ='352,: E8-',*;(,2 DE: ,*3<./ ') <)/)-;) ,<)/2) -=Q2.*# P02 -=Q2.* *<3)21 -<* *- =2 ' ,<=723521 1232&(.* >2,,2&# P02 +-3;'31 =<-9').9 .-7%'3*72)* ;', 1'7'521: ')1 ;'*23 5<,021 () *03-<50 ' 0-&2 E*;- ().02, ;(12 ')1 *;2)*9h*;- ().02, &-)5#E I, ' .-),2J<2).2: *02 7-&',,2, '* *02 .'35- *')/, ;232 .-)*'7()'*21 ')1 32)12321 <)+(* +-3 *02 <,2 (* ;', ()*2)121# P0(, %3-7%*21 *02 ?'5h',' *- 32Q2.* *02 ,0(%72)* -+ 7-&',,2, ', ' *-*'& &-,,# P0232'+*23: ?'5h',' +(&21 ' +-37'& .&'(7 ;(*0 ?0(&d2) -+ (*, &-,* .'35- ')1 '5'(),* 8-',*;(,2# P02 &'**23 12)(21 *02 .&'(7 ;0(.0 %3-7%*21 ?0(&d2) *- %'9 ?0% `CC:CCC#CC ', *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 1'7'521 .'35- -+ 7-&',,2,#

LK

?0(&d2) +(&21 ') '.*(-) *- 32.->23 *02 ,'(1 '7-<)* '5'(),* 8-',*;(,2 =2+-32 _P8 R')(&'#

;(*0 0(, -;) %2-%&2 ')1 =2.-72, *02 -;)23 @7: D;5 2956 : ,<=Q2.* *- &('=(&(*9 *- -*023, +-3 1'7'52, .'<,21 =9 )25&(52).2# P- .32'*2 ' 127(,2: *02 -;)23 -+ ' >2,,2& 7<,* .-7%&2*2&9 ')1 2F.&<,(>2&9 32&()J<(,0 %-,,2,,(-): .-77')1 ')1 )'>(5'*(-) *0232-+ *- *02 .0'3*2323#

"!) b;?9=; +65939:?

@* ';'3121 *02 '7-<)* %3'921 +-3 =9 ?0(&d2)#

)# +65939:?

P02 ';'31 ;', '++(3721#

]2).2: 8-',*;(,2 +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; =2+-32 *02 68#

=#

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6!!78!

!#

A#

MON 8-',*;(,2 ;', *3'),+-3721 ()*- ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23: =9 >(3*<2 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)* ;0(.0 (* 2)*2321 ()*- ;(*0 *02 .-),(5)22: ?'5h',' 6'&2,: @).# 8-3-&&'3(&9: (+ (* ;232 () +'.* *3'),+-3721 ()*- ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23: 1(1 (* 2F23.(,2 *02 -31()'39 1(&(52).2 *- ;0(.0 ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 (, () *<3) =-<)1i MON ?0(&d2) ;', ,<=3-5'*21 ()*- *02 3(50*, -+ *02 .-),(5)22 '5'(),* *02 .'33(23: <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<323 -+ *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 .-),(5)22S, 5--1, &-,* ;0(&2 -) =-'31 -)2 -+ *02 .'33(23S, >2,,2&,#

98:;

!#

NO# P0232 '32 *;- /()1, -+ .0'3*23 %'3*(2,U '#

.0'3*23 =9 127(,2 -3 ='32=-'* .0'3*23 P02 .0'3*2323 ;(&& 52)23'&&9 =2 325'3121 ', *02 -;)23 +-3 *02 >-9'52 -3 ,23>(.2 ,*(%<&'*21# P02 .0'3*2323 7'), *02 >2,,2&

I&*0-<50 ' .0'3*23 %'3*9 7'9 *3'),+-37 ' .-77-) .'33(23 ()*- ' %3(>'*2 -)2: *02 ,'72 0-;2>23 (, )-* *3<2 () ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)*#

@) *02 .',2: ?'5h',' -)&9 &2',21 *0322 -+ %2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2&,: () -3123 *- .'339 .'35- +3-7 -)2 %-()* *- ')-*023: =<* *02 %-,,2,,(-): .-77')1 ')1 )'>(5'*(-) -+ *02 >2,,2&, 327'()21 ;(*0 8-',*;(,2# P0232+-32: 8-',*;(,2: =9 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)*: ;', )-* .-)>23*21 ()*- ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23: =<* 327'()21 ' .-77-) .'33(23 ')1 ;', ,*(&& &('=&2 ', ,<.0#

R-32->23: .-77-) .'33(23,: ', ' 52)23'& 3<&2: '32 %32,<721 *0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 )25&(52)* (+ *02 5--1, *029 *3'),%-3*21 12*23(-3'*21 -3 5-* &-,* -3 12,*3-921# P0'* (,: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *3'),%-3*()5 *02 5--1,# bI3*# !`HL: N88$ @) -3123 *- '>-(1 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 ')9 &-,, -3 1'7'52: *0232+-32: *029 0'>2 *02 =<312) -+ %3->()5 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 ,<.0 1(&(52).2#

In the case, the patron of the vessel “Coastwise 9” was

<)&(.2),21# I..-31()5 *- I3*# ZCD -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2U

LL

I3*# ZCD# — 8'%*'(),: 7',*23,: -3 %'*3-), -+ >2,,2&, 7<,* =2 T(&(%()-,: 0'>2 &25'& .'%'.(*9 *- .-)*3'.* () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *0(, .-12: ')1 %3->2 *02 ,/(&& .'%'.(*9 ')1 J<'&(+(.'*(-), )2.2,,'39 *.-77')1 ')1 1(32.* *02 >2,,2&: ', 2,*'=&(,021 =9 7'3()2 ')1 )'>(5'*(-) &';,: -31()').2, -3 325<&'*(-),: ')1 7<,* )-* =2 1(,J<'&(+(21 '..-31()5 *- *02 ,'72 +-3 *02 1(,.0'352 -+ *02 1<*(2, -+ *02 %-,(*(-)# # # # 8-',*;(,2 .'))-* ,'+2&9 .&'(7 *- 0'>2 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2: =9 %&'.()5 ' %23,-) ;0-,2 )'>(5'*(-)'& ,/(&&, '32 J<2,*(-)'=&2: '* *02 02&7 -+ *02 >2,,2& ;0(.0 2>2)*<'&&9 72* *02 +'*2+<& '..(12)*# @* 7'9 '&,- &-5(.'&&9: +-&&-; *0'* ' %23,-) ;(*0-<* &(.2),2 *- )'>(5'*2: &'./, )-* Q<,* *02 ,/(&& *- 1- ,-: =<* '&,- *02 <*7-,* +'7(&('3(*9 ;(*0 *02 <,<'& ')1 ,'+2 3-<*2, *'/2) =9 ,2',-)21 ')1 &25'&&9 '<*0-3([21 -)2,# ]'1 *02 %'*3-) =22) &(.2),21: 02 .-<&1 =2 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =-*0 *02 ,/(&& ')1 *02 /)-;&2152 *0'* ;-<&1 0'>2 %32>2)*21 *02 >2,,2&S, 0(**()5 *02 ,<)/2) 1232&(.* ,0(% *0'* &'9 -) *02(3 ;'9 *- ?(23 !Y# P0232+-32: ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: 8-',*;(,2 (, &('=&2 +-3 =32'.0 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: 0'>()5 +'(&21 *- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 ;(*0 *02 &-,, ')1 12,*3<.*(-) -+ 5--1, (* *3'),%-3*21: =9 %3--+ -+ (*, 2F23.(,2 -+ 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# A#

4X6# P02 %'972)* =9 ?0(&d2) -+ ?0% `CC:CCC#CC *- ?'5h',' ;', ' .&2'3 ()1(.'*(-) *0'* ?0(&d2) ;', ,<=3-5'*21 ()*- '&& *02 3(50*, ;0(.0 ?'5h',' 6'&2,: @).# 7'9 0'>2 0'1 '5'(),* 8-',*;(,2# I3*# AAC` -+ *02 N88 ,*'*2,U I3*# AAC`# @+ *02 %&'()*(++, %3-%23*9 0', =22) (),<321: ')1 02 0', 32.2(>21 ()127)(*9 +3-7 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 +-3 *02 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, '3(,()5 -<* -+ *02 ;3-)5 -3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* .-7%&'()21 -+: *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 ,0'&& =2 ,<=3-5'*21 *- *02 3(50*, -+ *02 (),<321 '5'(),* *02 ;3-)51-23 -3 *02 %23,-) ;0- >(-&'*21 *02 .-)*3'.*# # # # ?'972)* =9 *02 (),<323 *- *02 ',,<321 -%23'*21 ', ') 2J<(*'=&2 ',,(5)72)* *- *02 +-3723 -+ '&& 32721(2, ;0(.0 *02 &'**23 7'9 0'>2 '5'(),* *02 *0(31 %'3*9 ;0-,2 )25&(52).2 -3 ;3-)5+<& '.* .'<,21 *02 &-,,# P02 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) (, )-* 12%2)12)* <%-): )-3 1-2, (* 53-; -<* -+: ')9 %3(>(*9 -+ .-)*3'.* -3 <%-) ;3(**2) ',,(5)72)* -+ .&'(7# @* '..3<2, ,(7%&9 <%-) %'972)* -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7 =9 *02 (),<323#

M]X_XTO_X: %327(,2, .-),(12321: *0(, %2*(*(-) (, VXN@XV ')1 *02 '%%2'&21

12.(,(-) '++(37()5 *02 -3123 -+ c3').0 HL -+ *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ R')(&' +-3 %2*(*(-)23 8-',*;(,2 ^(50*23'52 *- %'9 32,%-)12)* ?0(&(%%()2 d2)23'& @),<3').2 8-7%')9 *02 E%3().(%'& '7-<)* -+ ?`CC:CCC#CC %&<, ()*232,* *0232-) '* *02 &25'& 3'*2 .-7%<*21 +3-7 R'3.0 AD: !DYD: *02 1'*2 *02 .-7%&'()* ;', +(&21 <)*(& +<&&9 RW %'(1 ')1 ')-*023 ,<7 -+ ?!CC:CCC#CC ', '**-3)29S, +22, ')1 .-,*,E (, &(/2;(,2 0232=9 ITT@_RXV# -)&) ,E) :\8\ac 2$"3"22",%# !"� ",#V&+,.% ./); ",.); I= X+33%1 2$"3#) #$"22",-; ",.) 0",-+; <)S

23.4!5

O) -3 '=-<* O.*-=23 !DDL: 3%+>0 .+"<0#)?1 6239 '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' A$/ :-K- 3*H0<1$% 62321 =9 ' 8&2') c(&& -+ ^'1()5# P02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 32+&2.*, *02 53-,, ;2(50* -+ *02 *-*'& .'35'* LCC:ACC /(&-53'7,# P02 O;)23 ')1e-3 80'3*2323 -+ Reo O++,0-32 R',*23 (, <)/)-;) ;0(&2 *02 ,0(%%23 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* (, 60')50'( T'32',* 60(% c<,()2,, 8-7%')9# c-*0 '32 +-32(5) +(37, 1-()5 =<,()2,, () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: *03< (*, ?$#)? 1+0C )D"%*E /"1C$%&"%* ^)??"< J+0?0CC0%"1 !+0CC0%DE 6%#- X^)??"
@* ;', 1(,.&-,21 1<3()5 *02 1(,.0'352 - + *02 ,0(%72)* +3-7 *02 .'33(23 * 0'* A:KAZ %-&9 ='5, b='5,$ ;232 () ='1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-): 0'>()5 ,<,*'()21 >'3(-<, 125322, -+ ,%(&&'52, ')1 &-,,2,# P0(, (, 2>(12).21 =9 *02 P<3) O>23 6<3>29 -+ c'1 O3123 8'35-2, b*<3)h->23 ,<3>29$ -+ *02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3: I,(') P237()'&,: @).# b'33',*32 -%23'*-3$# I,(' 6*'3 T32(50* 623>(.2,: @).# <)123*--/ *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* +3-7 the pier to the consignee’s warehouse in Quezon City, wh(&2 *02 +()'& (),%2.*(-) ;', conducted jointly by the consignee’s representative and the cargo s urveyor. During

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

LZ

8-),2J<2)*&9: %2*(*(-)23 %'(1 *02 .-),(5)22 *02 ,<7 -+ ?HD`:Y`D#ZD ')1 *02 &'**23 ,(5)21 ' ,<=3-5'*(-) 32.2(%*#

interpreted the ship captain’s liability as ultimately t hat of the shipowner

?2*(*(-)23: () *02 2F23.(,2 -+ (*, 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-): ,2)* ' 127')1 &2**23 *M'&&27 +-3 *02 32.->239 -+ *02 '7-<)* %'(1 =9 %2*(*(-)23 *- *02 .-),(5)22# ]-;2>23: 12,%(*2 32.2(%* -+ *02 &2**23: M'&&27 1(1 )-* ,2**&2 )-3 2>2) ,2)1 '

!"#*0$% , $A *+" .VK!3 %3->(12, *0'* <)123 2>239 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 -+

response to petitioner’s claim. Consequently, petitioner instituted an action before

*02 _P8 +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* 32,%-)12)*,# _P8 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ *02 32%-,)12)*,# @* '**3(=<*21 *02 1'7'52 ')1 &-,,2, sustained by the shipment to the arrastre operator’s mishandling in the discharge of the shipment. The Court of Appeals reversed and set aside the RTC’s decision.

*02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 ;', 02&1 ,-&2&9 &('=&2 *- *02 .-),(5)22# 6!!785 Whether or not the carrier’s duties extend up to the safely d ischarge the

.'35- +3-7 *02 >2,,2&# 98:;5 4X6#

I, *02 ,0(%72)* ;', ') 2F23.(,2 -+ ()*23)'*(-)'& *3'12: *+" C/$G010$%1 $A *+" .)//0)D" $A K$$&1 FB !") 3#* X.VK!3YE *$D"*+"/ @0*+ *+" .0G0? .$&" )%& *+" .$&" $A .$<<"/#"E 1+)?? )CC?B^+0?" 0* 01 "1*)F?01+"& *+)* &)<)D" $/ ?$11"1 @"/" 0%#>//"& FB *+" 1+0C<"%* &>/0%D *+" >%?$)&0%DE 0* 01 &01C>*"& @+$ 1+$>?& F" ?0)F?" A$/ *+" &)<) D" 0%#>//"& )* *+)* C$0%* $A */)%1C$/*- 4$ ) &&/"11 *+01 011>"E *+" C"/*0%"%* ?)@1 )%& =>/01C/>&"%#" )/" "a)<0%"&M..5 8-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 +-3 32',-),

-+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027# 6<=Q2.* *- .23*'() 2F.2%*(-), 2)<723'*21 <)123 I3*(.&2 !`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

&('=&2 +-3 *02 .'35- +3-7 *02 *(72 (* (, *<3)21 ->23 *- 0(7 '* * 02 1-./ -3 '+&-'* '&-)5,(12 *02 >2,,2& '* *02 %-3* -+ &-'1()5: <)*(& 02 12&(>23, (* -) *02 ,0-32 -3 -) *02 1(,.0'35()5 ;0'3+ '* *02 %-3* -+ <)&-'1()5: <)&2,, '53221 -*023;(,2# @) 6*')1'31 O(& 8-# -+ N2; 4-3/ ># ^-%2[ 8',*2&-: *02 8-<3*

=9 325'31()5 *02 .'%*'() ', *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -+ *02 ,0(% -;)23# 5--1, =9 ,2': *02 .'33(23 () 32&'*(-) *- *02 &-'1()5: 0')1&()5: ,*-;'52: .'33('52: .<,*-19: .'32: ')1 1(,.0'352 -+ ,<.0 5--1,: ,0'&& =2 ,<=Q2.* *- *02 32,%-),(=(&(*(2, ')1 &('=(&(*(2, ')1 2)*(*&21 *- *02 3(50*, ')1 (77<)(*(2, ,2* +-3*0 () *02 I.*# 62.*(-) H bA$ *0232-+ *02) ,*'*2, that among the carriers’ 32,%-),(=(&(*(2, '32 *- %3-%23&9 ')1 .'32+<&&9 &-'1: 0')1&2: ,*-;: .'339: /22%: .'32 +-3: ')1 1(,.0'352 *02 5--1, .'33(21# 4+" )A$/"<"%*0$%"& !"#*0$% IX,Y of the COGSA states that among the carriers’ /"1C$%10F0?0*0"1 )/" *$ C/$C"/?B )%& #)/"A>??B ?$)&E #)/" A$/ )%& &01#+)/D" *+" D$$&1 #)//0"&- 4+" F0?? $A ?)&0%D #$G"/0%D *+" 1>F="#* 1+0C<"%* ?0H"@01" 1*0C>?)*"1 that the carrier’s liability for loss or damag" *$ *+" D$$&1 #")1"1 )A*"/ 0*1 &01#+)/D" A/$< *+" G"11"?- 3/*0#?" QRP $A *+" .$&" $A .$<<"/#" +$?&1 ) 1+0C #)C*)0% ?0)F?" A$/ *+" #)/D$ A/$< *+" *0<" 0* 01 *>/%"& $G"/ *$ +0< >%*0? 0*1 &"?0G"/B )* *+" C$/* $A >%?$)&0%D-

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shipment has long been settled, the trial court’s finding of actual damages in the )<$>%* $A JIPUETUP-QP +)1 *$ F" 1>1*)0%"&#APAJ 1?K?KO .E); "KM) I= ,EJNH>@=MGHJ 3CEDN

TI8P6U P02 .',2 '3-,2 +3-7 ') (7%-3*'*(-) 7'12 =9 6'7'3 R()()5 8-# @).# -+ ! .3'*2 O%*(7' ;2&121 ;2152 ;(32 ,(2>2, *03-<50 *02 Re6 6.0;'=2),*2(): ' >2,,2& -;)21 =9 N-312<*,.023 ^&-91: b32%32,2)*21 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, =9 (*, '52)*: 8#T# 60'3% a 8-#: @).#$: ;0(.0 ,0(%72)* (, .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# !Y 1<&9 (,,<21 *.-),(5)22 6'7'3 R()()5# \%-) '33(>'& -+ *02 >2,,2& '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&': *02 (7%-3*'*(-) ;', <)&-'121 ')1 12&(>2321 () 5--1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-) *- *02 =-)121 ;'320-<,2 -+ IR84^# P02 5--1, ;232 0-;2>23 ) 2>23 12&(>2321 *-: )-3 32.2(>21 =9: *02 .-),(5)22 '* *02 %-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-) — V'>'-# M02) *02 &2**23, -+ .-7%&'()*

L`

,2)* *- N-312<*,.023 ^&-91 +'(&21 *- 2&(.(* *02 12,(321 32,%-),2: 6'7'3 R()()5 +(&21

3 of Bill of Lading No. 18, to wit: “the carrier shall not be liable in any capacity

' +-37'& .&'(7 +-3 ?!:ZD!#DH: *02 2J<(>'&2)* -+ lKAK#CC '* *02 %32>'(&()5 3'*2 -+

;0'*,-2>23 +-3 ')9 12&'9: &-,, -3 1'7'52 -..<33()5 =2+-32 *02 5--1, 2)*23 ,0(%S,

2F.0')52 '* *0'* *(72: '5'(),* *02 +-3723: =<* )2(*023 %'(1#

*'./&2 *- =2 &-'121 -3 '+*23 *02 5--1, &2'>2 ,0(%S, *'./&2 *- =2 1(,.0'3521:

6'7'3 R()()5 +(&21 ' ,<(* *- 2)+-3.2 %'972)*# N-312<*,.023 ^&-91 ')1 8T 60'3% a

transshipped or forwarded”. Further, in Section 11 of the same bill, it was provided

8-# =3-<50* () IR84^ ', *0(31 %'3*9 12+2)1')*# P02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 Q<1572)* () +'>-3 -+ 6'7'3 R()()5: -3123()5 N-312<*,.023 ^&-91: 2*# '&# *- %'9 *02 '7-<)* -+ P1,691.93 plus attorney’s fees and costs. However, the Court stated that

N-312<*,.023 ^&-91: 2*# '&# 7'9 32.-<% ;0'*2> 23 *029 7'9 %'9 6'7'3 R()()5 =9

that “this carrier, in making arrangement , +-3 ')9 *3'),,0(%%()5 -3 +-3;'31()5

>2,,2&, -3 72'), -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-) )-* -%23'*21 =9 *0(, .'33(23 ,0'&& =2 .-),(12321 ,-&2&9 *02 +-3;'31()5 '52)* -+ *02 ,0(%%23 ')1 ;(*0-<* ')9 -*023 32,%-),(=(&(*9 ;0'*,-2>23 2>2) *0-<50 *02 +32(50* +-3 *02 ;0-&2 *3'),%-3* 0', =22) .-&&2.*21 =9

2)+-3.()5 *02 Q<1572)* '5'(),* *0(31 %'3*9 12+2)1')* IR84^: ;0(.0 0'1 2'3&(23

him… Pending or during forwarding or transshipping the carrier may store the

=22) 12.&'321 () 12+'<&*# N-312<*,.023 ^&-91 ')1 8#T# 60'3% a 8-# '%%2'&21 +3-7

goods ashore or afloat solely as agent of the shipper…”

,'(1 12.(,(-)#

We find merits in Nordeutscher’s contention that they are not liable for the loss of

N-*2, P02 +-&&-;()5 '32 *02 %23*()2)* %-3*,: ', %3->(121 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5U ?-3* -+ ^-'1()5U c3272): d237')9 ?-3* -+ 1(,.0'352 +3-7 ,0(%U R')(&' ?-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-)e?-3* -+ 1(,.0'352 -+ *02 5--1,U V'>'-

*02 ,<=Q2.* 5--1, =9 .&'(7()5 *0'* *029 0'>2 1(,.0'3521 *02 ,'72 () +<&& ') 1 5--1 .-)1(*(-) <)*- *02 .<,*-19 -+ IR84^ '* *02 %-3* -+ 1(,.0'352 +3-7 ,0(% — R')(&': ')1 *0232+-32: %<3,<')* *- *02 '+-32J<-*21 ,*(%<&'*(-) b62.# !!$ () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: *02(3 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 *02 .'35- 0'1 .2',21#P02 >'&(1(*9 -+ ,*(%<&'*(-), () =(&&, -+ &'1()5 2F27%*()5 *02 .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- *02 5--1, ;02) *02 ,'72 '32 )-* () (*, '.*<'& .<,*-19 0', =22) <%02&1 =9 \, () ?]OXN@m I66\_IN8X

I, %&'()&9 ()1(.'*21 -) *02 +'.2 -+ *02 =(&&: *02 >2,,2& Re6 6.0;'=2),*2() (, *-

8O#: ^PV# >,# \N@PXV 6 TATES LINES, 22 SCRA 674 (1968), ruling that “pursuant to the

*3'),%-3* *02 5--1, -)&9 <% *- R')(&'# P0232'+*23: *02 5--1, '32 *- =2 *3'),,0(%%21

*237, -+ *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5: '%%2&&22S, 32,%-),(=(&(*9 ', ' .-77-) .'33(23 .2',21 *02

=9 *02 .'33(23 *- *02 %-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-)#

7-72)* *02 5--1, ;232 <)&-'121 () R')(&' ')1 () *02 7'**23 -+ *3'),,0(%72)*:

@66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* ' ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 2F27%*()5 *02 .' 33(23 +3-7

'%%2&&22 '.*21 7232&9 ', ') '52nt of the shipper and consignee”

&('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,, -+ 5--1, )-* () (*, '.*<'& .<,*-19 b(#2#: '+*23 *02(3 1(,.0'352 +3-7 *02 ,0(%$ (, >'&(1#

-)&) ,E) 34a5c8c 1AD 96; :755

]X^VU 4X6s @* (, .&2'3 *0'* () 1(,.0'35()5 *02 5--1, +3-7 *02 ,0(% '* *02 %-3* -+

1+V&/ -+,_/,; LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN -%3+."/ %) 0V1+1R",-; JH=LEKNHK@=)

R')(&': ')1 12&(>23()5 *02 ,'72 ()*- *02 .<,*-19 -+ IR84^: *02 =-)121 ;'320-<,2: '%%2&&')*, ;232 '.*()5 () +<&& '..-31 ;(*0 *02 .-)*3'.*<'& ,*(%<&'*(-), .-)*'()21 () c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# !Y# P02 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, *- IR84^ ;', %'3* -+ '%%2&&')*,S 1<*9 *- *3'),,0(% b72')()5 *- *3'),+23 +- 3 +<3*023 *3'),%-3*'*(-) +3-7 -)2 ,0(% -3 .-)>29').2 *- ')-*023$ *02 5--1, +3-7 R')(&' *- *02(3 %-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-)hV'>'-# P02 2F*2)* -+ '%%2&&')* .'33(23S, 32,%-),(=(&(*9 ')1e-3 &('=(&(*9 () *02 *3'),,0(%72)* -+ *02 5--1, () J<2,*(-) '32 ,%2&&21 -<* ')1 12&()2'*21 <)123 62.*(-) !: %'3'53'%0

2)#*15

d2&'.(- P<7'7=()5 .-)*3'.*21 *02 ,23>(.2, -+ R'<3- c# d')[-) *- 0'<& HCL *-), -+ ,.3'% (3-) +3-7 R'3(>2&2,: c'*''): *- *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' -) = -'31 *02 &(50*23 ^8P Ec'*7')E# d')[-) ,2)* 0(, &(50*23 *- R'3(>2&2,# P<7'7=()5 12&(>2321 *02 ,.3'% (3-) *- T(&-72)- N([': .'%*'() -+ *02 & (50*23: +-3 &-'1()5 ')1 -) *02 ,'72 1'9: *02 &-'1()5 .-772).21# M02) '=-<* 0'&+ -+ * 02 ,.3'% (3-) ;', '&32'19 &-'121 : R'9-3

LY

B-,2 I1>().<&' -+ R'3(>2&2,: c'*''): ' 33(>21 ')1 127')121 ?L:CCC#CC +3-7 P<7'7=()5# P02 &'**23 32,(,*21 *02 ,0'/21-;) ')1 '+*23 ' 02'*21 '35<72)* =2*;22) *027: R'9-3 I1>().<&' 132; 0(, 5<) ')1 +(321 '* P<7'7=()5# P02 5<),0-* ;', )-* +'*'&# P<7'7=()5 ;', *'/2) *- *02 0-,%(*'& +-3 *32'*72)*# I+*23 ,-72*(72: *02 &-'1()5 -+ *02 ,.3'% (3-) ;', 32,<721# c<* ,-72*(72 &'*23: I.*()5 R'9-3 c',(&(- _<=: '..-7%')(21 =9 *0322 %-&(.272): -312321 .'%*'() N([' ')1 0(, .32; *- 1<7% *02 ,.3'% (3-)# I.*()5 R'9-3 _<= (,,<21 ' 32.2(%* , *'*()5 *0'* *02 R<)(.(%'&(*9 -+ R'3(>2&2, 0'1 *'/2) .<,*-19 -+ *02 ,.3'% (3-)# P<7'7=()5 ') (),*(*<*21 ') '.*(-) '5'(),* d')[-) +-3 1'7'52 , =',21 -) .<&%' .-)*3'.*<'& =2+-32 *02 8T@ ;0(.0 1(1 )-* 3<&2 () (*, +'>-3# O) '%%2'&: *02 8I 32>23,21 ')1 ,2* ',(12 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8T@: -3123()5 *0'* d')[-) ,0-<&1 %'9 P<7'7=()5 +-3 1'7'52,# P02 %2*(*(-)23: () ' ?2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2;: ' &&2521 *0'* *02 8I 23321 () +()1()5 *0'* *0232 ;', =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* b. -772).()5 +3-7 *02 ,.3'% (3-) ;', %&'.21 ()*- *02 petitioner’s custody and control), that it condemned the petitioner despite the fact

*02 1<7%()5 -+ *02 ,.3'% (3-) ()*- *02 ,2' ;', 1<2 *- *02 - 3123 -+ ' &-.'& 5->23)72)* -++(.('&: ')1 *0'* (* 1(1 )-* .-),(123 *02 ,<.0 &-,, ;', 1<2 *- ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*#

611>"5

M02*023 -3 )-* *02 ,.3'% (3-) ;', %&'.21 <).-)1(*(-)'&&9 <)123 *02 .<,*-19 ')1 .-)*3-& -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 *- 7'/2 0(7 &('=&2

L>?0%D5

P02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 12&(>2321 *02 ,.3'%, *- 8'%*'() N([' +-3 &-'1()5 () *02 &(50*23 ')1 *02 %2*(*(-)23: *03< 0(, 27%&-922,: '.*<'&&9 32.2(>21 *02 ,.3'%,# c9 *02 ,'(1 '.* -+ 12&(>239: *02 ,.3'%, ;232 <).-)1(*(-)'&&9 %&'.21 () *02 %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23: ')1 <%-) *02(3 32.2(%* =9 *02 .'33(23 +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-): *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 ;', 122721 %23+2.*21# 8-),2J<2)*&9: *02 %2*(*(-)23h.'33(23S, 2F*3'-31()'39 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12, *3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, .-772).21# ?<3,<')* *- I3*# !`HZ: ,<.0 2F*3'-31()'39 32,%-),(=(&(*9 ;-<&1 .2',2 -)&9 <%-) *02 12 &(>239: '.*<'& -3 .-),*3<.*(>2: =9 *02 .'33(23 *- *02 .-),(5)22: -3 *- *02 %23,-) ;0- 0', ' 3(50* *- 32.2(>2 *027# P02 +'.* *0'* %'3* -+ *02 ,0(%72)* 0'1 )-* =22 ) &-'121 -) =-'31 *02 &(50*23 1 (1 )-* (7%'(3 *02 ,'(1 .-)*3'.* -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-) ' , *02 5--1, 327'()21 () *02 .<, *-19 ')1 .-)*3-& -+ *02 .'33(23: '&=2(* ,*(&& <)&-'121#

]2).2: *02 %2*(*(-)23 (, %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9# c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

_`?> 9A;?> 933H63J

M2 .'))-* ,<,*'() *02 *02-39 -+ 5;3: E:78H98:# =2+-32 *02 '%%2&&22 d')[-) .-<&1 =2 '=,-&>21 +3-7 32,%-),(=(&(*9 -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* 02 ;', -312321 =9 .-7%2*2)* %<=&(. '<*0-3(*9 *- <)&-'1 *02 ,.3'% (3-): (* 7<,* =2 ,0-;) *0'* I.*()5 R'9-3 c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d')[-) ')1 0(, 32%32,2)*'*(>2, *- .'339 -<*# Q-)&) ,E) 7889\ 1AJMG b9; :77bZ +,".%0/ -) #+3V]/; <&); 1+&"+ #+3(+."/, #+3V]/; 3%/2/3]/ -) #+3V]/ AKN #+0V&,",/ -) #+3V]/; LH@?@?EKHJ=; I=) $/,) ./V&0 /! +22%+3#; 0&+,# X/&3] +"&3",%#; ",.); AKN 2$"3"22",% +"&3",%#; ",.); JH=LEKNHK@=-

2)#*15

R-*023 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23,: 83(,%()' d'&1- 6'&<1- 1(21 () 80(.'5-: @&&()-(,# ?-7(23,/( ')1 6-) T<)23'& ]-72 -+ 80(.'5-: 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 %32%'3'*(-), ')1 '33')5272)*, +-3 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ *02 327'(), +3-7 80(.'5- *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,#

LD

?-7(23,/( =3-<50* *02 327'(), *- 8-)*()2)*'& R-3*<'39 I(3 623>(.2, b8RI6$ '* *02 80(.'5- I(3%-3* ;0(.0 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 '33')5272)*, ,<.0 ', +&(50*,: *3'),+23,: *029 ,22 *- (* *0'* *02 327'(), '32 *'/2) *- *02 %3-%23 '(3 +32(50* *237()'&# 8RI6 =--/21 *02 ,0(%72)* ;(*0 ?I^ *03< the carrier’s agent Air Care International. PAL I(3;'9 c(&& O31()'39 ;', (,,<21 ;0232() *02 32J<2,*21 3-<*()5 ;', +3-7 80(.'5- *6') T3').(,.- -) =-'31 P3'), M-3&1 I(3&()2 bPMI$ ')1 +3-7 6') T3').(,.- *- R')(&' -) =-'31 ?I^# \%-) '33(>'& '* 6') T3').(,.-: %2*(*(-)23 6'&>'.(-) 6'&<1-: ;2)* *- *02 TWA to inquire about her mother’s remains. But she was told they did not know anything about it. She then told Pomierski that her mother’s remains were not at

*02 M2,* 8-',* *237()'&# @7721('*2&9: ?-7(23,/( .'&&21 8RI6 ;0(.0 () ' 7'**23 -+ !C 7()<*2, ()+-3721 0(7 *0'* *02 327'(), ;232 -) ' %&')2 *- R2F(.- 8(*9: *0'* *0232 ;232 *;- =-1(2, '* *02 *237()'&: ')1 ,-720-; *029 ;232 ,;(*.021# 8RI6 .'&&21 ')1 *-&1 ?-7(23,/( *0'* *029 ;232 ,2)1()5 *02 327'(), ='./ *- 8'&(+-3)(' >(' P2F',# ?2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' 1'7'52 ,<(* '5'(),* PMI ')1 ?I^ +-3 *02 7(,,0(%72)*: 12&'9 -+ *02 .'35- .-)*'()()5 *02 327'(), -+ *02 &'*2 83(,%()' 6'&<1- ')1 +-3 *02 1(,.-<3*2,9 -+ (*, 27%&-922, *- *02 %2*(*(-)23,# @* ;', '&&2521 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 32.2(>21 *02 .',/2*21 327'(), -+ 83(,%()' -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z: ', 2>(12).21 =9 *02 (,,<').2 -+ ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& =9 I(3 8'32 ')1 +3-7 ,'(1 1'*2: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, '32 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '&&2521 ,;(*.0()5 -+ *02 .',/2*, -) O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z#

611>"15

!#

A#

M02*023 -3 )-* ' 12&(>239 -+ .'35- ;', 7'12 <%-) *02 (,,<').2 -+ '(3;'9 =(&& M02*023 -3 )-* *02 12&'9 () *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 .',/2*21 327'(), -+

O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z# I.*<'&&9: (* ;', )-* <)*(& O.*-=23 AY: !D`Z *0'* ?I^ 32.2(>21 %09,(.'& 12&(>239 -+ *02 =-19 '* 6') T3').(,.-: ', 1<&9 2>(12).21 =9 *02 @)*23&()2 T32(50* P3'),+23 R')(+2,* -+ *02 I723(.') I(3&()2 T32(50* 69,*27 ')1 ,(5)21 +-3 =9 o(35(&(- _-,'&2, '* !DKL]: -3 ÙKL ?#R# -) ,'(1 1'*2# A#

NO# XF%&(.(* (, *02 3<&2 <)123 I3*(.&2 !`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

I, '&32'19 127-),*3'*21: *02 +'.*, () *02 .',2 '* ='3 =2&(2 *02 '>2372)* *0'* *0232 ;', 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- *- *02 .'33(23 -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z# _'*023: ', 2'3&(23 2F%&'()21: *02 =-19 ()*2)121 *- =2 ,0(%%21 ', '53221 <%-) ;', 32'&&9 %&'.21 () *02 %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ ?I^ -) O.*-=23 AY: !D`Z ')1 (* ;', +3-7 *0'* 1'*2 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, =2.'72 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '53221 .'35- <)123 *02(3 <)123*'/()5, () ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& N-# C`DhC!!YCKLK# 8-),2J<2)*&9: +-3 *02 ,;(*.0()5 -+ .',/2*, %3(-3 *0232*- ;0(.0 ;', )-* .'<,21 =9 *027: ')1 ,<=,2J<2)* 2>2)*, .'<,21 *0232=9: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2# PMI ;', 02&1 *- %'9 %2*(*(-)23, )-7()'& 1'7'52, -+ ?KC:CCC +-3 (*, >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &'; *- =2 2F23.(,21 =9 2>239 .-77-) .'33(23#

petitioners’ mother was due to the fault of respondent airline companies 1+.+1 I=) ./V&0 /! +22%+3#

9"?&5

!#

NO# P02 .'35- .-)*'()()5 *02 .',/2*21 327'(), -+ 83(,%()' 6'&<1- ;', =--/21 +-3 ?I^ T&(50* N<7=23 ?_h!C` &2'>()5 6') T3').(,.- +-3 R')(&' -) O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z: ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& N-# C`DhC!!YCKLK ;', (,,<21: %$* )1 "G0&"%#" $A /"#"0C* $A &"?0G"/B $A *+" #)/D$ -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z: =<* <"/"?B )1 ) #$%A0/<)*0$% $A *+" F$$H0%D *0<, 7'12 +-3 *02 6') T3').(,.-hR')(&' +&(50* ,.021<&21 -)

-& ,E) :b88baf +>O>=@ b8; :777

T'.*,U c2)(*- R'.'7: 1-()5 =<,()2,, <)123 )'72 c2)hR'. X)*23%3(,2,: ,0(%%21 -) =-'31 >2,,2& N2)hB(')5: -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 32,%-)12)* 80()' O.2') 60(%%()5 8-# *03-<50 &-.'& '52)* M'&&27 ?0(&(%%()2, 60(%%()5 @).#: H:LCC =-F2, -+ ;'*2372&-) .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# ]jd DDC!A: ')1 !:Z!! =-F2, -+ +32,0 7')5-2, .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# ]jd DDC!H# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', =-<)1 +-3

ZC

]-)5/-)5 ;(*0 ?Ij@6PIN cINj ', .-),(5)22 ')1 d32'* ?3-,%2.* 8-7%')9 -+ _-;&--) bd?8$ ', )-*(+9 %'3*9# \%-) '33(>'& () ]-)5/-)5: ,0(%72)* ;', 12&(>2321 =9 32,%-)12)* MI^^XR 1(32.*&9 *- d?8: )-* *- ?Ij@6PIN cINj ')1 ;(*0-<* *02 32J<(321 =(&& -+ &'1()5 0'>()5 =22) ,<332)12321# 6<=,2J<2)*&9: d?8 +'(&21 *- %'9 ?Ij@ 6PIN cINj: ,<.0 *0'* *02 &'**23: ,*(&& () %-,,2,,(-) -+ -3(5()'& =(&& -+ &'1()5: 32+<,21 *- %'9 %2*(*(-)23 *03< 6O^@VcINj# 6().2 6O^@VcINj '&32'19 %32h%'(1 *02 >'&<2 -+ ,0(%72)*: (* 127')121 %'972)* +3-7 32,%-)12)* MI^^XR =<* ;', 32+<,21# RI8IR .-),*3'()21 *- 32*<3) *02 '7-<)* %'(1 =9 6O^@VcINj ')1 127')121 %'972)* +3-7 MI^^XR =<* *- )'>'(&# MI^^XR ,<=7(**21 () 2>(12).2 ' *2&2F 1'*21 L I %3(& !DYD ', =',(, +-3 12&(>23()5 * 02 .'35-2, *- d?8 ;(*0-<* *02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 ')1 =')/ 5<'3')*22# P02 *2&2F (),*3<.*21 12&(>239 -+ >'3(-<, ,0(%72)*, *- *02 32,%2.*(>2 .-),(5)22, ;(*0-<* )221 -+ presenting the bill of lading and bank guarantee per the respective shipper’s request since “for prepaid shipt ofrt charges already fully paid.” MACAR: 0-;2>23:

'35<21 *0'*: ',,<7()5 *0232 ;', ,<.0 ') (),*3<.*(-): *02 .-),(5)22 32+23321 *- ;', ?Ij@6PIN cINj ')1 )-* d?8#

%23(,0'=&2 5--1, ')1 6O^@VcINj %32h%'(1 *02 +<&& '7-<)* -+ >'&<2 *0232-+: (* (, )-* 0'31 *- =2&(2>2 *02 .&'(7 -+ 32,%-)12)* MI^^XR *0'* %2*(*(-)23 ()1221 32J<2,*21 *02 32&2',2 -+ *02 5--1, *- d ?8 ;(*0-<* %32,2)*'*(-) -+ *02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 ')1 =')/ 5<'3')*22#

P- (7%&272)* *02 ,'(1 *2&2F (),*3<.*(-): *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* 7<,* =2 *d?8: *02 )-*(+9 %'3*9 -3 32'& (7%-3*23e=<923 -+ *02 5--1, ')1 )-* *02 ?Ij@6PIN@ cINj ,().2 *02 &'**23 .') >239 ;2&& %32,2)* *02 -3(5()'& c(&&, -+ ^'1()5 () (*, %-,,2,,(-)# ^(/2;(,2: (+ (* ;232 *02 ?Ij@6PIN@ cINj *- ;0-7 *02 .'35-2, ;232 *=2 ,*3(.*&9 12&(>2321: (* ;(&& )- &-)523 =2 %3-%23 *- 32J<(32 ' =')/ 5<'3')*22 ' , ' ,<=,*(*<*2 +-3 *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# P- .-),*3<2 -*023;(,2 ;(&& 32)123 72')()5&2,, *02 *2&2F (),*3<.*(-)# I+*23 '&&: *02 .'35-2, .-),(,* -+ %23(,0'=&2 +32,0 +3<(*, ')1 (7721('*2 12&(>239 *0232-+ *02 =<923e(7%-3*23 (, 2,,2)*('&&9 ' +'.*-3 *- 32./-) ;(*0#

Stipulation Limiting Carrier’s Liability

The RTC ruled for MACAM and ordered value of shipment. CA reversed RTC’s

12.(,(-)#

bK-L- M$- RRPQSR- [)B RUE RPPQc

@,,<2U I32 *02 32,%-)12)*, &('=&2 *- *02 %2*(*(-)23 +-3 32&2',()5 *02 5--1, *- d?8 ;(*0-<* *02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 -3 =')/ 5<'3')*22i

J96:6JJ6M8 36L:6M8!E 6M.- G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E ;L- ZV!826MV [6L3M;3 )%& :76!3 [6L3M;3

]2&1U N-# MX XR?]I6@pX P]IP P]X XmP_IO_V@NI_4 _X6?ON6@c@^@P4 OT P]X 8ORRON 8I__@X_6 Î6P6 \NP@^ I8P\I^ O_ 8ON6P_\8P@oX VX^@oX_4 OT P]X 8I_dOX6 PO P]X 8ON6@dNXX O_ PO P]X ?X_6ON M]O ]I6 I _@d]P PO _X8X@oX P]XR# ?Ij@6PIN cINj ;', ()1(.'*21 () *02 =(&&, -+ &'1 ()5 ', .-),(5)22 ;0232', d?8 ;', *02 )-*(+9 %'3*9# ]-;2>23: () *02 2F%-3* ()>-(.2, d?8 ;', .&2'3&9 )'721 ', =<923e(7%-3*23# ?2*(*(-)23 '&,- 32+23321 *- d?8 ', , <.0 () 0(, 127')1 &2**23 *32,%-)12)* MI^^XR ')1 () 0(, .-7%&'()* =2+-32 *02 *3('& .-<3*# P0(, %327(,2 13';, <, *- .-).&<12 *0'* *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35-2, *- d?8 ', =<923e(7%-3*23 ;0(.0: .-)+-37'=&9 ;(*0 I3*# !`HZ 0'1: -*023 *0') *02 . -),(5)22: *02 3(50* *- 32.2(>2 *027 ;', %3-%23#

L8K3:3;VE Z-5

@) *0(, '%%2'& =9 .23*(-3'3(: %2*(*(-)23 ?0(&(%%()2 I(3&()2,: @).# b?I^$ ',,'(&, *02 12.(,(-) -+ 32,%-)12)* 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, ;0(.0 '++(3721 *02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* +()1()5 0232() %2*(*(-)23 &('=&2

T'.*,U@) R'9: !DYY: V3# B-,2+()- R(3')1' ')1 0(, ;(+2: ^<(,': ;0- ;232 32,(12)*, -+ 6<3(5'- 8(*9: ;2)* *- *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, -+ I723(.' -) ' 325<&'3 +&(50* -+ ?0(&(%%()2 I(3&()2,: @).# b?I^$# O) B<)2 !D: !DYY: '+*23 ' ,*'9 -+ ->23 ' 7-)*0 *0232: *029 obtained confirmed bookings from PAL’s San Francisco Office for PAL Flight PR 101

@* (, ' ,*')1'31 7'3(*(72 %3'.*(.2 ;02) (7721('*2 12&(>239 (, -+ *02 2,,2).2: +-3 ,0(%%23 *- 32J<2,* -3 (),*3<.* *02 .'33(23 * - 12&(>23 *02 5--1, *- *02 =<923 <%-) '33(>'& '* *02 %-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-) ;(*0-<* 32J<(3()5 %32,2)*'*(-) -+ =(&& -+ &'1()5 ', *0'* <,<'&&9 *'/2, *(72# P0<,: *'/()5 ()*- '..-<)* *0'* ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* .-),(,*21 -+

+3-7 6') T3').(,.- *- R')(&' >(' ]-)-&<&< -) B<)2 A!: !DYYG ?I^ T&(50* ?_ YL! +3-7 R')(&' *- 82=< -) B<)2 AK: !DYYG ')1 ?I^ T&(50* ?_ DCL +3-7 82=< *- 6<3(5'- '&,-) B<)2 AK: !DYY# O) B<)2 A!: !DYY: %3(>'*2 32, %-)12)*, =-'3121 ?I^ T&(50* ?_ !C! () 6') T3').(,.- ;(*0 L %(2.2, -+ ='55'52# I+*23 ' ,*-%->23 '* ]-)-&<&<: ')1 <%-) '33(>'& () R')(&' -) B<)2 AH: !DYY: *029 ;2 32 *-&1 =9 *02 ?I^ %23,-))2& *0'* *02 (3

Z!

='55'52 .-),(,*()5 -+ *;- ='&(/='9') =-F2,: *;- %(2.2, -+ &<55'52 ')1 -)2 +(,0()5 3-1 .',2 ;232 -++h&-'121 '* ]-)-&<&<: ]';'(( 1<2 *- ;2(50* &(7(*'*(-),# 8-),2J<2)*&9: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 7(,,21 *02(3 .-))2.*()5 +&(50* +3-7 R')(&' *82=< 8(*9: ', -3(5()'&&9 ,.021<&21: ,().2 *029 0' 1 *- ;'(* +-3 *02(3 ='55' 52 ;0(.0 '33(>21 *02 +-&&-;()5 1'9: B<)2 AK: !DYY: '+*23 *02(3 %32h,.021<&21 .-))2.*()5 +&(50* 0'1 &2+*# P029 .-),2J<2)*&9 '&,- 7(,,21 *02(3 -*023 ,.021<&21 .-))2.*()5 +&(50* +3-7 82=< 8(*9 *- 6<3(5'- 8(*9#

O) B<)2 AL: !DYY: *029 12%'3*21 +-3 82=< 8(*9 ')1 *0232+3-7 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 0'1 *- *3'),+23 *- ?I^ T&(50* K`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rivate respondents’ overnight stay at said hotel.

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by PAL were voided due to p rivate respondents’ decision not to avail themselves

*0232-+#

P- '553'>'*2 *02 7<11&21 ,(*<'*(-): ;02) %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, *3(21 *- 32*3(2>2 *02(3 ='55'52: *029 ;232 *-&1 *0(, *(72 *0'* *02 ,'72 ;232 &-'121 -) ')-*023 2'3&(23 ?I^ +&(50* *- 6<3(5'- 8(*9# P0<,: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, %3-.22121 *- *02 0-*2& ,'), *02(3 ='55'52 ')1 -+ ;0(.0 *029 ;232 12%3(>21 +-3 *02 327'()123 -+ *02(3 *3(%# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ;232 +()'&&9 '=&2 *- &2'>2 -) =-'31 *02 +(3,* ?I^ +&(50* *6<3(5'- 8(*9 -)&9 -) B<)2 AZ: !DYY# P0232'+*23: *0 29 (),*(*<*21 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, ;0(.0: '+*23 *3('& ', ;2&& ', -) '%%2'&: ;', 12.(121 () *02(3 +'>-3#

?2*(*(-)23 ?I^ 0', .-72 *- <, >(' *02 (),*')* %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; -) .23* (-3'3(: ;0232() (* .0'&&2)52, *02 '++(37'*-39 12.(,(-) -+ 32,%-)12)* 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, b!$ +-3 '%%&9()5 I3*(.&2, AAAC: AAHA ')1 AACY -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ;02) (* ,<,*'()21 *02 ';'31 -+ the court a quo for moral and exemplary damages and attorney’s fees 12,%(*2 '=,2).2 -+ ='1 +'(*0 -) (*, %'3*G ')1 bA$ +-3 )-* '%%&9()5 *02 2F%32,, %3->(,(-), -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 ')1 %23*()2)* %3->(,(-), -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) &(7(*()5 (*, &('=(&(*9 *- \6lAC#CC %23 /(&- -+ ='55'52#

@,,<2UMON *0232 ;', ='1 +'(*0 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23i

]2&1U 42,# P02 ,(*<'*(-) ;', '553'>'* 21 =9 *02 +-&&-;()5 ().(12)*,U *02 %--3 *32'*72)* -+ *02 R(3')1', =9 *02 ?I^ 27%&-922, 1<3()5 *02 ,*-%->23 '* R'.*') Airport in Cebu; the cavalier and dubious response of petitioner’s personnel to t he Miranda spouses’ r2J<2,* *- =2 =(&&2*2 1 '* *02 82=< ?&'[' ]-*2& =9 12)9()5 *02

,'72 '&&2521&9 =2.'<,2 (* ;', +<&&9 =--/21: ;0(.0 .&'(7 ;', =2&(21 =9 *02 +'.* *0'* V3# R(3')1' ;', 2',(&9 '=&2 *- '33')52 +-3 '..-77-1'*(-), *0232'*G ')1: *02 ?I^ employees’ negligent, almost ma &(.(-<,: '.* -+ ,2)1()5 -++ *02 ='55'52 -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, *- 6<3(5'- 8(*9: ;0(&2 *029 ;232 ,* (&& () 82=<: ;(*0-<* ')9 2F%&')'*(-) +-3 *0(, 53-,, ->23,(50*#

P02 8-<3* 0', *(72 ')1 '5'() 3<&21: ')1 (* .'))-* =2 ->23h27%0',([21: *0'* ' .-)*3'.* -+ '(3 .'33('52 52)23'*2, ' 32&'*(-) '**2)121 ;(*0 ' %<=&(. 1<*9 ')1 ')9 discourteous conduct on the part o f a carrier’s employee toward a passenger gives

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

M0(&2 (* 7'9 =2 *3<2 *0'* *0232 ;', )- 1(32.* 2>(12).2 -) 32.-31 -+ =&'*')* 3<12)2,, -) *02 %'3* -+ ?I^ 27%&-922, *-;'31, *02 R(3')1',: *02 +'.* *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ;232 %3'.*(.'&&9 .-7%2&&21 *- 0'55&2 +-3 '..-77-1'*(-),: ' ,(*<'*(-) <)=2+(**()5 %23,-), -+ *02(3 ,*'*<32: (, 3'*023 1272')()5 ')1 (* %'3*'/2, -+

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discourtesy magnified by PAL’s condescending attitude. Moreover, it cannot be

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h 3'*2 0-*2&: (, ') '..2%*21 %3'.*(.2: -+ ;0(.0 *02 8-<3* .') *'/2 Q<1(.('& )-*(.2# P0(, (, ',(12 +3-7 *02 +'.* *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,: 0'>()5 Q<,* '33(>21 +3-7 ' ) 2F*2)121 *3(% '=3-'1: 0'1 '&32'19 3<) -<* - + ?0(&(%%()2 .<332).9: ;0(.0 %321(.'72)* ;', 2F'.23='*21 =9 *02(3 '11(*(-)'& ,*'9 () R')(&' 1<2 *- *02 -++h &-'1()5 -+ *02(3 ='55'52# I&& *02,2 ().-)>2)(2).2, ,0-<&1 0'>2 ;'33')*21 ' .-77-),2),(.'& ')1 7-32 <)123,*')1()5 *32'*72)* +3-7 ?I^: .-),(123()5 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, +-<)1 *027,2&>2, () *0(, <)%&2',')* ,(*<'*(-) *03-<50 )- +'<&* -+ *02(3,#

\%-) 0(, '33(>'& () B'/'3*': 32,%-)12)* 1(,.->2321 *0'* 0(, &<55'52 ;', 7(,,()5# M02) 02 ()J<(321 '=-<* 0(, &<55'52 +3-7 8IP]I4S, 32%32,2)*'*(>2 () B'/'3*': I&.')*'3' ;', *-&1 *0'* 0(, &<55'52 ;', &2+* =20()1 () ]-)5/-)5# T-3 *0(,: 02 ;', -++2321 lAC#CC ', E().-)>2)(2).2 7-)29E *- =<9 0(, (7721('*2 %23,-)'& )221, <)*(& *02 &<55'52 .-<&1 =2 12&(>2321 *- 0(7# ](, &<55'52 +()'&&9 32'.021 B'/'3*' 7-32 *0') *;2)*9 +-<3 b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c-*0 %'3*(2, '%%2'&21 *- *02 8I# 8IP]I4 ',,'(&21 *02 .-).&<,(-) -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* *0'* (* ;', '..-<)*'=&2 +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* ')1 J<2,*(-)21 *02 )-)h'%%&(.'*(-) =9 *02 .-<3* -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) ', ;2&& ', *02 2F.2,,(>2 1'7'52, ';'3121 -) *02 =',(, -+ (*, +()1()5 *0'* 32,%-)12)* I&.')*'3' ;', 3<12&9 *32'*21 =9 %2*(*(-)23S, 27%&-922, 1<3()5 *02 *(72 *0'* 0(, &<55'52 .-<&1 )-* =2 +-<)1# T-3 0(, %'3*: I&.')*'3' ',,(5)21 ', 233-3 *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* *- 53')* *02 +<&& '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52, ,-<50* () 0(, .-7%&'()*#

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8I 32)12321 (*, 12.(,(-) '++(37()5 *02 +()1()5, -+ +'.* -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* =<* 7-1(+9()5 (*, ';'31 =9 ().32',()5 *02 7-3'& 1'7'5 2, *- ?YC:CCC#CC: 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, *- ?AC:CCC#CC ')1 *27%23'*2 -3 7-123'*2 1'7'52, *- ?!C:CCC#CC# P02 ';'31 -+ ?AL:CCC#CC +-3 '**-3)29S, +22, ;', 7'()*'()21# ]2).2: *0(, %2*(*(-)#

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M02*023 -3 )-* 8'*0'9 (, &('=&2 *- I&.')*'3' +-3 7-3'&: 2F27%&'39 ')1 *27%23'*2 1'7'52, ', ;2&& ', '**-3)29S, +22,i

d#_# N-# ZCLC!# R'3.0 L: !DDH#

O) !D O.*-=23 !D`L: P-7', ^# I&.')*'3' ;', ' +(3,* .&',, %',,2)523 -+ 8'*0'9 ?'.(+(. I(3;'9,: ^*1# b8IP]I4 +-3 =32>(*9$ -) (*, T&(50* N-# 8m hDCC +3-7 R')(&' *- ]-)5/-)5 ')1 -);'31 +3-7 ]-)5/-)5 *- B'/'3*' -) T&(50* N-# 8m h`!!# P02 %<3%-,2 -+ 0(, *3(% ;', *- '**2)1 *02 +-&&-;()5 1'9: AC O.*-=23 !D`L: ' .-)+232).2 ;(*0 *02 V(32.*-3 d2)23'& -+ P3'12 -+ @)1-)2,(': I&.')*'3' =2()5 *02 XF2.<*(>2 o(.2h?32,(12)* ')1 d2)23'& R')'523 -+ @&(5') 8272)* 8-3%-3'*(-): 80'(37') -+ *02 XF%-3* 8-77(**22 -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8272)* 8-3%-3'*(-): ')1 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -+ *02 8272)* @)1<,*39 I<*0-3(*9 ')1 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8272)* 8-3%-3'*(-)# ]2 .02./21 () 0(, &<55'52 ;0(.0 .-)*'()21 )-* -)&9 0(, .&-*0()5 ')1 '3*(.&2, +-3 %23,-)'& <,2 =<* '&,- %'%23, ')1 1-.<72)*, 02 )22121 +-3 *02 .-)+232).2#

M02*023 -3 )-* *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) -) *02 &(=(&(*9 - + ' .'33(23 *- (*, %',, )523, (, '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 (),*')* .',2i ]X^VU !# 4X6: 8'*0'9 (, &('=&2 *- I&.')*'3' +-3 1'7'52, 2F.2%* +-3 *27%23'*2 1'7'52,# I# R-3'& V'7'52, R-3'& 1'7'52, %321(.'*21 <%-) ' =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 7'9 -)&9 =2 32.->23'=&2 () (),*').2, ;0232 *02 7(,0'% 32,<&*, () 12'*0 -+ ' %',,2)523: -3 ;0232 *02 .'33(23 (, 5<(&*9 -+ +3'<1 -3 ='1 +'(*0#

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h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c<* 2>2) *0'* ;', )-* ,().232 =2.'<,2 *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2 /)2; *0'* *02 %',,2)523 ;', &(7(*21 -)&9 *- l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c# P27%23'*2 V'7'52,

]-;2>23: I&.')*'3' (, )-* 2)*(*&21 *- *27%2 3'*2 1'7'52,: .-)*3'39 *- *02 3<&()5 -+ *02 .-<3* ' J<-: () *02 '=,2).2 -+ ')9 ,0-;()5 *0'* 02 ,<,*'()21 ,-72 %2.<)('39 &-,,# @* .'))-* =2 5'(),'(1 *0'* I&.')*'3'S, &<55'52 ;', <&*(7'*2&9 12&(>2321 *- 0(7 ;(*0-<* ,23(-<, -3 '%%32.('=&2 1'7'52# A# NO: *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) (, )-* '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 (),*')* .',2# I&*0-<50 *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) 0', *02 +-3.2 ')1 2++2.* -+ &'; () *0(, .-<)*39: =2()5 ' *32'*9 .-77(*72)* ',,<721 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 5->23)72)*: ,' (1 .-)>2)*(-) 1-2, )-* -%23'*2 ', ') 2F.&<,(>2 2)<723'*(-) -+ *02 (),*').2, +-3 12.&'3()5 ' .'33(23 &('=&2 +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 -3 ', ') '=,-&<*2 &(7(* -+ *02 2F*2)* -+ *0'* &('=(&(*9# P02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) 12.&'32, *02 .'33(23 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, () *02 2)<723'*21 .',2, ')1 <)123 .23*'() &(7(*'*(-),# ]-;2>23: (* 7<,* )-* =2 .-),*3<21 *- %32.&<12 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 -*023 %23*()2)* &';,# @* 1-2, )-* 325<&'*2: 7<.0 &2,, 2F27%*: *02 .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52, +-3 >(-&'*()5 *02 3(50*, -+ (*, %',,2)523, <)123 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: 2,%2.('&&9 (+ ;(&+<&& 7(,.-)1<.* -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 .'33(23S, 27%&-922, (, +-<)1 -3 2,*'=&(,021: ;0(.0 (, .&2'3&9 *02 .',2 =2+-32 \,# T-3: *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) (*,2&+ %3->(12, () I3*# AL *0'* — Eb!$ P02 .'33(23 ,0'&& )-* =2 2)*(*&21 *- '>'(& 0(7,2&+ -+ *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *0(, .-)>2)*(-) ;0(.0 2F.&<12 -3 &(7(* 0(, &('=(&(*9: (+ *02 1'7'52 (, .'<,21 =9 0 (, ;(&+<&& 7(,.-)1<.* -3 =9 ,<.0 12+'<&* -) 0(, %' 3* ',: () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 &'; -+ *02 .-<3* *- ;0(.0 *02 .',2 (, ,<=7(**21: (, .-),(12321 *- =2 2J<(>'&2)* *- ;(&+<&& 7(,.-)1<.*#E b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h'33')521 .-)+232).2 ;(*0 *02 V(32.*-3 d2)23'& -+ P3'12 -+ *02 0-,* .-<)*39# @) -)2 .',2: *0(, 8-<3* -=,23>21 *0'* ' *3'>2&&23 ;-<&1 )'*<3'&&9 ,<++23 72)*'& ')5<(,0: ')F(2*9 ')1 ,0-./ ;02) 02 + ()1, *0'* 0(, &<55'52 1(1 )-* *3'>2 & ;(*0 0(7 ')1 02 +()1, 0(7,2&+ () ' +- 32(5) &')1 ;(*0-<* ')9 '3*(.&2 -+ . &-*0()5 -*023 *0') ;0'* 02 0', -)#

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4L3M!N3!63 !96JJ6MK :6M8! G .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:! )%& 344d- L8M34V 4- 3LLVdV K-L- M$- RRTR,Q [)/#+ SE RPPQ

VIo@VX: B_#: B# T'.*,U I**9# _2)'*- I33-9-: ' %<=&(. '**-3)29: =-<50* ' *(./2* +3-7 %2*(*(-)23 ' .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () ()*23h(,&')1 ,0(%%()5: +-3 *02 >-9'52 -+ Reo I,(' P0'(&')1 >2,,2& *- 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9 +3-7 82=< 8(*9# \%-) =-'31()5: 02 )-*(.21 *0'* ,-72 32%'(3 ;-3/, f,(.g ;232 =2()5 <)123*'/2) -) *02 2)5()2 -+ *02 >2,,2&# P02 >2,,2& 12%'3*21 '* '3-<)1 !!UCC () *02 2>2)()5 ;(*0 -)&9 -)2 b!$ 2)5()2 3<))()5# I+*23 ') 0-<3 -+ ,&-; >-9'52: *02 >2,,2& ,*-%%21 )2'3 j';(* @,&')1 ')1 13-%%21 (*, ').0-3 *0232'*# I+*23 0'&+ ') 0-<3 -+ ,*(&&)2,,: ,-72 %',,2)523, 127')121 *0'* *029 ,0-<&1 =2 '&&-;21 *- 32*<3) *- 82=< 8(*9 +-3 *029 ;232 )- &-)523 ;(&&()5 *- .-)*()<2 *02(3 >-9'52 *-: 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9# P02 .'%*'() ' ..22121 f,(.g *- *02(3 32J<2,* ')1 *0<, *02 >2,,2& 02'121 ='./ *- 82=< 8(*9# I* 82=< 8(*9: %&'()*(++ *-52*023 ;(*0 *02 -*023 %',,2)523, ;0- 32J<2,*21 *- =2 =3-<50* ='./ *- 82=< 8(*9: ;232 '&&-;21 *1(,27='3/# P0232'+*23: *02 >2,,2& %3-.22121 *- 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9# ?&'()*(++: *02 )2F* 1'9: =-'3121 *02 Reo I,(' B' %') +-3 (*, >-9'52 *- 8'5'9 ') 12 O3- 8(*9: &(/2;(,2 ' >2,,2& -+ 12+2)1')*# O) '..-<)* -+ *0(, +'(&<32 -+ 12+2)1')* *- *3'),%-3* 0(7 *- *02 %&'.2 -+ 12,*()'*(-) - ) N->27=23 !A: !DD!: %&'()*(++ +(&21 =2+-32 *02 *3('& .-<3* ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* 12+2)1')*# I+*23 1<2 *3('&: *02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 (*, 12.(,(-) ')1 3<&21 *0'* *02 '.*(-) ;', -)&9 +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.*: ;(*0 I3*(.&2, !!`C: !!À: ')1 !!`H -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ', '%%&(.'=&2 &'; — )-* I3*(.&2 A!YC -+ *02 ,'72 8-12# O) '%%2'&: *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 32>23,2 1 *02 *3('& .-<3*S, 12.(,(-) =9 ' %%&9()5 I3*(.&2 !`LL () 32&'*(-) *- I3*(.&2, AAC!: AACY: AA! `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e()*232,*# R-3'& 1'7'52, '32 32.->23'=&2 () ' 1'7'52 ,<(* %321(.'*21 <%-) ' =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'3 3('52 ;0232 (* (, %3->21 *0'* * 02 .'33(23 ;', 5<(&*9 -+ +3'<1 -3 ='1 +'(*0 2>2) (+ 12'*0 1-2, )-* 32,<&*# M02) 2)*(*&272)* *- 7-3'& 1'7'52, 0', =22) 2,*'=&(,021: *02 ';'31 -+ 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, (, %3-%23#

@,,<2U MON ?2*(*(-)23 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () 2),<3()5 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ (*, %',,2)523, ]2&1U NO# P02 +'(&<32 -+ ' .-77-) .' 33(23 *- 7'()*'() () ,2';-3*09 .-)1(*(-) (*, >2,,2& ()>-&>21 () ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, ' .&2'3 =32'.0 -+ (*, 1<*9 %32,.3(=21 () I3*(.&2 !`LL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# c2+-32 .-772).()5 *02 .-)*3'.*21 >-9'52: *02 %2*(*(-)23 <)123*--/ ,-72 32%'(3, -) *02 .9&()123 02'1 -+ -)2 -+ *02 >2,,2&S, 2)5()2,# c<* 2>2) =2+-32 (* .-<&1 +()(,0 *02,2 32%'(3,: (* '&&-;21 *02 >2,,2& *- &2'>2 *02 %-3* -+ -3(5() -) -)&9 -)2 +<).*(-)()5 2)5( )2: (),*2'1 -+ *;-# R-32->23: 2>2 ) *02 &-)2 +<).*(-)()5 2)5()2 ;', )-* () %23+2.* .-)1(*(-) ', ,-72*(72 '+*23 (* 0'1 3<) (*, .-<3,2: (* .-)/21 -<*# P0(, .'<,21 *02 >2,,2& *- ,*-% ')1 327'() ' 13(+* '* ,2': *0<, () -3123 *- %32>2)* *02 ,0(% +3-7 .'%,([()5: (* 0'1 *- 13-% ').0-3# ?&'()&9: *02 >2,,2& ;', <),2';-3*09 2>2) =2+-32 *02 >-9'52 =25')# T-3 ' >2,,2& *- =2 ,2';-3*09: (* 7<,* =2 '12J<'*2&9 2J<(%%21 +-3 *02 >-9'52 ')1 7'))21 ;(*0 ' ,<++(.(2)* )<7=23 -+ .-7%2*2)* -++(.23, ')1 .32;# nO) (,,<2 -+ 1'7'52,U I++(3721# bN- '.*<'& 1'7'52, ,().2 )- 2>(12).2 -+ 12&'9# I)9 +<3*023 12&'9 *02) () *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*S, '33(>'& '* *02 %-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-) ;', .'<,21 =9 0(, 12.(,(-) *- 1(,27='3/# ]'1 02 327'()21 -) *02 +(3,* >2,,2&: 02 ;-<&1 0'>2 32'.021 0(, 12,*()'*(-) '* )--) -+ !H N->27=23 !DD!: *0<, =22) '= &2 *- 32%-3* *- 0(, -++(.2 () *02 '+*23)--)# ]2: *0232+-32: ;-<&1 0'>2 &-,* -)&9 *02 ,'&'39 +-3 0'&+ -+ ' 1'9# c<* '.*<'& -3 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, 7<,* =2 %3->21: ;0(.0 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +'(&21 *- 1-# P0232 (, )- .-)>().()5 2>(12).2 *0'* 02 1(1 )-* 32.2(>2 0(, ,'&'39 +-3 !H N->27=23 !DD! )-3 *0'* 0(, '=,2).2 ;', )-* 2F.<,21#$

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TI8P6U ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, I**9# P')1-5 ')1 P(3- =-<50* *(./2*, +-3 o-9'52 '* *02 =3').0 -++(.2 -+ %2*(*(-)23: ' ,0(%%()5 .-7%')9 *3'),%-3*()5 ()*23h(,&')1 %',,2)523, ')1 .'35-2,: '* 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9# _2,%-)12)*, ;232 *- =-'31 %2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2& =-<)1 +-3 P'5=(&'3') 8(*9 >(' *02 %-3* -+ 82=<# \%-) &2'3)()5 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', )-* %3-.221()5 *- c-0-&: ,().2 7')9 %',,2)523, ;232 =-<)1 +-3 6<3(5'-: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, %23 '1>(.2: ;2)* *- *02 =3').0 -++(.2 +-3 %3-%23 32&-.'*(-) *- ')-*023 >2,,2&# c2.'<,2 *02 ,'(1 >2,,2& ;', '&32'19 +(&&21 *- .'%'.(*9: *029 ;232 +-3.21 *'5322 E*- 0(12 '* *02 .'35- ,2.*(-) *- '>-(1 (),%2.*(-) -+ *02 -++(.23, -+ *02

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which reads: “It is hereby agreed and understood that any and all actions arising

-<* -+ *02 .-)1(*(-), ')1 %3->(,(-), -+ *0(, *(./2*: (332,%2.*(>2 -+ ;0232 (* (, (,,<21: shall be filed in the competent courts in the City of Cebu.” The motion was d2)(21 02).2 *02 (),*')* %2*(*(-)#

@66\XU MON 8-)1(*(-) N-# !K %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23S, %',,'52 *(./2*, %<3.0',21 =9 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,: ;0(.0 &(7(*, *02 >2)<2 -+ '.*(-), '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 *- *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=<: >'&(1 ')1 2)+-3.2'=&2

]X^VU N-# 8-),(12321 () *02 &(50* -+ .(3.<7,*').2, %32>'(&()5 () *02 ()*23h(,&')1 ,0(%%()5 ()1<,*39 () *02 .-<)*39 *-1'9: *02 68 02&1 *0'* 8-)1(*(-) N-# !K %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 %',,'52 *(./2*, ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 ', >-(1 ')1 <)2)+-3.2'=&2 +-3 *02 +-&&-;()5 32',-),U T(3,*: <)123 .(3.<7,*').2, -=&(5'*(-) () *02 ()*23h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

IRO\NP OT ^@Ic@^@P4

Z73M d![38: _ .V-E 6M.- G1- K3(6MV (3LL844V _ .V-E :4;-E 84 3:-E &"A"%&)%*13M;L8! 9- :6[K8MK.V )%& g6.8M48 Z3g68L

d#_# N-# ^hAYCAY# N->27=23 AL: !DA` BO]N6: B# TI8P6U ?&'()*(++: ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-): ,22/, *- 32.->23 +3-7 *02 12+2)1')*, ?D:DKC#DL *02 '&&2521 >'&<2 -+ +-<3 .',2, -+ 723.0')1(,2 ;0(.0 (* 12&(>2321 *- *02 ,*2'7,0(% I)132, -) O.*-=23 AL: !DAA: '* R')(&' *- =2 ,0(%%21 *- 6<3(5'-: =<* ;0(.0 ;232 )2>23 12&(>2321 *- 6'&-7-) 60'3<++: * 02 .-),(5)22: -3 32*<3)21 *- *02 %&'()*(++# V2+2)1')*, 7'/2 ' ,%2.(+(. 12)('& -+ '&& -+ *02 7'*23('& '&&25'*(-), -+ *02 .-7%&'()*: ')1 ', ,%2.('& 12+2),2 '&&252 *0'* *02 +-<3 .',2, -+ 723.0')1(,2 () J<2,*(-) ;232 )2>23 12&(>2321 *- *027# P029 +<3*023 ()>-/2 .&'<,2 !A -+ *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 +-3 *02(3 limited liability which reads: “It is expressly understood that carrier sha&& )-* =2 &('=&2 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 +3-7 ')9 .'<,2 -3 +-3 ')9 32',-) *- ') '7-<)* 2F.221()5 ?HCC +-3 ')9 ,()5&2 %'./'52 -+ ,(&/ -3 -*023 >'&<'=&2 .'35-: )-3 +-3 ') ' 7-<)* 2F.221()5 ?!CC +-3 ')9 ,()5&2 %'./'52 -+ -*023 .'35-: <)&2,, *02 >'&<2 ')1 .-)*2)*, -+ ,<.0 %'./'52, '32 .-332.*&9 12.&'321 () *0(, =(&& -+ &'1()5 '* *02 *(72 -+ ,0(%72)* ')1 +32(50* %'(1 () '..-31 ;(*0 *02 '.*<' & 72',<3272)* -3 ;2(50* -+ *02 .' 35shipped.”

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

ZZ

12+2)1')*, *- 0'>2 *'/2) *02 ;0-&2 .'35- -+ !ZK .',2, -+ ,(&/ '* ' >'&<'*(-) -+ ?HCC +-3 2'.0 .',2: -3 &2,, *0') -)2h2(50* -+ (*, '.*<'& >'&<2# @+ *0'* 3<&2 -+ &'; ,0-<&1 =2 ,<,*'()21: )- ,(&/ ;-<&1 2>23 =2 ,0(%%21 +3-7 -)2 (,&')1 *- ')-*023 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,# 6<.0 ' &(7(*'*(-) -+ >'&<2 (, <).-),.(-)'=&2 ')1 >-(1 ', '5'(),* %<=&(. %-&(.9# 8-3%<, B<3(,: >-&<72 !C: %# !LK: ,'9,U ?I_# !DK# Z# _2',-)'=&2 -+ ^(7(*'*(-)# — P02 >'&(1(*9 -+ ,*(%<&'*(-), &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23, &('=(&(*9 (, *- =2 12*237()21 =9 *02(3 32',-)'=&2)2,, ')1 *02(3 .-)+-37(*9 **02 ,-<)1 %<=&(. %-&(.9: () '..-31').2 ;(*0 ;0(.0 *02 -=&(5'*(-), -+ *02 .'33(23 **02 %<=&(. '32 ,2**&21# @* .'))-* &';+<&&9 ,*(%<&'*2 +-3 2F27%*(-) +3-7 &('=(&(*9: <)&2,, ,<.0 2F27%*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2: ')1 <)&2,, *02 .-)*3'.* (, +322&9 ')1 +'(3&9 7'12# N- .-)*3'.*<'& &(7(*'*(-) (, 32',-)'=&2 ;0(.0 (, ,<=>23,(>2 -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9#

TI8P6

?'37')')1 602;'3'7

h %',,2)523

?0(&(%%()2 I(3 ^()2,: @).# b?I^$

h .'33(23

O) N->27=23 AH: !DLD: ?'37')')1 602;'3'7: ;', ' %'9()5 %',,2)523 -) PAL’s aircraft from Zamboanga City bound for Manila. On the same day, he checked () H ='55'52, – ' ,<(*.',2 ')1 A -*023 %(2.2,# P02 ,<(*.',2 ;', 7(,*'5521 ;(*0 “I.G.N.” (for Iligan) instead of MNL (for Manila) by PAL personnel in Zamboanga. The

,<(*.',2 ;', *02) ,2)* *- @&(5') ')1 *0<, 1(1 )-* '33(>2 ;(*0 602;'3'7# P02 ?I^ ,*'*(-) '52)* () @&(5') .'<,21 *- ,2)1 *02 ,<(*.',2 +-3 12&(>239 *- R')(&' ;0(.0 '33(>21 -) N->27=23 AK: !DLD#

?I_# !DL# `# M0'* ^(7(*'*(-), -+ ^('=(&(*9 ?237(,,(=&2# — '# N25&(52).2 — b!$ _<&2 () I723(.' — b'$ @) I=,2).2 -+ O35')(. -3 6*'*<*-39 ?3->(,(-), _25<&'*()5 6<=Q2.*— ''# R'Q-3(*9 _<&2# — @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ,*'*<*2: (* (, ,2**&21 =9 *02 ;2(50* -+ '<*0-3(*9 () *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,: *0'* ;0'*2>23 &(7(*'*(-), '5'(),* (*, .-77-)h&'; &('=(&(*9 '32 %237(,,(=&2 *- ' .'33(23: (* .'))-* &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 +-3 ()Q<39 *- -3 &-,, -+ 5--1, , 0(%%21: ;0232 ,<.0 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, (, .'<,21 =9 (*, -;) )25&(52).2# P0(, (, *02 .-77-)h&'; 1-.*3()2 ')1 (* 7'/2, )- 1(++2 32).2 *0'* *0232 (, )- ,*'*<*-39 %3-0(=(*(-) '5'(),* .-)*3'.*, -+ *0(, .0'3'.*23# P0232 (, )- 723(* () *02 '%%2'&# P02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 &-;23 .-<3* (, '+ +(3721: ;(*0 .-,*,#

J3L[3M3M; !98^3L3[E C?)0%*0AA )%& )CC"??""E G1- J96:6JJ6M8 36L :6M8!E 6M.-E &"A"%&)%* )%& )CC"??)%*-

d#_# N-# ^hACCDD

?3(-3 *- 0'>()5 0(, ,<(*.',2 32*<3)21: 602;'3'7 ;', -++2321 ')-*023 ,(7(&'3 ,<(*.',2 ;0(.0 ;', *02 -)&9 ='55'52 &2+* +-3 *02 +&(50* -) N->27=23 AH: !DLD# P0(, '%%'32)*&9 =2&-)521 *- ' .23*'() V2& _-,'3(- ;0- ;', =-<)1 +-3 @&(5') () *02 ,'72 +&(50* ;(*0 602;'3'7# P02 ,'(1 ,<(*.',2 ;', )2>23*02&2,, -%2)21 *- ',.23*'() (+ ,<.0 =2&-)521 *- 602;'3'7 ;(*0-<* *02 %237(,,(-) ')1 %32,2).2 -+ R3# V2& _-,'3(-# 602;'3'7 32Q2.*21 *02 ,<(*.',2 ', (* .-)*'()21 ' %(,*-& (),*2'1 -+ 0(, P3'),(,*-3 _'1(- ` b?0% !`Z#CC$ ')1 _-&&+&2F 8'723' b?0% H`H#CC$# R-32->23: *0232 ;', ' ,%'.2 () *02 ,<(*.',2 ;0232 *02 *;- (*27, () J<2,*(-) .-<&1 0'>2 =22) %&'.21# ?I^ '17(**21 *0'* *02 *;- (*27, .-<&1 )-* =2 +-<)1 (),(12 *02 ,<(*.',2# There was no evidence on record sufficient to show that Shewaram’s suitcase was never opened during the time it was placed in PAL’s possession and prior to its

32.->239 =9 *02 602;'3'7# ]-;2>23: ?I^ 0'1 %32,2)*21 2>(12).2 *0'* (* 0'1 '<*0-3(*9 *- -%2) %',,2)523,S ='55'52 *- >23(+9 ')1 +()1 (*, -;)23,0(% -3 (12)*(*9#

B<&9 `: !DZZ

pI^V@oI_: B# I7-<)* -+ ^('=(&(*9

Shewaram instituted an action to recover damages suffered by him due to PAL’s

+'(&<32 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ')1 .'33('52 -+ 0(, &<55'52# P0(, ;', &-1521 =2+-32 *02 RP8 p'7=-')5'#

P0(, (, ') '%%2'& +3-7 *02 8T@ p'7=-')5' V2.(,(-) 2&(7()'*()5 2F27%&'39 damages and modifying MTC Zamboanga’s Decision ordering PAL to pay actual damages, exemplary damages, attorney’s fees and cost of suit to S hewaram.

RP8 p'7=-')5' V2.(,(-)

Z`

@* -312321 ?I^ *- %'9 602;'3'7 ?0% H`H#CC ', '.*<'& 1'7'52,: ?0% !CC#CC ', 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,: ?0% !LC#CC ', '**- 3)29S, +22,: ')1 *02 .-,*, -+ *02 '.*(-)#

P0(, ;', %3()*21 () ,7'&& &2**23, '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2*# ?I^ 2>2) '17(*, *0'* %',,2)523, 1- )-* ,(5) *02 *(./2*: 7<.0 &2,, 1(1 602;'3'7 0232() ,(5) 0(, *(./2* ;02) 02 7'12 *02 +&(50* -) N->27=23 AH: !DLD#

?I^ '%%2'&21 *- 8T@ p'7=-')5'#

8T@ p'7=-')5' V2.(,(-)

@* 7-1(+(21 *02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 ()+2 3(-3 .-<3* =9 -3123()5 *02 ?I^ *- %'9 *02 602;'3'7 -)&9 *02 ,<7 -+ ?H`H#CC ', '.*<' & 1'7'52,: ;(*0 &25'& ()*232,* +3-7 R'9 Z: !DZC ')1 *02 ,<7 -+ ?!LC#CC ', ' **-3)29S, +22,: 2&(7()'*()5 *02 ';'31 -+ 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,#

8-3-&&'39 ;(*0 *02 '=->272)*(-)21 .-)1(*(-) (, I3*# !`LC -+ *02 N88U

I .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)#

?2.<)('39 &('=(&(*9 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 7'9: =9 .- )*3'.*: =2 &(7(*21 *- ' +(F21 '7-<)*# @* (, 32J<(321: 0-;2>23: *0'* *02 .-)*3'.* 7<,* =2 E32',-)'=&2 ')1 just under the circumstances and has been fairly and freely agreed upon.” However,

602;'3'7 '%%2'&21 *- *02 68 -) ' J<2,*(-) -+ &';#

@66\X

MON 602;'3'7 ;', =-<)1 =9 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ * 02 *'3(++ 325<&'*(-), +(&21 =9 ?I^ ;(*0 *02 .(>(& '23-)'<*(., =-'31 ')1 *02 .-)1(*(-), -+ .'33('52 %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 %&')2 *(./2* ,*<=# ]X^V

NO# O)2 -+ *02 +-.'& .-)1(*(-), () *02 V-72,*(. P'3(++ _25<&'*(-), N-# A +(&21 ;(*0 *02 8(>(& I23-)'<*(., c-'31 ;0(.0 (, >(*'& () *02 .',2 %3->(12,U

P02 &('=(&(*9: (+ ')9: +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- .02./21 ='55'52 -3 +-3 12&'9 () *02 12&(>239 *0232-+ (, &(7(*21 *- (*, >'&<2 ')1: <)&2,, *02 %',,2)523 12.&'32, () '1>').2 ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) ')1 %'9 ') '11(*(-)'& .0'352 *0232+-3: *02 >'&<2 ,0'&& =2 .-).&<,(>2&9 122721 )-* *- 2F.221 ?!CC#CC +-3 2'.0 *(./2*#

32J<(3272)*, () I3*# !`LC 0'>2 )-* =22) 72*# P02 +'.* *0'* *0-,2 .-)1(*(-), '32 %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2* ,*<= () &2**23, ,- ,7'&& *0'* *029 '32 0'31 *- 32'1 ;-<&1 )-* ;'33')* *02 %32,<7%*(-) *0'* *02 '%%2&&22 ;', ';'32 -+ *0-,2 .-)1(*(-), ,<.0 *0'* 02 0'1 E+'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221E *- *0-,2 .-)1(*(-),# I&,-: (* ;', .&2'3 =9 *02 '17(,,(-) -+ ?I^ *0'* 602;'3'7 1(1 )-* ,(5) 0(, *(./2*# P0232+-32: 02 (, )-*: ')1 .') )-* =2: =-<)1 =9 *02 .-)1(*(-), -+ .'33('52 +-<)1 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2* ,*<= (,,<21 *- 0(7 ;02) 02 7'12 *02 +&(50* -) '%%2&&')*S, %&')2 -) N->27=23 AH: !DLD#

R-32->23: *02 .'33(23 .'))-* &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 +-3 ()Q<39 *- -3 &-,, -+ 5--1, ,0(%%21 ;0232 ,<.0 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, ;', .'<,21 =9 (*, -;) )25&(52).2# ?I^ (, <)1-<=*21&9 ')1 <)1(,%<*21&9 ' .-77-) .'33(23# @* ;', '..<,21 -+ =2()5 )25&(52)* because it admittedly mistagged Shewaram’s suitcase and the some of t he contents

-+ *02 ,'(1 ,<(*.',2 ;232 7(,,()5 <)123 (*, .<,*-19# I&,-: ;(*0 *02 7'))23 () ;0(.0 Mr. Del Rosario’s suitcase was inspected w ithout his necessary authorization an1 presence may and could be applied to Shewaram’s suitcase as well. PAL is had been

327(,, -+ (*, 1<*9 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ')1 (, *0232+-32 &('=&2 ,<=Q2.* *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ I3*,# !`HK ')1 !`HL -+ *02 N88U

I_P# !`HK# 8-77-) .'33(2, '32 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *0 2 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1,: <)&2,, *02 ,'72 (, 1<2 *- ')9 -+ *02 +-&&-;()5 .'<,2, -)&9U b!$

T&--1: ,*-37: 2'3*0J<'/2: -3 -*023 )'*<3'& 1(,',*23 -3 .'&'7(*9G

ZY

bA$

I.* -+ *02 %<=&(. 2)279 () ;'3: ;02*023 ()*23)'*(-)'& -3 .(>(&G

bH$

I.* -3 -7(,,(-) -+ *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 -+ *02 5--1,G

bK$

P02 .0'3'.*23 -+ *02 5--1, -3 12+2.*, () *02 %'./()5 -3 () *02 .-)*'()23,G

bL$

O3123 -3 '.* -+ .-7%2*2)* %<=&(. '<*0-3(*9#

I_P# !`HL# @) '&& .',2, -*023 *0') *0-,2 72)*(-)21 () N-,# !: A: H: K ')1 L -+ *02 %32.21()5 '3*(.&2: (+ *02 5--1, '32 &-,*: 12,*3-921 -3 12*23(-3'*21: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', 32J<(321 () I3*(.&2 !`HH# P02 >'&(1(*9 -+ ,*(%<&'*(-), &(7(*()5 *02 .' 33(23S, &('=(&(*9 (, *- =2 12*237()21 =9 *02(3 32',-)'=&2)2,, ')1 *02(3 .-)+- 37(*9 *- *02 ,-<)1 %<=&(. %-&(.9: () '..-31').2 ;(*0 ;0(.0 *02 -=&(5'*(-), -+ *02 .'33(23 *- *02 %<=&(. '32 ,2**&21# @* .'))-* &';+<&&9 ,*(%<&'*2 +-3 2F27%*(-) +3-7 &('=(&(*9: <)&2,, ,<.0 2F27%*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2: ')1 <)&2,, *02 .-)*3'.* (, +322&9 ')1 +'(3&9 7'12# N- .-)*3'.*<'& &(7(*'*(-) (, 32',-)'=&2 ;0(.0 (, ,<=>23,(>2 -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9# P02 ,0(%%23 ')1 *02 .-77-) .'33(23 '32 )-* -) 2J<'& *237,G *02 ,0(%%23 7<,* ,2)1 0(, +32(50* =9 *02 .-77-) .'33(23: - 3 )-* '* '&&G 02 (, * 0232+-32 2)*(32&9 '* *02 723.9 -+ *02 .'33(23 <)&2,, %3-*2.*21 =9 *02 0(5023 %-;23 -+ *02 &'; '5'(),* =2()5 +-3.21 ()*- .-)*3'.*, &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9# 6<.0 .-)*3'.*, '32 ;')*()5 () *02 2&272)* -+ >-&<)*'39 ',,2)*#

@) >(2; -+ *02 +-325-()5: *02 12.(,(-) '%%2'&21 +3-7 (, '++(3721: ;(*0 .-,*, '5'(),* *02 '%%2&&')*#

d#_# N-# ^hKCLD` B<)2 AD: !D`D 3K7!46MV (- VMK d67E C"*0*0$%"/E G19VMVL3(:8 .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:! )%& J96:6JJ6M8 36L :6M8!E 6M.-E /"1C$%&"%*1-

RX^XN8@Oh]X__X_I: B#U !# ?2*(*(-)23 O)5 b%3'.*(.()5 &';923$ ;', ' +'32 %'9()5 %',,2)523 -+ 32,%-)12)* ?I^: -) =-'31 T&(50* N-# KZHh_: +3-7 R'.*') 82=< *- c<*<') 8(*9# ]2 ;', ,.021<&21 *- '**2)1 *02 *3('& -+ .(>(& .',2 () *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 ,2* +-3 02'3()5 -) I<5<,* AYhH!: !DZ`# ]2 .02./21 () ' =&<2 E7'&2*'E b.-)*'()()5 >(*'& 1-.<72)*, )22121 +-3 *3('&$ +-3 ;0(.0 02 ;' , (,,<21 8&'(7 802./ N-# A!CZh_# \%-) '33(>'&: %2*(*(-)23 .&'(721 0(, &<55'52 =<* (* .-<&1 )-* =2 +-<)1#

A# I* '=-<* HUCC -S.&-./ ?#R#: ?I^ c<*<'): ,2)* ' 72,,'52 *- ?I^ 82=<: ()J<(3()5 '=-<* *02 7(,,()5 &<55'52 0(.0 72,,'52 ;', 32&'921 () +<&& *- *02 R'.*') I(3%-3* *2&2*9%2 -%23'*-3 '* HUKL ?#R# @* 7<,* 0'>2 =22) *3'),7(**21 *- R')(&' (7721('*2&9 '* HULD# H# ?I^ R')(&' ;(321 ?I^ 82=< '1>(,()5 *0'* *02 &<55'52 0'1 =22) ->23 .'33(21 *- R')(&' ')1 *0'* (* ;-<&1 =2 +-3;'3121 *- 82=< -) *02 ,'72 1'9# @),*3<.*(-), ;232 '&,- 5(>2) *0'* *02 &<55'52 =2 (7721('*2&9 +-3;'3121 *- c<*<') 8(*9 -) *02 +(3,* '>'(&'=&2 +&(50*# K# I* LUCC ?#R# -+ *02 ,'72 '+*23)--): ?I^ 82=< ,2)* ' 72,,'52 *- ?I^ c<*<') *0'* *02 &<55'52 ;-<&1 =2 +-3;'3121 *02 +-&&-;()5 1'9: I<5<,* A`# I* !CUCC -S.&-./ *0'* 2>2)()5: %2*(*(-)23 ;(321 ?I^ 82=< 127')1()5 * 02 12&(>239 -+ 0(, ='55'52 =2+-32 )--) *02 )2F* 1'9: -*023;(, 2: 02 ;-<&1 0-&1 ?I^ &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,# P0(, *2&253'7 ;', 32.2(>21 =9 *02 82=< ?I^ ,<%23>(,-3 =<* *02 &'**23 +2&* )- )221 *- ;(32 %2*(*(-)23 *0'* 0(, &<55'52 0'1 '&32'19 =22) +-3;'3121 -) *02 ',,<7%*(-) *0'* =9 *02 *(72 *02 72,,'52 32'.021 c<*<') 8(*9: *02 &<55'52 ;-<&1 0'>2 '33(>21# L# X'3&9 () *02 7-3)()5 -+ *02 )2F* 1'9: I<5<,* A` %2*(*(-)23 ;2)* *- *02 c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h()h&';# ?2*(*(-)23 32+<,21 *'..2%* *02 &<55'52# R2');0(&2: %2*(*(-)23 ',/21 +-3 %-,*%-)272)* -+ *02 02'3()5 -+ 8(>(& 8',2 N-# !CCL 1<2 *- &-,, -+ 0(, 1-.<72)*,: ;0(.0 ;', 53')*21 =9 *02 8-<3*# ?2*(*(-)23 32*<3)21 *- 82=< 8(*9 -) I<5<,* AY: !DZ`# `# O) 62%*27=23 !H: !DZ`: %2*(*(-)23 +(&21 ' 8-7%&'()* '5'(),* ?I^ +-3 1'7'52, +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-) ;(*0 *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=<# I+*23 1<2 *3('&: *02 &-;23 8-<3* +-<)1 ?I^ *- 0'>2 '.*21 () ='1 +' (*0 ')1 ;(*0 7'&(.2 ')1 12.&'321 %2*(*(-)23 2)*(*&21 * - 7-3'& 1'7'52, () *02 ,<7 -+ ? YC:CCC#CC: 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, -+ ?HC:CCC#CC: '**-3)29S, +22, -+ ?L:CCC#CC: ')1 .-,*,# Y# c-*0 %'3*(2, '%%2'&21 *- *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, — %2*(*(-)23 () ,- +'3 ', 02 ;', ';'3121 -)&9 *02 ,<7 -+ ?YC:CCC#CC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52,G ')1 12+2)1')* =2.'<,2 -+ *02 <)+'>-3'=&2 Q<1572)* 32)12321 '5'(),* (*#

ZD

D# P02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: +()1()5 *0'* ?I^ ;', 5<(&*9 -)&9 -+ ,(7%&2 )25&(52).2: 32>23,21 *02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 *3('& 8-<3*: =<* - 312321 ?I^ *- %'9 %&'()*(++ *02 ,<7 -+ ?!CC#CC: *02 ='55'52 &('=(&(*9 ',,<721 =9 (* <)123 *02 .-)1(*(-) -+ .'33('52 %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2*#

2)*(32&9 %3-0(=(*21# P02 -)2 ;0- '10232, *- *02 .-)*3'.* (, () 32'&(*9 +322 *- 32Q2.* (* 2)*(32&9G (+ 02 '10232,: 02 5(>2, 0(, .-),2)*#

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M02*023 *02 1-.*3()2 -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 1-.*3()2 '%%&(2, () *02 (),*')*

]X^VU !# 4X6# T3-7 *02 +'.*, -+ *02 .',2: ;2 '5322 ;(*0 32,%-)12)* 8-<3* *0'* ?I^ 0'1 )-* '.*21 () ='1 +'(*0# c'1 +'(*0 72'), ' =32'.0 -+ ' /)-;) 1<*9 *03-<50 ,-72 7-*(>2 -+ ()*232,* -3 (&& ;(&&# @* ;', *02 1<*9 -+ ?I^ *- &--/ +-3 %2*(*(-)23S, &<55'52 ;0(.0 0'1 =22) 7(,.'33(21# ?I^ 2F23*21 1<2 1(&(52).2 () .-7%&9()5 ;(*0 ,<.0 1<*9#

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`# P02 ?I^ ,<%23>(,-3 '* R'.*') I(3%-3* ;', )-*(+(21 -+ (* -)&9 () *02 7-3)()5 -+ *02 + -&&-;()5 1'9# I* *0'* *(72 *02 &<55'52 ;', '&32'19 *- =2 +-3;'3121 *- c<*<') 8(*9# P0232 ;', )- ='1 +'(*0: *0232+-32: () *02 ',,<7%*(-) 7'12 =9 ,'(1 ,<%23>(,-3 *0'* *02 %&')2 .'339()5 *02 ='5 ;-<&1 '33(>2 '* c<*<') 2'3&(23 *0') ' 32%&9 *2&253'7# ]'1 %2*(*(-)23 ;'(*21 -3 .'<,21 ,-72-)2 *- ;'(* '* *02 c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

P02 %23*()2)* 8-)1(*(-) -+ 8'33('52 %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 %&')2 *(./2* 32'1,U “BAGGAGE LIABILITY ... The total liability of the Carrier for lost or damaged baggage

valuation of P1,000.00 and additional charges are paid pursuant to Carrier's tariffs.”

8-),(123()5: *0232+-32: *0'* %2*(*(-)23 0'1 +'(&21 *- 12.&'32 ' 0(5023 >'&<2 +-3 0(, ='55'52: 02 .'))-* =2 %237(**21 ' 32.->239 () 2F.2,, -+ ?!CC#CC# c2,(12,: %',,2)523, '32 '1>(,21 )-* *- %&'.2 >'&<'=&2 (*27, (),(12 *02(3 ='55'52 =<* E*- '>'(& -+ -<3 oh.'35- ,23>(.2 E# @* (, &(/2;(,2 *- =2 )-*21 *0'* *0232 (, )-*0()5 () *02 2>(12).2 *- ,0-; *02 '.*<'& >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '&&2521&9 &-,* =9 %2*(*(-)23#

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T'.*,U 62'h^')1: ' +-32(5) ,0(%%()5 ')1 +-3;'31()5 .-7%')9 &(.2),21 *- 1- =<,()2,, () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: 32.2(>21 +3-7 62'=-3)2 P3'1()5 8-7%')9 () 8'&(+-3)(': ' ,0(%72)* .-),(5)21 *- 62) ]('% ]()5: *02 =<,()2,, )'72 <,21 =9 ?'<&()- 8<2 () *02 ;0-&2,'&2 ')1 32*'(& *3'12 ;0(.0 02 -%23'*21# P02 ,0(%%23 )-* 0'>()5 12.&'321 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)*: NO oI^\X MI6 @NV@8IPXV @ N P]X c@^^ OT ÎV@Nd# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', 1(,.0'3521 () R')(&': ')1 ;0(&2 ';'(*()5 *3'),,0(%72)* *- 82=<: *02 .'35- ;', ,*-&2) =9 %(&+2323, ')1 )2>23 32.->2321# ?'<&()- 8<2: *02 .-),(5)22: 7'12 +-37'& .&'(7 <%-) 62'h^')1 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* ,0(%72)* '&&2521&9 '7-<)*()5 *- ?!`D:ZKH#KY# 62'h^')1 -++2321 *- ,2**&2 +-3 \6lK:CCC#CC: -3 (*, *02) ?0(&(%%()2 %2,- 2J<(>'&2)* -+ ?HC:ZCC#CC# ', ,23*()5 *0'* ,'(1 '7-<)* 32%32,2)*21 (*, 7'F(7<7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 * 02 &-,, -+ *02 ,0(%72)* <)123 *02 %'./'52 &(7(*'*(-) .&'<,2 () *02 .->23()5 =(&& -+ &'1()5# 8<2 32Q2.*21 *02 -++23 ')1 *0232'+*23 =3-<50* ,<(* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* 62'h^')1 () *02 *02) 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=< P02 *3('& .-<3* ,2)*2).21 62'h^')1 *- %'9 8<2 ?!YZ:CKY 32%32,2)*()5 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 .<332).9 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35-: ?LL: Y!K +-3 <)32'&([21 %3-+(* ')1 ?AL:CCC + -3 attorney’s fees. CA affirmed the trial court’s decision.

@,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* 62'h^')1 (, &('=&2 *- %'9 8<2# ]2&1U P0232 (, )- J<2,*(-) -+ *02 3(50* -+ ' .-),(5)22 () ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 *- 32.->23 +3-7 *02 .'33(23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 &-,, -+: -3 1'7'52 *-: 5--1, =2()5 *3'),%-3*21 <)123 ,'(1 =(&&: '&*0-<50 *0'* 1-.<72)* 7'9 0'>2 =22 ) 13';) <% -)&9 =9 *02 .-),(5)-3 ')1 *02 .'33(23 ;(*0-<* *02 ()*23>2)*(-) -+ *02 .-),(5)22#

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6().2 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 +-3 &-,, -+ -3 1'7'52 *- 5--1, *3'),%-3*21 =9 (* <)123 ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, 5->23)21 =9 *02 &';, -+ *02 .-<)*39 -+ 12,*()'*(-) ')1 *02 5--1, () J<2,*(-) ;232 ,0(%%21 +3-7 *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ 62'h^')1 0', 8<2 (, 5->23)21 %3(7'3(&9 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12: ')1 ', -31'()21 =9 *02 ,'(1 8-12: ,<%%&272)*'39: () '&& 7'**23, )-* .&<**2321 *0232=9: =9 *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 ,%2.('& &';,# O)2 -+ *02,2 ,<%%&272)*'39 ,%2.('& &';, (, *02 8'33('52 -+ 5--1, =9 62' I.* b8Od6I$: 7'12 '%%&(.'=&2 *- '&& .-)*3'.*, +-3 *02 .'33('52 =9 , 2' *- ')1 +3-7 *02 ?0(&(%%()2, ?-3*, () T-32(5) P3'12 =9 8-77# I.*# ZL# 62.# KbL$ -+ ,'(1 I.* () %'3* 32'1,U

&(7(*'*(-) =9 *02 ,(7%&2 2F%21(2)* -+ 12.&'3 ()5 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5#

bL$ N2(*023 *02 .'33(23 )-3 *02 ,0( % ,0'&& () ')9 2>2)* =2 -3 =2. -72 &('=&2 +-3 ')9 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- -3 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1, () ') '7-<)* 2F.221()5 lLCC %23 %'./'52 &';+<& 7-)29 -+ *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,: -3 () .',2 -+ 5--1, )-* ,0(%%21 () %'./'52,: %23 .<,*-7'39 +32(50* <) (*: -3 *02 2J<(>'&2)* -+ *0'* , <7 () -*023 .<332).9: <)&2,, *02 )'*<32 ')1 >'&<2 -+ ,<.0 5--1, 0'>2 =22) 12.&'321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23 =2+-32 ,0(%72)* ')1 (),23*21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# P0(, 12.&'3'*(-): (+ 27=-1(21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: ,0'&& =2 %3(7' +'.(2 2>(12).2: =<* ,0'&& )-* =2 .-).&<,(>2 -) *02 .'33(23#

G1-

c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`KD ')1 !`LC: *0'*U I_P# !`KD I ,*(%<&'*(-) *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 (, &(7(*21 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, =()1()5# I_P# !`LC# I .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)# X>2) (+ 62.*(-) KbL$ -+ 8Od6I 1(1 )-* &(,* *02 >'&(1(*9 ')1 =()1()5 2++2.* -+ *02 &('=(&(*9 &(7(*'*(-) .&'<,2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 0232 '32 +<&&9 ,<=,*')*('& -) *02 =',(, '&-)2 -+ I3*(.&2 !`KD ')1 !`LC -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# P02 Q<,*(.2, -+ ,<.0 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, (7%&(.(* () (*, 5(>()5 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 *02 -%*(-) -+ '>-(1()5 '..3<'& -+ &('=(&(*9

P02 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ 62'h^')1 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52, *- *02 ,0(%72)* .->2321 =9 ,'(1 3<&2 *- \6lLCC %23 %'./'52 <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 12.&'32, *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ')1 %'9, '11(*(-)'& .0'352, (, >'&(1 ')1 =()1()5 -) 8<2# .0*)&"? :0%"1E 6%#- G- .3 K-L- M$- TTWP, 3C/0? ,OE RPPW .643;8: :6M8!E 6M.-E C"*0*0$%"/E

.V7L4 V2 3JJ83:! h )%& [3M6:3 ^6M8 [8L.93M4!E 6M.-E /"1C$%&"%*1-

T'.*,U ?2*(*(-)23 8(*'12& ^()2,: @).# b8I__@X_$ (, *02 52)23'& '52)* -+ *02 >2,,2& E8'31(5') c'9e6*3'(* X)*23%3(,2:E ;0(&2 32,%-)12)* R')(&' M()2 R23.0')*,: @ ).#b8ON6@dNXX$ (, *02 (7%-3*23 -+ *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* -+ V<)0(&& .(5'32**2, +3-7 X)5&')1# P02 >2,,2& &-'121 -) =-'31 '* 6- <*0'7%*-): X)5&')1: +-3 .'33('52 *- R')(&': !YC T(&=3(*2 .'3*-), -+ 7(F21 c3(*(,0 7')<+'.*<321 .(5'32**2, .'&&21 EV<)0(&& @)*23)'*(-)'& T(&*23E ')1 EV<)0(&& @)*23)'*(-)'& R2)*0-&# P02 ,0(%72)* '33(>21 '* *02 ?-3* -+ R')(&' () ' .-)*'()23 >') ;0(.0 ;', 32.2(>21 =9 X# _'[-): @).# b&'*23 /)-;) ', R2*3- ?-3* 623>(.2: @).#$bI__I6P_X$ P02 .-)*'()23 >'): ;0(.0 .-)*'()21 *;- ,0(%72)*, ;', ,*3(%%21# O)2 ,0(%72)* ;', 12&(>2321 ')1 *02 -*023 ,0(%72)* .-),(,*()5 -+ *02 (7%-3*21 c3(*(,0 7')<+'.*<321 .(5'32**2, ;', %'&&2*([21# V<2 *- &'./ -+ ,%'.2 '* *02 6%2.('& 8'35- 8-3'&: *02 '+-32,'(1 .(5'32**2, ;232 %&'.21 () *;- .-)*'()23, ;(*0 *;- %'&&2*, () -)2 .-)*'()23: ')1 +-<3 %'&&2*, () ')-*023 .-)*'()23: ;(*0 =-*0 .-)*'()23, 1<&9 %'1&-./21 ')1 ,2'&21 =9 *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -+ *02 8I__@X_# The CARRIER’s headchecker discovered that the second container h '1 ' 1(++232)*

%'1&-./ ')1 *02 ,2'& ;', *'7%2321 ;(*0# P02 7'**23 ;', 32%-3*21 *- 6(=<.'- b?(23 6<%23()*2)12)*$ ')1 <%-) >23(+(.'*(-): (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* DC .',2, -+ (7%-3*21 c3(*(,0 7')<+'.*<321 .(5'32**2, ;232 7(,,()5# @) ') ()>2,*(5'*(-) .-)1<.*21 =9 *02 I__I6P_X (* ;', 32>2'&21 *0'* *02 .'35- () J<2,*(-) ;', )-* +-37'&&9 *<3)21 ->23 *- (* =9 *02 8I__@X_ =<* ;', /2%* (),(12 *02 ,'(1 .-)*'()23 >') ;0(.0 ;', %'1&-./21 ')1 ,2'&21 =9 *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2, -+ *02 8I__@X_ ;(*0-<* ')9 %'3*(.(%'*(-) -+ *02 I__I6P_X#

`!

M02) *02 8ON6@dNXX &2'3)21 *0'* DC .',2, ;232 7(,,()5: (* +(&21 ' +-37'& .&' (7 ;(*0 *02 8I__@X_# @) (*, 32%&9: (* '&&25 21 *0'* *02 5--1, ;232 <)123 *02 '=,-&<*2 .-)*3-& I__I6P_X# I +-37'& .&'(7 ;', *02) +( &21 ;(*0 *02 I__I6P_X ;0(.0 12)(21 &('=(&(*9# P02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) 2F-)2 3'*()5 *02 I__I6P_X +3-7 ')9 &('=(&(*9 -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* *02 ,<=Q2.* .-)*'()23 >') ;', )-* +-37'&&9 *<3)21 ->23 *- (*, .<,*-19: '1Q<15()5 *02 8I__@X_ &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,* ,0(%72)*# P02 8I '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _P8#

@,,<2U !# M02*023 *02 &-,, -..<3321 ;0(&2 *02 .'35- () J<2,*(-) ;', () *02 .<,*-19 -+ X# _'[-): @).# -3 -+ 8(*'12& ^()2,: @). A# M02*023 *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23 .-)*'()21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, =()1()5 -) *02 .-),(5)22#

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`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

*0'* *02 &-,, ;', -..',(-)21 =9 ') 2F.2%*21 .'<,2: *02 ()2,.'%'=&2 .-).&<,(-) (, *0'* *02 8I__@X_ ;', )25&(52)* ')1 ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 *0232+-3# A# P02 ';'31 -+ 1'7'52, () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?H!A:YCC#CC +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, &-,*: =',21 -) *02 '&&2521 7'3/2* >'&<2 *0232-+: *- =2 233-)2-<,# @* (, .&2'3&9 ')1 2F%32,,&9 %3->(121 <)123 8&'<,2 Z -+ *02 '+-3272)*(-)21 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 (,,<21 =9 *02 8I__@X_ *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9 (, &(7(*21 * - lA#CC %23 /(&-# c',(. (, *02 3<&2: &-)5 ,().2 2),03()21 ', ' ,*'*<*-39 %3->(,(-) *0'* ' ,*(%<&'*(-) &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, =()1()5# T<3*023: ' .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-) P02 8ON6@dNXX (*,2&+ '17(*, () (*, 727-3')1<7 *0'* *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, ,0(%%21 1-2, )-* '%%2'3 () *02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5# ]2).2: *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) -) *02 .'33(23S, &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 '%%&(2,# P0232 (, )- J<2,*(-) *0'* *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2 <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2, ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)# P02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ,0-;, *0'* !AC .' 3*-), ;2(50 A:D`Y /(&-, -3 AK#YA /(&-, %23 .'3*-)# 6().2 DC .'3*-), ;232 &-,* ')1 *02 ;2(50* -+ ,'(1 .'3*-), (, A:AHH#YC /(&-,: '* lA#CC %23 /(&- *02 8I__@X_S, &('=(&(*9 '7-<)*, *- -)&9 \6lK:KZ`#ZC#

Stipulation limiting carrier’s liability

bK-L- M$- R,RT,S Z)%>)/B ,PE RPPTc (L646!9 36L^3d!E C"*0*0$%"/E G1.V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E KVJ [3943M6E )%& J96:6JJ6M8 36L:6M8!E /"1C$%&"%*1-

T'.*,U O) I%3(& !Z: !DYD: R'0*')( 12.(121 *- >(,(* 0(, 32&'*(>2, () c-7='9: @)1('# ]2 ',/21 R3# d<7'3 *- %32%'32 0(, *3'>2& %&'),# R3# d<7'3 %<3.0',21 ' *(./2* +3-7 c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, bcI$#6().2 cI 0'1 )- 1(32.* +&(50*, +3-7 R')(&' *- c-7='9: R'0*')( 0'1 **'/2 ' +&(50* *- ]-)5/-)5 >(' ?I^: ')1 <%-) '33(>'& () ]-)5/-)5 02 0'1 *- *'/2 ' .-))2.*()5 +&(50* *- c-7='9 -) =-'31 cI# c2+-32 12%'3*<32: R'0*')( .02./21 () '* ?I^ .-<)*23 0(, *;- %(2.2, -+ &<55'52 .-)*'()()5 0(, .&-*0()5, ')1 %23,-)'& 2++2.*,:

À

.-)+(12)* *0'* <%-) 32'.0()5 ]-)5/-)5: *02 ,'72 ;-<&1 =2 * 3'),+23321 *- *02 cI +&(50* =-<)1 +-3 c-7='9# M02) R'0*')( '33(>21 () c-7='9 02 1(,.->2321 *0'* 0(, &<55'52 ;', 7(,,()5 ')1 *0'* <%-) ()J<(39 +3-7 * 02 cI 32%32,2)*'*(>2,: 02 ;', *-&1 *0'* *02 ,'72 7(50* 0'>2 =22) 1(>23*21 *- ^-)1-)# I+*23 ;'(*()5 +-3 ! ;22/: cI +()'&&9 '1>(,21 0(7 *- +(&2 ' .&'(7 =9 '..-7%&(,0()5 *02 E?3-%23*9 @3325<&'3(*9 _2%-3*# @) *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: -) B<)2 !!: !DDC R'0*')( +(&21 0(, .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, ')1 '**-3)29S, +22, '5'(),* cI ')1 R3#d<7'3 =2+-32 *02 _P8# O) 62%*27=23 K: !DDC: cI +(&21 (*, '),;23 ;(*0 .-<)*23 .&'(7 *- *02 .-7%&'()* 3'(,()5: ', ,%2.('& ')1 '++(37'*(>2 12+2),2,: *0'* R'0*')( 1(1 )-* 0'>2 ' .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) '5'(),* (*# ^(/2;(,2: -) N->27=23 D: !DDC: cI +(&21 ' *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ?I^ '&&25()5 *0'* *02 32',-) +-3 *02 )-)h*3'),+23 -+ *02 &<55'52 ;', 1<2 *- *02 &'**23S, &'*2 '33(>'& () ]-)5/-)5: *0<, &2'>()5 0'31&9 ')9 *(72 +-3 *02 %3-%23 *3'),+23 -+ R'0*')(S, &<55'52 *- *02 cI '(3.3'+* =-<)1 +-3 c-7='9# O) T2=3<'39 AL: !DD!: ?I^ +(&21 (*, '),;23 *- *02 *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()*: ;0232() (* 1(,.&'(721 ')9 &('=(&(*9: '35<()5 *0'* *0232 ;',: () +'.*: '12J<'*2 *(72 *- *3'),+23 *02 &<55'52 *- cI +'.(&(*(2, () ]-)5/-)5# T<3*0237-32: *02 *3'),+23 -+ *02 &<55'52 *]-)5/-)5 '<*0-3(*(2, ,0-<&1 =2 .-),(12321 ', *3'),+23 *- cI# I+*23 '%%3-%3('*2 %3-.221()5, ')1 *3('&: -) R'3.0 K: !DDH: *02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 (*, 12.(,(-) () +'>-3 -+ R'0*')(#cI (, -312321 *- %'9 R'0*')( ?`:CCC +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 A ,<(*.',2,lKCC +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 .-)*2)*, -+ *02 &<55'52?LC:CCC +-3 7-3'&

I17(**21&9: () ' .-)*3'.* -+ '(3 .'33('52 ' 12.&'3'*(-) =9 *02 %',,2)523 -+ ' 0(5023 >'&<2 (, )22121 *- 32.->23 ' 532'*23 '7-<)*# I3*(.&2 AAb!$ -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) ]-;2>23: ;2 0'>2 02&1 *0'* =2)2+(*, -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 '32 ,<=Q2.* *;'(>23 ,<.0 ', ;02) *02 '(3 .'33(23 +'(&21 *- 3'(,2 *(72&9 -=Q2.*(-), 1< 3()5 *02 *3('& ;02) J<2,*(-), ')1 '),;23, 325'31()5 *02 '.*<'& .&'(7, ')1 1'7'52, ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 %',,2)523 ;232 ',/21#

d(>2) *02 +-325-()5 %-,*<&'*2,: *02 ()2,.'%'=&2 .-).&<,(-) (, *0'* cI 0'1 ;'(>21 *02 12+2),2 -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 ;02) (* '&&-;21 R'0*')( *- *2,*(+9 ', *- *02 '.*<'& 1'7'52, 02 ().<3321 1<2 *- *02 7(,%&'.272)* -+ 0(, &<55'52: ;(*0-<* ')9 -=Q2.*(-)# @)1221: (* (, ' ;2&&h,2**&21 1-.*3()2 *0'* ;0232 *02 %3-%-)2)* -++23, 2>(12).2 122721 =9 .-<),2& -+ *02 '1>23,2 %'3*9 *- =2 ()'17(,,(=&2 +-3 ')9 32',-): *02 &'**23 0', *02 3(50* *- -=Q2.*# ]-;2>23: ,<.0 3(50* (, ' 7232 %3(>(&252 ;0(.0 .') =2 ;'(>21# N2.2,,'3(&9: *02 -=Q2.*(-) 7<,* =2 7'12 '* *02 2'3&(2,* -%%-3*<)(*9: &2,* ,(&2).2 ;02) *0232 (, -%%-3*<)(*9 *- ,%2'/ 7'9 -%23'*2 ', ' ;'(>23 -+ -=Q2.*(-),#

cI 0', %32.(,2&9 +'(&21 () *0(, 325'31# @* +'(&21: )-* -)&9 *- ()*23%-,2 ' *(72&9 -=Q2.*(-): =<* 2>2) .-)1<.*21 0(, -;) .3-,,h2F'7()'*(-) ', ;2&&#

and exemplary damages and 20% for attorney’s fees and cost of the action. This

12.(,(-) ;', '++(3721 =9 8I# @66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* *02 ';'31 -+ *02 1'7'52, ;', ;(*0-<* =',(, ,().2 R'0*')( +'(&21 *- 12.&'32 ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) ;(*0 32,%2.* *- 0(, &<55'52

_\^@NdU

NO# P02 )'*<32 -+ ') '(3&()2S, .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 %'3*'/2, -+ *;- *9%2,: )'72&9U ' .-)*3'.* *- 12&(>23 ' .'35- -3 723.0')1(,2 *- (*, 12,*()'*(-) ')1 ' .-)*3'.* **3'),%-3* %',,2)523, *- *02(3 12,*()'*(-)# I =<,()2,, ()*2)121 *- ,23>2 *02 *3'>2&()5 %<=&(. %3(7'3(&9: (* (, (7=<21 ;(*0 %<=&(. ()*232,*: 02).2: *02 &'; 5->23)()5 .-77-) .'33(23, (7%-,2, ') 2F'.*()5 ,*')1'31#

:V3;!43L !96JJ6MK .V-E 6M.- g! .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!

T'.*,U O) !D N->27=23 !DYK: ÔIV6PI_ 32.2(>21 -) =-'31 ' $ `CL ='&2, -+ &';')(* 0'31;--1G =$ A` =-F2, ')1 .3'*2, -+ *(&2;--1 ',,27=&(2, ')1 *02 -*023, G')1 .$ KD =<)1&2, -+ 7-<&1()5, _ a M bH$ I%(*-)5 c-&(12)([21# O) (*, ;'9 *- R')(&' +3-7 *02 %-3* -+ N',(%(*: I5<,') 12& N-3*2: *02 >2,,2&: '&-)5 ;(*0 (*, .'35-: ,')/ -++ ^(7',';' @,&')1# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *02 *-*'& &-,, -+ (*, ,0(%72)*: *02 .-),(5)22 7'12 ' .&'(7 ;(*0 ÔIV6PI_ ;0(.0: 0-;2>23: (5)-321 *02 ,'72# R@8 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ÔIV6PI_ ')1 ?dI@: '&&25()5 *0'* *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* ')1 )25&(52).2 -+ ÔIV6PI_ ')1 (*, 27%&-922,# ÔIV6PI_ 12)(21 ')9 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, of the shipper’s goods and claimed that sinking of its vessel was due to force 7'Q2<32# I)1 (+ %32,<7()5 *0'* *029 ;232 &('=&2: *029 ;232 &('=&2 -) *02 '7 -<)* +(F21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# @,,<2,U !# @, *02 V-.*3()2 -+ ^(7(*21 ^('=(&(*9 '%%&(2,i

N25&2.* -3 7'&+2',').2 =9 *02 .'33(23S, 27%&-922, .-<&1 %321(.*'=&9 +<3)(,0 =',2, +-3 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52,#

A# @, &(7itation on the carrier’s liability to an amount fixed in the bill of lading valid?

`H

]2&1U !# N-# P02 1-.*3()2 -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 1-2, )-* '%%&9 ;0232 *0232 ;', )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 >2,,2& -;)23 -3 '52)*#f!`g ÔIV6PI_ ;', '* +'<&* -3 )25&(52)* () )-* 7'()*'()()5 ' ,2';-3*09 >2,,2& ')1 () 0'>()5 '&&-;21 (*, >2,,2& *- ,'(& 12,%(*2 /)-;&2152 -+ ') '%%3-'.0()5 *9%0--)# @) ')9 2>2)*: (* 1(1 )-* ,()/ =2.'<,2 -+ ')9 ,*-37 *0'* 7'9 =2 122721 ', +-3.2 7'Q2< 32: ()',7<.0 ', *02 ;()1 .-)1(*(-) () *02 '32' ;0232 (* ,')/ ;', 12*237()21 12*237()21 *- =2 7-123'*2# 6().2 (* ;', 327(,, () *02 performance of its duties, LOADSTAR cannot hide behind the “limited liability”

1-.*3()2 *- 2,.'%2 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ')1 (*, .'35-#

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er’s liability for the loss or destruction of the goods to a 125322 &2,, *0') 2F*3'-31()'39: 02).2 ()>'&(1#

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NI_oI6I: B#U TI8P6U N-3=23*- W<(,<7=()5: 63# ')1 d<)*023 ^2-++&23 ;232 '7-)5 *02 b%',,2)523,$ -+ ### b?I^S,$ T-//23 ST3(2)1,0(%S ?@8hLHZ %&')2 () (*, +&(50* -+ N->27=23 Z:!DZY ;0(.0 &2+* R'.*') 8(*9 '* '=-<* ÙHC () *02 2>2)()5 ;(*0 R')(&' +-3 (*, 12,*()'*(-)# I+*23 *02 %&')2 0'1 *'/2) -++: T&-32).(- O# o(&&'3(): ' 62)(-3 Nc@ I52)* ;0- ;', '&,- ' %',,2)523 -+ *02 ,'(1 %&')2: )-*(.21 ' .23*'() Sp'&19:S ' ,<,%2.* () *02 /(&&()5 -+

B<152 o'&12[: ,2'*21 '* *02 +3-)* ,2'* )2'3 *02 1--3 &2'1()5 *- *02 .-./%(* -+ *02 %&')2# I .02./ =9 o(&&'3() ;(*0 *02 %',,2)523S, *(./2* () *02 %-,,2,,(-) -+ +&(50* 6*2;'312,, I))(2 c-)*(5'-: ;0- ;', ,2'*21 '* * 02 &',* ,2'* 3(50* 3-;: 32>2' &21 *0'* Sp'&19S 0'1 <,21 *02 )'72 S8'312)*2:S -)2 -+ 0(, '&(',2, /)-;) *- o(&&'3()# o(&&'3() '&,- .'72 */)-; +3-7 *02 ,*2;'312,, *0'* Sp'&19S 0'1 *0322 .-7%')(-), -) =-'31 *02 %&')2#E o(&&'3() *02) ,.3(==&21 ' )-*2 '1132,,21 *- *02 %(&-* -+ *02 %&')2 32J<2,*()5 *02 &'**23 *- .-)*'.* Nc@ 1<*9 '52)*, () R')(&' +-3 *02 ,'(1 '52)*, *- ',/ *02 V(32.*-3 -+ *02 Nc@ *- ,2)1 '=-<* ,(F Nc@ '52)*, *- 722* *02 %&')2 =2.'<,2 *02 ,<,%2.* () *02 /(&&()5 -+ B<152 o'&12[ ;', -) =-'31# P02 ,'(1 )-*2 ;', 0')121 =9 o(&&'3() *- *02 ,*2;'312,, ;0- () *<3) 5'>2 *02 ,'72 *- *02 %(&-*# I+*23 32.2(>()5 *02 )-*2: ;0(.0 ;', '=-<* !L 7()<*2, '+*23 *'/2 -++: *02 %(&-* -+ *02 %&')2: 8'%*# ^<(, c-))2>(2: B3#: .'72 -<* -+ *02 .-./%(* ')1 ,'* =2,(12 o(&&'3() '* *02 32'3 %-3*(-) -+ *02 %&')2 ')1 2F%&'()21 *0'* 02 .-<&1 )-* ,2)1 *02 72,,'52 =2.'<,2 (* ;-<&1 =2 02'31 =9 '&& 53-<)1 '(3.3'+* ,*'*(-),# o(&&'3(): 0-;2>23: *-&1 *02 %(&-* -+ *02 1')523 -+ .-77(,,(-) -+ >(-&2)* '.*, -) =-'31 *02 %&')2 =9 *02 )-*-3(-<, Sp'&19S ')1 0(, *0322 .-7%')(-),# M0(&2 *02 %(&-* ')1 o(&&'3() ;232 * '&/()5: Sp'&19S ')1 -)2 -+ 0(, .-7%')(-), ;'&/21 *- *02 32'3 ')1 ,*--1 =20()1 *027# 8'%*# c-))2>(2 *02) ,*--1 <% ')1 ;2)* ='./ **02 .-./%(*# Sp'&19S ')1 0(, .-7%')(-), 32*<3)21 *- *02(3 ,2'*,: =<* '+*23 ' +2; 7()<*2, *029 7->21 ='./ *- *02 32'3 *03-;()5 <5&9 &--/, '* o(&&'3() ;0-: ,2),()5 1')523: ,*--1 <% ')1 ;2)* ='./ *- 0(, -3(5()'& ,2'* '.3-,, *02 '(,&2 -) *02 ,2.-)1 *- *02 &',* ,2'* )2'3 *02 ;()1-;# Sp'&19 ')1 0(, .-7%')(-) &(/2;(,2 ;2)* ='./ **02(3 32,%2.*(>2 ,2'*, () +3-)*# 6--) *0232'+*23 ') 2F.0')52 -+ 5<),0-*, 2),<21 =2*;22) o(&&'3() ')1 Sp'&19S ')1 *02 &'**23S, .-7%')(-),# Sp'&19S '))-<).21 *- *02 %',,2)523, ')1 *02 %(&-*, () *02 .-./%(* *0'* (* ;', ' 0-&1h<% ')1 -312321 *02 %(&-* )-* *- ,2)1 ')9 6O6# P02 0-&1h <%%23, 1(>2,*21 %',,2)523, -+ *02(3 =2&-)5()5,# 6%2.(+(.'&&9: ### N-3=23*W<(,<7=()5: 63# ;', 1(>2,*21 -+ Q2;2&3(2, ')1 .' ,0 () *02 *-*'& '7-<)* -+ ?!Y:ZLC#CC -<* -+ ;0(.0 32.->23(2, ;232 7'12 ' 7-<)*()5 *- ?K:LLC#CC# # # d<)*023 ^2-++&23 ;', 1(>2,*21 -+ ' ;3(,* ;'*.0: .',0 ')1 ' ;'&&2* () *02 *-*'& -+ ?!:`CC#CC# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *02 ().(12)* ### W<(,<7=()5: 63#,<++2321 ,0-./: =2.'<,2 ' 5<) 0'1 =22) %-()*21 '* 0(7 =9 -)2 -+ *02 0-&1<%%23,# \%-) &')1()5 '* *02 R')(&' @)*23)'*(-)'& I(3%-3*# Sp'&19S ')1 0(, *0322 .-7%')(-), ,<..22121 () 2,.'%()5 V27')1, ;232 *0232'+*23 7'12 -) ?I^ =9 W<(,< 7=()5 ')1 ^-2++&23 E*- ()127)(+9 ### b*027$ -) *02(3 '+-32,'(1 &-,,: =<* ### b?I^$ 32+<,21 ### b'>233()5 *0'*$ (* (, )-* &('=&2 *- b*027$ () &'; -3 () +'.*#E 8-)*2)1()5 *0'* *02 E'+-32,'(1 &-,, (, ' 32,<&* -+ =32'.0 -+ ### b?I^S,$ .-)*3'.*<'& -=&(5'*(-) *- .'339 ### b*027$ ')1 *02(3 =2&-)5()5,

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')1 2++2.*, *- *02(3 R')(&' 12,*()'*(-) ;(*0-<* &-,, -3 1'7'52: ')1 .-),*(*<*2, ' ,23(-<, 1232&(.*(-) -+ ### b?I^S,$ &25'& 1<*9 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 ,'72#E : W<(,<7=()5 ')1 ^-2++& 23 =3-<50* ,<(* '5'(),* ?I^ () *02 8T@ -+ _(['& *- 32.->23 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 %3-%23*9 &-,* =9 *027 *- *02 3-==23, ', ;2&& ', 7-3'& ')1 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,: '**-3)29S, +22, ')1 2F%2),2, -+ &(*(5'*(-)# P02 %&'()*(++, 12.&'321 *0'* *02(3 ,<(* ;', (),*(*<*21 E### %<3,<')* *- 8(>(& 8-12 '3*(.&2, !`LK: DDY: ACCC ')1 ACC! ')1 -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* () 32&'*(-) *- ,'(1 8(>(& 8-12 '3*(.&2 ACC! *02 .-7%&'()21h-+ '.* -+ *02 '3721 3-==23, (, )-* ' +-3.2 7'Q2<32: ', *02 S<,2 -+ '37,S -3 S(332,(,*(=&2 +- 3.2S ;', )-* *'/2) '1>')*'52 -+ =9 ,'(1 '3721 3-==23, () 5'()()5 2)*3').2 *- 12+2)1')*S, (&&h+'*21 %&')2 () J<2,*(-),# I)1: ;(*0 32,%2.* *- ,'(1 8(>(& 8-12 '3*(.&2 !DDY: (* (, )-* 2,,2)*('& *0'* *02 &-,* 2++2.*, ')1 =2&-)5()5, -+ %&'()*(++, ;232 '.*<'&&9 12&(>2321 *- 12+2)1')*S, %&')2 %23,-))2& -3 *0'* *02 &'**23 ;232 )-*(+(21 *0232 -+ bV2 &-, 6')*-, ># P'7) j029: f8Ig LY O#d# `ZDH$# ?I^ +(&21 '),;23 12)9()5 &('=(&(*9: '&&25()5 ()*23 ' &(' *0'* *02 3-==239 1<3()5 *02 +&(50* ')1 '+*23 *02 '(3.3'+* ;', +-3.(=&9 &')121 '* *02 R')(&' I(3%-3* 1(1 ()1221 .-),*(*<*2 +-3.2 7'Q2<32: ')1 )2(*023 -+ *02 %&'()*(++, 0'1 )-*(+(21 ?I^ E-3 (*, .32; -3 27%&-922, *0'* *029 ;232 () %-,,2 ,,(-) -+ .',0: d237') 7'3/, ')1 >'&<'=&2 Q2;2&3(2, ')1 ;'*.02,E -3 ,<332)12321 ,'(1 (*27, *- E*02 .32; -3 %23,-))2& -) =-'31 *02 '(3.3'+*#E I+*23 *3('&: *02 8T@ V(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()* -+ W<(,<7=()5 ')1 ^-2++&23 ;(*0 .-,*, '5'(),* ### b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h3-==239 ;', +-3.2 7'Q2<32#E ]2).2: *0(, %2*(*(-)# @66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* ?I^ (, &('=&2 *- W<(, <7=()5 ')1 ^-2++&23i ]X^VU NO: ?I^ (, )-* &('=&2 *- W<(,<7=()5 ')1 ^-2 ++&23#

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T'.*,U B-,2 j# _'%'1', 02&1 ?',,2)523 P(./2* ')1 c'55'52 8&'(7 802./ N-# CAZh HDKYHCCYKhL +-3 %2*(*(-)23S, T&(50* N-# YK! ;(*0 *02 3-<*2 +3 -7 d<'7 *- R')(&'# M0(&2 ,*')1()5 () &()2 *- =-'31 *02 +&(50* '* *02 d<'7 '(3%-3*: _'%'1', ;', -312321 =9 %2*(*(-)23S, 0')1.'339 .-)*3-& '52)* *- .02./h() 0(, 6'7,-)(*2 '**'.02 .',2# _'%'1', %3-*2,*21 %-()*()5 *- *02 +'.* *0'* -*023 .-h%',,2)523, ;232 %237(**21 *0')1.'339 =<&/(23 ='55'52,# ]2 ,*2%%21 -<* -+ *02 &()2 -)&9 *- 5- ='./ '5'() '* *02 2)1 -+ (* *- *39 (+ 02 .') 52* *03-<50 ;(*0-<* 0'>()5 *- 325(,*23 0(, '**'.02 .',2# ]-;2>23: *02 ,'72 7') () .0'352 -+ 0')1.' 339 .-)*3-& 1(1 )-* +'(& *- )-*(.2 0(7

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N'>(5'*(-) b?2*(*(-)23, ]232()$ >(.*(7, -+ *02 ,<)/2)

h .-77-) .'33(23 h >2,,2& -+ N253-, h 32&'*(>2, -+ *02 M/T “Don Juan

I* ZUAC -S.&-./ () *02 7-3)()5 -+ AA I%3(& !DYC ReP EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ' ='352h*9%2 -(& *')/23 -+ ?0(&(%%()2 325(,*39: ;(*0 ' 53-,, *-))'52 -+ !:AK!:ZY *-),: -;)21 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 N'*(-)'& O(& 8-7%')9 b?NO8$ ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 ?NO8 60(%%()5 ')1 P3'),%-3* 8-3%-3'*(-) b?NO8 60(%%()5$: 0'>()5 <)&-'121 (*, .'35- -+ %2*3-&2<7 %3-1<.*,: &2+* I7&'): N253-, O..(12)*'&: ')1 02'121 *-;'31, c'*'')# I* '=-<* !UCC -S.&-./ () *02 '+*23)--) -+ *0'* ,'72 1'9: *02 Reo EV-) B<'):E ') ()*23(,&')1 >2,,2&: '&,- -+ ?0(&(%%()2 325(,*39: -+ A:HD!#H! *-), 53-,, ;2(50*: -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-#: @).# bN253-, N'>(5'*(-)$ &2+* R')(&' =-<)1 +-3 c'.-&-1 ;(*0 `LC %',,2)523, &(,*21 () (*, 7')(+2,*: ')1 ' .-7%&2*2 ,2* -+ -++(.23, ')1 .32; 727=23,# ]-;2>23: *02 823*(+(.'*2 -+ @),%2.*(-): ', %23 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 report, shows that “Tacloban City” only allowed a total of 810 passengers or 8 ZK %23,-),# P02 `LC %',,2)523, 2F.&<121 *02 ! AZ .32; 727=23,: .0(&132) =2&-; H 9e-

')1 A 0'&+h%'9()5 %',,2)523, ;0(.0 0'1 =22) .-<)*21 ', -)2 '1<&* %',,2)523# P0<,: *02 *-*'& )<7=23 -+ %23,-), -) = -'31 ;', !:CCK -3 !KC %23,-), 7-32 *0') *02 7'F(7<7 )<7=23 that could be safely carried by “Don Juan.” Further, in its F;?9E638 +-3 (*, +()'& >-9'52: !AY %',,2)523, -) =-'31 0'1 )-* 2>2) =22) 2)*2321 into the “Don Juan’s” manifest. Its Certificate of Inspection also showed that she .'33(21 &(+2 =-'* ')1 &(+2 3'+* '..-77-1'*(-), E:7 :?=B YZK %23,-),: *02 7'F(7<7

)<7=23 -+ %23,-), ,02 ;', %237(**21 *- .'339# O) *02 2>2)()5 -+ *0'* ,'72 1'9: AA I%3(& !DYC: '* '=-<* !CUHC -S.&-./ EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ')1 *02 EV-) B<')E .-&&(121 '* *02 P'&=', 6*3'(* )2'3 R'2,*3' 12 O.'7%o Island in the vicinity of the island of Mindoro. “Tacloban City” was on the left, while “Don Juan” was on the right. The "Don Juan" was more than twice as fast

', *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9#E P02 EV-) B<')S,E *-% ,%221 ;', !` /)-*,G ;0(&2 *0'* -+ *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', Z#H# /)-*,# P02 EV-) B<')S,E -++(.23 -)h;'*.0 0'1 ,(50*21 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E -) 0(, 3'1'3 ,.322) ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 ;', ,*(&& K )'<*(.'& 7(&2, ';'9# o(,<'& .-)+(37'*(-) -+ 3'1'3 .-)*'.* ;', 2,*'=&(,021 =9 *02 EV-) B<')E ;0(&2 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', ,*(&& A#` 7(&2, ';'9# P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ;02) *02 A >2,, 2&, ;232 C#H 7(&2 '%'3*: *<3)21 b+-3 *02 ,2.-)1 *(72$ !LC *- %-3* b&2+*$ ,(12 ;0(&2 *02 EV-) B<')E >22321 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$# P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E <%-) *<3)()5 0'31 *- %-3* ,0-3*&9 =2+-32 *02 7-72)* -+ . -&&(,(-): ,(5)'&21 (*, ()*2)*(-) *- 1- ,- =9 5(>()5 A ,0-3* =&',*, ;(*0 0-3)# P02 EV-) B<') E 5'>2 )- '),;23()5 0-3) =&',* * ,(5)'& (*, -;) ()*2)*(-) ')1 %3-.22121 *- *<3) 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$# M02) *02 .-&&(,(-) -..<3321: *02 ,2' ;', .'&7: *02 ;2'*023 +'(3 ')1 >(,(=(&(*9 5--1# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *0(, .-&&(,(-): *02 Reo EV-) B<')E ,')/ ;(*0() !Ch!L 7()<*2, '+*23 ()(*('& .-)*'.* ;(*0 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9# T<3*023: 8'%*# _-523 Santisteban, the captain of the "Don Juan,” failed to to supervise h(, -++(.23, ')1 .32; () *02 %3-.2,, -+ '=')1-)()5 *02 ,0(% ')1 *- '>'(& -+ 72',<32, *- %32>2)* *02 *-- 3'%(1 ,()/()5 -+ 0(, >2,,2& '+*23 .-&&(,(-)# I&,-: *02 -++(.23h-)h;'*.0 () *02 EV-) B<')E '17(**21 *0'* 02 0'1 +'(&21 *- ()+-37 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ?:8 :?=B :E 8D6 S9FF9?6?8 <;?>67 :E 5:==939:?S AH8 626? :E S8D6 ;58H;= 5:==939:? 9836=E .”

]<)1321, -+ (*, %',,2)523, %23(,021# I7-)5 *02 (&&h+'*21 %',,2)523, ;232 *02 %'32)*, -+ %2*(*(-)23,: *02 ,%-<,2, ?23+2.*- R2.2)', ')1 6-+(' R2.2)',: ;0-,2 =-1(2, ;232 )2>23 +-<)1 12,%(*2 ()*2),(>2 ,2'3.0 =9 %2*(*(-)23,# O) AD V2.27=23 !DYC ?2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* () *02 *02) 8-<3*h -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ W<2[-) 8(*9 '5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, N253-, N'>(5'*(-) ')1 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ;(*0-<*: 0-;2>23: (7%&2'1()5 2(*023 ?NO8 -3 ?NO8 60(%%()5# @) *02(3 .-7%&'()*: %2*(*(-)23, '&&2521 *0'* *029 ;232 *02 ,2>2) b`$ ,<3>(>()5 &25(*(7'*2 .0(&132) -+ ?23+2.*-

`Y

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bA$ .',2, ;232 .-),-&(1'*21 ')1 02'31 Q-()*&9 =9 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ W<2[-) 8(*9# "!) fH6g:? )98B O9?<9?>3 h +65939:?

P02 +()1()5, -+ *02 _P8 (, *02 ,'72 ;(*0 *0'* -+ *02 R()(,*23 -+ N'*(-)'& V2+2),2 ;0(.0 <%02&1 *02 12.(,(-) -+ 8-77-1-32 O.0-.-: 8-77')1')* -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31: () (*, 12.(,(-) 1'*21 A R'3.0 !DY!# @* 02&1 *0'* *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', E%3(7'3(&9 ')1 ,-&2&9 f,(.g '* +'<&* ')1 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 .-&&(,(-)#E ]-;2>23 -) R-*(-) +-3 _2.-),(123'*(-): 0-;2>23: *02 R()(,*23 -+ N'*(-)'& V2+2),2 32>23,21 0(7,2&+ ')1 02&1 *0'* =-*0 >2,,2&, 0'1 =22) '* +'<&*# bi j +:? aH;? ;?< !;5=:A;? )98B =2.'72 ';'32 -+ 2'.0 -*023S, %32,2).2 () *02 '32' =9 >(,<'& .-)*'.* '* ' 1(,*').2 -+ ,-72*0()5 &(/2 Z 7(&2, +3-7 2'.0 -*023# !D6B C676 EH==B ;C;76 8D;8 9E 8D6B 5:?89?H6< :? 8D697 5:H736. 8D6B C9== F668 D6;< :? # V-) B<') h ,*22321 *o the right (“Starboard”); Tacloban City continued its course to

the left (“Port”). There can be no excuse for them not to realize that, with such

7')2<>23,: *029 ;(&& .-&&(12# P029 2F2.<*21 7')2<>23, ()'12J<'*2: ')1 *-- &'*2: *'>-(1 .-&&(,(-)# P0232+-32: *02 12+2)1')*, '32 2J<'&&9 )25&(52)* ')1 '32 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,U '$

N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-#: @).# ')1 8'%*# _-523 6')*(,*2=') Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 *- %'9 *02 %2*(*(-)23, R2.2)',U ?KCC:CCC#CC +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ %&'()*(++,S %'32)*,: ?23+2.*- I# R2.2)', ')1 6-+(' ?# R2.2)', ?!L#CCC:CC ', ')1 +-3 '**-3)29S, +22, .-,*, -+ *02 ,<(* =$ N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8- @).# ')1 ?0(&(%%()2 N'*(-)'& O(& 8-7%')9e?NO8 60(%%()5 ')1 P3'),%-3*'*(-) 8-7%')9: *- %'9 ^(&(' 8(-.-) ?!CC:CCC#CC +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ R')<2& 8(-.-) ?!L:CCC#CC ', '**-3)29S, +22, .-,*, -+ ,<(* 

N253-, N'>(5'*(-): 8'%*# 6')*(,*2='): ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8 60(%%()5 '%%2'&21 *02 *3('& .-<3*S, 12.(,(-) *- *02 8-<3* -+ I %%2'&,# ]-;2>23: ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8 60(%%()5 ;(*0132; *02(3 '%%2'& .(*()5 ' .-7%3-7(,2 '532272)* 32'.021 =9 *027 ;(*0 N253-, N'>(5'*(-)# )# +65939:?

d3')*21 *02 7-*(-) ,<=Q2.* *- *02 32,23>'*(-) 7'12 =9 ^(&(' 8(-.-) *0'* ,02 .-<&1 )-* =2 =-<)1 =9 *02 .-7%3-7(,2 '532272)* ')1 ;-<&1 2)+-3.2 *02 ';'31 53')*21 023 =9 *02 *3('& .-<3*# CA recognized that “Don Juan” was at least as negligent as M/T “Tacloban City.” M/S Don Juan's Master, Capt. Rogelio Santisteban, was playing mahjong

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`LC %',,2)523, 0'1 =22) 2)*3<,*21# P0232+-32: N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-# @).# ')1 8'%*# _-523 6')*(,*2=') '32 02&1 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 *- %'9 *02 %&'()*(++, *02 '7-<)* -+ ?!CC:CCC# CC ', '.*<'& ')1 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, ')1 ?!L:CCC#CC ', '**-3)29S, +22, ')1 *02 .-,* -+ *02 ,<(*# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' ?2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2; =2+-32 *02 68# 6!!78

!#

MON N253-, N'>(5'*(-) ')1 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ;232 53-,,&9 )25&(52)* 1<3()5 *02 2>2)*, ;0(.0 .<&7()'*21 () *02 .-&&(,(-) ;(*0 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ')1 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 EV-) B<')E ')1 *02 32,<&*()5 02'>9 &-,, -+ &(>2, ()1(.'*()5 *02(3 53-,, )25&(52).2 ')1 *0<, 2)*(*&()5 *02 %2*(*(-)23, *2F27%&'39 1'7'52,#

A#

MON *02 8I 23321 () 321<.()5 *02 '.*<'& ')1 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, +3-7 ?KCC:CCC *- ?!CC:CCC#

 

  

`D

,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$ ,- *0'* 2'.0 >2,,2& 7'9 %',, -) *02 %-3* ,(12 b&2+*$ -+ *02 -*023#

98:;

!#

4X6# d3-,, )25&(52).2 .') =2 121<.21 +3-7 *02 +-&&-;()5 .(3.<7,*').2,U '$

P02 EV-) B<')E 0'>()5 ,(50*21 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;02) (* ;', ,*(&& ' &-)5 ;'9 -++ ;', )25&(52)* () +'(&()5 *- *'/2 2'3&9 %32>2)*(>2 '.*(-) ')1 () '&&-;()5 *02 *;- bA$ >2,,2&, *- .-72 *- ,<.0 .&-,2 J<'3*23, ', *- 32)123 *02 .-&&(,(-) ()2>(*'=&2 ;02) *0232 ;', ))2.2,,(*9 +-3 %',,()5 ,- )2'3 *- *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ', *- .32'*2 *0'* 0'['31 -3 ()2>(*'=(&(*9: +-3 *02 EV-) B<')E .-<&1 .0--,2 (*, -;) 1(,*').2#

P02 32.-31 1-2, ?:8 ,0-; *0'* ;', *02 +(3,* -3 -)&9 *(72 *0'* 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') 0'1 2)*23*'()21 0(7,2&+ 1<3()5 ' >-9'52 =9 %&'9()5 7'0Q-)5 ;(*0 0(, -++(.23, ')1 %',,2)523,G N253-, N'>(5'*(-) () %237(**()5: -3 () +'(&()5 *- 1(,.->23 ')1 .-332.* ,<.0 =20'>(-<3: 7<,* =2 122721 53-,,&9 )25&(52)*#

=$ 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ;', '&,- +'<&*21 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 12.(,(-) +-3 +'(&()5 '+*23 *02 .-&&(,(-): E*- (),*(*<*2 '%%3-%3('*2 72',<32, *- 12&'9 *02 ,()/()5 -+ Reo V-) B<')#E P0(, 72'), *0'* 02 '&,- +'(&21 *- 7'()*'() *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -3 *02 ;'*23h*(50* ()*253(*9 of the “Don Juan” when sank within 10h!L 7()<*2, '+*23 ()(*('& .-)*'.* ;(*0 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9# .$

($

“Tacloban City” did not carry enough boats and life rafts for all the

%23,-), '.*<'&&9 -) =-'31 *0'* *3'5(. )(50* -+ AA I%3(& !DYC =2.'<,2 -+ ->23&-'1()5#

P0232+-32: 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ')1 N253-, N'>(5'*(-) '32 %3-%23&9 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 53-,, )25&(52).2 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 *02 .-&&(,(-) -+ *02 EV-) B<')E ')1 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ')1 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 EV-) B<')E &2'1()5 *- *02 12'*0 -+ 0<)1321, -+ %',,2)523,# P0232 (, )- )2.2,,(*9 +-3 %',,()5 <%-) *02 125322 -+ )25&(52).2 -3 .<&%'=(&(*9 %3-%23&9 '**3(=<*'=&2 *- ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8 60(%%()5 -3 *02 7',*23 -+ *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ,().2 *029 ;232 )2>23 (7%&2'121 () *02 %2*(*(-)#

1$ “Don Juan” was as twice as fact as the “Tacloban City.” The "Don B<')S,E *-% ,%221 ;', !` /)-*,G ;0(&2 * 0'* -+ *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', Z#H# /)-*,# 2$

P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E <%-) *<3)()5 0'31 *- %-3* ,0-3*&9 =2+-32 *02 7-72)* -+ .-&&(,(-): ,(5)'&21 (*, ()*2)*(-) *- 1- ,- =9 5(>()5 A ,0-3* =&',*, ;(*0 0-3)# P02 EV-) B<') E 5'>2 )- '),;23()5 0-3) =&',* *,(5)'& (*, -;) ()*2)*(-) ')1 %3-.22121 *- *<3) 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$#

The “Don Juan” carried the full complement of officers and crew

727=23, ,%2.(+(21 +-3 ' %',,2)523 >2,,2& -+ 023 .&',,# +$

P02 EV-) B<')E ;', 2J<(%%21 ;(*0 3'1'3 ;0(.0 ;', +<).*(-)()5 *0'* )(50*#

5$

P02 EV-) B<')S,E -++(.23 -)h;'*.0 0'1 ,(50*21 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E -) 0(, 3'1'3 ,.322) ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 ;', ,*(&& +-<3 bK$ )'<*(.'& 7(&2, ';'9# o(,<'& .-)+(37'*(-) -+ 3'1'3 .-)*'.* ;', 2,*'=&(,021 =9 *02 EV-) B<')E ;0(&2 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', ,*(&& A#` 7(&2, ';'9#

0$ P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ;02) *02 A >2,,2&, ;232 C#H 7(&2 '%'3*: *<3)21 b+-3 *02 ,2.-)1 *(72$ !LC *- %-3* b&2+*$ ,(12 ;0(&2 *02 EV-) B<')E >22321 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$ ;0(.0 (, () .-)*3'>2)*(-) ;(*0 _<&2 !Y -+ *02 @)*23)'*(-)'& _<&2, -+ *02 _-'1 32J<(3()5 A %-;23h 13(>2) >2,,2&, 722*()5 2)1 -) -3 )2'3&9 2)1 -) 2'.0 *- '&*23 023 .-<3,2 *-

A#

4X6# c-*0 *02 127')1, -+ ,<,*')*('& Q<,*(.2 ')1 *02 (7%23(-<, 32J<(3272)*, -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9 .-7%2& <, *- *02 .-).&<,(-) *0'* *02 *3('& .-<3*S, (7%&(.(* ';'31 -+ 7-3'& ')1 2F27%&'39 1'7'52 , ;', 233-)-2<,&9 12&21*21 ')1 7<,* =2 32,*-321 ')1 '<572)*21 ')1 =3-<50* 7-32 )2'32&9 *- *02 &2>2& 32J<(321 =9 %<=&(. %-&(.9 ')1 ,<=,*')*('& Q<,*(.2# T<3*023: *02 R').02,*23 1-.*3()2 ,0-<&1 =2 '%%&(21 () *02 .',2 ', .&'3(+(21 ')1 '7%&(+(21 =9 %H? ,?3H7;?56 'EE956 K8<4 L%,'KN =9 =9 0-&1()5 *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23, ,0'&& %'9 *02 '11(*(-)'& +(&()5 +22 *0'* (, %3-%23&9 %'9'=&2 5(>2) *02 ';'31 ,%2.(+(21 =2&-;: ')1 *0'* ,<.0 '11(*(-)'& +(&()5 +22 ,0'&& .-),*(*<*2 ' &(2) <%-) *02 Q<1572)*# P02 R').02,*23 1-.*3()2 .'))-* =2 '%%&(21 '&-)2 ,().2 (* ;-<&1 =2 1-)2 32*3-'.*(>2&9 () .-)*3'>2)*(-) *- *02 &';# P0232+-32: *02 +-&&-;()5 =32'/1-;) -+ 1'7'52, 7<,* =2 ';'3121U '.*<'& -3 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, %3->21 () *02 .- <3,2 -+ *3('& .-),(,*()5 -+ '.*<'& 2F%2),2, ().<3321 =9 %2*(*(-)23, () *02(3 ,2'3.0 +-3 *02(3 %'32)*,S =-1(2,

?!AZ:CCC#C C

YC

'.*<'& -3 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, () .',2 -+ ;3-)5+<& 12'*0 b?HC:CCC#CC F A$ 7-3'& 1'7'52,

?ZC:CCC#CC ?!C`:CCC#C Cn

2F27%&'39 1'7'52,nn

?!C`:CCC#C C

POPI^

?KCC:CCC#C C

n8-),(123()5 *0'* %2*(*(-)23,: &25(*(7'*2 .0(&132) -+ *02 12.2',21 ,%-<,2, R2.2)',: '32 ,2>2) b`$ () )<7=23 ')1 *0'* *029 &-,* =-*0 +'*023 ')1 7-*02 () -)2 +2&& =&-; -+ +'*2: ')1 .-),(123()5 *02 %'() ')1 ')F(2*9 *029 1-<=*&2,, 2F%23(2).21 ;0(&2 ,2'3.0()5 +-3 *02(3 %'32)*, '7-)5 *02 ,<3>(>-3, ')1 *02 .-3%,2, 32.->2321 +3-7 *02 ,2' -3 ;',021 ',0-32: ;2 =2&(2>2 *0'* ') '11(*(-)'& '7-<)* -+ ?ACC:CCC#CC +-3 7-3'& 1'7'52,: 7'/()5 ' *-*'& -+ ?HC`:CCC#CC +-3 7-3'& 1'7'52, ;0(.0 (, 32',-)'=&2# nn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

M]X_XTO_X: *02 ?2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2; -) 56789:7;79 (, 0232=9 d_INPXV ')1 *02

V2.(,(-) -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, (),-+'3 ', (* 321<3.2 *02 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52, ';'3121 *- %2*(*(-)23, *- ?!CC:CCC#CC (, 0232=9 _XoX_6XV ')1 6XP I6@VX# P02 ';'31 53')*21 =9 *02 *3('& .-<3* (, 0232=9 _X6PO_XV ')1 I\dRXNPXV ', +-&&-;,U b'$ b=$ b.$ b1$ b2$

? !AZ:CCC#CC +-3 '.*<'& 1'7'52,G ? ZC:CCC#CC ', .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, +-3 ;3-)5+<& 12'*0G ? HC`:CCC#CC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52,G ? HC`:CCC#CC ', 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, 7'/()5 ' *-*'& -+ ? YCC:CCC#CCG ')1 ? !L:CCC#CC ', '**-3)29S, +22,#

?2*(*(-)23, ,0'&& %'9 *02 '11(*(-)'& +(&()5 +22, %3-%23&9 1<2 ')1 %'9'=&2 () >(2; -+ *02 ';'31 0232 7'12: ;0(.0 +22, ,0'&& =2 .-7%<*21 =9 *02 8&23/, -+ 8-<3* -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*: ')1 ,0'&& .-),*(*<*2 ' &(2) <%-) *02 Q<1572)* 0232 ';'3121# 8-,* '5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,# M8KLV! M3g6K346VM .V-E 6M.-E C"*0*0$%"/E G1- 498 .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E L3[VM [6L3M;3E !J!- L6.3L;V )%& g6LK6M63 ;8 :3 g6 .4VL63E /"1C$%&"%*1K-L- M$- RRWIPT M$G"/#+)1"& A/$< *+" M"D/$1 M)G0D)*0$% .$-E 6%# # +-<3 ,%2.('& .'=() *(./2*, +-3 0(, ;(+2: 1'<50*23: ,-) ')1

)(2.2 ;0- ;232 5-()5 *- c'.-&-1 8(*9 *- '** 2)1 ' +'7(&9 32<)(-)# P02 *(./2*, ;232 +-3 o-9'52 N-# KL`hI -+ *02 Reo V -) B<'): &2'>()5 R')(&' '* !UCC %# 7# -) I%3(& AA: !DYC# P02 ,0(% ,'(&21 +3-7 *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' -) ,.021<&2# I* '=-<* !CUHC () *02 2>2)()5E *+" ;$% Z>)% #$??0&"& $AA *+" 4) F?)1 !*/)0* 0% [0%&$/$E @0*+ *+" [f4 4)#?$F)% .0*B: ') -(& *')/23 -;)21 =9 *02 ?0(& (%%()2 N'*(-)'& O(& 8-7%')9 b?NO8$ ')1 *02 ?NO8 60(%%()5 ')1 P3'),%-3* 8-3%-3'*(-) b?NO8e6P8$# 31 ) /"1>?*E *+" [fg ;$% Z>)% 1)%H- P02 =-1(2, -+ ,-72 -+ *02 >(.*(7, ;232 +-<)1 ')1 =3-<50* *,0-32: F>* *+" A$>/ <"%&?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* -) B<&9 !Z: !DYC *02 _P8 R')(&' '5'(),* *02 N253-, N'>(5'*(-): ?NO8: ')1 ?NO8e6P8 ,22/()5 1'7'52, +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ I 31(*' 12 &' o(.*-3(' R(3')1': KY: _-,'3(- o# R(3')1': !D: _'7-) o# R(3')1': B 3#: !Z: ')1 X&+321' 12 &' o(.*-3(': AZ# @) (*, '),;23: %2*(*(-)23 '17(**21 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, %<3.0',21 *(./2*, ')1 *02(3 *(./2* )<7=23, bw`KK!!: `KK!A: `KK!H ')1 `KK!K$ ;232 &(,*21 () *02 %',,2)523 7')(+2,*# ?2*(*(-)23: 0-;2>23: &"%0"& *+)* *+" A$>/ /"?)*0G"1 $A C/0G) *" /"1C$%&"%*1 )#*>)??B F$)/&"& *+" G"11"? )1 1+$@% FB *+" A)#* *+)* *+"0/ F$&0"1 @"/" %"G"/ /"#$G"/"&- J"*0*0$%"/ A>/*+"/ )G"//"& *+)* *+" ;$% Z>)% @)1 1")@$/*+B )%& <)%%"& FB ) A>?? )%& #$" *$ *+" A)>?* $A *+" #/"@ $A *+" [f4 4)#?$F)% .0*B-

?NO8 ')1 %2*(*(-)23 N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-#: @).# 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-7%3-7(,2 '532272)* ;0232=9 C"*0*0$%"/ )11><"& A>?? /"1C$%10F0?0*B A$/ *+" C)B<"%* )%& 1)*01A)#*0$% $A )?? #?)0<1 )/010%D $>* $A $/ 0% #$%%"#*0$% @0*+ *+" #$??010$% )%& /"?")10%D *+" JMV. )%& *+" JMV.f!4. A/$< )%B ?0)F0?0*B *$ 0*- P02 '532272)* ;',

Y!

,<=,2J<2)*&9 02&1 =9 *02 *3('& .-<3* *- =2 =()1()5 <%-) %2*(*(-)23: ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8e6P8# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 1(1 )-* Q-() () *02 '532272)*# _P8 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ 32,%-)12)*,# 8I '++( 3721 ;(*0 7-1(+(.'*(-) -) '7-<)* -+ &('=(&(*9# 6!!78!5 R- ^+"*+"/ *+" <")??B C)11"%D"/1 $A *+" ;$% Z>)%` ,- ^+"*+"/ $/ %$* C"*0*0$%"/ "a"/#01"& "a*/)$/&0%)/B &0?0D"%#"-

]X^VU !# 4X6# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* _'7-) R(3')1' *2 ,*(+(21 *0'* 02 %23,-)'&&9 *--/ 0(, +'7(&9 ')1 0(, )(2.2 *- *02 >2,,2& -) *02 1'9 -+ *02 >-9'52 ')1 ,*'921 ;(*0 *027 -) *02 ,0(% <)*(& (* ;', *(72 +-3 (* *- &2'>2# P0232 (, )- 32',-) 02 ,0-<&1 .&'(7 727=23, -+ 0(, +'7(&9 *- 0'>2 %23(,021 () *02 '..(12)* Q<,* *- 7'()*'() ') '.*(-)# ?2-%&2 1- )-* )-37'&&9 &(2 '=-<* ,- 53'>2 ' 7'**23 ', *02 &-,, -+ 12'3 -)2,# @* ;-<&1 =2 7-32 1(++(.<&* +-3 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, *- /22% *02 2F(,*2).2 -+ *02 (3 32&'*(>2, (+ ()1221 *029 '32 '&(>2 *0') (* (, +-3 %2*(*(-)23 *- ,0-; *02 .-)*3'39# ?2*(*(-)23S, -)&9 %3--+ (, *0'* *02 =-1(2, -+ *02 ,<%%-,21 >(.*(7, ;232 )-* '7-)5 *0-,2 32.->2321 +3-7 *02 ,(*2 -+ *02 7(,0'%# c<* ,- ;232 *02 =-1(2, -+ *02 -*023 %',,2)523, 32%-3*21 7(,,()5 )-* 32.->2321: ', *0(, 8-<3* )-*21 () *02 R2.2)', .',2# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* R(3')1'S, *2,*(7-)9 ;', .-33-=-3'*21 =9 X15'31_'7(32[# _'7(32[ ;', ' ,27()'3(') ')1 -)2 -+ *02 ,<3>(>-3, -+ *02 .-&&(,(-)# ]2 *2,*(+(21 *0'* 02 ,'; R3,# R(3')1' ')1 X&+321' 12 &' o(.*-3(' -) *02 ,0(% ')1 *0'* 02 *'&/21 ;(*0 *027# A# NO# @) +()1()5 %2*(*(-)23 5<(&*9 -+ )25&(52).2 ')1 () +'(&()5 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 -+ (* () *02 .'33('52 -+ %',,2)523,: =-*0 *02 *3('& .-<3* ')1 *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 32&(21 -) *02 +()1()5, -+ *0(, 8-<3* () R2.2)', ># @)*23721('*2 I%%2&&'*2 8-<3*: ;0(.0 .',2 ;', =3-<50* +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ -*023 %',,2)523,# @) *0'* .',2 (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* '&*0-<50 *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 7(,0'% ;', *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 . 32; -+ *02 ReP P'.&-=') 8(*9: *02 .32; -+ *02 V-) B<') ;', 2J<'&&9 )25&(52)* ', (* +-<)1 *0'* *02 &'**23S, 7',*23: 8'%*# _-52&(6')*(,*2='): ;', %&'9()5 7'0Q-)5 '* *02 *(72 -+ .-&&(,(-): ')1 *02 -++(.23 -) ;'*.0: 62)(-3 P0(31 R'*2 _-52&(- V2 o23': '17(**21 *0'* 02 +'(&21 *- .'&& *02 '**2)*(-) -+ 6')*(,*2=') *- *02 (77()2)* 1')523 +'.()5 *027# P0(, 8-<3* +-<)1 *0'* 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ')1 *02 .32; -+ *02 Reo V-) B<') +'(&21 *- *'/2 ,*2%, *- %32>2)* *02 .-&&(,(-) -3 '* &2',* 12&'9 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 ,0(% ')1 ,<%23>(,2 *02 '=')1-)()5 -+ *02 ,0(%# ?2*(*(-)23 N253-, N'>(5'*(-) ;', +-<)1 2J<'&&9 )25&(52)* () *- &23'*()5 *02 %&'9()5 -+ 7'0Q-)5 =9 *02 ,0(% .'%*'() ')1 -*023 .32; 727=23, ;0(&2 -) =-'31 *02 ,0(% ')1 +'(&()5 *- /22% *02 Reo V-) B<') ,2';-3*09 ,- 7<.0 ,- *0'* *02 ,0(% ,')/ ;(*0() !C *- !L 7()<*2, -+ (*, (7%'.* ;(*0 * 02 ReP P'.&-=') 8(*9# @) '11(*(-): *02 8-<3* +-<)1 *0'* *02 V-) B<') ;', ->23&-'121# P02 823*(+(.'*2 -+ @),%2.*(-): 1'*21 I<5<,* A`: !D`D: (,,<21 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 8-77')123 '* @&-(&- 8(*9 ,*'*21 *0'* *02 *-*'& )<7=23 -+ %23,-), '&&-;21 -) *02 ,0(% ;', YZK: -+ ;0-7 Y!C '32 %',, 2)523,: =<* *0232 ;232 '.*<'&&9 !:CCK -) =-'31

*02 >2,,2& ;02) (* ,')/: !KC %23,-), 7-32 *0') *02 7'F(7<7 )<7=23 *0'* .-<&1 =2 ,'+2&9 .'33(21 =9 (*# P'/()5 *02,2 .(3.<7,*').2, *-52*023: ')1 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 Reo V-) B<'): ', *02 +',*23 ')1 =2**23h2J<(%%21 >2,,2&: .- <&1 0'>2 '>-(121 ' .-&&(,(-) ;(*0 * 02 ?NO8 *')/23: *0(, 8-<3* 02&1 *0'* 2>2) (+ *02 P'.&-=') 8(*9 0'1 =22) '* +'<&* +-3 +'(&()5 *-=,23>2 ') ()*23)'*(-)'&&9h32.-5)([21 3<&2 -+ )'>(5'*(-): *02 V -) B<') ;', 5<(&*9 -+ .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2# @* (, *3<2 *0'* *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E +'(&21 *- +-&&-; _<&2 !Y -+ *02 @)*23)'*(-)'& _<&2, -+ *02 _-'1 ;0(.0 32J<(32, *;- bA$ % -;23h13(>2) >2,,2&, 722*()5 2)1 -) -3 )2' 3&9 2)1 -) 2'.0 *- '&*23 023 .-<3,2 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$ ,- *0'* 2'.0 >2,,2& 7'9 %',, -) *02 %-3* ,(12 b&2+*$ -+ *02 -*023# P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ;02) *02 *;- bA$ >2,,2&, ;232 -)&9 *0322h*2)*0, bC#H$ -+ ' 7(&2 '%'3*: *<3)21 b+-3 *02 ,2.-)1 *(72$ !Lx *- %-3* ,(12 ;0(&2 *02 EV-) B<')E >22321 0'31 *- , *'3=-'31# # # # fc<*g E3-<*2 -=,23>').2E -+ *02 @)*23)'*(-)'& _<&2, -+ *02 _-'1 ;(&& )-* 32&(2>2 ' >2,,2& +3-7 32,%-),(=(&(*9 (+ *02 .-&&(,(-) .-<&1 0'>2 =22) '>-(121 =9 %3-%23 .'32 ')1 ,/(&& -) 023 %'3* -3 2> 2) =9 ' 12%'3*<32 +3-7 *02 3<&2,# @) *02 %2*(*(-) '* ='3: *02 EV-) B<')E 0'>()5 ,(50*21 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;02) (* ;', ,*(&& ' &-)5 ;'9 -++ ;', )25&(52)* () +'(&()5 *- *'/2 2'3&9 %32>2)*(>2 '.*(-) ')1 () '&&-;()5 *02 *;- bA$ >2,,2&, *- .-72 *- ,<.0 .&-,2 J<'3*23, ', *- 32)123 *02 .-&&(,(-) ()2>(*'=&2 ;02) *0232 ;', )- )2.2,,(*9 +-3 %',,()5 ,- )2'3 *- *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ', *- .32'*2 *0'* 0'['31 -3 ()2>(*'=(&(*9: + -3 *02 EV-) B<')E .-<&1 .0--,2 (*, -;) 1(,*').2# @* (, )-*2;-3*09 *0'* *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E <%-) *<3)()5 0'31 *- %-3* ,0-3*&9 =2+-32 *02 7-72)* -+ .-&&(,(-): ,(5)'& &21 (*, ()*2)*(-) *- 1- ,- =9 5(>()5 *;bA$ ,0-3* =&',*, ;(*0 (*, 0-3)# P02 EV-) B<')E 5'>2 )- '),;23()5 0-3) =&',* *- ,(5)'& (*, -;) ()*2)*(-) ')1 %3-.22121 *- *<3) 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31# M2 .-).&<12 *0'* 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ')1 N253-, N'>(5'*(-) '32 %3-%23&9 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 53-,, )25&(52).2 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 *02 .-&&(,(-) -+ *02 EV-) B<')E ')1 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ')1 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 EV-) B <')E &2'1()5 *- *02 12'*0 -+ 0 <)1321, -+ %',,2)523,# j$/")% 30/?0%"1 G- .3

T'.*,U B<')(*- ^'%<[ ;', .-)*3'.*21 +-3 27%&-972)* () 6'<1( I3'=(' *03-<50 ?') ?'.(+(. _2.3<(*()5 623>(.2,: @).# ]2 ;', ,<%%-,21 *- &2'>2 >(' j-32') I(3&()2,: =<* was initially listed as a “chance pass enger”. According to Lapuz, he was allowed to

.02./ () ')1 ;', .&2'321 +-3 12%'3*<32# M02) 02 ;', -) *02 , *'(3, 5-()5 *- *02 '(3%&')2: ' jI^ -++(.23 %-()*21 '* 0(7 ')1 ,0-<*21, “Down! Down!” and he was ='3321 +3-7 *'/()5 *02 +&(50*# M02) 02 ', /21 +-3 ')-*023 =--/()5: 0(, *(./2* ;' , .').2&&21# ]2 ;', <)'=&2 *- 32%- 3* +-3 ;-3/ ')1 ,- 02 &-,* 0(, 27%&-972)*# jI^ '&&2521 *0'* *02 '52)* -+ ?') ?'.(+(. ;', ()+-3721 *0'* *0232 '32 A ,2'*, %-,,(=&9 '>'(&'=&2# ]2 5'>2 %3(-3(*9 *- ?23(.-: ;0(&2 *02 -*023 ,2'* ;', ;-) =9 ^'%<[ *03-<50 &-**239# c<* =2.'<,2 -)&9 ! ,2'* =2.'72 '>'(&'=&2: (* ;', 5(>2) *- ?23(.-# P02 *3('& .-<3* '1Q<1521 jI^ &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,# P02 12.(,(-) ;', '++(3721 =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: ;(*0 7-1(+(.'*(-) -) *02 1'7'52, ';'3121#

YA

@,,<2,U M02*023 *0232 (, '&32'19 ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 =2*;22) jI^ ')1 ^'%<[ *0-&1 jI^ &('=&2 +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* ]2&1U P02 ,*'*<, -+ ^'%<[ ', ,*')1=9 %',,2)523 ;', .0')521 *- *0'* -+ ' .-)+(3721 %',,2)523 ;02) 0(, )'72 ;', 2)*2321 () *02 %',,2)523 7')(+2,* -+ jI^ +-3 (*, T&(50* N-# jX DCH# ](, .&2'3').2 *03-<50 (77(53'*(-) ')1 .<,*-7, .&2'3&9 ,0-;, *0'* 02 0'1 ()1221 =22) .-)+(3721 ', ' %',,2)523 -+ jI^ () *0'* +&(50*# j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h&(,*21E %',,2)523: ' jI^ -++(.23 3<12&9 ,0-<*21 EV-;)s V-;)sE ;0(&2 %-()*()5 '* 0(7: *0<, .'<,()5 0(7 27='33',,72)* ')1 %<=&(. 0<7(&('*(-)# P02 2>(12).2 %32,2)*21 =9 ^'%<[ ,0-;, *0'* 02 0'1 ()1221 .02./21 () '* *02 12%'3*<32 .-<)*23: %',,21 *03-<50 .<,*-7, ')1 (77(53'*(-): =-'3121 *02 ,0<**&2 =<, ')1 %3- .22121 *- *02 3'7% -+ jI^S, '(3.3'+*# @) +'.*: 0(, ='55'52 0'1 '&32'19 =22) &-'121 () jI^S, '(3.3'+*: *- =2 +&-;) ;(*0 0(7 *- B211'0# P02 .-)*3'.* -+ .' 33('52 =2*;22) 0(7 ')1 jI^ 0'1 '&32'19 =22) %23+2.*21 ;02) 02 ;', ,<77'3(&9 ')1 (),-&2)*&9 %32>2)*21 +3-7 =-'31()5 *02 '(3.3'+*# J3: G1 .3 2)#*15 ?')*2Q-: *02) 8(*9 T(,.'& -+ 6<3(5'- 8(*9: =-'3121 ' ?I^ %&')2 () R')(&' ')1

1(,27='3/21 () 82=< 8(*9 ;0232 02 ;', ,<%%-,21 *- *'/2 0(, .-))2.*()5 +&(50* *6<3(5'- 8(*9# ]-;2>23: 1<2 *- *9%0--) O,')5: *02 .-))2.*()5 +&(50* *- 6<3(5'- 8(*9 ;', .').2&&21# P- '..-77-1'*2 *02 )221, -+ (*, ,*3')121 %',,2)523,: ?I^ ()(*('&&9 5'>2 -<* .',0 ',,(,*').2 -+ ?!CC#CC ')1: *02 )2F* 1'9: ?ACC#CC: +-3 *02(3 2F%2.*21 ,*'9 -+ *;1'9, () 82=<# _2,%-)12)* ?')*2Q- 32J<2,*21 (),*2'1 *0'* 02 =2 =(&&2*21 () ' 0-*2& '* PAL’s expense because he did not have cash with him at that time, but PAL refused.

P0<,: 32,%-)12)* ?')*2Q- ;', +-3.21 *- ,22/ ')1 '..2%* *02 52)23-,(*9 -+ ' .-h %',,2)523: ') 2)5()223 )'721 I)1-)( V<7&'-: ' )1 02 ,0'321 ' 3--7 ;(*0 *02 &'**23 '* 6/9 o(2; ]-*2& ;(*0 *02 %3-7(,2 *- %'9 0(, ,0'32 -+ * 02 2F%2),2, <%-) 32'.0()5 6<3(5'-# M02) *02 +&(50* +-3 6<3(5'- ;', 32,<721: 32,%-)12)* ?')*2Q- .'72 *- /)-; *0'* *02 0-*2& 2F%2),2, -+ 0(, .-h%',,2)523,: -)2 6<%23()*2)12)* d-)['&2, ')1 ' .23*'() R3,# _-.0': ') '<1(*-3 -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 N'*(-)'& c')/: ;232 32(7=<3,21 =9 ?I^# I*

this point, respondent Pantejo informed Jezera, PAL’s Manager for Departure

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of the court a quo, but with the exclusion of the award of attorney’s fees and

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duty. Neglect or malfeasance of the carrier’s employees naturally could give gr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h.'&&21 '72)(*(2, 2J<'&&9 *- '&& (*, ,*3')121 %',,2)523, ;0- ;232 =-<)1 +-3 6<3(5'- 8(*9# N- .-7%2&&()5 -3 Q<,*(+9()5 32',-) ;', '1>').21 +-3 ,<.0 1(,.3(7()'*-39 ')1 %32Q<1(.('& .-)1<.*# More importantly, it has been sufficiently est ablished that it is petitioner’s standard

.-7%')9 %-&(.9: ;02)2>23 ' +&(50* 0', =22) .').2&&21: *- 2F*2)1 *- (*, 0'%&2,, %',,2)523, .',0 ',,(,*').2 -3 *- %3->(12 *027 '..-77-1'*(-), () 0-*2&, ;(*0

YH

;0(.0 (* 0', 2F(,*()5 *(2hups. In fact, petitioner’s Mactan Airport Manager for 12%'3*<32 ,23>(.2,: O,.'3 B232[': '17(**21 *0'* ?I^ 0', ') 2F(,*()5 '33')5272)* ;(*0 0-*2&, *- '..-77-1'*2 ,*3')121 %',,2)523,: ')1 *0'* *02 0-*2& =(&&, -+ X3)2,*- d-)['&2, ;232 32(7=<3,21 -=>(-<,&9 %<3,<')* *- *0'* %-&(.9# _2,%-)12)* 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, *0<, .-332.*&9 .-).&<121 *0'* *02 32+<)1 -+ 0-*2& 2F%2),2, ;', ,<332%*(*(-<,&9 ')1 1(,.3(7()'*-3(&9 7'12 =9 0232() %2*(*(-)23 ,().2 *02 ,'72 ;', )-* 7'12 /)-;) *- 2> 239-)2: 2F.2%* *03-<50 ;-31 -+ 7-<*0 *- ' 0')1+<& -+ %',,2)523,# P0(, (, ' ,'1 .-772)*'39 -) *02 J<'&(*9 -+ ,23>(.2 ')1 professionalism of an airline company, which is the country’s flag carrier at that.

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d->23)-3 -+ *02 j(;')(, 8&<= -+ 6<3(5'-: ' %',* R',*23 -+ *02 R-<)* V(;'*' ^-152 -+ T322 R',-), -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: 727=23 -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 N'*(-)'& _21 83-,,: 6<3(5'- 80'%*23: ')1 %',* 80'(37') -+ *02 c-9 6.-<*, -+ * 02 ?0(&(%%()2,: 6<3(5'- 12& N-3*2 80'%*23# g6.8M48 .3:3:3!E LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E 8:6e3 Z7Z87L.98 !7MK3 )%& 2L3M.6!.V !3:g3E JH=LEKNHK@=) 2)#*15 I* !C -S.&-./ () *02 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* AH: !DYD: 6<)5': *02) ' .-&&252

+32,07'): *--/ ' %',,2)523 Q22%)29 -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 8'&'&',# I, *02 Q22%)29 ;', +(&&21 *- .'%'.(*9 -+ '=-<* AK %',,2)523,: 6<)5' ;', 5(>2) =9 *02 .-)1<.*-3 ') E2F*2),(-) ,2'*:E ' ;--12) ,*--& '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 1--3 '* *02 32'3 2)1 -+ *02 >20(.&2# O) *02 ;'9 *- ?-=&'.(-) 6(=<&'): N25 3-, O..(12)*'&: *02 Q22%)29 ,*-%%21 *- &2* ' %',,2)523 -++# I, ,02 ;', ,2'*21 '* *02 32'3 -+ *02 >20(.&2: 6<)5' 5'>2 ;'9 *- *02 -<*5-()5 %',,2)523E B<,* ' , ,02 ;', 1-()5 ,-: ') @ ,<[< *3<./ 13(>2) =9 o232)' ')1 -;)21 =9 6'&>' =<7%21 *02 &2+* 32'3 %-3*(-) -+ *02 Q22%)29 : ()Q<3()5 6<)5' )2.2,,(*'*()5 023 .-)+()272)* ')1 *- '7=<&'*2 () .3<*.02, +-3 H 7-)*0,E 6<)5' +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* 8'&'&',: '&&25()5 >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: *- ;0(.0 8'&'&', () *<3) +(&21 ' *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* 6'&>': *02 -;)23 -+ *02 @,<[< *3<./E P02 &-;23 .-<3* 32)12321 Q<1572)* '5'(),* 6'&>' ', *0(31h%'3*9 12+2)1')* ')1 '=,-&>21 8'&'&', -+ &('=(&(*9: 0-&1()5 *0'* (* ;', *02 13(>23 -+ *02 @,<[< *3<./ ;0- ;', 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '..(12)*: *'/()5 .-5)([').2 -+ ')-*023 .',2 b8(>(& 8',2 N-# HKDC$: +(&21 =9 8'&'&', '5'(),* 6'&>' ')1 o232)': +-3 J<',(h12&(.*: () ;0(.0 c3').0 H` -+ *02 ,'72 .-<3* 02&1 6'&>' ')1 0(, 13(>23 o232)' Q-()*&9 &('=&2 *- 8'&'&', +-3 *02 1'7'52 *- 0(, Q22%)29 E O) '%%2'&: *02 8I 32>23,21 -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* 6<)5'S, .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) ;', =',21 - ) ' .-)*3'.* -+

.'33('52: )-* J<',(h12&(.*: ')1 *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 <)123 *02 8(>(& 8-12: ')1 1(,7(, ,21 *02 *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* 6'&>' ')1 '1Q<1521 8'&'&', &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, *- 6<)5' 611>"5 MON 8'&'&', (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, 9"?&5 42,# P02 +'.* *0'* 6<)5' ;', ,2'*21 () ') E2F*2),(-) ,2'*E %&'.21 023 () ' %23(& 532'*23 *0') *0'* *- ;0(.0 *02 -*023 %',,2)523, ;232 2F%-,21# P0232+-32: )-* -)&9 ;', 8'&'&', <)'=&2 *- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 (7%-,21 -) 0(7 +-3 *02 ()Q<39 ,<,*'()21 =9 6<)5': =<* '&,-: *02 2>(12).2 ,0-;, 02 ;', '.*<'&&9 )25&(52)* () *3'),%-3*()5 %',,2)523,# J0?)?C0? G1- .3E 3?)*#$ 4/)%1C$/*)*0$% .$
T'.*,U ?2*(*(-)23h%&'()*(++ B-,2 ?(&'%(&: ' %'9()5 %',,2)523: =-'3121 32,%-)12)*h 12+2)1')*S, =<, () @3(5' 8(*9 -) !Z 62%*27=23 !D`! '* '=-<* ZUCC ?#R# M0(&2 ,'(1 =<, N-# KCD ;', () 1<2 .-<3,2 )25 -*('*()5 *02 1(,*').2 =2*;22) @ 3(5' 8(*9 ')1 N'5' 8(*9: <%-) 32'.0()5 *02 >(.()(*9 -+ *02 .272*2 39 -+ *02 R<)(.(%'&(*9 -+ c''-: 8'7'3()2, 6<3: -) *02 ;'9 *- N'5' 8(*9: ') <)(12)*(+(21 7'): ' =9,*')123 '&-)5 ,'(1 )'*(-)'& 0(50;'9: 0<3&21 ' ,*-)2 '* *02 &2+* ,(12 -+ *02 =<,: ;0(.0 0(* %2*(*(-)23 '=->2 0(, &2+* 292# ?3(>'*2 32, %-)12)*S, %23,-))2& &-,* )- *(72 () =3()5()5 *02 %2*(*(-)23 *- *02 %3->().('& 0-,%(*'& () N'5' 8(*9 ;0232 02 ;', .-)+()21 ')1 *32'*21# X>2)*<'&&9: %2*(*(-)2r partially lost his left eye’s vision and sustained a permanent ,.'3# P0<,: ?2*(*(-)23 &-1521 ') '.*(-) +-3 32.->239 -+ 1'7'52, =2+-32 *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 8'7'3()2, 6<3 ;0(.0 *02 &'**23 53')*21# O) '%%2'&: *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 32>23,21 ,'(1 12.(,(-)# ?2*(*(-)23 '35<2, *0'* *02 )'*<32 -+ *02 =<,()2,, -+ ' *3'),%-3*'*(-) .-7%')9 32J<(32, *02 ',,<7%*(-) -+ .23*' () 3(,/,: ')1 *02 ,*-)()5 -+ *02 =<, =9 ' ,*3')523 32,<&*()5 () ()Q<39 *- %2*(*(-)23h%',,2)523 (, -)2 ,<.0 3(,/ +3-7 ;0(.0 *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7'9 )-* 2F27%* (*,2&+ +3-7 &('=(&(*9# @,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* I&'*.- P3'),%-3*'*(-) 8-7%')9: @).# (, &('=&2i N-# M0(&2 ', ' 52)23'& 3<&2: . -77-) .'33(23, '32 =-<)1 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 ,'+2 *3'),%-3* -+ *02(3 %',,2)523,: (* ;-<&1 ,227 *0'* *0(, (, )-* *02 ,*')1'31 =9 ;0(.0 (*, &('=(&(*9 (, *- =2 12*237()21 ;02) ()*23>2)()5 '.*, -+ ,*3')523, (, *- =2 12*237()21 1(32.*&9 .'<, 2 *02 ()Q<39: ;0(&2 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 I3*(.&2 !`ZH 5->23),U I3*(.&2 !`ZH# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 ()Q<3(2, ,<++2321 =9 ' %',,2)523 -) '..-<)* -+ *02 ;(&+<& '.*, -3 )25&(52).2 -+ -*023 %',,2)523, -3 -+ ,*3')523,: (+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23S, 27%&-922, *03-<50 *02 2F23.(,2 -+ *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9 .-<&1 0'>2 %32>2)*21 -3 ,*-%%21 *02 '.* -3 -7(,,(-)#

YK

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lJL8!!E 6M.-E LH@?@?EKHJ; I=) .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E J37:68 7- .3VLVMKE )%& <0%$/ #+0?&/"% d3!!8L j6MK .3VLVMKE LV!8 986MM6 )%& JL6M.8 3:8l3M;8LE )?? 1>/%)<"& .3VLVMKE )%& /"C/"1"%*"& FB *+"0/ <$*+"/ J37:68 7.3VLVMKE JH=LEKNHK@=) [8M;Ve3E <)5 P0(, (, ') '%%2'& =9 %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; -) 56789:7;79 -+ *02 12.(,(-): 1'*21 B<&9 AD:

!DDK: -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: ;0(.0 32>2 3,21 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _2 5(-)'& P3('& 8-<3*: c3').0 o@: @&(5') 8(*9# T'.*,U O) N->27=23 !Y: !DYD: ' =<, -+ %2* (*(-)23 +(5<321 () ') '..(12)* ;(*0 ' Q22%)29 () j'<,;'5'): ^')'- 12& N-3*2: 32,<&*()5 () *02 12'*0 -+ ,2>23'& %',,2)523, -+ *02 Q22%)29: ().&<1()5 *;- R'3')'-,# 83(,')*- d2)23'&'-: ' >-&<)*223 +(2&1 '52)* -+ *02 8-),*'=<&'39 _25(-)'& 62.<3(*9 \)(* N-# m: .-)1<.*21 ') ()>2,*(5'*(-) -+ *02 '..(12)*# ]2 +-<)1 *0'* *02 -;)23 -+ *02 Q22%)29 ;', ' R'3')'- 32,(1()5 () V2&'='9'): ^')'- 12& N-3*2 ')1 *0'* .23*'() R'3')'-, ;232 %&'))()5 *- *'/2 32>2)52 -) *02 %2*(*(-)23 =9 =<3)()5 ,-72 -+ (*, =<,2,# d2)23'&'- 32)12321 ' 32%-3* -) 0(, +()1()5, *- 65*# _29)'&1- c',*',' -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-),*'=<&'39 _25(-)'& ]2'3J<'3*23, '* 8'5'9') 12 O3-# \%-) *02 (),*3<.*(-) -+ 65*# c',*',': 02 ;2)* *- ,22 V(-,1'1- c3'>-: -%23'*(-), 7')'523 -+ %2*(*(-)23: '* (*, 7'() -++(.2 () 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9# c3'>- ',,<321 0(7 *0'* *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), *- (),<32 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ &(>2, ')1 %3-%23*9 ;-<&1 =2 *'/2)# I* '=-<* ZUKL ?#R# -) N->27=23 AA: !DYD: *0322 '3721 R'3')'-, ;0- %32*2)121 *- =2 %',,2)523,: ,2([21 ' =<, -+ %2*(*(-)23 '* ^()'7-): ^')'- 12& N-3*2 ;0(&2 -) (*, ;'9 *- @&(5') 8(*9# I7-)5 *02 %',,2)523, -+ *02 =<, ;', I**9# 8'-3-)5# P02 &2'123 -+ *02 R'3')'-,: (12)*(+(21 ', -)2 c',0(23 R')')55-&-: -312321 *02 13(>23: d-1-+321- 8'='*<'): *- ,*-% *02 =<, -) *02 ,(12 -+ *02 0(50;'9# R')')55-&- *02) ,0-* 8'='*<') -) *02 '37: ;0(.0 .'<,21 0(7 *- ,&<7% -) *02 ,*223()5 ;022&# P02) -)2 -+ *02 .-7%')(-), -+ R')')55-&- ,*'3*21 %-<3()5 5',-&()2 (),(12 *02 =<,: ', *02 -*023 02&1 *02 %',,2)523, '* ='9 ;(*0 ' 0')15<)# R')')55-&- *02) -312321 *02 %',,2)523, *- 52* -++ *02 =<,# P02 %',,2)523,: ().&<1()5 I**9# 8'-3-)5: ,*2%%21 -<* -+ *02 =<, ')1 ;2)* =20()1 *02 =<,02, () ' +(2&1 ,-72 1(,*').2 +3-7 *02 0(50;'9#

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c3').0 o@: @&(5') 8(*9 ;0(.0 ;', 1(,7(,,21 =<* 32>23,21 =9 *02 8I -) '%%2'&# ]2).2: *0(, '%%2'&# @,,<2U MON *0232 ;', =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52i ]2&1U 42,# I3*# !`ZH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* ' .-77-) .'33(23 (, 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 ()Q<3(2, ,<++2321 =9 ' %',,2)523 -) '..-<)* -+ *02 ;(&+<& '.*, -+ -*023 %',,2)523,: (+ *02 27%&-922, -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 .-<&1 0'>2 %32>2)*21 *02 '.* *02 2F23.(,2 -+ *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9# @) *02 %32,2)* .',2: (* (, clear that because of the negligence of petitioner’s employees, the seizure of the

=<, =9 R')')55-&- ')1 0(, 72) ;', 7'12 %-,,(=&2# V2,%(*2 ;'3)()5 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-),*'=<&'39 '* 8'5'9') 12 O3- *0'* *02 R'3')'-, ;232 %&'))()5 *- *'/2 32>2)52 -) *02 %2*(*(-)23 =9 =<3)()5 ,-72 -+ (*, buses and the assurance of petitioner’s o peration manager, Diosdado Bravo, that

*02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), ;-<&1 =2 *'/2): %2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-*0()5 *- %3-*2.* *02 ,'+2*9 -+ (*, %',,2)523,# ]'1 %2*(*(-)23 ')1 (*, 27%&-922, =22) >(5(&')* *029 ;-<&1 )-* 0'>2 +'(&21 *- ,22 *0'* *02 7'&2+'.*-3, 0'1 ' &'352 J<')*(*9 -+ 5',-&()2 ;(*0 *027# \)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ,(7%&2 %32.'<*(-)'39 72',<32, *- %3-*2.* *02 ,'+2*9 -+ %',,2)523,: ,<.0 ', +3(,/()5 %',,2)523, ')1 (),%2.*()5 *02(3 ='55'52,: %32+23'=&9 ;(*0 )-)h ()*3<,(>2 5'152*, ,<.0 ', 72*'& 12*2.*-3,: =2+-32 '&&-;()5 *027 -) =-'31 .-<&1 0'>2 =22) employed without violating the passenger’s constitutional rights. From the foregoing, it is evident that petitioner’s employees failed to prevent the attack on one of petitioner’s bus es because they did not exercise the d iligence of a

5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ I**9# 8'-3-)5#

YL

K-L- M$1- QQRW,NWS 3>D>1* IWE RPPW J96:6JJ6M8 L3((64 (7! :6M8!E 6M.-E C"*0*0$%"/E G1498 9VMVL3(:8 6M48L[8;6348 3JJ8::348 .V7L4 3M; .3!63MV J3!.73E 84 3:-E /"1C$%&"%*1- [8;63:;83E Z-5

R')'&- ;', .-)>(.*21 ')1 ,23>21 0(, ,2)*2).2# I, *- .(>(& .',2, +(&21 =9 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, +-3 32.->239 -+ 1'7'52,: *029 ').0-321 *02(3 ,<(*, '5'(),* ,%-<,2, R')5<)2 ')1 8'332-) ')1 R')'&- -) *02(3 .-)*3'.*<'& &('=(&(*9# I, '5'(),* _'==(* ')1 12&-, _292,: %&'()*(++, =',21 *02(3 ,<(*, -) *02(3 .<&%'=(&(*9 +-3 ' J<',(h12&(.*#

TI8P6U O) V2.# AK: !DZZ b!!'7$: *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, =-'3121 *02 Q22%)29 -;)21 =9 6%-<,2, @,(13- R')5<)2 ')1 d<(&&237' 8'332-) ')1 1 3(>2) =9 P3')J<(&()- R')'&'* V'<: R'='&'.'*: ?'7%')5' =-<)1 +-3 8'372): _-,'&2,: ?')5',()') *- ,%2)1 803(,*7', '* *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 0-72,# I&*0-<50 *029 <,<'&&9 3(12 () =<,2,: *029 0'1 *- 3(12 () ' Q22%)29 *0'* 1'9 =2.'<,2 *02 =<,2, ;232 +<&&#

P3('& .-<3* +-<)1 R')'&- )'5&(52)*# O) '%%2'&: @ I8 32>23,21 *02 12.(,(-) +()1()5 V2&-, _292, )25&(52)*# P02 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) ;', 12)(21# ]2).2: *02 %32,2)* %2*(*(-)#

\%-) 32'.0()5 ='33(- 6()'9-'): 6') R')<2&: P'3&'.: *02 3(50* 32'3 ;022& -+ *02 Q22%)29 ;', 12*'.021: ,- (* ;', 3<))()5 () ') <)='&').21 %-,(*(-)# R')'&,*2%%21 -) *02 =3'/2: ', ' 32,<&* -+ ;0(.0: *02 Q22 %)29 ;0(.0 ;', *02) 3<))()5 -) *02 2',*23) &')2 b(*, 3(50* -+ ;'9$ 7'12 ' \h*<3): ()>'1()5 ')1 2>2)*<'& &9 ,*-%%()5 -) *02 ;2,*23) &')2 -+ *02 3-'1 () ,<.0 ' 7'))23 *0'* *02 Q22%)29S, +3-)* +'.21 *02 ,-<*0 b+3-7 ;0232 (* .'72$ ')1 (*, 32'3 +'.21 *02 )-3*0 b*-;'31, ;0232 (* ;', 5-()5$# P02 Q22%)29 %3'.*(.'&&9 -..<%(21 ')1 =&-./21 *02 532'*23 %-3*(-) -+ *02 ;2,*23) &')2: ;0(.0 (, *02 3(50* -+ ;'9 -+ >20(.&2, .-7()5 +3-7 *02 )-3*0: '7-)5 ;0(.0 ;', c<, N-# `LH -+ ?0(&(%%()2 _'==(* c <, ^()2,: @).# b_'==(*$ 13(>2) =9 P-7', 12&-, _292,# I&7-,* '* *02 *(72 ;02) *02 Q22%)29 7'12 ' ,<112) \h*<3) ')1 2).3-'.021 -) *02 ;2,*23) &')2 -+ *02 0(50;'9 ', .&'(721 =9 _'==(* ')1 12&-, _292,: -3 '+*23 ,*-%%()5 +-3 ' .-<%&2 -+ 7()<*2, ', .&'(721 =9 R')5<)2: 8'332-) ')1 R')'&-: *02 =<, =<7%21 +3-7 =20()1 *02 3(50* 32'3 %-3*(-) -+ *02 Q22%)29# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *02 .-&&(,(-): *0322 %',,2)523, -+ *02 Q22%)29 b8'*'&()' ?',.<': X3&()1' R23('&2, ')1 I12&'(1' X,*-7-$ 1(21 ;0(&2 *02 -*023 Q22%)29 %',,2)523, ,<,*'()21 %09,(.'& ()Q<3(2,# M0'* .-<&1 0'>2 =22) ' +2,*(>2 803(,*7', *<3)21 -<* *- =2 *3'5(.# P02 %-()* -+ .-&&(,(-) ;', ' .272)* %'>2h%-3*(-) -+ *02 ](50;'9: '=-<* ,(F bZ$ 72*23, ;(12: ;(*0 )'33-; ,0-<&123, ;(*0 53',, 2, =29-)1 ;0(.0 '32 .')'&, -) =-*0 ,(12,# P02 3-'1 ;', ,*3'(50* ')1 %-()*, ACC 72*23, )-3*0 ')1 ,-<*0 -+ *02 %-()* -+ .-&&(,(-) '32 >(,(=&2 ')1 <)-=,*3<.*21# ?(.*<32, *'/2) =9 ;(*)2,, c(,J<23' () *02 .-<3,2 -+ *02 ()>2,*(5'*(-) ,0-;21 *02 32&'*(>2 %-,(*(-), -+ *02 %-()* -+ (7%'.* ')1 .2)*23 &()2 *02 ='./ -+ *02 _'==(* =<,: *02 &(+2&2,, =-19 -+ 8'*'&()' ?',.<': ')1 *02 1'7'521 +3-)* %'3* -+ *02 _'==(* =<,# N- ,/(1 7'3/, -+ *02 _'==(* =<, ;' , +-<)1 () *02 >(.()(*9 -+ *02 .-&&(,(-): =2+-32 -3 '+*23 *02 %-()* -+ (7%'.*# O) *02 -*023 0')1: *0232 ;', ' ,/(1 7'3/ '=-<* KL 72*23, &-)5 %<3%-3*21&9 -+ *02 Q22%)29 +3-7 *02 2',*23) ,0-<&123 -+ *02 3-'1 ,-<*0 -+: ')1 2F*2)1()5 <% *- *02 %-()* -+ (7%'.*# I* *02 *(72 ')1 () *02 >(.()(*9 -+ *02 '..(12)*: *0232 ;232 )- >20(.&2, +-&&-;()5 *02 Q22%)29: )2(*023 ;232 *0232 -).-7()5 >20(.&2, 2F.2%* *02 =<,# P02 ;2'*023 .-)1(*(-) -+ *0'* 1'9 ;', +'(3#

@66\X6U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 1-.*3()2 -+ &',* .&2'3 .0').2 (, '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 (),*')* .',2i M0- (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 12'*0 ')1 %09,(.'& ()Q<3(2, ,<++2321 =9 *02 %',,2)523, -+ *02 Q22%)29i ]X^VU !$ NO: *02 1-.*3()2 -+ &',* .&2'3 .0').2 (, )-* '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 (),*')* .',2# M2 32(*23'*2 *0'* Ef*g02 %3().(%&2 '=-<* E*02 &',* .&2'3E .0').2: ;-<&1 .'&& +-3 '%%&(.'*(-) () ' ,<(* =2*;22) *02 -;)23, ')1 13(>23, -+ *02 *;- .-&&(1()5 >20(.&2,# @* 1-2, )-* '3(,2 ;0232 ' %',,2)523 127')1, 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +3-7 *02 .'33(23 *2)+-3.2 (*, .-)*3'.*<'& -=&(5'*(-),# T-3 (* ;-<&1 =2 ()2J<(*'=&2 *- 2F27%* *02 )25&(52)* 13(>23 -+ *02 Q22%)29 ')1 (*, -;)23, -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* *02 -*023 1 3(>23 ;', &(/2;(,2 5<(&*9 -+ )25&(52).2#E bI)<3'): 2* '&# ># c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o23(&9: 02 0'1 &(**&2 *(72 *- 32'.* *- *02 ,(*<'*(-)# P- 32J<(32 12&-, _292, *- '>-(1 *02 .-&&(,(-) (, *- ',/ *-- 7<.0 +3-7 0(7# I, (12 +3-7 *02 *(72 2&272)* ()>-&>21: *0232 ;232 )- -%*(-), '>'(&'=&2 *- 0(7#

I .3(7()'& .-7%&'()* '5'(),* *02 *;- 13(>23, +-3 R<&*(%&2 ]-7(.(12 ;', +(&21# P02 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* V2&-, _292, ;', 1(,7(,,21 +-3 &'./ -+ %3-='=&2 .'<,2: ;0(&2

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M2 +()1 *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 '..(12)* ;', *02 )25&(52).2 -+ R')'&- ')1 ,%-<,2, R')5<)2 ')1 8'332-)# P029 '&& +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 %32.'<*(-), *0'* '32 )22121 %32.(,2&9 %3- 0'. >(.2# @) .<&%' .-)*3'.*<'&: *02 7-72)* ' %',,2)523 1(2, -3 (, ()Q<321: *02 .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: ')1 *0(, 1(,%<*'=&2 %32,<7%*(-) 7'9 -)&9 =2 ->23.-72 =9 2>(12).2 *0'* 02 0'1 -=,23>21 2F*3'h -31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 () I3*(.&2, !`HH: !`LL ')1 !`LZ -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12 -3 *0'* *02 12'*0 -3 ()Q<39 -+ * 02 %',,2)523 ;', 1<2 *- ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* H b^','7 ># 67(*0: B3#$# P02 *3('& .-<3* ;', *0232+-32 3(50* () +()1()5 *0'* R')'&- ')1 ,%-<,2, R')5<)2 ' )1 8'332-) ;232 )25&(52)*# ]-;2>23: (*, 3<&()5 *0'* ,%-<,2, R')5<)2 ')1 8'332-) '32 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 R')'&- (, 233-)2-<,# P02 13(>23 .'))-* =2 02&1 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 *02 .'33(23 () .',2 -+ =32'.0 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# P02 3'*(-)'&2 =20()1 *0(, (, 32'1(&9 1(,.23)(=&2# T(3,*&9: *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, =2*;22) *02 .'33(23 ')1 *02 %',,2)523: ')1 () *02 2>2)* -+ .-)*3'.*<'& &('=(&(*9: *02 .'33(23 (, 2F.&<,(>2&9 32,%-),(=&2 *0232+-32 *- *02 %',,2)523: 2>2) (+ ,<.0 =32'.0 =2 1<2 *- *02 )25&(52).2 -+ 0(, 13(>23 bo(&<') ># 8I$# @ ) -*023 ;-31,: *02 .'33(23 .') )2(*023 ,0(+* 0(, &('=(&(*9 -) *02 .-)*3'.* *- 0(, 13(>23 )-3 ,0'32 (* ;(*0 0(7: +-3 0(, 13(>23S, )25&(52).2 (, 0(,# 62.-)1&9: (+ M2 7'/2 *02 13(>23 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 *02 .'33(23: *0'* ;-<&1 7'/2 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 %23,-)'& (),*2'1 -+ 7232&9 >(.'3(-<, ')1 .-),2J<2)*&9: 2)*(*&21 *- 32.->23 -)&9 *02 ,0'32 ;0(.0 .-332,%-)1, *- *02 13(>23: .-)*3'1(.*-39 *- *02 2F%&(.(* %3->(,(-) -+ I3*(.&2 A!Y! -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12# (7![3M48 g .3 23.4!U I* '=-<* ZUHC () *02 7-3)()5 -+ I%3(& AC: !DYH: ' .-&&(,(-) -..<3321 =2*;22 ) ' 53'>2& ')1 ,')1 *3<./b<63579A6< ;3 :=< $: ')1 ' R'[1' %',,2)523 =<, '&-)5 *02

)'*(-)'& 3-'1 '* 8'&(=<9-: P')[': 8'>(*2# P02 +3-)* &2+* ,(12 %-3*(-) b='3')1(&&'$ -+ *02 =-19 -+ *02 *3<./ ,(12,;(%21 *02 &2+* ,(12 ;'&& -+ *02 %',,2)523 =<,: 3(%%()5 -++ *02 ,'(1 ;'&& +3-7 *02 13(>23S, ,2'* *- *02 &',* 32'3 ,2'*# V<2 *- *02 (7%'.*: ,2>23'& %',,2)523, -+ *02 =<, ;232 *03-;) -<* ')1 1(21 ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 ()Q<3(2, *029 ,<,*'()21# V<3()5 *02 ().(12)*: *02 .'35- * 3<./ ;', 13(>2) =9 12+2)1')* R-)*2,(')')1 -;)21 =9 12+2)1')* V2& ?(&'3G ;0(&2 * 02 %',,2)523 =<, ;', 13(>2) =9 12+2)1')* 6<,<&()# @7721('*2&9 =2+-32 *02 .-&&(,(-): *02 .'35- *3<./ ')1 *02 %',,2)523 =<, ;232 '%%3-'.0()5 2'.0 -*023: .-7()5 +3-7 *02 -%%-,(*2 1(32.*(-), -+ *02 0(50;'9# M0(&2 *02 *3<./ ;', ,*(&& '=-<* HC 72*23, ';'9: 6<,<&(): *02 =<, 13(>23: ,'; *02 +3-)* ;022&, -+ *02 >20(.&2 ;(55&()5# ]2 '&,- -=,23>21 *0'* *02 *3<./ ;', 02'1()5 *-;'31, 0(, &')2# N-* 7()1()5 *0(, .(3.<7,*').2 1<2 *- 0(, =2&(2+ *0'* *02 13(>23 -+ *02 *3<./ ;', 7232&9 Q-/()5: 6<, <&() ,0(+*21 +3-7 +-<3*0 *- *0(31 52'3 () -3123 *- 5(>2 7-32 %-;23 ')1 ,%221 *- *02 =<,: ;0(.0 ;', ',.2)1()5 *02 ().&()21 %'3* -+ *02 3-'1: () -3123 *- ->23*'/2 -3 %',, ' j<=-*' 0')1 *3'.*-3 =2()5 %<,021 =9 ' %23,-) '&-)5 *02 ,0-<&123 -+ *02 0(50;'9# M0(&2 *02 =<, ;', () *02 %3-.2,, -+

->23*'/()5 -3 %',,()5 *02 0')1 *3'.*-3 ')1 *02 *3<./ ;', '%%3-'.0()5 *02 =<,: *02 *;- >20(.&2, ,(12,;(%21 2'.0 -*023 '* 2'.0 -*023S, &2+* ,(12# I+*23 *02 (7%'.*: *02 *3<./ ,/(1121 *-;'31, *02 -*023 ,(12 -+ *02 3-'1 ')1 &')121 -) ' )2'3=9 32,(12)*('& &-*: 0(**()5 ' .-.-)<* *322 ')1 +2&&()5 (*# _P8h 12.&'321 *0'* *02 )25&(52)* '.*, -+ =-*0 13(>23, 1(32.*&9 .'<,21 *02 '..(12)* @* ;', )25&(52)* -) *02 %'3* -+ 13(>23 R-)*2,(')- *- 0'>2 13(>2) 0(, * 3<./ +',*: .-),(123()5 *0'* (* ;', ') -&1 >20(.&2: *0'* (*, +3-)* ;022&, ;232 ;(55&()5G *0'* *02 3-'1 ;', 12,.2)1()5G ')1 *0'* *0232 ;', ' %',,2)523 =<, '%%3-'.0()5 (*# ^(/2;(,2: 13(>23 6<,<&() ;', '&,- 5<(&*9 -+ )25&(52).2 () )-* *'/()5 *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-) *- '>-(1 *02 .-&&(,(-)# bO)&9 *02 -;)23 ')1 *02 *3<./ 13(>23 '%%2'&21$ & 8Ih Reversed the RTC’s decision in so far as the liability of the owner and truck 13(>23 611>"U MON 8I 23321 () '%%&9()5 *02 &',* .&2'3 .0').2 3<&2 9"?&5 NO# P02 %3().(%&2 -+ E&',* .&2'3 .0').2E '%%&(2, E() ' ,<(* =2*;22) *02 -;)23, ')1 13(>23, -+ .-&&(1()5 >20(.&2,# @* 1-2, )-* '3(,2 ;0232 ' %',,2)523 127')1, 32,%-),(=(&(*9 +3-7 *02 .'33(23 *- 2)+-3.2 (*, .-)*3'.*<'& -=&(5'*(-),# T-3 (* ;-<&1 =2 ()2J<(*'=&2 *- 2F27%* *02 )25&(52)* 13(>23 -+ * 02 Q22%)29 ')1 (*, -;)23, -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* *02 -*023 13(>23 ;', &(/2;(,2 5<(&*9 -+ )25&(52).2# I&& %327(,2, .-),(12321: *02 8-<3* (, .-)>().21 *0'* *02 32,%-)12)* 8-<3* .-77(**21 ') 233-3 -+ &'; () '%%&9()5 *02 1-.*3()2 -+ &',* .&2'3 .0').2 ', =2*;22) *02 12+2)1')*,: ,().2 *02 .',2 '* ='3 (, )-* ' ,<(* =2*;22) *02 -;)23, ')1 13(>23, -+ *02 .-&&(1()5 >20(.&2, =<* ' ,<(* =3-<50* =9 *02 02(3, -+ *02 12.2',21 %',,2)523, '5'(),* =-*0 -;)23, ')1 13(>23, -+ *02 .-&&(1()5 >20(.&2,# P0232+-32: *02 32,%-)12)* .-<3* 23321 () '=,-&>()5 *02 -;)23 ')1 13(>23 -+ *02 .'35- *3<./ +3-7 &('=(&(*9# nB<1572)* -+ *02 &-;23 .-<3* (, _X@N6PIPXV 

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T'.*,U P02 12.2',21 ;', ') (),%2.*-3 -+ *02 c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h<% ', *0232 ;', *02) )-*023 72'), -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-): *- ;0(.0 12+2)1')* '53221: ')1 () *0'* ,'72 7-3)()5 *02 %(./h<% &2+* ?'3')5 =-<)1 +-3 V'>'- *' /()5 '&-)5 ,(F %',,2)523,: ().&<1()5 ^'3'# P02 %(./h<% 0', ' +3-)* ,2'* ;0232 *02 13(>23 ')1 *;- %',,2)523, .') =2 '..-77-1'*21 ')1 *02 ='./ 0', ' ,*22& +&--3()5 2).&-,21 ;(*0 ' ,*22& ;'&&()5 -+ !Z *- !` ().02, *'&& -) *02 ,(12, ')1 ;(*0 ' !D ( ).02, *'&& ;'&&()5 '* *02 ='./# ^'3' ;', () *02 7(11&2 ,(**()5 -) ' ='5# c2+-32 &2'>()5 ?'3')5: 12+2)1')*

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h<% ')1 ', ' 32,<&* 02 ,<++2321 ,23(-<, ()Q<3(2,# o'&2).(' ,*-%%21 *02 %(./h<% *,22 ;0'* 0'%%2)21 *- ^'3'# ]2 ,-<50* *02 02&% -+ *02 32,(12)*, -+ *0'* %&'.2 ')1 '%%&(21 ;'*23 *- ^'3' =<* *- )- '>'(&# P029 =3-<50* ^'3' *- *02 )2'32,* %&'.2 ;0232 *029 .-<&1 +()1 ' 1-.*-3 ')1 )-* 0'>()5 + -<)1 ')9 *029 *--/ 0(7 *- 6*# B-,2%0S, 8&()(. -+ j(1'%';')# c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h<% -+ 12+2)1')*: ;232 7232&9 '..-77-1'*(-) %',,2)523, ;0- %'(1 )-*0()5 +-3 *02 ,23>(.2 ')1 ,- *029 .') =2 .-),(12321 ', ()>(*21 5<2,*, ;(*0() *02 72')()5 -+ *02 &';# I, '..-77-1'*(-) %',,2)523, -3 ()>(*21 5<2,*,: 12+2)1')* ', -;)23 ')1 13(>23 -+ *02 %(./h<% -;2, *- *027 72 32&9 *02 &>*B *$ "a"/#01" /")1$%)F?" #)/" ,- *0'* *029 7'9 =2 *3'),%-3*21 ,'+2&9 *- *02(3 12,*()'*(-)# V2+2)1')* (, )-* 1<*9 =-<)1 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', 32J<(321 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 =9 -<3 &';# 611>"5 MON 12+2)1')* +'(&21 *- -=,23>2 -31()'39 .'32 -3 1(&(52).2 () *3'),%-3*()5 *02 12.2',21 9"?&5 M$- P0232 (, 2>239 32',-) *- =2&(2>2 *0'* *02 <)+-3*<)'*2 0'%%2)()5 ;', -)&9 1<2 *- ') <)+-32,22) '..(12)* '..<,21 =9 *02 +'.* *0'* '* *02 *(72 *02 12.2',21 ;', 0'&+ ',&22% ')1 7<,* 0'>2 +'&&2) +3-7 *02 %(./h<% ;02) (* 3') ()*,-72 ,*-)2, .'<,()5 (* *- Q23/ .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 3-'1 ;', *02) =<7%9: 3-<50 ')1 +<&& -+ ,*-)2,# P02 +()1()5 -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* *0'* *02 %(./h<% ;', 3<))()5 '* 7-32 *0') KC /(&-72*23, %23 0-<3 (, )-* ,<%%-3*21 =9 *02 2>(12).2# P0(, (, ' 7232 ,<37(,2 7'12 =9 *02 *3('& .-<3* .-),(123()5 *02 *(72 *02 %(./h<% &2+* ='33(- 6' 7-'9 ')1 *02 *(72 *02 '..(12)* -..<321 () 32&'*(-) *- *02 1(,*').2 .->2321 =9 *02 %(./h

<%# I)1 2>2) (+ *0(, (, .-332.*: ,*(&& ;2 ,'9 *0'* ,<.0 ,%221 (, )-* <)32',-)'=&2 .-),(123()5 *0'* *029 ;232 *3'>2&()5 -) ' )'*(-)'& 3-'1 ')1 *02 *3'++(. *02) ;', )-* 02'>9# M2 7'9 3'*023 '**3(=<*2 *02 ().(12)* *- &'./ -+ .'32 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 12.2',21 .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 %(./h<% ;', -%2) ')1 02 ;', *02) () ' .3-<.0()5 %-,(*(-)# @)1221: *02 &'; %3->(12, *0'* EI %',,2)523 7<,* -=,23>2 *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9 *- '>-(1 ()Q<39 *- 0(7,2&+E bI3*(.&2 !`Z!: )2; 8(>(& 8-12$: ;0(.0 72'), *0'* (+ *02 ()Q<39 *- *02 %',,2)523 0', =22) %3-F(7'*2&9 .'<,21 =9 0(, -;) )25&(52).2: *02 .'33(23 .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2# ^\VO INV ^\4R 8O_?O_IP@ON: %2*(*(-)23: >,# 8O\_P OT I??XI^6: dIc@6IN 6]@??@Nd ^@NX6: @N8# ')1e-3 IN6X^RO OÎ6@RIN 32,%-)12)*,# fd#_# N-# !ALKYH# T2=3<'39 !: ACC!g PO?@8U ?32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 T'.*,U ?2*(*(-)23 ^<1- a ^<97 8-3%-3'*(-) (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'52 1 () .-%3' %3-.2,,()5 ;(*0 %&')* ')1 =<,()2,, -++(.2, () 82=< 8(*9# @* -;), ')1 -%23'*2, ' %3(>'*2 ;0'3+ <,21 =9 >2,,2&, +-3 &-'1()5 ')1 <)&-'1()5 -+ .-%3' ')1 -*02 3 processed products. Among its wharf’s facilities are fender pile clusters for docking

')1 7--3()5# ?3(>'*2 _2,%-)12)* d'=(,') 60(%%()5 ^()2, ;', *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 ')1 -%23'*-3 -+ *02 7-*-3 >2,,2& Ro R(5<2&': ;0(&2 *02 -*023 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: Anselmo Olasiman, was its captain While MV Miguela was docking at petitioner’s

;0'3+: (* 3'7721 ')1 12,*3-921 ' +2)123 %(&2 .&<,*23# ?2*(*(-)23 127')121 1'7'52, +3-7 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,# P02 &'**23 32+<,21# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, =2+-32 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ 82=<# P02 *3('& .-<3* 1(,%-,21 *02 .',2 () +'>-3 -+ %2*(*(-)23 +()1()5 *0'* *02 32,%-)12)*, '32 ,-&(1'3(&9 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, +-3 )25&(52).2# P02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 32>23,21 *02 *3('& .-<3*# @,,<2U MON *02 1-.*3()2 -+ 32, (%,' &-J<(*<3 '%%&(2, () *0(, .',2 ', *- ;'33')* %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 ]2&1U 42,# _2, (%,' &-J<(*<3 –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o R(5<2&' ;', <)123 *02 2F.&<,(>2 .-)*3-& -+ (*, -++(.23, ')1 .32;# ?2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-* 0'>2 1(32.* 2>(12).2 -) ;0'* *3'),%(321 ;(*0() ', *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32;

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maneuvered the vessel to its berthing place. We note the Court of Appeals’ finding that Naval and Espina were not knowledgeable on the vess el’s maneuverings, and

.-<&1 )-* *2,*(+9 -) *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32;# 62.-)1: ',(12 +3-7 *02 *2,*(7-)9 *0'* Ro R(5<2&' 3'7721 *02 .&<,*23 %(&2: % 3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 1(1 )-* ,0-; %23,<',(>2&9 -*023 %-,,(=&2 .'<,2, -+ *02 1'7'52# I%%&9()5 )-; *02 '=->2: *0232 2F(,*, ' %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 '5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ;0(.0 ;2 -%()2 *02 &'**23 +'(&21 *- ->23.-72# I11(*(-)'&&9: petitioner presented tangible proof that demonstrated private respondents’ negligence. As testified by Capt. Olasiman, from c ommand of “slow ahead” to “stop engine”, the vessel will still travel 100 meters bef -32 (* +()'&&9 ,*-%,# ]-;2>23: 02 ordered “stop engine” when the vessel was only 5 0 meters from the pier. Fu rther,

02 *2,*(+(21 *0'* =2+-32 *02 >2,,2& (, %<* *- ,&-; ',*23): *02 2)5()2 0', *- =2 32,*'3*21# ]-;2>23: O&',(7') .'))-* 2,*(7'*2 0-; &-)5 (* *'/2, =2+-32 *02 2)5()2 5-2, *- ,&-; ',*23) '+*23 *02 2)5()2 (, 32,*'3*21# T3-7 *02,2 12.&'3'*(-),: *02 .-).&<,(-) (, *0'* (* ;', '&32'19 *-- &'*2 ;02) *02 .'%*'() -312321 32>23,2# c9 *02): *02 >2,,2& ;', -)&9 K 72*23, +3-7 *02 %(23: ')1 *0<, 3'7721 (*# _2,%-)12)* company’s negligence consists in allowing incompetent crew to man its vessel. As

,0-;) '&,- =9 %2*(*(-)23: =-*0 8'%*'() O&',(7') ' )1 80(2+ R'*2 d'=(,') 1(1 )-* 0'>2 ' +-37'& *3'()()5 () 7'3()2 )'>(5'*(-)# P02 +-3723 ;', ' 7232 2&272)*'39 53'1<'*2 ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 (, ' 0(50 ,.0--& 53'1<'*2# P02(3 2F%23(2).2 () )'>(5'*(-) ;', -)&9 ', ' ;'*.07') ')1 ' J<'3*237',*23: 32,%2.*(>2&9# :V7L;8! Z- :3L3E 84 3:-E C?)0%*0AA1N)CC"??)%*1ENG"/1>1N (L6K6;V L- g3:8M.63E &"A"%&)%*N)CC"??)%*- K-L- M$- :NPPWU Z>%" IWE RPOT

T'.*,U P02 12.2',21 ;', ') (),%2.*-3 -+ *02 c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h<% ', *0232 ;', *02) )-*023 72'), -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-): *- ;0(.0 12+2)1')* '53221: ')1 () *0'* ,'72 7-3)()5 *02 %(./h<% &2+* ?'3')5 =-<)1 +-3 V'>'- *'/ ()5 '&-)5 ,(F %',,2)523,: ().&<1()5 ^'3'# P02 %(./h<% 0', ' +3-)* ,2'* ;0232 *02 13(>23 ')1 *;- %',,2)523, .') =2 '..-77-1'*21 ')1 *02 ='./ 0', ' ,*22& +&--3()5 2).&-,21 ;(*0 ' ,*22& ;'&&()5 -+ !Z *- !` ().02, *'&& -) * 02 ,(12, ')1 ;(*0 ' !D ( ).02, *'&& ;'&&()5 '* *02 ='./# ^'3' ;', () *02 7(11&2 ,(**()5 -) ' ='5# c2+-32 &2'>()5 ?'3')5: 12+2)1')* ()>(*21 ^'3' *- ,(* ;(*0 0(7 -) *02 +3-)* ,2'* =<* ^'3' 12.&()21# @* ;', *02(3 <)123,*')1()5 *0'* <%-) 32'.0()5 ='33(- 6'7-'9: 8-*'='*-: *02 %',,2)523, ;232 *'&(50* ')1 *'/2 ' =<, =-<)1 +-3 V'>'-: =<* ;02) *029 '33(>21 '* *0'* %&'.2: -)&9 ! -+ *02 %',,2)523, '&(50*21 ')1 *02 -*023 %',,2)523, 32J<2,*21 12+2)1')* *- '&&-;

*027 *- 3(12 ;(*0 0(7 <% *- V'>'- =2.'<,2 *0232 ;', *02) )- '>'(&'=&2 =<, *0'* *029 .-<&1 *'/2 () 5-()5 *- *0'* %&'.2# V2+2)1')* '5'() '..-77-1'*21 *02 %',,2)523,# M02) *029 .-)*()<21 *02(3 *3(%: *02 ,(**()5 '33')5272)* -+ *02 %',,2)523, 327'()21 *02 ,'72: ^'3' =2()5 ,2'*21 -) ' ='5 () *02 7(11&2 ;(*0 0(, '37, -) ' ,<(*.',2 ')1 0(, 02'1 .->2321 =9 ' Q'./2*# ^'3' '..(12)*'&&9 +2&& +3-7 *02 %(./h<% ')1 ', ' 32,<&* 02 ,<++2321 ,23(-<, ()Q<3(2,# o'&2).(' ,*-%%21 *02 %(./h<% *,22 ;0'* 0'%%2)21 *- ^'3'# ]2 ,-<50* *02 02&% -+ *02 32,(12)*, -+ *0'* %&'.2 ')1 '%%&(21 ;'*23 *- ^'3' =<* *- )- ' >'(&# P029 =3-<50* ^'3' *- *02 )2'32,* %&'.2 ;0232 *029 .-<&1 +()1 ' 1-.*-3 ')1 )-* 0'>()5 +-<)1 ')9 *029 *--/ 0(7 *- 6*# B-,2%0S, 8&()(. -+ j(1'%';')# c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h<% -+ 12+2)1')*: ;232 7232&9 '..-77-1'*(-) %',,2)523, ;0- %'(1 )-*0()5 +-3 *02 ,23>(.2 ')1 ,- *029 .' ) =2 .-),(12321 ', ()>(*21 5 <2,*, ;(*0() *02 72')()5 -+ *02 &';# I, '..-77-1'*(-) %',,2)523, -3 ()>(*21 5<2,*,: 12+2)1')* ', -;)23 ')1 13(>23 -+ *02 %(./h<% -;2, *- *027 72 32&9 *02 1<*9 *- 2F23.(,2 32',-)'=&2 .'32 ,- *0'* *029 7'9 =2 *3'),%-3*21 ,'+2&9 *- *02(3 12,*()'*(-)# V2+2)1')* (, )-* 1<*9 =-<)1 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', 32J<(321 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 =9 -<3 &';# @,,<2U MON 12+2)1')* +'(&21 *- -=,23>2 -31()'39 .'32 -3 1(&(52).2 () *3'),%-3*()5 *02 12.2',21 ]2&1U N-# P0232 (, 2>239 32',-) *- =2&(2>2 *0'* *02 <)+-3*<)'*2 0'%%2)()5 ;', -)&9 1<2 *- ') <)+-32,22) '..(12)* '..<,21 =9 *02 +'.* *0'* '* *02 *(72 *02 12.2',21 ;', 0'&+ ',&22% ')1 7<,* 0'>2 +'&&2) +3-7 *02 %(./h<% ;02) (* 3') ()*- ,-72 ,*-)2, .'<,()5 (* *- Q23/ .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 3-'1 ;', *02) =<7%9: 3-<50 ')1 +<&& -+ ,*-)2,# P02 +()1()5 -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* *0'* *02 %(./h<% ;', 3<))()5 '* 7-32 *0') KC /(&-72*23, %23 0-<3 (, )-* ,<%%-3*21 =9 *02 2 >(12).2# P0(, (, ' 7232 ,<37(,2 7'12 =9 *02 *3('& .-<3* .-),(123()5 *02 *(72 *02 %(./h<% &2+* ='33(- 6'7-'9 ')1 *02 *(72 *02 '..(12)* -..<321 () 32&'*(-) *- *02 1(,*').2 .->2321 =9 *02 %(./h<%# I)1 2>2) (+ *0(, (, .-332.*: ,*(&& ;2 ,'9 *0'* ,<.0 ,%221 (, )-* <)32',-)'=&2 .-),(123()5 *0'* *029 ;232 *3'>2&()5 -) ' )'*(-)'& 3-'1 ')1 *02 *3'++(. *02) ;', )-* 02'>9# M2 7'9

YD

3'*023 '**3(=<*2 *02 ().(12)* *- &'./ -+ .'32 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 12.2',21 .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 %(./h<% ;', -%2) ')1 02 ;', *02) () ' .3-<.0()5 %-,(*(-)# @)1221: *02 &'; %3->(12, *0'* EI %',,2)523 7<,* -=,23>2 *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9 *- '>-(1 ()Q<39 *- 0(7,2&+E bI3*(.&2 !`Z!: )2; 8(>(& 8-12$: ;0 (.0 72'), *0'* (+ *02 ()Q<39 *- *02 %',,2)523 0', =22) %3-F(7'*2&9 .'<,21 =9 0(, -;) )25&(52).2: *02 .'33(23 .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2#

JL8.6::3MV M8.8!64VE 84.- G- M346g6;3; J3L3!E 84 3:K-L- M$- :NRWQWO- Z>%" IWE RPOT L8d8!E Z-(-:-E Z23.4!5 @) *02 7-3)()5 -+ B')<'39 AY: !DLK: 62>23()' d'3.2, ')1 023 !93# -&1 ,-):

?32.(&&')- N2.2,(*-: .'339()5 >252*'=&2,: =-'3121 %',,2)523 '<*- *3<./ -3 =<, N-# !DD -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 _'==(* c<, ^()2, ' * I5)-: ?')5',()')# P02 %',,2)523 *3<./: 13(>2) =9 T3').(,.- c')1-)2&&: *02) %3-.22121 -) (*, 325<&'3 3<) +3-7 I5)- *R')(&'# I+*23 %',,()5 R')5'*'327: ?')5',()'): *3<./ N-# ! DD 2)*2321 ' ;--12) =3(152: =<* *02 +3-)* ;022&, ,;23>21 *- *02 3(50*G *02 13(>23 &-,* .-)*3-&: ')1 '+* 23 wrecking the bridge’s wooden rails: *02 *3<./ +2&& -) (*, 3(50* ,(12 ()*- ' .322/ ;0232 ;'*23 ;', =32',* 122%# P02 7-*023: 62>23()': ;', 13-;)21G *02 ,-): N2.2,(*-: ;', ()Q<321# I+*23 Q-()* *3('&: *02 8T@ +-<)1 *0'* *02 =<, ;', %3-.221()5 ,&-;&9 1<2 *- *02 ='1 .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 3-'1G *0'* *02 '..(12)* ;', .'<,21 =9 *02 +3'.*<32 -+ *02 3(50* ,*223()5 /)<./&2: ;0(.0 ;', 12+2.*(>2 () *0'* (*, .2)*23 -3 .-32 ;', )-* .-7%'.* =<* E=<==&21 ')1 .2&&<&-<,E: ' .-)1(*(-) *0'* .-<&1 )-* =2 /)-;) -3 ',.23*'()21 =9 *02 .'33(23 12,%(*2 *02 +'.* *0'* 325<&'3 *0(3*9h1'9 (),%2.*(-), ;232 7'12 -+ *02 ,*223()5 /)<./&2: ,().2 *02 ,*22& 2F*23(-3 ;', ,7--*0 ')1 ,0()9 *- *02 12%*0 -+ He!Z -+ ') ().0 '&& '3-<)1G *0'* *02 /)<./&2, '32 12,(5)21 ')1 7')<+'.*<321 +-3 02'>9 1<*9 ')1 7'9 &',* <% *- *2) 92'3,G * 0'* *02 /)<./&2 -+ =<, N-# !DD *0'* =3-/2 -) B')<'39 AY: !DLK: ;', &',* (),%2.*21 -) B')<'39 L: !DLK: ')1 ;', 1<2 *- =2 *0 (),%2.*21 '5'() -) T2=3<'39 L # P3('& 8-<3* 0-&1()5 *0'* *02 '..(12)* ;', 2F.&<,(>2&9 1<2 *- +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*: 1(,7(,,21 =-*0 '.*(-),# ]2).2: *0(, .',2# 6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* *02 .'33(23 (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 72.0')(.'& 12+2.*# 98:;5 4X6# It is clear that the carrier is not an insurer of the passengers’ safety. ](, &('=(&(*9 32,*, <%-) )25&(52).2: 0(, +'(&<32 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 E<*7-,*E 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2 *0'* *02 &'; requires, and by Art. 1756, in case of a passenger’s death or ()Q<39 *02 .'33(23 =2'3, *02 =<312) -+ ,'*(,+9()5 *02 .-<3* *0'* 02 0', 1<&9 1(,.0'3521 *02 1<*9 -+ %3<12).2 32J<(321# @) *02 I723(.') &';: ;0232 *02 .'33(23 (, 02&1 *- *02 ,'72 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2 ', <)123 *02 )2; 8(>(& 8-12: *02 3<&2 -) *02

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manufacturer will not relieve the carrier from liability.”

P02 JA@?EKACH of the carrier’s liability is the fact that the passenger has neither .0-(.2 )-3 .-)*3-& ->23 *02 .'33(23 () *02 ,2&2.*(-) ')1 <,2 -+ *02 2J<(%72)* ')1 '%%&(').2, () <,2 =9 *02 .'33(23# ]'>()5: )- %3(>(*9 ;0'*2>23 ;(*0 *02 7')<+'.*<323 -3 >2)1-3 -+ *02 12+2.*(>2 2J<(%72)*: *02 %',,2)523 0', )- 327219 '5'(),* 0(7: ;0(&2 *02 .'33(23 <,<'&&9 0',# @* (, =<* &-5(.'&: *0232+-32: *0'* *02 .'33(23: ;0(&2 )-* ') (),<323 -+ *02 ,'+2*9 -+ 0(, %',,2)523,: ,0-<&1 )2>23*02&2,, =2 02&1 *- '),;23 +-3 *02 +&';, -+ 0(, 2J<(%72)* (+ ,<.0 +&';, ;232 '* '&& 1(,.->23'=&2# @) *02 .',2 )-; =2+-32 <,: *02 32.-31 (, *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 -)&9 *2,* '%%&(21 **02 ,*223()5 /)<./&2 () J<2,*(-) ;', ' %<32&9 >(,<'& (),%2.*(-) 2>239 *0(3*9 1'9,: *,22 (+ ')9 .3'./, 12>2&-%21# @* )-;0232 '%%2'3, *0'* 2(*023 *02 7')<+'.*<323 -3 *02 .'33(23 '* ')9 *(72 *2,*21 *02 ,*223()5 /)<./&2 *- ',.23*'() ;02*023 (*, ,*32)5*0 ;', <% *- ,*')1'31: -3 *0'* (* 0' 1 )- 0(112) +&';, *0'* ;-<&1 (7%'(3 * 0'* ,*32)5*0# I)1 yet the carrier must have been aware of the critical importance of the knuckle’s

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carrier’s agents did not measure up to the 32J<(321 &25'& ,*')1'31 -+ E<*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-),E — E', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') provide", and therefore that the knuckle’s failure can not be considered a fortuitous

2>2)* *0'* 2F27%*, *02 .'33(23 +3-7 32,%-),(=(&(*9# P02 12.(,(-) '%%2'&21 +3-7 (, 32>23,21: ')1 *02 12+2)1')*,h'%%2&&22, '32 ,2)*2).21 *- ()127)(+9 *02 %&'()*(++,h'%%2&&')*,#

DC

Z3J3M 36L:6M8!E %2*(*(-)23: >,# Z8!7! !6[3MK3ME 32,%-)12)*# K-L- M$- RUWRSR 3C/0? ,,E ,WWT L8d8!E L-4-E <) ;V.4L6M8 $:8 #? ,?3H767 #>;9?38 #== "93I34 M]XN ') '(3&()2 (,,<2, ' *(./2* *- ' %',,2)523

.-)+(3721 -) ' %'3*(.<&'3 +&(50* -) ' .23*'() 1'*2: ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 '3(,2,: ')1 *02 %',,2)523 0', 2>239 3(50* *- 2F%2.* *0'* 02 ;-<&1 +&9 -) *0'* +&(50* ')1 -) *0'* 1'*2# @+ 02 1-2, )-*: *02) *02 .'33(23 -%2), (*,2&+ *- ' ,<(* +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# P02 %-;23 *- '17(* -3 )-* ') '&(2) ()*- *02 .-<)*39 (, ' ,->232(5) '.* ;0(.0 .'))-* =2 ()*23+2321 ;(*0 2>2) =9 B'%') I(3&()2, bBI^$#

6(7')5') ;2)* *- NI@I ;(*0 0(, ,2>23'& 32&'*(>2, ')1 +3(2)1,# ]2 ;2)* *03-<50 3(5(1 (77(53'*(-) ')1 ,2.<3(*9 3-<*()2, ')1 ;', '&&-;21 =9 BI^ *- 2)*23 (*, '(3%&')2# While inside the airplane, JAL’s airline crew s uspected Simangan of

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imangan went to JAL’s ground of fice and waited there for three

M347L8 V2 J84646VM

0-<3,# ]2 ;', ()+-3721 *0'* 0(, *3'>2& 1-.<72)*, ;232: ()1221: () -3123# ]2 ;', 32+<)121 *02 .-,* -+ 0(, %&')2 *(./2* &2,, *02 ,<7 -+ \6lLCC#CC ;0(.0 ;', 121<.*21

P0(, (, ' %2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2; -) 56789:7;79 -) *02 V2.(,(-) -+ *02 8I -3123()5 (* *-

by JAL. Subsequently, Simangan’s U.S. v isa was cancelled.

pay Simangan moral and exemplary damages and denying JAL’s motion for

32.-),(123'*(-)#

6(7')5') +(&21 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, ;(*0 *02 _P8 o'&2)[<2&' 8(*9# Simangan’s Contentions

23.4!

@) !DD!: 32,%-)12)* B2,<, 6(7')5') 12.(121 *- 1-)'*2 ' /(1)29 *- 0(, '(&()5 .-<,(): ^-32*- 6(7')5'): () \8Î 6.0--& -+ R21(.()2 () ^-, I)52&2,: 8'&(+-3)(': \#6#I# \%-) 32J<2,* -+ \8Î: 02 <)123*--/ ' ,23(2, -+ &'=-3'*-39 *2,*, '* *02 N'*(-)'& j(1)29 @),*(*<*2 () W<2[-) 8(*9 *- >23(+9 ;02*023 0(, =&--1 ')1 *(,,<2 *9%2 '32 .-7%'*(=le with Loreto’s. Fortunately, said tests proved that his blood and tissue *9%2 ;232 ;2&&hmatched with Loreto’s.

]2 .&'(721 02 ;', )-* '=&2 *- 1-)'*2 0(, /(1)29 *- ^-32*-G ')1 *0'* 02 ,<++2321 *233(=&2 27='33',,72)* ')1 72)*'& ')5<(,0# ]2 %3'921 *0'* 02 =2 ';'3121 ?H 7(&&(-) ', 7-3'& 1'7'52,: ?!#L 7(&&(-) ', 2F2 7%&'39 1'7'52, ')1 ?LCC:CCC#CC ', attorney’s fees. JAL’s Contentions

BI^ 12)(21 *02 7'*23('& '&&25'*(-), -+ *02 .-7%&'()*# @* '35<21: '7-)5 -*023,: *0'* 6(7')5') )22121 *- 5- *- *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, *- .-7%&2*2 0(, %32&(7()'39 ;-3/h<% ')1 1-)'*(-) ,<35239# ]2).2: *- +'.(&(*'*2 0(, *3'>2& *- *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,: \8Î ;3-*2 ' &2**23 *- *02 I723(.') 8-),<&'*2 () R')(&' *- '33')52 +-3 0(, >(,'# @) 1<2 *(72: 02 ;', (,,<21 ') 272 352).9 \#6# >(,' =9 *02 I723(.') X7=',,9 () R')(&'# ]'>()5 -=*'()21 ') 272352).9 \#6# >(,': 6(7')5') %<3.0',2 1 ' 3-<)1 *3(% %&')2 *(./2* +3-7 %2*(*(-)23 BI^ +-3 \6l!:KYL#CC ' )1 ;', (,,<21 *02 .-332,%-)1()5 =-'31()5 %',,# ]2 ;', ,.021<&21 *- ' %'3*(.<&'3 +&(50* -) B<&9 AD: !DDA =-<)1 +-3 ^-, I)52&2,: 8'&(+-3)(': \#6#I# >(' N'3(*': B'%')#

its failure to allow respondent to fly on his scheduled departure was due to “a need +-3 0(, *3'>2& 1-.<72)*, *- =2 '<*02)*(.'*21 =9 *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, Xmbassy” because no one from JAL’s airport staff had encountered a parole visa before. It

%-,(*21 *0'* *02 '<*02)*(.'*(-) 32J<(321 '11(*(-)'& *(72G *0'* 32,%-)12)* ;', '1>(,21 *- *'/2 *02 +&(50* *02 +-&&-;()5 1'9: B<&9 HC: !DDA# BI^ '&&2521 *0'* 32,%-)12)* '53221 *- =2 32=--/21 -) B<&9 HC: !DDA# BI^ &-1521 ' .-<)*23.&'(7# "!) j;=6?gH6=; )98B +65939:?

B<&9 AD: !DDA

D!

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damages as well as attorney’s fees.

BI^ ;', *- %'9 0(7 ?!:CCC:CCC#CC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52, : *02 '7-<)* -+ ?LCC:CCC#CC ', 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, ')1 *02 '7-<)* -+ ?250,000.00 as attorney’s +22,: %&<, *02 .-,* -+ ,<(*# )# "H=9?>

appellee will instead take appellant’s flight to Narita on the following day, July 30,

!DDA: 12,23>2, &(**&2 '**2)*(-)# @* (, ()'%%3-%3('*2 '* ='3# W<2,*(-), )-* *'/2) <% 1<3()5 *02 *3('& .'))-* =2 3'(,21 +-3 *02 +(3,* *(72 -) '%%2'&# P02 7-1(+(.'*(-) -+ 1'7'52, (, =',21 -) ' +'(3 ')1 Q<,* .-7%2),'*(-) -+ *02 -)2 ;0- ;', ()Q<321 =9 ' =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* ;0(.0 (, .-772),<3'*2 *- * 02 &-,, ,<,*'()21 ', .-),2Juence of the defendant’s act. Being discretionary on the court, *02 '7-<)*: 0-;2>23: ,0-<&1 )-* =2 %'&%'=&9 ')1 ,.')1'&-<,&9 2F.2,,(>2# Here, the trial court’s award of ?!:CCC:CCC#CC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52, '%%2'3, *- =2 ->23=&-;)# No other proof of appellee’s ,-.('& ,*')1()5: %3-+2,,(-): +()').('& .'%'=(&(*(2, ;', %32,2)*21 2F.2%* *0'* 02 ;', ,()5&2 ')1 ' =<,()2,,7')# P02 ,<7 -+ LCC:CCC#CC (, Q<,* ')1 +'(3# [$/)? &)<)D"1 '32 27%0'*(.'&&9 )-* ()*2)121 *2)3(.0 ' .-7%&'()')* '* *02 2F%2),2 -+ *02 12+2)1')*# P029 '32 ';'3121 -)&9 *2)'=&2 *02 ()Q<321 %'3*9 *- -=*'() 72'),: 1(>23,(-) -3 '7<,272)*, *0'* ;(&& ,23>2

@* '++(3721 *02 _P8 12.(,(-) ;(*0 7-1(+(.'*(-) () *0'* (* &-;2321 *02 '7-<)* -+

to alleviate the moral suffering he has undergone, by reason of the defendant’s

moral and exemplary damages and deleted the award of attorney’s fee to

.<&%'=&2 '.*(-)#

?LCC:CCC#CC ')1 ?ALC:CCC#CC 32,%2.*(>2&9# P02 8I 2&<.(1'*21 *0'* ,().2 BI^ (,,<21 *- 32,%-)12)* ' 3-<)1 *3(% %&')2 ticket for a lawful consideration, “there arose a perfected contract between them.” It found that respondent was “haughtily ejected” by JAL and that “he was certainly embarrassed and humiliated” when, in the presence of other passengers, JAL’s airline staff “shouted at him to stand up and arrogantly asked him to produce his travel papers, without the least courtesy every human being is entitled to”; ')1 *0'* “he was compelled to deplane on the grounds that his papers were fake.”

M0(&2 *02 %3-*2.*(-) -+ %',,2)523, 7<,* *'/2 %32.212).2 ->23 .-)>2)(2).2: *02 (7%&272)*'*(-) -+ ,2.<3(*9 72', <32, 7<,* =2 '**2)121 =9 =',(. .-<3*2,(2,# @) +'.*: =32'.0 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 .32'*2, '5'(),* *02 .'33(23 ' %32,<7%*(-) -+ &('=(&(*9: =9 ' ,(7%&2 %3--+ -+ ()Q<39: 32&(2>()5 *02 ()Q<321 %',,2)523 -+ *02 1<*9 *- 2,*'=&(,0 *02 +'<&* -+ *02 .'33(23 -3 -+ 0(, 27%&-922,G ')1 %&'.()5 -) *02 .'33(23 *02 =<312) *- %3->2 *0'* (* ;', 1<2 *- ') <)+-32,22) 2>2)* -3 *- E:756 F;^6H76#

R-32->23: *02 53')* -+ ?LCC:CCC#CC ', 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, )221, *- =2 321<.21 *- ' 32',-)'=&2 &2>2&# P02 ';'31 -+ "a"(-3 *0'* 0', ,-.('&&9 12&2*23(-<, .-),2J<2).2, ')1 (*, (7%-,(*(-) (, 32J<(321 =9 %<=&(. %-&(.9 *- ,<%%32,, *02 ;')*-) '.*, -+ *02 -++2)123# ]2).2: *02 ,<7 -+ ?ALC:CCC#CC (, '12J<'*2 <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,# P02 ';'31 -+ ?250,000.00 as attorney’s fees lacks factual basis. Record is 12>-(1 -+ 2>(12).2 *- ,0-; *02 .-,* -+ *02 ,23>(.2, -+ 0(, .-<),2& ')1e-3 *02 '.*<'& 2F%2),2, ().<3321 () %3-,2.<*()5 0(, '.*(-)# 6!!78

!# A# H# 98:;

!# P0'* '%%2&&22 %-,,2,,21 =-5<, *3'>2& 1-.<72)*, ')1 *0'* 02 7(50* ,*'9 (&&25'&&9 () B'%') '32 '&&25'*(-), ;(*0-<* ,<=,*')*('*(-)# Also, appellant’s attempt to 32=--/ '%%2&&22 *02 +-&&-;()5 1'9 ;', *-- &'*2 ')1 1(1 )-* 32&(2>2 (* +3-7 &('=(&(*9# P02 1'7'52 0'1 =22) 1-)2# c2,(12,: (*, =2&'*21 *02-39 -+ )->'*(-): (#2#: *0'* appellant’s original obligation to carry appellee to Narita a )1 ^-, I)52&2, -) B<&9 AD: !DDA ;', 2F*()5<(,021 =9 )->'*(-) ;02) '%%2&&')* ')1 '%%2&&')* '53221 *0'*

MON BI^ (, 5<(&*9 -+ =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52G MON 32,%-)12)* (, 2)*(*&21 *- 7-3'& ')1 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,G ')1 MON BI^ (, 2)*(*&21 *- (*, .-<)*23.&'(7 +-3 1'7'52,#

4X6# @) ') '.*(-) +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: '&& *0'* (, 32J<(321 -+ %&'()*(++ (, *- %3->2 *02 2F(,*2).2 -+ ,<.0 .-)*3'.* ')1 (*, )-)h%23+-37').2 by the carrier through the latter’s failure t o carry the passenger safely to

0(, 12,*()'*(-)# P0232 ;', ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 =2*;22) BI^ ')1 32,%-)12)*# N2>23*02&2,,: BI^ 7'12 32,%-)12)* 52* -++ *02 %&')2 -) 0(, ,.021<&21

DA

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not cure JAL’s default. Considering that respondent was forced to get out

-+ *02 %&')2 ')1 &2+* =20()1 '5'(),* 0(, ;(&&: 02 .-<&1 )-* 0'>2 +322&9 .-),2)*21 *- =2 32=--/21 *02 )2F* 1'9# @) ,0-3*: 02 1(1 )-* '5322 *- *02 '&&2521 )->'*(-)# 6().2 )->'*(-) (7%&(2, ' ;'(>23 -+ *02 3(50* *02 .321(*-3 0'1 =2+-32 *02 )->'*(-): ,<.0 ;'(>23 7<,* =2 2F%32,,# @* .'))-* =2 ,<%%-,21: ;(*0-<* .&2'3 %3--+: *0'* 32,%-)12)* 0 '1 ;(&&()5&9 1-)2 ';'9 ;(*0 0(, 3(50* *- +&9 -) B<&9 AD: !DDA# R-32->23: BI^ %23,-))2& (7%<*21 *0'* 32,%-)12)* ;-<&1 -)&9 <,2 *02 *3(% *- *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, ', ' %32*2F* *- ,*'9 ')1 ;-3/ () B'%') considering that Simangan’s plane ticket, boarding pass, t ravel authority

')1 %23,-)'& '3*(.&2, '&32'19 %',,21 *02 3(5(1 (77(53'*(-) ')1 ,2.<3(*9 3-<*()2,# BI^: ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: -<50* *- /)-; *02 /()1 -+ >'&(1 *3'>2& 1-.<72)*, 32,%-)12)* .'33(21# I, %3->(121 () I3*(.&2 !`LL -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12U “A common carrier is bound to carry the passengers safely as +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-),: ;(*0 ' 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,.” Thus, it is JAL’s defense of “verification of Simangan’s documents” in its breach of

.-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, <)*2)'=&2# T<3*023: @* =2'3, 32%2'*()5 *0'* *02 %-;23 *- '17(* -3 )-* ') '&(2) ()*- *02 .-<)*39 (, ' ,->232(5) '.* ;0(.0 .'))-* =2 ()*23+2321 ;(*0 2>2 ) =9 BI^# A#

4X6# I,(12 +3-7 7-3'& ')1 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,: 6(7')5') (, 2)*(*&21 *attorney’s fees plus legal interest. As a general rule, moral dam'52, '32 )-* 32.->23'=&2 () '.*(-), +-3 1'7'52, %321(.'*21 -) ' =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* +-3 (* (, )-* -)2 -+ *02 (*27, 2)<723'*21 <)123 I3*(.&2 AA!D -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# I, ') 2F.2%*(-): ,<.0 1'7'52, '32 32.->23'=&2U

'$

() .',2, () ;0(.0 *02 7(,0'% 32,<&*, () *02 12'*0 -+ ' %',,2)523: ', %3->(121 () I3*(.&2 !`ZK: () 32&'*(-) *- I3*(.&2 AACZb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lant’s '(3&()2 ,*'++ ,0-<*21 '* 0(7 *- ,*')1 <% ')1 '33-5')*&9 ',/21 0(7 *%3-1<.2 0(, *3'>2& %'%23,: ;(*0-<* *02 &2',* .-<3*2,9 2>239 0<7') =2()5 (, 2)*(*&21 *-# P02): 02 ;', .-7%2&&21 *- 12%&')2 -) *02 53-<)1, *0'* 0(, %'%23, ;232 +'/2# ](, %3-*2,*'*(-) -+ 0'>()5 =22) (,,<21 ' \#6# >(,' .-<%&21 ;(*0 0(, %&2' *- '%%2&&')* *- .&-,2&9 7-)(*-3 0(, 7->272)*, ;02) *02 '(3.3'+* ,*-%, ->23 () N'3(*': ;232 (5)-321# M-3,2: 02 ;', 7'12 *;'(* +-3 7')9 0-<3, '* *02 -++(.2 -+ '%%2&&')* -)&9 *- =2 *-&1 &'*23 *0'* 02 0', >'&(1 *3'>2& 1-.<72)*,# BI^ (, '&,- &('=&2 +-3 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, ', (*, '=->2h72)*(-)21 '.*, .-),*(*<*2 ;')*-): -%%32,,(>2 ')1 7'&2>-&2)* '.*, '5'(),* 32,%-)12)*# 8a"2321 () .-)*3'.*<'& -=&(5'*(-),: ', () *0(, .',2: (+ 12+2)1')* '.*21 () ;')*-): +3'<1<&2)*: 32./&2,,: -%%32,,(>2: -3 7'&2>-&2)* 7'))23# @* (, 12,(5)21 =9 -<3 .(>(& &'; *- %237(* *02 .-<3*, *32,0'%2 =20'>(-<3 *0'* (, ,-.('&&9 12&2*23(-<, () (*, .-),2J<2).2 =9 .32'*()5 )25'*(>2 ().2)*(>2, -3 12*2332)*, '5'(),* ,<.0 =20'>(-<3# @) 32J<(3()5 .-7%&(').2 ;(*0 *02 ,*')1'31 -+ 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2: ' ,*')1'31 ;0(.0 (,: () +'.*: *0'* -+ *02 0(502,* %-,,(=&2 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2: +3-7 .-77-) .'33(23, ')1 () .32'*()5 ' %32, <7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 '5'(),* *027: *02 &'; ,22/, *- .-7%2& *027 *- .-)*3-& *02(3 27%&-922,: *- *'72 *02(3 32./&2,, (),*().*, ')1 *- +-3.2 *027 *- *'/2 '12J<'*2 .'32 -+ 0<7') =2()5, ')1 *02(3 %3-%23*9#

DH

3'*2 -+ Zk @67 ;??HF# N- ()*232,*: 0-;2>23: ,0'&& =2 '1Q<1521 -) <)&(J<(1'*21 .&'(7, -3 1'7'52, 2F.2%* ;02) -3 <)*(& *02 127')1 .') =2 2,*'=&(,021 ;(*0 32',-)'=&2 .23*'()*9# I..-31()5&9: ;0232 *02 127')1 (, 2,*'=&(,021 ;(*0 32',-)'=&2 .23*'()*9: *02 ()*232,* ,0'&& =25() *- 3<) +3-7 *02 *(72 *02 .&'(7 (, 7'12 Q<1(.('&&9 -3 2 F*3'Q<1(.('&&9 bI3*# !!ZD: 8(>(& 8-12$ =<* ;02) ,<.0 .23*'()*9 .'))-* =2 ,- 32',-)'=&9 2,*'=&(,021 '* *02 *(72 *02 127')1 (, 7'12: *+" 0%*"/"1*

N25&2.* -3 7'&+2',').2 -+ the carrier’s employees could give ground +-3 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52,# ?',,2)523, 0'>2 ' 3(50* *- =2 *32'*21 =9 *02 carrier’s employees with kindness, respect, courtesy and due c onsideration

')1 '32 2)*(*&21 *- =2 %3-*2.*21 '5'(),* %23,-)'& 7(,.-)1<.*: ()Q<3(-<, &')5<'52: ()1(5)(*(2, ')1 '=<,2, +3-7 ,<.0 27%&-922,# P02 ',,2,,72)* -+ ?LCC:CCC#CC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52, ')1 ?!CC:CCC#CC ',

1+)?? F"D0% *$ />% $%?B A/$< *+" &)*" *+" =>&D<"%* $A *+" #$>/* 01 <)&" X)* @+0#+ *0<" *+" \>)%*0A0#)*0$% $A &)<)D"1 <)B F" &""<"& *$ +)G" F""% /")1$%)F?B )1#"/*)0%"&Y # P02

exemplary damages in respondent’s favor is, in Our view, reasonable and

32'&(,*(.# P0(, ';'31 (, 32',-)'=&9 ,<++(.(2)* *- ()127)(+9 0(7 +-3 *02 0<7(&('*(-) ')1 27='33',,72)* 02 ,<++2321# P0(, '&,- ,23>2, ', ') 2F'7%&2 *- 1(,.-<3'52 *02 32%2*(*(-) -+ ,(7(&'3 -%%32,,(>2 '.*,#

'.*<'& =',2 +-3 *02 .-7%<*'*(-) -+ &25'& ()*232,* ,0'&&: () ')9 .',2: =2 -) *02 '7-<)* +()'&&9 '1Q<1521# BI^ (, &('=&2 *- %'9 32,%-)12)* &25'& ()*232,* '* *02 3'*2 -+ Zk ')1 (* ,0'&& =2 32./-)21 +3-7 62%*27=23 A!: ACCC ;02) *02 _P8 32)12321 (*, Q<1572)*# T3-7 *02 *(72 *0(, V2.(,(-) =2.-72, +()'& ')1 2F2.<*-39: *02 ()*232,* 3'*2 ,0'&& =2 !Ak <)*(& (*, ,'*(,+'.*(-)#

M(*0 32,%2.* *- )**$/%"Bk1 A""1: *029 7'9 =2 ';'3121 ;02) defendant’s act or omission has compelled p laint(++ *- &(*(5'*2 ;(*0 *0(31 %23,-), -3 *- ().<3 2F%2),2, *- %3-*2.* 0(, ()*232,*# @* ;', *0232+-32 233-)2-<, +-3 *02 8I *- 12&2*2 *02 ';'31 -+ attorney’s fees on the ground that the record is devoid of evidence to show the cost of the services of respondent’s counsel. P02 '7-<)* (,

'.*<'&&9 1(,.32*(-)'39 <%-) *02 8-<3* ,- &-)5 ', (* %',,2, *02 *2,* -+ 32',-)'=&2)2,,# P029 7'9 =2 32.->2321 ', '.*<'& -3 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, ;02) 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, '32 ';'3121 ')1 ;02)2>23 *02 .-<3* deems it just and equitable, as in this case. Attorney’s fees in the amount

-+ ?ACC:CCC#CC (, 32',-)'=&9 7-12,*# P02 '=->2 &('=(&(*(2, -+ BI^ () *02 *-*'& '7-<)* -+ ?YCC:CCC#CC 2'3) &25'& ()*232,*# :"D)? 0%*"/"1* '32 12*237()21 ', +-&&-;,U '$

=$

M02) *02 -=&(5'*(-) (, =32'.021: ')1 (* .-),(,*, () *02 %'972)* -+ ' ,<7 -+ 7-)29: (#2#: ' &-') -3 +-3=2'3').2 -+ 7-)29: *02 ()*232,* 1<2 ,0-<&1 =2 *0'* ;0(.0 7'9 0'>2 =22) ,*(%<&'*21 () ;3(*()5# @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ,*(%<&'*(-): *02 3'*2 -+ ()*232,* ,0'&& =2 !Ak %23 '))<7 *- =2 .-7%<*21 +3-7 12+'<&*: (#2#: +3-7 Q<1(.('& -3 2F*3'Q<1(.('& 127')1 <)123 ')1 ,<=Q2.* *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ I3*(.&2 !!ZD -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# M02) ') -=&(5'*(-): )-* .-),*(*<*()5 ' &-') -3 +-3=2'3').2 -+ 7-)29: (, =32'.021: ') ()*232,* -) *02 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52, ';'3121 7'9 =2 (7%-,21 '* *02 1(,.32*( -) -+ *02 .-<3* '* *02

H#

NO# P02 .-772).272)* -+ ') '.*(-) 1-2, )-* @67 36 7'/2 *02 '.*(-) ;3-)5+<& ')1 ,<=Q2.* *02 '.*(-) *- 1'7'52, : +-3 *02 &'; .-<&1 )-* 0'>2 72')* *- (7%-,2 ' %2)'&*9 -) *02 3(50* *- &(*(5'*2 b<;F?HF ;A3PH6 9?^H79;$# ^';+<& '.*, 5(>2 3(,2 *- )- ()Q<39# ^)?)%D C"/+>@01B$%D <))/0%D 0&>?$* )%D C)DD)<0* 1) 1)/0?0%D H)/)C)*)%-

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advantages it offers. Since JAL deals with the public, it’s bumping off of

32,%-)12)* ;(*0-<* ' >'&(1 32',-) )'*<3'&&9 132; %<=&(. '**2)*(-) ')1 52)23'*21 ' %<=&(. (,,<2# T<3*023: *02 .-),*(*<*(-)'& 5<'3')*22 -+ +3221-7 -+ *02 ,%22.0 ')1 -+ *02 %32,, ().&<12, +'(3 .-772)*'3(2, -) 7'**23, -+ %<=&(. ()*232,*#

DK

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

3:(8L43 dV(6;V )%& .L8!8M.6V dV(6;VE C"*0*0$%"/1E G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E :8Md 47[(VdE 3L;88 47[(Vd )%& Z3![6M 47[(VdE /"1C$%&"%*1LV[8LVE Z-5 K-L- M$- RRIWWI V#*$F"/ RUE RPPU 23.4!U O) I%3(& AZ: !DYY: ,%-<,2, P(*- ')1 ^2)9 P<7=-9 ')1 *02(3 7()-3 .0(&132)

)'721 I3122 ')1 B',7(): =-'3121 '* R')5'5 -9: 6<3(5'- 12& 6<3: ' 4-=(1- ^()23 =<, =-<)1 +-3 V'>'- 8(*9# I&-)5 ?(.-% _-'1 () j7# !`: 6*'# R'3(': I5<,') 12& 6<3: *02 &2+* +3-)* *(32 -+ *02 =<, 2F%&-121# P02 =<, +2&& ()*- ' 3'>()2 '3-<)1 *0322 bH$ +22* +3-7 *02 3-'1 ')1 ,*3<./ ' *322# P02 ().(12)* 32,<&*21 () *02 12'*0 -+ AYh92'3h-&1 P(*- P<7=-9 ')1 %09,(.'& ()Q<3(2, *- -*023 %',,2)523,#

O) N->27=23 A!: !DYY: ' .-7%&'()* +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: 1'7'52, ')1 '**-3)29S, +22, ;', +(&21 =9 ^2)9 ')1 023 .0(&132) '5'(),* I&=23*' 4-=(1-: *02 -;)23 -+ *02 =<,: ')1 832,2).(- 4-=(1-: (*, 13(>23: =2+-32 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ V'>'- 8(*9# M02) *02 12+2)1')*, *0232() +(&21 *02(3 '),;23 *- *02 .-7%&'()*: *029 3'(,21 *02 '++(37'*(>2 12+2),2 -+ .',- +-3*<(*-# P029 '&,- +(&21 ' *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ?0(&(%%()2 ?0-2)(F 6<32*9 ')1 @),<3').2: @).# P0(, *0(31h%'3*9 12+2)1')* +(&21 ') '),;23 ;(*0 .-7%<&,-39 .-<)*23.&'(7# I* *02 %32h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h,2'*23 =<, ;', )-* +<&& ', *0232 ;232 -)&9 HA %',,2)523,: ,<.0 *0'* 02 0(7,2&+ 7')'521 *- 52* ' ,2'*# ]2 '1121 *0'* *02 =<, ;', 3<))()5 '* ' ,%221 -+ EZC *- LCE ')1 *0'* (* ;', 5-()5 ,&-; =2.'<, 2 -+ *02 [(5['5 3-'1# ]2 '++(3721 *0'* *02 &2+* +3-)* *(32 *0'* 2F%&-121 ;', ' E=3')1 )2; *(32E *0'* 02 7-<)*21 -) *02 =<, -) I%3(& A!: !DYY -3 -)&9 +(>2 bL$ 1'9, =2+-32 *02 ().(12)*# P02 4-=(1- ^()23 ,2.32*'39: R()23>' T23)')1-: =-<50* *02 )2; d--192'3 *(32 +3-7 V'>'- P-9- ?'3*, -) I%3(& AC: !DYY ')1 ,02 ;', %32,2)* ;02) (* ;', 7-<)*21 -) *02 =<, =9 6'&.2# 602 ,*'*21 *0'* '&& 13(>23 '%%&(.')*, () 4-=(1- ^()23 <)123;2)* '.*<'& 13(>()5 *2,*, =2+-32 *029 ;232 27%&-921# V2+2)1')* 832,2).(- 4-=(1<)123;2)* ,<.0 *2,* ')1 ,<=7(**21 0(, %3-+2,,(-)'& 13(>23S, &(.2),2 ')1 .&2'3').2, +3-7 *02 ='3')5'9: *02 +(,.'& ')1 *02 %-&(.2# P02 &-;23 .-<3* 1(,7(,,21 *02 '.*(-) + -3 &'./ -+ 723(*# O) *02 (,, <2 -+ ;02*023 -3 )-* *02 *(32 =&-;-<* ;', ' .',- +-3*<(*-: (* +-<)1 *0'* E*02 + '&&()5 -+ *02 =<, *- *02 .&(++ ;', ' 32,<&* -+ )- -*023 -<*,(12 +'.*-3 *0') *02 *(32 =&-;h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

DL

&0"1 @+0?" */)G"??0%DE *+" ?)@ C/"1><"1 *+)* *+" #$<<$% #)//0"/ 01 %"D?0D"%*4+>1E *+" .0G0? .$&" C/$G0&"15

I3*# !`LZ# @) .',2 -+ 12'*0 -3 ()Q<3(2, *- %',,2)523,: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 () '3*(.&2, !`HH ')1 !`LL# I3*(.&2 !`LL %3->(12, *0'* Eb'$ .-77-) .'33(23 (, =-<)1 *- .'339 *02 %',,2)523, ,'+2&9 ', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-),: ;(*0 ' 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,#E I..-31()5&9: () .<&%' .-)*3'.*<'&: -).2 ' %',,2)523 1(2, -3 (, ()Q<321: *02 .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9# P0(, 1(,%<*'=&2 %32,<7%*(-) 7'9 -)&9 =2 ->23.-72 =9 2>(12).2 *0'* *02 .' 33(23 0'1 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 =9 I3*(.&2, !`HH: !C !`LL ')1 !`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b'$ *02 .'<,2 -+ *02 <)+-32,22) ')1 <)2F%2.*21 -..<332).2: -3 *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 12=*-3 *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 0(, -=&(5'*(-),: 7<,* =2 ()12%2)12)* -+ 0<7') ;(&&G b=$ (* 7<,* =2 (7%-,,(=&2 *- +-32,22 *02 2>2)* ;0(.0 .-),*(*<*2, *02 .',+-3*<(*-: -3 (+ (* .') =2 +-32,22): (* 7<,* =2 (7%-,,(=&2 *- '>-(1G b.$ *02 -..<332).2 7<,* =2 ,<.0 ', *- 32)123 (* (7%-,,(=&2 +-3 *02 12=*-3 *- +<&+(&& 0(, -=&(5'*(-) () ' )-37'& 7'))23G ')1 b1$ *02 -=&(523 7<,* =2 + 322 +3-7 ')9 %'3*(.(%'*(-) () *02 '553'>'*(-) -+ *02 ()Q<39 32,<&*()5 *- *02 .321(*-3# !H I, I3*(.&2 !!`K %3->(12,: )%23,-) ,0'&& =2 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* ;0(.0 .-<&1 )-* =2 +-32,22): -3 ;0(.0: *0-<50 +-32,22): ;', ()2>(*'=&2# @) -*023 ;-31,: *0232 7<,* =2 ') 2 )*(32 2F.&<,(-) -+ 0<7') '52).9 +3-7 *02 .'<,2 -+ ()Q<39 -3 &-,,# 7%&"/ *+" #0/#><1*)%#"1 $A *+01 #)1"E *+" "aC?$10$% $A *+" %"@ *0/" <)B %$* F" #$%10&"/"& ) A$/*>0*$>1 "G"%*- 4+"/" )/" +><)% A)#*$/1 0%G$?G"& 0% *+" 10*>)*0$%-

P02 +'.* *0'* *02 *(32 ;', )2; 1(1 )-* (7%&9 *0'* (* ;', 2)*(32&9 +322 +3-7 7')<+'.*<3()5 12+2.*, -3 *0'* (* ;', %3-%23&9 7-<)*21 -) *02 >20(.&2# N2(*023 7'9 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 *(32 =-<50* ')1 <,21 () *02 >20(.&2 (, -+ ' =3')1 )'72 )-*21 +-3 J<'&(*9: 32,<&*()5 () *02 .-).&<,(-) *0'* (* .-<&1 )-* 2F%&-12 ;(*0() +(>2 1'9,S <,2# c2 *0'* ', (* 7'9: (* (, ,2**&21 *0'* ') '..(12)* .'<,21 2(*023 =9 12+2.*, () *02 '<*-7-=(&2 -3 *03-<50 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ (*, 13(>23 (, )-* ' .',- +-3*<(*- *0'* ;-<&1 2F27%* *02 .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52,# [$/"$G"/E ) #$<<$% #)//0"/ <)B %$* F" ) F1$?G"& A/$< ?0)F0?0*B 0% #)1" $A A$/#" <)=">/" $/ A$/*>0*$>1 "G"%* )?$%"- 4+" #$<<$% #)//0"/ <>1* 1*0?? C/$G" *+)* 0* @)1 %$* %"D?0D"%* 0% #)>10%D *+" &")*+ $/ 0%=>/B /"1>?*0%D A/$< )% )##0&"%*Z"1>1) g&)- ;" M>"#)E G- 4 +" [)%0?) L)0?/$)& .$/* $A 3CC")?1 .-3- – M$- IRUIRE Z)%>)/B IWE RPQT-

B2,<,' o1'# V2 N<2.': ># P02 R')(&' _'(&3-'1 8-7%')9: 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 8#I# –N-# H!`H!: B')<'39 HC: !DZY# oVI VX N\X8I o6# RN^ _I@^_OIV 8O: 8I T'.*,U hI* H %#7# -) V2.# AA: !DLY: T237() N<2.' =3-<50* ` ,'./, -+ %'&'9 *- R')(&' _'(&3-'1 8-# bR_8$ '* (*, ,*'*(-) () c'33(- 12& _-,'3(-: 8'7'3()2, 6<3: *-=2 ,0(%%21 *- *02 7<)(.(%'&(*9 -+ ^(=7')') -+ *02 ,'72 %3->().2# h]2 %'(1 ? C#`C ', +32(50* .0'352 ')1 ;', (,,<21 M'9 c(&& N-# LZL!L# hP02 .'35- ;', &-'121 -) *02 +32(50* ;'5-) -+ P3'() LH`# ?',,2)523, =-'3121 *02 *3'() ')1 ,0<)*()5 -%23'*(-), ,*'3*21 *- 0--/ ' ;'5-) *0232*-# hc2+-32 *02 *3'() 32'.021 *02 *<3)-++ ,;(*.0: (*, %',,2)523 .-'.0 +2&& -) (*, ,(12 ,-72 KC 7 +3-7 *02 ,*'*(-)# P02 ;'5-) %())21 N<2.': /(&&()5 0(7(),*')*&9# hNueca’s widow and children bring this claim for damages, alleging that the Nueca was a passenger and his death was caused by MRC’s negligence.

hR_8 1(,.&'(721 &('=(&(*9 ,*'*()5U b!$ (* 2F23.(,21 1<2 .'32 () ,'+25<'31()5 *02 %',,2)523, 1<3()5 *02 ,0<)*()5 -%23'*(-): bA$ N<2.' ;', )-* ' %',,2)523 =<* ' *32,%',,23: bH$ 2>2) (+ N<2.';232 ' %',,2)523: 02 (&&25'&&9 =-'3121 *02 *3'() ;(*0-<* %237(,,(-) =9 )-* %'9()5 *02 +'32: bK$ *02 7(,0'% ;', )-* '**3(=<*'=&2 *- ')9 12+2.* () R_8 2J<(%72)*: bL$ *0'* *02 '..(12)* 0'%%2)21 1<2 *- +-3.2 7'Q2<3# hR_8 %32,2)*21 2>(12).2 ,0-;()5 *0232 ;', )- 72.0')(.'& 12+2.*: =<* (* 1(1 )-* 2F%&'() ;09 *02 '..(12)* -..<3321 -3 ,0-; *0'* +-3.2 7'Q2<3 .'<,21 *02 7(,0'%# hP02 &-;23 .-<3* '=,-&>21 R_8 -+ &('=(&(*9 ')1 02& 1 *0'* N<2.' ;', ' *32,%',, 23 ,().2 02 1(1 )-* =<9 ')9 *(./2*: ')1 () ')9 .',2: ;', )-* () ' %3-%23 %&'.2 +-3 %',,2)523,# @,,<2U !#MON N<2.' ;', ' %',,2)523i hh NO A#MON R_8 (, &('=&2i hh4X6 3.WON accident was due to MRC’s negligence or force majeur?

K#MON N<2.' &('=&2 +-3 .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2i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– ', ;0232 02 7'/2, ' .-)*3'.* +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) ')1 %32,2)*, 0(7,2&+ '* *02 %3-%23 %&'.2 ')1 () ' %3-%23 7'))23 *- =2 *3'),%-3*21# X>2) 1(,325'31()5 *02 7'**23 -+ *(./2*,: ')1 ',,<7()5 N<2.' ()*2)121 *- =2 '

DZ

%',,2)523: 02 ;', )2>23 '..2%*21 ', ,<.0 =9 R_8 ', 02 1(1 )-* %32,2)* 0(7,2&+ '* *02 %3-%23 %&'.2 ')1 () ' %3-%23 7'))23 *- =2*3'),%-3*21# A#42,: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ 3'(&3-'1 .-7%')(2, *- %23,-), <%-) *02(3 %327(,2, (, 12*237()21 =9 *02 52)23'& 3<&2, -+ )25&(52).2 32&'*()5 *- 1<*(2, -+ -;)23,e-..<%(23, -+ %3-%23*9#M0(&2 3'(&3-'1 .-7%')(2, '32 )-* =-<)1 *- *02 ,'72 125322 -+ .'32 () 325'31 *- ,*3')523, ;0- '32 <)&';+<&&9 <%-) *02 %327(,2, -+ (*, %',,2)523,: (* 7'9 ,*(&& =2 &('=&2 *- ,<.0 ,*3')523, +-3 )25&(52)* -3 *-3*(-<, '.*,# ]232: N<2.' ;', )-* -) *02 *3'./: = <* 2(*023 <)&';+<&&9 (),(12 *02 ='55'52 .'3 -3 =2,(12 *02 *3'./# @* (, )-37'& +-3 %2-%&2 *- ;'&/ -) *02 *3'./ -3 3-'1=21 ;02) *0232 (, )- -).-7()5 *3'() ')1 *- ;'&/ =2,(12 *02 *3'./ ;02) ' *3'() %',,2,# P0(, %3'.*(.2 is tolerated by MRC. Generally, MRC’s stations are not enclosed, and is easily

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hI723(.') ,*'*<*2, ;)%D@) G- .3

d#_# N-# DLLYA O.*-=23 `: !DD! VINdMI P_IN6?O_PIP@ON 8O#: @N8# ')1 P]XOVO_X Î_V@pIcI^ 9 RI^X8VIN: %2*(*(-)23,: >,# 8O\_P OT I??XI^6: @NO8XN8@I 8\V@IRIP: XR@^@I 8\V@IRIP cINVO4: TX_NINVO 8\VÎRIP: RI__@XPI 8\V@IRIP: NO_RI 8\V@IRIP: VINPX 8\V@IRIP: 6IR\X^ 8\V@IRIP ')1 ^@dI4I 8\V@IRIP: '&& ]2(3, -+ *02 &'*2 ?213(*- 8<1('7'* 32%32,2)*21 =9 @)-.2).(' 8<1('7'*: 32,%-)12)*,# T'.*,U ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23, +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ ?213(*- 8<1('7'* ', ' 32,<&* -+ ' >20(.<&'3 '..(12)*# I7-)5 -*023,: (* ;', '&&2521 *0'* ;0(&2 %2*(*(-)23 ^'31(['='& ;', 13(>()5 ' %',, 2)523 =<, =2&-)5()5 *- %2*(*(-)23 .-3%-3'*(-): (* 3') ->23 (*, %',,2)523: ?213(*- 8<1('7'*# ]-;2>23: (),*2'1 -+ =3()5()5 ?213(*- (7721('*2&9 *- *02 )2'32,* 0-,%(*'&: *02 , '(1 13(>23: +(3,* =3-<50* 0(, -*023 %',,2)523, ')1 .'35- *- *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 12,*()'*(-), =2+-32 =')5()5 ,'(1 >(.*(7 *- *02 0-,%(*'& ;0232 02 2F%(321#

O) *02 -*023 0')1: %2*(*(-)23, '&&2521 *0'* *029 0'1 -=,23>21 ')1 .-)*()<21 *-=,23>2 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 () *02 -%23'*(-) -+ *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) .-7%')9 ')1 *02 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ *02 27%&-922,: 2>2) ', *029 '11 *0'* *029 '32 )-* '=,-&<*2 (),<323, -+ *02 ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %<=&(. '* &'352# T<3*023: (* ;', '&&2521 *0'* (* ;', *02 >(.*(7S, -;) .'32&2,,)2,, ')1 )25&(52).2 ;0(.0 5'>2 3(,2 *- *02 ,<=Q2.* ().(12)*: 02).2 *029 %3'921 +-3 *02 1(,7(,,'& -+ *02 .-7%&'()* %&<, ') ';'31 -+ 1'7'52, () *02(3 +'>-3 =9 ;'9 -+ ' .-<)*23.&'(7# P02 *3('& .-<3* *02) 32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) () +'>-3 -+ %2*(*(-)23, 3<&()5 *0'* ?213(*;', )25&(52)* ;0(.0 ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ 0(, 12'*0# O) '%%2'&: *02 8I ,2* ',(12 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 &-;23 .-<3*# ?2* (*(-)23,S 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) ;', 12)(21 =9 *02 8I: 02).2 *0(, %2*(*(-)# @,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 %2*(*(-)23, '32 )25&(52)* ')1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 1'7'52, .&'(721 _<&()5U P02 %2*(*(-)23 ;', )25&(52)* ')1 ,0-<&1 =2 &('=&2 +-3 *02 1'7'52, .&'(721# P02 &-;23 .-<3*: () 12.&'3()5 *0'* *02 >(.*(7 ;', )25&(52)*: 7'12 *02 +-&&-;()5 +()1()5,U P0(, 8-<3* (, ,'*(,+(21 *0'* ?213(*- 8<1('7'* ;', )25&(52)* () *39()5 *- =-'31 ' 7->()5 >20(.&2: 2,%2.('&&9 ;(*0 -)2 -+ 0(, 0')1, 0-&1()5 ') <7=32&&'# I)1: ;(*0-<* 0'>()5 5(>2) *02 13(>23 -3 *02 .-)1<.*-3 ')9 ()1(.'*(-) *0'* 02 ;(,02, *- =-'31 *02 =<,# c<* 12+2)1')*, .') '&,- =2 +-<)1 ;')*()5 -+ *02 )2.2,,'39 1(&(52).2# @) *0(, .-))2.*(-): (* (, ,'+2 *- ',,<72 *0'* ;02) *02 12.2',21 8<1('7'* '**27%*21 *=-'31 12+2)1')*,S =<,: *02 >20(.&2S, 1--3 ;', -%2) (),*2'1 -+ =2()5 .&-,21# P0(, ,0-<&1 =2 ,-: +-3 (* (, 0'31 *- =2&(2>2 *0'* -)2 ;-<&1 2>2) '**27%* *- =-'31 ' >20(.&2 b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o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b',$ *02 13(>23 .-772).21 *- '..2&23'*2 *02 =<,#

D`

I+*23 ' .'32+<& 32>(2; -+ *02 2>(12).2 -) 32.-31: ;2 +()1 )- 32',-) *- 1(,*<3= *02 '=->2 0-&1()5 -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,# X>(12)*&9: *02 ().(12)* *--/ %&'.2 1<2 *- *02 53-,, )25&(52).2 -+ *02 '%%2&&22h13(>23 () %327'*<32&9 ,*2%%()5 -) *02 '..2&23'*-3 ')1 () )-* ;'(*()5 +-3 *02 %',,2)523 *+(3,* ,2.<32 0(, ,2'* 2,%2.('&&9 ,- ;02) ;2 *'/2 ()*- '..-<)* *0'* *02 %&'*+-37 -+ *02 =<, ;', '* *02 *(72 ,&(%%239 ')1 ;2* =2.'<,2 -+ ' 13([[&2# P02 12+2)1')*,h '%%2&&22, <**23&9 +'(&21 *- -=,23>2 *02(3 1<*9 ')1 -=&(5'*(-) ', .-77-) .'33(23 **02 2)1 *0'* *029 ,0-<&1 -=,23>2 2F*3'h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o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

8-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 =-<)1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *02 '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, =-<)1 *- .'339 *02 %',,2)523, ,'+2&9 ', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 >239 .'<*( -<, %23,-),: ;(*0 ' 1<2 325'31 + -3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,# @* 0', '&,- =22) 32%2'*21&9 02&1 *0'* () ') '.*(-) =',21 -) ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: *02 .-<3* )221 )-* 7'/2 ') 2F%32,, +()1()5 -+ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 .'33(23 () -3123 *- 0-&1 (* 32,%-),(=&2 *- %'9 *02 1'7'52, ,-<50* =9 *02 %',,2)523# c9 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: *02 .'33(23 ',,<72, *02 2F%32,, -=&(5'*(-) *- *3'),%-3* *02 %',,2)523 *- 0(, 12,*()'*(-) ,'+2&9 ')1 -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ;(*0 ' 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 ')9 ()Q<39 *0'* 7(50* =2 ,<++2321 =9 *02 %',,2)523 (, 3(50* ';'9 '**3(=<*'=&2 *- *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 .'33(23# P0(, (, ') 2F.2%*(-) *- *02 52)23'& 3<&2 *0'* )25&(52).2 7<,* =2 %3->21: ')1 (* (, *0232+-32 ().<7=2)* <%-) *02 .'33(23 *- %3->2 *0'* (* 0', 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 () I3*(.&2, !`HH ')1 !`LL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# R-32->23: *02 .(3.<7,*').2, <)123 ;0(.0 *02 13(>23 ')1 *02 .-)1<.*-3 +'(&21 *=3()5 *02 53'>2&9 ()Q<321 >(.*(7 (7721('*2&9 *- *02 0-,%(*'& +-3 721(.'& *32'*72)* (, ' %'*2)* ')1 ().-)*3->23*(=&2 %3--+ -+ *02(3 )25&(52).2# @* 12+(2, <)123,*')1()5 ')1 .') 2>2) =2 ,*(57'*([21 ', .'&&-<, ()1(++232).2#

XK-L- MV- :N,WUQRE ,U Z7:d RPQQE RU !.L3 UIPY :3 [3::VL.3 g!- .3 2)#*15

?&'()*(++,: 0<,=')1 ')1 ;(+2: *-52*023 ;(*0 *02(3 *0322 7()-3 1'<50*23, bR(&'53-,: !H 92'3, -&1: _'J<2&: '=-<* K 92'3, -&1 ')1 T2: A 92'3, -&1$ =-'3121 *02 ?'7=<,.- '* 6') T23)')1- ?'7%')5': =-<)1 +-3 I)'-: R2F(.-: ?'7%')5'# 6<.0 =<, (, -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 12+2)1')*# P029 ;232 .'339()5 ;(*0 *027 +-<3 %(2.2, -+ ='55'52 .-)*'()()5 *02(3 %23,-)'& belonging. “The conductor of the bus issued three tickets covering the full fares of

*02 %&'()*(++ ')1 *02(3 2&12,* .0(&1 R(&'53-,# N- +'32 ;', .0'3521 -) _'J<2& ')1 T2: ,().2 =-*0 ;232 =2&-; *02 02(50* ;0(.0 +'32 (, .0'3521 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 plaintiff’s rules and regulations. After about an hour’s trip, the bus reached Anao where it stopped to allow

*02 %',,2)523, =-<)1 *0232+-32: '7-)5 ;0-7 ;232 *02 %&'()*(++, ')1 *02(3 .0(&132) *- 52* -++# R'3(')- c2&*3'): .'339()5 ,-72 -+ *02(3 ='55'52 ;', *02 +(3,* *52* 1-;) *02 =<,: +-&&-;21 =9 0(, ;(+2 ')1 .0(&132)# R'3(')- &21 0(, .-7%')(-) *' ,0'121 ,%-* -) *02 &2+* %212,*3(') ,(12 -+ *02 3-'1 '=-<* +-<3 -3 +(>2 72*23, ';'9 +3-7 *02 >20(.&2# I+*23;'31, 02 32*<3)21 *- *02 =<, () .-)*3->23,9 *- 52* 0(, %'9()5: ;0(.0 02 0'1 &2+* =20()1: =<* ( ) ,- 1-()5: 0(, 1'<50*23 +-&&-;21 0(7

DY

<))-*(.21 =9 0(, +'*023# M0(&2 ,'(1 R'3(')- c2&*3') ;', -) *02 3<))()5 =-'31 -+ *02 =<, ;'(*()5 +-3 *02 .-)1<.*-3 *- 0')1 0(7 0(, ='9-)5 ;0(.0 02 &2+* <)123 - )2 (*, ,2'*, )2'3 *02 1--3: *02 =<,: ;0-,2 7-*-3 ;', )-* ,0<* -++ ;0(&2 <)&-'1()5 ,<112)&9 ,*'3*21 7->()5 +-3;'31: 2>(12)*&9 *- 32,<72 (*, *3(%: )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 .-)1<.*-3 ;', ,*(&& '**2)1()5 *- *02 ='55'52 &2+* =20()1 =9 R'3(')c2&*3')# @).(12)*'&&9: ;02) *02 =<, ;', '5'() %&'.21 () ' .-7%&2*2 ,*-%: (* 0'1 *3'>2&&21 '=-<* !C 72*23, +3-7 %-()* ;0232 %&'()*(++, 0'1 5-**2) -++# 62),()5 *02 =<, ;', '5'() () 7-*( -)G R'3(')- (7721('*2&9 Q<7%21 +3-7 *02 3<))()5 =-'31 ;(*0-<* 52**()5 *0(, ='9-)5 +3-7 .-)1<.*-3# ]2 &')121 -) *02 ,(12 -+ *02 3-'1 '&7-,* =-'31 () +3-7 *02 ,0'121 %&'.2 ;0232 02 &2+* 0(, ;(+2 ')1 0(, .0(&132)# I* *0'* *(72: 02 ,'; %2-%&2 =25())()5 *- 5'*023 '3-<)1 *02 =-19 -+ ' .0(&1 &9()5 %3-,*3'*2 -) *02 53-<)1: 023 ,/<&& .3<,021: ')1 ;(*0-<* &(+2# P02 .0(&1 ;', )-)2 -*023 *0') 0(, 1'<50*23 _'J<2&: ;0 - ;', 3<) ->23 =9 *02 =<, () ;0(.0 ,02 3-12 2'3&(23 *-52*023 ;(*0 023 %'32)*# T-3 *02 12'*0 -+ *02 ,'(1 .0(&1: %&'()*(++, .-772)* *02 ,<(* '5'(),* *02 12+2)1')* *32.->23 +3-7 *02 &'**23 1'7'52,# 611>"5

M02*023 -3 )-* *02 .0(&1 ;', )- & -)523 *02 %',,2)523 -+ *02 =<, ( )>-&>21 () *02 ().(12)*: ')1 *0232+-32: *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 ;', '&32'19 *237()'*21i 9"?&5

P0232 .') =2 )- .-)*3->23,9 *0'* ', +'3 ', *02 +'*023 (, .-).23)21: ;02) 02 32*<3)21 *- *02 =<, +-3 0(, ='9-)5 ;0(.0 ;', )-* <)&-'121: *02 32&'*(-) -+ %',,2)523 ')1 .'33(23 =2*;22) 0(7 ')1 *02 %2*(*(-)23 327'()21 ,<=,(,*()5# P02 32&'*(-) -+ .'33(23 ')1 %',,2)523 1-2, )-* )2.2,,'3(&9 .2',2 ;0232 *02 &'**23: '+*23 alighting from the car aids the carrier’s servant or employee in removing his

='55'52 +3-7 *02 .'3# @* (, ' 3<&2 *0'* *02 32&'*(-) -+ .'33(23 ')1 %',,2)523 1-2, )-* .2',2 *02 7-72)* the passenger alights from the carrier’s v ehicle at a place selected by the .'33(23 '* *02 %-()* -+ 12,*()'*(-) =<* .-)*()<2, <)*(& *02 %',,2)523 0', 0'1 ' reasonable time or a reasonable opportunity to leave the carrier’s premises.

P02 +'*023 32*<3)21 *- *02 =<, *- 52* -)2 -+ 0(, ='55'52, ;0(.0 ;', )-* <)&-'121 ;02) *029 '&(50*21 +3-7 *02 =<,# _'J<2& 7<,* 0'>2 +-&&-;21 023 +'*023# ]-;2>23: '&*0-<50 *02 +'*023 ;', ,*(&& -) *02 3<))()5 =-'31 -+ *02 =<, ';'(*()5 +-3 *02 .-)1<.*-3 *- 0')1 0(7 *02 ='5 -3 ='9-)5: *02 =<, ,*'3*21 *- 3<): ,- *0'* 2>2) 02 0'1 Q<7%21 1-;) +3-7 *02 7->()5 >20(.&2# @* ;', *0'* *0(, (),*').2 *0'* *02 .0(&1: ;0- 7<,* =2 )2'3 *02 =<,: ;', 3<) ->23 ')1 /(&&21# @) *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: (* cannot be claimed that the carrier’s agent had exercised the “utmost diligence” of a “very cautious person” required by Article 1755 of the Civil Code to be observed by

' .-77# O) .'33(23 () *02 1(,.0'352 -+ (*, -=&(5'*(-) *- *3'),%-3* ,'+2&9 (*, %',,2)523# P02 13(>23: '&*0-<50 ,*-%%()5 *02 =<,: )2>23*02&2,, 1(1 )-* %<* -++ *02 2)5()2# ]2 ,*'3*21 *- 3<) *02 =<, 2>2) =2+-32 *02 .-)1<.*-3 5'>2 0(7 *02 ,(5)'& *-

5- ')1 ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 ;', ,*(&& <)&-'1()5 %'3* -+ *02 ='55'52 -+ *02 %',,2)523, c2&*3') ')1 +'7(&9# P02 %32,2).2 -+ *02 ,'(1 %',,2)523, )2'3 *02 =<, ;', )-* <)32',-)'=&2 ')1 *029 '32: *0232+-32: *- =2 .-),(12321 ,*(&& ', %',,2)523, -+ *02 .'33(23: 2)*(*&21 *- *02 %3-*2.*(-) <)123 *02(3 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# 3(V646e !96JJ6MK .VLJVL346VM G1- .3 3(V646e !96JJ6MK .VLJVL346VME %2*(*(-)23:

>,# 9VM- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E 8:8g8M49 ;6g6!6VME :7.6:3 .- g63M3E !J!- 3M4VM6V g63M3 )%& KVLKVM63 g63M3E )%& J6VM88L !4 8g8;VL6MK .VLJVL346VME 32,%-)12)*,#

T'.*,U I)'.&2*- o(')' =-'3121 *02 >2,,2& Reo I)*-)(': -;)21 =9 12+2)1')*: '* *02 %-3* '* 6') B-,2: O..(12)*'& R()1-3-: =-<)1 +-3 R')(&': 0'>()5 %<3.0',21 ' *(./2*: ,'(1 >2,,2& '33(>21 '* ?(23 K: N-3*0 ]'3=-3: R')(&': ')1 *02 %',,2)523, *0232() 1(,27='3/21: ' 5')5%&')/ 0'>()5 =22) %3->(121 .-))2.*()5 *02 ,(12 -+ *02 >2,,2& *- *02 %(23# @),*2'1 -+ <,()5 ,'(1 5')5%&')/ I)'.&2*- o(')' 1(,27='3/21 -) *02 *0(31 12./ ;0(.0 ;', -) *02 &2>2& ;(*0 *02 %(23# I+*23 ,'(1 >2,,2& 0'1 &')121: *02 ?(-)223 6*2>21-3()5 8-3%-3'*(-) *--/ ->23 *02 2F.&<,(>2 .-)*3-& -+ *02 .'35-2, &-'121 -) ,'(1 >2,,2&# P02 .3')2 -;)21 =9 *02 *0(31 %'3*9 12+2)1')* ')1 -%23'*21 =9 (*, .3')2 -%23'*-3 I&2Q- T(5<23-' ;', %&'.21 '&-)5,(12 *02 >2,,2& ')1 -)2 b!$ 0-<3 '+*23 *02 %',,2)523, -+ ,'(1 >2,,2& 0'1 1(,27='3/21: (* ,*'3*21 -%23'*(-) =9 <)&-'1()5 *02 .'35-2, +3-7 ,'(1 >2,,2&# M0(&2 *02 .3')2 ;', =2()5 -%23'*21: I)'.&2*- o(')' ;00'1 '&32'19 1(,27='3/21 +3-7 ,'(1 >2,,2& -=>(-<,&9 32727=23()5 *0'* ,-72 -+ 0(, .'35-2, ;232 ,*(&& &-'121 () *02 >2,,2&: ;2)* ='./ *- *02 >2,,2&: ')1 (* ;', ;0(&2 02 ;', %-()*()5 *- *02 .32; -+ *02 ,'(1 >2,,2& *- *02 %&'.2 ;0232 0(, .'35-2, ;232 &-'121 *0'* *02 .3')2 0(* 0(7: %())()5 0(7 =2*;22) *02 ,(12 -+ *02 >2,,2& ')1 *02 .3')2# ]2 ;', *0232'+*23 =3-<50* *- *02 0-,%(*'& ;0232 02 &'*23 1(21# I ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, o(')', +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23 .-3%-3'*(-) bI=-(*([: +-3 =32>(*9$ +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# I=-(*([ 12)(21 32,%-),(=(&(*9 .-)*2)1()5 *0'* ,().2 -)2 b!$ 0-<3 0'1 '&32'19 2&'%,21 +3-7 *02 *(72 I)'.&2*- o(')' 1(,27='3/21 +3-7 *02 >2,,2& ')1 *0'* 02 ;', 5(>2) 7-32 *0') '7%&2 -%%-3*<)(*9 *- <)&-'1 0(, .'35- 2, %3(-3 *- *02 -%23'*(-) -+ *02 .3')2: 0(, %32,2).2 -) *02 >2,,2& ;', )- &-)523 32',-)'=&2 2 ')1 02 .-),2J<2)*&9 .2',21 *- =2 ' %',,2)523# T<3*0237-32: '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 '..(12)*: *02 >2,,2& ;', .-7%&2*2&9 <)123 *02 .-)*3-& -+ 32,%-)12)* ?(-)223 6*2>21-3()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ', *02 2F.&<,(>2 ,*2>21-3()5 .-)*3'.*-3 -+ I=-(*([: ;0(.0 0')1&21 *02 <)&-'1()5 -+ .'35-2, +3-7 *02 >2,,2& -+ I=-(*([# @* (, '&,- '>23321 *0'* ,().2 *02 .3')2 -%23'*-3 ;', )-* ') 27%&-922 -+ I=-(*([: *02 &'**23 .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2 <)123 *02 +2&&-;h,23>')* 3<&2# ?(-)223 3'(,21 *02 12+2),2, *0'* I=-(*([ 0'1 )- .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) '5'(),* ?(-)223 .-),(123()5 *0'* I=-(*([ (, =2()5 ,<21 =9 *02 o(')', +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+

DD

.'33('52 *- ;0(.0 ?(-)223 (, )-* ' %'3*9G *0'* ?(-)223 0'1 -=,23>21 *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9 =-*0 () *02 ,2&2.*(-) ')1 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ (*, 27%&-922, ', ;2&& ', () *02 %32>2)*(-) -+ 1'7'5 2 -3 ()Q<39 *- ')9-)2 ().&<1()5 *02 >(.*(7 I)'.&2*- o(')'G *0'* I)'.&2*- o(')'S, 53-,, )25&(52).2 ;', *02 1(32.* ')1 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ 0(, 12'*0# @,,<2U V(1 I)'.&2*- o(')' .2',2 *- =2 ' %',,2)523 ;02) ,02 ;2)* ='./ *- *02 ,0(% *- 52* 0(, .'35-2, '+*23 1(,27='3/()5i ]2&1U N-#P02 3<&2 (, *0'* *02 32&'*(-) -+ .'33(23 ')1 %',,2)523 .-)*()<2, <)*(& *02 %',,2)523 0', =22) &')121 '* *02 %-3* -+ 12,*()'*(-) ')1 0', &2+* *02 >2,,2& -;)23S, RR 1-./ -3 %327(,2,# O).2 .32'*21: *02 32&'*(-),0(% ;(&& )-* -31()'3(&9 *237()'*2 <)*(& *02 %',,2)523 0',: '+*23 32'.0()5 0(, 12,*()'*(-): ,'+2&9 '&(50*21 +3-7 *02 .'33(23S, .-)>29').2 -3 0'1 ' 32',-)'=&2 -%%-3*<)(*9 *- &2'>2 *02 .'33(23S, %327(,2,# I&& %23,-), ;0- 327'() -) *02 %327(,2, ' 32',-)'=&2 *(72 '+*23 &2'>()5 *02 .-)>29').2 '32 *- =2 122721 %',,2)523,: ')1 ;0'* (, ' 32',-)'=&2 *(72 -3 ' 32',-)'=&2 12&'9 ;(*0() *0(, 3<&2 (, *- =2 12*237()21 +3-7 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 ().&<12, ' 32',-)'=&2 *(72 *- ,22 '+*23 0(, ='55'52 ')1 %32%'32 +-3 0(, R, 12%'3*<32# P02 .'33(23h%',,2)523 32&'*(-),0(% (, )-* *237()'*21 7232&9 =9 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 %23,-) *3'),%-3*21 0', =22) .'33(21 *- 0(, 12,*()'*(-) (+: +-3 2F'7%&2: ,<.0 %23,-) 327'(), () *02 .'33(23S, %327(,2, *- .&'(7 0(, ='55'52# @* (, )-* 12+()(*2&9 ,0-;) *0'* -)2 b!$ 0-<3 %3(-3 *- *02 ().(12)*: *02 >(.*(7 0'1 '&32'19 1(,27='3/21 +3-7 *02 >2,,2&# ?2*(*(-)23 +'(&21 *- %3->2 *0(,# M0'* (, .&2'3 *- <, (, *0'* '* *02 *(72 *02 >(.*(7 ;', *'/()5 0(, .'35-2,: *02 >2,,2& 0'1 '&32'19 1-./21 ') 0-<3 2'3&(23# @) .-),-)').2 ;(*0 .-77-) ,0(%%()5 %3-.21<32 ', *- *02 7()(7<7 *(72 -+ -)2 b!$ 0-<3 '&&-;21 +-3 *02 %',,2)523, *- 1(,27='3/: (* 7'9 =2 %32,<721 *0'* *02 >(.*(7 0'1 Q<,* 5-**2) -++ *02 >2,,2& ;02) 02 ;2)* *- 32*3(2>2 0(, ='55'52# 42*: 2>2) (+ 02 0'1 '&32'19 1(,27='3/21 ') 0-<3 2'3&(23: 0(, %32,2).2 () %2*(*(-)23S, %327(,2, ;', )-* ;(*0-<* .'<,2# P02 >(.*(7 0'1 *- .&'(7 0(, ='55'5 2 ;0(.0 ;', %-,,(=&2 -)&9 -)2 b!$ 0-<3 '+*23 *02 >2,,2& '33(>21 ,().2 (* ;', '17(**21&9 ,*')1'31 %3-.21<32 () *02 .',2 -+ %2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2&, *0'* *02 <)&-'1()5 -%23'*(-), ,0'&& ,*'3* -)&9 '+*23 *0'* *(72# 8-),2J<2)*&9: <)123 *02 +-325-()5 .(3.<7,*').2,: *02 >(.*(7 I)'.&2*- o(')' (, ,*(&& 122721 ' %',,2)523 -+ ,'(1 .'33(23 '* *02 *(72 -+ 0(, *3'5(. 12'*0#

I^T_XVO RI^Î_@ 6_# ')1 I^T_XVO RI^Î_@ B_# () *0(, %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; -) 56789:7;79 ,22/ *- ,2* ',(12 *02 V2.(,(-) -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, ;0(.0 32>23,21 *02 .-<3* ' PH: ')1 '1Q<1521 %2*(*(-)23, *- =2 &(' =&2 +-3 1'7'52, 1<2 *- )25&(52).2 ', ' .-77-) .'33(23 32,<&*()5 () *02 12'*0 -+ ' %',,2)523# T'.*,U O) !K O.*-=23 !DY`: '* '=-<* LUCC -S.&-./ () *02 7-3)()5: *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 13(>2) =9 %2*(*(-)23 I&+321- R'&&'3( B3# ')1 -;)21 =9 0(, .-h%2*(*(-)23 I&+321- R'&&'3( 63# .-&&(121 ;(*0 *02 12&(>239 >') -+ 32,%-)12)* c<&&2*() ?<=&(,0()5 8-3%# '&-)5 *02 N'*(-)'& ](50;'9 () c'3')5'9 6') ?'=&-: V()'&<%(0'): c'*'')# ?2*(*(-)23 R'&&'3( B3# *2,*(+(21 *0'* 02 ;2)* *- *02 &2+* &')2 -+ *02 0(50;'9 ')1 ->23*--/ ' T(23' ;0(.0 0'1 ,*-%%21 -) *02 3(50* &')2# c2+-32 02 %',,21 =9 *02 T(23': 02 ,'; *02 >') -+ 32,%-)12)* c\^^XP@N .-7()5 +3-7 *02 -%%-,(*2 1(32.*(-)# @* ;', 13(>2) =9 -)2 T2&(F I)52&2,# P02 ,/2*.0 -+ *02 '..(12)* ,0-;21 *0'* *02 .-&&(,(-) -..<3321 '+*23 R'&&'3( B3# ->23*--/ * 02 T(23' ;0(&2 )25-*('*()5 ' .<3>2 () *02 0(50;'9# P02 %-()*, -+ .-&&(,(-) ;232 *02 &2+* 32'3 %-3*(-) -+ *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 ')1 *02 &2+* +3-)* ,(12 -+ *02 12&(>239 >') -+ c\^^XP@N# P02 *;- 3(50* ;022&, -+ *02 12&(>239 >') ;232 -) *02 3(50* ,0-<&123 -+ *02 3-'1 ')1 %(2.2, -+ 12=3(, +3-7 *02 '..(12)* ;232 +-<)1 ,.'**2321 '&-)5 *02 ,0-<&123 -+ *02 3-'1 <% *' .23*'() %-3*(-) -+ *02 &')2 *3'>2&&21 =9 *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29# P02 (7%'.* .'<,21 *02 Q22%)29 *- *<3) '3-<)1 ')1 +'&& -) (*, &2+* ,(12 32,<&*()5 () ()Q<3(2, *- (*, %',,2)523, -)2 -+ ;0-7 ;', @,3'2& _292, ;0- 2>2)*<'&&9 1(21 1<2 *- *02 53'>(*9 -+ 0(, ()Q<3(2,# R')(/')z O) !Z V2.27=23 !DY` 8&'<1(' d# _292,: *02 ;(1-; -+ @,3'2& R# _292,: +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, ;(*0 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ O&-)5'%- 8(*9 '5'(),* I&+321- R'&&'3( 63# ')1 I&+321- R'&&'3( B3#: ')1 '&,- '5'(),* c\^^XP@N: (*, 13(>23 T2&(F I)52&2,: ')1 *02 N#o# N2*023&')1, @),<3').2 8-7%')9# P02 .-7%&'()* '&&2521 *0'* *02 .-&&(,(-) ;0(.0 32,<&*21 () *02 12'*0 -+ @,3'2& _292, ;', .'<,21 =9 *02 +'<&* ')1 )25&(52).2 -+ =-*0 13(>23, -+ *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 ')1 *02 c<&&2*() @,<[< 12&(>239 >')# P02 *3('& .-<3* +-<)1 *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 .-&&(,(-) ;', *02 )25&(52).2 -+ T2&(F I)52&2,: 13(>23 -+ *02 c<&&2*() 12&(>239 >'): .-),(123()5 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 &2+* +3-)* %-3*(-) -+ *02 12&(>239 *3<./ 13(>2) =9 T2&(F I)52&2, 0 (* ')1 =<7%21 *02 &2+* 32'3 %-3*(-) -+ *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 13(>2) =9 I&+321- R'&&'3( B3#

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O) '%%2'&: *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 3<&21 *0'* *02 .-&&(,(-) ;', .'<,21 =9 *02 ,-&2 )25&(52).2 -+ %2*(*(-)23 I&+321- R'&&'3( B3# ;0- '17(**21 *0'* (7721('*2&9 =2+-32 *02 .-&&(,(-) ')1 '+*23 02 3-<)121 ' .<3>2 -) *02 0(50;'9: 02 ->23*--/ ' T(23' ;0(.0 0'1 ,*-%%21 -) 0(, &')2 ')1 * 0'* 02 0'1 ,22) *02 >') 13(>2) =9 I)52&2, =2+-32 ->23*'/()5 *02 T(23'# @* '=,-&>21 +3-7 ')9 &('=(&(*9 32,%-)12)* c\^^XP@N: T2&(F I)52&2, ')1 N#o# N2*023&')1, @),<3').2 8-7%')9# ]2).2 *0(, %2*(*(-)#

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highway, where the driver’s view along the highway is obstructed within a distance

injuries to passengers through the negligence or willful acts of the former’s

-+ +(>2 0<)1321 +22* '02'1 2F .2%* -) ' 0(50;'9 0'>()5 *;- -3 7-32 &')2, +-3 7->272)* -+ *3'++(. () -)2 1(32.*(-) ;0232 * 02 13(>23 -+ ' >20(.&2 7'9 ->2 3*'/2 -3 %',, ')-*023 >20(.&2U

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z 7

62.# K!# _2,*3(.*(-), -) ->23*'/()5 ')1 %',,()5# h b'$ P02 13(>23 -+ ' >20(.&2 ,0'&& )-* 13(>2 *- *02 &2+* ,(12 -+ *02 .2)*23 &()2 -+ ' 0(50;'9 () ->23*'/()5 -3 %',,()5 ')-*023 >20(.&2 %3-.221()5 () *02 ,'72 1(32.*(-): <)&2,, ,<.0 &2+* ,(12 (, .&2'3&9 >(,(=&2 ')1 (, +322 -+ -).-7()5 *3'++(. +-3 ' ,<++(.(2)* 1(,*').2 '02'1 *- %237(* ,<.0 ->23*'/()5 -3 %',,()5 *- =2 7'12 () ,'+2*9#

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c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

K-L- M$- RSOTWS 2"F/>)/B QE ,WWI :6K94 L36: 4L3M!64 3749VL64d _ LV;V:2V LV[3ME C"*0*0$%"/1E G1- [3LZVL68 M3g6;3;E 9"0/1 $A *+" :)*" M6.3MVL M3g6;3; _ JL7 ;8M4 !8.7L64d 3K8M.dE /"1C$%&"%*1 g647KE Z-5

TI8P6U O) !K O.*-=23 !DDH: '=-<* ÙHC %7: N(.')-3 N'>(1'1: *02) 1 3<)/: 2)*2321 *02 XV6I ^_P ,*'*(-) '+*23 %<3.0',()5 ' E*-/2)E b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bR2*3- P3'),(*$: ')1 ?3<12)* +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ 023 0<,=')1# ^_PI

!C!

')1 _-7') +(&21 ' .-<)*23.&'(7 '5'(),* N'>(1'1 ')1 ' .3-,,h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m HELD: Raiza’s comment:

^_PI .',2 3<&()5U ^_PI (, &('=&2 b.-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52$ ;0(&2 _-7') (, '=,-&>21 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 +'(&<32 -+ *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, *- 2,*'=&(,0 *0'* 02 (, 5<(&*9 -+ ')9 .<&%'=&2 '.* -3 -7(,,(-)# 8(*21 I3*(.&2,U !`LL: !`LZ: !`LD: !`ZH P02 &'; 32J<(32, .-77-) .'33(23, *- .'339 %',,2)523, ,'+2&9 <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-), ;(*0 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& .(3.<7,*').2,# 6<.0 1<*9 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 *- %3->(12 ,'+2*9 *- (*, %',,2)523, ,- -=&(5'*2, (* )-* -)&9 1<3()5 *02 .-<3,2 -+ *02 *3(% =<* +-3 ,- &-)5 ', *02 %',,2)523, '32 ;(*0() (*, %327(,2, ')1 ;0232 *029 -<50* *- =2 ( ) %<3,<').2 *- *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .' 33('52# P02 ,*'*<*-39 %3->(,(-), 32)123 ' .-77-) .'33(23 &('=&2 +-3 12'*0 -+ -3 ()Q<39 *%',,2)523, b'$ *03-<50 *02 )25&(52).2 -3 ;(&+<& '.*, -+ (*, 27%&-922, -3 =$ -) '..-<)* -+ ;(&+<& '.*, -3 )25&(52).2 -+ -*023 %',,2)523, -3 -+ ,*3')523, (+ *02 common carrier’s employees through the exercise of due diligence could have

%32>2)*21 -3 ,*-%%21 *02 '.* -3 -7(,,(-)# @) .',2 -+ ,<.0 12'*0 -3 ()Q<39: ' .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +' <&* -3 =22) )25&(52)*: ')1 =9 , (7%&2 %3--+ -+ ()Q<39: *02 %',,2)523 (, 32&(2>21 -+ *02 1<*9 *- ,*(&& 2,*'=&(,0 *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 .'33(23 -3 -+ (*, 27%&-922, ')1 *02 =<312) ,0(+*, <%-) *02 .'33(23 *- %3->2 *0'* *02 ()Q<39 (, 1<2 *- ') <)+-32,22) 2>2)* -3 *- +-3.2 7'Q2<32# @) *02 '=,2).2 -+

,'*(,+'.*-39 2F%&')'*(-) =9 *02 .'33(23 -) 0-; *02 '..(12)* -..<3321: ;0(.0 %2*(*(-)23,: '..-31()5 *- *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3*: 0'>2 +'(&21 *- ,0-;: *02 %32,<7%*(-) ;-<&1 =2 *0'* (* 0', =22) '* +'<&*: ') 2F.2%*(-) +3-7 *02 52)23'& 3<&2 *0'* )25&(52).2 7<,* =2 %3->21# The foundation of LRTA’s liability is the contract of carriage and its obligation to

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m 6A )* )??E *+)* ?0)F0?0*B #$>?& $%?B F" A$/ *$/* >%&"/ *+" C/$G010$%1 $A 3/*0#?" ,RUQ )%& /"?)*"& C/$G010$%1E 0% #$%=>%#*0$% with Article 2180, of the Civil Code. The premise, however, for the employer’s ?0)F0?0*B 01 %"D?0D"%#" $/ A)>?* $% *+" C)/ * $A *+" "
2,*'=&(,021: *02 27%&-923 .') *02) =2 7'12 &('=&2 -) *02 =',(, -+ *02 %32,<7%*(-) Q<3(, *')*<7 *0'* *02 27%&-923 +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 1(&(52)*(,,(7( %'*3(, +'7(&(2, () *02 ,2&2.*(-) ')1 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ (*, 2 7%&-922,# P02 &('=(&(*9 (, %3(7'39 ')1 .') -)&9 =2 )25'*21 =9 ,0-;()5 1<2 1(&(52).2 () *02 ,2&2.*(-) ')1 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ *02 27%&-922: ' +'.*<'& 7'**23 *0'* 0', )-* =22) ,0-;)# I=,2)* ,<.0 ' ,0-;()5: -)2 7(50* ',/ +<3*023: 0-; *02) 7<,* *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23: -) *02 -)2 0')1: ')1 ' ) ()12%2)12)* .-)*3'.*-3: -) *02 -*023 0')1: =2 12,.3(=21i @* ;-<&1 =2 ,-&(1'39# I .-)*3'.*<'& -=&(5'*(-) .') =2 =32'.021 =9 *-3* ')1 ;02) *02 ,'72 '.* -3 -7(,,(-) .'<,2, *02 ()Q<39: -)2 32,<&*()5 () .<&%' .-)*3'.*<'& ')1 *02 -*023 () .< &%' 'J<(&(')': I3*(.&2 A!DK-+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 .') ;2&& '%%&9# @) +()2: ' &('=(&(*9 +-3 *-3* 7'9 '3(,2 2>2) <)123 ' .-)*3'.*: ;0232 *-3* (, *0'* ;0(.0 =32'.02, *02 .-)*3'.*# 6*'*21 1(++232)*&9: ;02) ') '.* ;0(.0 .-),*(*<*2, ' =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* ;-<&1 0'>2 (*,2&+ .-),*(*<*21 *02 ,-<3.2 -+ ' J<',(h12&(.*<'& &('=(&(*9 0'1 )- .-)*3'.* 2F(,*21 =2*;22) *02 %'3*(2,: *02 .-)*3'.* .') =2 ,'(1 *- 0'>2 =22) =32'.021 =9 *-3*: *0232=9 '&&-;()5 *02 3<&2, -) *-3* *- '%%&9# L"D/"**)F?B A$/ :L4E )1 @"?? ) 1 C"/+)C1 *+" 1>/G0G0%D 1C$>1" )%& +"0/1 $A *+" ?)*" M0#)%$/ M)G0&)&E *+01 .$>/* 01 #$%#?>&"& FB *+" A )#*>)? A0%&0%D $A *+" .$>/* $A 3CC")?1 *+)* n*+"/" 01 %$*+0%D *$ ?0%H XJ/>&"%*Y *$ *+" &")*+ $A M0#)%$/ XM)G0&)&YE A$/ *+" /")1$% *+)* *+" %"D?0D"%#" $A 0*1 "?B C/$G"% a a a-n P0(, +()1()5 -+ *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* (, )-* ;(*0-<* ,<=,*')*('&

Q<,*(+(.'*(-) () -<3 -;) 32>(2; -+ *02 32.-31, -+ *02 .',2# 4+"/" F"0%DE 10<0?)/?BE %$ 1+$@0%D *+)* C"*0*0$%"/ L$&$?A$ L$<)% +0<1"?A 01 D>0?*B $A )%B #>?C)F?" )#* $/ $<0110$%E +" <>1* )?1$ F" )F1$?G"& A/$< ?0)F0?0*B- M""&?"11 *$ 1)BE *+" #$%*/)#*>)? *0" F"*@""% *+" :L4 ) %& M)G0&)& 01 %$* 0*1"?A ) =>/0&0#)? /"?)*0$% F"*@""% *+" ?)**"/ )%& L$<)%` *+>1E L$<)% #)% F" <)&" ?0)F?" $%?B A$/ +01 $@% A)>?* $/ %"D?0D"%#"-

!CA

:7;V 3M; :7d[ .VLJVL346VME C"*0*0$%"/E G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E K3(6!3M !96JJ6MK :6M8!E 6M.- )%&f$/ 3M!8:[V V:3!6[3M /"1C$%&"%*1bK-L- M$- R,OSTI- 2"F/>)/B RE ,WWRc

T'.*,U ?2*(*(-)23 ^<1- a ^<97 8-3%-3'*(-) (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'52 1 () .-%3' %3-.2,,()5 ;(*0 %&')* ')1 =<,()2,, -++(.2, () 82=< 8(*9# @* -;), ')1 -%23'*2, ' %3(>'*2 ;0'3+ <,21 =9 >2,,2&, +-3 &-'1()5 ')1 <)&-'1()5 -+ .-%3' ')1 -*02 3 processed products. Among its wharf’s facilities are fender pile clusters for docking

')1 7--3()5# ?3(>'*2 _2,%-)12)* d'=(,') 60(%%()5 ^()2, ;', *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 ')1 -%23'*-3 -+ *02 7-*-3 >2,,2& Ro R(5<2&': ;0(&2 *02 -*023 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: Anselmo Olasiman, was its captain While MV Miguela was docking at petitioner’s

;0'3+: (* 3'7721 ')1 12,*3-921 ' +2)123 %(&2 .&<,*23# ?2*(*(-)23 127')121 1'7'52, +3-7 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,# P02 &'**23 32+<,21# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, =2+-32 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ 82=<# P02 *3('& .-<3* 1(,%-,21 *02 .',2 () +'>-3 -+ %2*(*(-)23 +()1()5 *0'* *02 32,%-)12)*, '32 ,-&(1'3(&9 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, +-3 )25&(52).2# P02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 32>23,21 *02 *3('& .-<3*# @,,<2U MON *02 1-.*3()2 -+ 32, (%,' &-J<(*<3 '%%&(2, () *0(, .',2 ', *- ;'33')* %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 ]2&1U 42,# _2, (%,' &-J<(*<3 –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o R(5<2&' ;', <)123 *02 2F.&<,(>2 .-)*3-& -+ (*, -++(.23, ')1 .32;# ?2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-* 0'>2 1(32.* 2>(12).2 -) ;0'* *3'),%(321 ;(*0() ', *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32; maneuvered the vessel to its berthing place. We note the Court of Appeals’ finding that Naval and Espina were not knowledgeable on the vess el’s maneuverings, and

.-<&1 )-* *2,*(+9 -) *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32;# 62.-)1: ',(12 +3-7 *02 *2,*(7-)9 *0'* Ro R(5<2&' 3'7721 *02 .&<,*23 %(&2: % 3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 1(1 )-* ,0-; %23,<',(>2&9 -*023 %-,,(=&2 .'<,2, -+ *02 1'7'52# I%%&9()5 )-; *02 '=->2: *0232 2F(,*, ' %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 '5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ;0(.0 ;2 -%()2 *02 &'**23 +'(&21 *- ->23.-72# I11(*(-)'&&9: petitioner presented tangible proof that demonstrated private respondents’ negligence. As testified by Capt. Olasiman, from c ommand of “slow ahead” to “stop

engine”, the vessel will still travel 100 meters before it finall9 ,*-%,# ]-;2>23: 02 ordered “stop engine” when the vessel was only 5 0 meters from the pier. Fu rther,

02 *2,*(+(21 *0'* =2+-32 *02 >2,,2& (, %<* *- ,&-; ',*23): *02 2)5()2 0', *- =2 32,*'3*21# ]-;2>23: O&',(7') .'))-* 2,*(7'*2 0-; &-)5 (* *'/2, =2+-32 *02 2)5()2 5-2, *- ,&-; ',*23) '+*23 *02 2)5()2 (, 32,*'3*21# T3-7 *02,2 12.&'3'*(-),: *02 .-).&<,(-) (, *0'* (* ;', '&32'19 *-- &'*2 ;02) *02 .'%*'() -312321 32>23,2# c9 *02): *02 >2,,2& ;', -)&9 K 72*23, +3-7 *02 %(23: ')1 *0<, 3'7721 (*# _2,%-)12)* .-7%')9’s negligence consists in allowing incompetent crew to man its vessel. As ,0-;) '&,- =9 %2*(*(-)23: =-*0 8'%*'() O&',(7') ' )1 80(2+ R'*2 d'=(,') 1(1 )-* 0'>2 ' +-37'& *3'()()5 () 7'3()2 )'>(5'*(-)# P02 +-3723 ;', ' 7232 2&272)*'39 53'1<'*2 ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 (, ' 0(50 ,.0--& 53'1<'*2# P02(3 2F%23(2).2 () )'>(5'*(-) ;', -)&9 ', ' ;'*.07') ')1 ' J<'3*237',*23: 32,%2.*(>2&9# J8!43MV g !7[3d3MK

T'.*,U I)')(', 6<7'9')5: *-52*023 ;(*0 0(, +3(2)1 R')<2& _-7'5-,: ;', 3(1()5 ' 7-*-3.9.&2 '&-)5 *02 )'*(-)'& 0(50;'9 _(1()5 ;(*0 0(7 ;02) * 029 ;232 0(* =9 ' %',,2)523 =<, '&-)5 *02 0(50;'9 13(>2) =9 f?2*(*(-)23g d325-3(- ?2,*'y- ')1 -;)21 =9 f?2*(*(-)23g R2*3- 82=< I<*-=<, 8-3%-3'*(-) bR2*3- 82=<: +-3 =32>(*9$: ;0(.0 0'1 *3(21 *- ->23*'/2 *027: ,2)1()5 *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ')1 (*, %',,2)523, 0<3*&()5 <%-) *02 %'>272)*# c-*0 -+ *027 1(21 ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 '..(12)*# ?2,*'y- =&'721 6<7'9')5 +-3 *02 '..(12)*# ]2 *2,*(+(21 *0'*U n ;02) 02 +(3,* =&2; *02 0-3) *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ;0(.0 ;', '=-<* !L -3 AC 72*23, '02'1 ;2)* *- *02 3(50* ,(12 -+ *02 0(50;'9 *0'* 02 '5' () =&2; *02 0-3) ')1 '..2&23'*21 () -3123 *- ->23*'/2 *02 7-*-3.9.&2G n *0'* ;02) 02 ;', Q<,* -)2 72*23 =20()1: *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ,<112)&9 *<3)21 &2+* ;(*0-<* ')9 ,(5)'& *-;'31, *02 P'=f'g5-) f_g-'1 ')1 ;', =<7%21 =9 0(, =<,G _P8h @* ;', ,0-;) *0'* ?2,*'y- )25&(52)*&9 '**27%*21 *- ->23*'/2 *02 7-*-3.9.&2 '* ' 1')523-<, ,%221 ', *029 ;232 .-7()5 <%-) ' Q<).*(-) () *02 3-'1: ')1 ', *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ;', '=-<* *- *<3) &2+* *-;'31, P'='5-)# 8Ih P02 8I '++(3721 32,%-)12)*S, &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 '..(12)* ')1 +-3 6<7'9')5S, 12'*0# ?2,*'y- ;', )25&(52)* ;02) 02 *3(2 1 *- ->23*'/2 *02 >(.*(7S, 7-*-3.9.&2 '* *02 P'='5-) Q<).*(-) ')1 1<2 *- ' +'<&*9 ,%221-72*23 @,,<2U MON )25&(52).2 () 13(>()5 ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 '..(12)* ]2&1U 4X6# I, ' %3-+2,,(-)'& 13(>23 -%23'*()5 ' %<=&(. *3'),%-3* =<,: 02 ,0-<&1 0'>2 ')*(.(%'*21 *0'* ->23*'/()5 '* ' Q<).*(-) ;', ' %23(&-<, 7')2<>23 ')1 ,0-<&1 *0<, 0'>2 2F23.(,21 2F*3272 .'<*(-)#

!CH

?2*(*(-)23, .-)*2)1 *0'* ?2,*'y- ;', )-* <)123 ')9 -=&(5'*(-) *- ,&-; 1-;) ;02) 02 ->23*--/ *02 7-*-3.9.&2: =2.'<,2 *02 12.2 ',21 0'1 5(>2) ;'9 *- 0(7 <%-) 02'3()5 *02 =<, 0-3)# P029 +<3*023 .-)*2)1 *0'* *02 7-*-3.9.&2 ;', )-* () *02 7(11&2 -+ *02 3-'1 )2'32,* *- *02 Q<).*(-) ', +-<)1 =9 *02 *3('& ')1 *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3*,: =<* ;', -) *02 ())23 &')2# P0(, 2F%&'(), ;09 *02 1'7'52 -) *02 =<, ;232 '&& -) *02 3(50* ,(12 h *02 3(50* 2)1 -+ *02 =<7%23 ')1 *02 3(50* %-3*(-) -+ *02 3'1('*-3 53(&& ;232 =2)* ')1 12)*21# ]2).2: *029 (),(,* *0'* (* ;', *02 >(.*(7 ;0- ;', )25&(52)*#

Anselmo Olasiman, was its captain While MV Miguela was docking at petitioner’s

M2 1(,'5322# ?2*(*(-)23, '32 3'(,()5 ' J<2,*(-) -+ +'.* =',21 -) ?2,*'y-S, *2,*(7-)9 .-)*3'1(.*()5 *0'* -+ X92;(*)2,, *0'* *2,*(+(21 *0'* ', *02 *;- >20(.&2, '%%3-'.021 *02 Q<).*(-): *02 >(.*(7 3'(,21 0(, &2+* '37 *- ,(5)'& *0'* 02 ;', *<3)()5 &2+* *P'='5-): =<* *0'* *02 &'**23 ')1 0(, .-7%')(-) ;232 *03-;) -++ *02 7-*-3.9.&2 '+*23 (* ;', =<7%21 =9 *02 ->23,%221()5 =<,#

@,,<2U MON *02 1-.*3()2 -+ 32, (%,' &-J<(*<3 '%%&(2, () *0(, .',2 ', *- ;'33')* %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2

\)123 I3*(.&2, A!YC ')1 A!`Z -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: - ;)23, ')1 7')'523, '32 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 1'7'52, .'<,21 =9 *02(3 27%&-922,# M02) ') ()Q<39 (, .'<,21 =9 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ ' ,23>')* -3 ') 27%&-922: *02 7',*23 -3 27%&-923 (, %32,<721 *=2 )25&(52)* 2(*023 () *02 ,2&2.*(-) -3 () *02 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ *0'* 27%&-922# P0(, %32,<7%*(-) 7'9 =2 ->23.-72 -)&9 =9 ,'*(,+'.*-3(&9 ,0-;()5 *0'* *02 27%&-923 2F23.(,21 *02 .'32 ')1 *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9 () *02 ,2&2.*(-) ')1 *02 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ (*, 27%&-922# P02 8I ,'(1 *0'* '&&-;()5 ?2,*'y- *- %&9 0(, 3-<*2 ;(*0 ' 12+2.*(>2 ,%221-72*23 ,0-;21 &'F(*9 -) *02 %'3* -+ R2*3- 82=< () *02 -%23'*(-) -+ (*, =<,()2,, ')1 () *02 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ (*, 27%&-922,# P02 )25&(52).2 '&&<121 *- 0232 (, () (*, , <%23>(,(-) ->23 (*, 13(>23: )-* () *0'* ;0(.0 1 (32.*&9 .'<,21 *02 '..(12)*# P02 +'.* *0'* ?2,*'y- ;', '=&2 *- <,2 ' =<, ;(*0 ' +'<&*9 ,%221-72*23 ,0-;, *0'* R2*3- 82=< ;', 327(,, () *02 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ (*, 27%&-922, ')1 () *02 %3-%23 .'32 -+ (*, >20(.&2,# @* 0'1 *0<, +'(&21 *- .-)1<.* (*, =<,()2,, ;(*0 *02 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &';

_2, (%,' &-J<(*<3 – M0232 *02 *0()5 ;0(.0 .'<,2, ()Q<39 (, ,0-;) *- =2 <)123 *02 7')'5272)* -+ *02 12+2)1')*: ')1 *02 '..(12)* (, ,<.0 ', () *02 -31()'39 .-<3,2 -+ *0()5, 1-2, )-* 0'%%2) (+ *0-,2 ;0- 0'>2 *02 7')'5272)* <,2 %3-%23 .'32: (* '++-31, 32',-)'=&2 2>(12).2: () *02 '=,2).2 -+ ') 2F%&')'*(-) =9 *02 12+2)1')*: *0'* *02 '..(12)* '3-,2 +3-7 ;')* -+ .'32#

:7;V 3M; :7d[ .VLJVL346VME C"*0*0$%"/E G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E K3(6!3M !96JJ6MK :6M8!E 6M.- )%&f$/ 3M!8:[V V:3!6[3M /"1C$%&"%*1-

fd#_# N-# !ALKYH# T2=3<'39 !: ACC!g PO?@8U ?32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 T'.*,U ?2*(*(-)23 ^<1- a ^<97 8-3%-3'*(-) (, ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'52 1 () .-%3' %3-.2,,()5 ;(*0 %&')* ')1 =<,()2,, -++(.2, () 82=< 8(*9# @* -;), ')1 -%23'*2, ' %3(>'*2 ;0'3+ <,21 =9 >2,,2&, +-3 &-'1()5 ')1 <)&-'1()5 -+ .-%3' ')1 -*02 3 processed products. Among its wharf’s facilities are fender pile clusters for docking

')1 7--3()5# ?3(>'*2 _2,%-)12)* d'=(,') 60(%%()5 ^()2, ;', *02 325(,*2321 -;)23 ')1 -%23'*-3 -+ *02 7-*-3 >2,,2& Ro R(5<2&': ;0(&2 *02 -*023 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*:

;0'3+: (* 3'7721 ')1 12,*3-921 ' +2)123 %(&2 .&<,*23# ?2*(*(-)23 127')121 1'7'52, +3-7 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,# P02 &'**23 32+<,21# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, =2+-32 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ 82=<# P02 *3('& .-<3* 1(,%-,21 *02 .',2 () +'>-3 -+ %2*(*(-)23 +()1()5 *0'* *02 32,%-)12)*, '32 ,-&(1'3(&9 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, +-3 )25&(52).2# P02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 32>23,21 *02 *3('& .-<3*#

]2&1U 42,#

P02 1-.*3()2 32.-5)([2, *0'* %'3*(2, 7'9 2,*'=&(,0 %3(7' +'.(2 )25&(52).2 ;(*0-<* 1(32.* %3--+ ')1 '&&-;, *02 %3().(%&2 *- ,<=,*(*<*2 +-3 ,%2.(+(. %3--+ -+ )25&(52).2# P0(, (, ()>-/21 ;02) <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: 1(32.* 2>(12).2 (, '=,2)* ')1 )-* 32'1(&9 '>'(&'=&2# @) -<3 >(2;: '&& *02 32J<(,(*2, +-3 32.-<3,2 *- *0(, 1-.*3()2 2F(,*# T(3,*: Ro R(5<2&' ;', <)123 *02 2F.&<,(>2 .-)*3-& -+ (*, -++(.23, ')1 .32;# ?2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-* 0'>2 1(32.* 2>(12).2 -) ;0'* *3'),%(321 ;(*0() ', *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32; 7')2<>2321 *02 vessel to its berthing place. We note the Court of Appeals’ finding that Naval and Espina were not knowledgeable on the vessel’s maneuverings, and could not testify

-) *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32;# 62.-)1: ',(12 +3-7 *02 *2,*(7-)9 *0'* Ro R(5<2&' 3'7721 *02 .&<,*23 %(&2: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 1(1 )-* ,0-; %23,<',(>2&9 -*023 %-,,(=&2 .'<,2, -+ *02 1'7'52# I%%&9()5 )-; *02 '=->2: *0232 2F(,*, ' %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 '5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ;0(.0 ;2 -%()2 *02 &'**23 +'(&21 *- ->23.-72# I11(*(-)'&&9: %2*(*(-)23 presented tangible proof that demonstrated private respondents’ negligence. As testified by Capt. Olasiman, from command of “s low ahead” to “stop engine”, the >2,,2& ;(&& ,*(&& *3'>2& !CC 72*23, =2+-32 (* +()'&&9 ,*-%,# However, he ordered “stop engine” when the vessel was only 50 meters f rom the pier. Further, he test ified that

=2+-32 *02 >2,,2& (, %<* *- ,&-; ',*23): *02 2)5()2 0', *- =2 32,*'3*21# ]-;2>23: O&',(7') .'))-* 2,*(7'*2 0-; &-)5 (* *'/2, =2+-32 *02 2)5()2 5-2, *- ,&-; ',*23) '+*23 *02 2)5()2 (, 32,*'3*21# T3-7 *02,2 12.&'3'*(-),: *02 .-).&<,(-) (, *0'* (* ;', '&32'19 *-- &'*2 ;02) *02 .'%*'() -312321 32>23,2# c9 *02): *02 >2,,2& ;', -)&9 K

!CK

meters from the pier, and thus rammed it. Respondent company’s neglig2).2

.-),(,*, () '&&-;()5 ().-7%2*2)* .32; *- 7') (*, >2,,2&# I, ,0-;) '&,- =9 %2*(*(-)23: =-*0 8'%*'() O&',(7') ')1 80(2+ R'*2 d'=(,') 1(1 )-* 0'>2 ' +-37'& *3'()()5 () 7'3()2 )'>(5'*(-)# P02 +-3723 ;', ' 7232 2&272)*'39 53'1<'*2 ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 (, ' 0(50 ,.0--& 53'1<'*2# P02(3 2F%23(2).2 () )'>(5'*(-) ;', -)&9 ', ' ;'*.07') ')1 ' J<'3*237',*23: 32,%2.*(>2&9#

2$"3"22",% &+RR"0 RV# 3",%#; ",.) I=) 0$% $/,/&+R3% ",0%&1%]"+0% +22%33+0% ./V&0 +,] .+#"+,/ 2+#.V+; %0 +3) -)&) ,E=) \\:6b46a) +>O>=@ 96; :776 1%]"+3]%+; <) 23.4!5 I=-<* !!UCC -S.&-./ () *02 7-3)()5 -) V2.27=23 AK: !DZZ: 8'*'&()'

?',.<': 8'3(1'1 ?',.<': I12&'(1' X,*-7-: X3&()1' R23('&2,: R23.212, ^-32)[-: I&2Q')13- R-3'&2, ')1 p2)'(1' ?'32Q', =-'3121 *02 Q22%)29 -;)21 =9 ,%-<,2, @,(13- R')5<)2 ')1 d<(&&237' 8'332-) ')1 13(>2) =9 P3')J<(&()- R')'&- '* V'<: R'='&'.'*: ?'7%')5' =-<)1 +-3 8'372): _-,'&2,: ?')5',()') *- ,%2)1 803(,*7', '* *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 0-72,# P02(3 .-)*3'.* ;(*0 R')'&- ;', +-3 *027 *- %'9 ?AK#CC +-3 *02 *3(%# \%-) 32'.0()5 ='33(- 6()'9-'): 6') R')<2&: P'3&'.: * 02 3(50* 32'3 ;022& -+ *02 Q22%)29 ;', 12*'.021: ,- (* ;', 3<))()5 () ') <)='&').21 %-,(*(-)# R')'&,*2%%21 -) *02 =3'/2: ', ' 32,<&* -+ ;0(.0: *02 Q22 %)29 ;0(.0 ;', *02) 3<))()5 -) *02 2',*23) &')2 b(*, 3(50* -+ ;'9$ 7'12 ' \h*<3): ()>'1()5 ')1 2>2)*<'& &9 ,*-%%()5 -) *02 ;2,*23) &')2 -+ *02 3-'1 () ,<.0 ' 7'))23 *0'* *02 Q22%)29S, +3-)* +'.21 *02 ,-<*0 b+3-7 ;0232 (* .'72$ ')1 (*, 32'3 +'.21 *02 )-3*0 b*-;'31, ;0232 (* ;', 5-()5$# P02 Q22%)29 %3'.*(.'&&9 -..<%(21 ')1 =&-./21 *02 532'*23 %-3*(-) -+ *02 ;2,*23) &')2: ;0(.0 (, *02 3(50* -+ ;'9 -+ >20(.&2, .-7()5 +3-7 *02 )-3*0: '7-)5 ;0(.0 ;', c<, N-# `LH -+ %2*(*(-)23 ?0(&(%%()2 _'==(* c<, ^()2,: @).# b_'==(*$ 13(>2) =9 P-7', 12&-, _292,# I&7-,* '* *02 *(72 ;02) *02 Q22%)29 7'12 ' ,<112) \h*<3) ')1 2).3-'.021 -) *02 ;2,*23) &')2 -+ *02 0(50;'9 ', .&'(721 =9 _'==(* ')1 12&-, _292,: -3 '+*23 ,*-%%()5 +-3 ' .-<%&2 -+ 7()<*2, ', .&'(721 =9 R')5<)2: 8'332-) ')1 R')'&-: *02 =<, =<7%21 +3-7 =20()1 *02 3(50* 32'3 %-3*(-) -+ *02 Q22%)29# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *02 .-&&(,(-): *0322 %',,2)523, -+ *02 Q22%)29 b8'*'&()' ?',.<': X3&()1' R23('&2, ')1 I12&'(1' X,*-7-$ 1(21 ;0(&2 *02 -*023 Q22%)29 %',,2)523, ,<,*'()21 %09,(.'& ()Q<3(2,# M0'* .-<&1 0'>2 =22) ' +2,*(>2 803(,*7', *<3)21 -<* *- =2 *3'5(.# P3('& .-<3* 32)12321 (*, 12.(,(-) +()1()5 R')'&- bQ22%)29 13(>23$ )25&(52)* ')1 *0<, 02&1 0(7 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 6%,# @,(13- R')5<)2: d<(&&237' 8'332-) bQ22%)29 -;)23,$# O) '%%2'&: P02 32,%-)12)* .-<3* 0'1 ' .-)*3'39 -%()(-)# I%%&9()5 %3(7'3(&9 b!$ *02 1-.*3()2 -+ &',* .&2'3 .0').2: bA$ *02 %32,<7%*(-) *0'* 13(>23, ;0- =<7% *02 32'3 -+ ')-*023 >20(.&2 5<(&*9 ')1 *02 .'<,2 -+ *02 '..(12)* <)&2,, .-)*3'1(.*21 =9 -*023 2>(12).2: ')1 bH$ *02 ,<=,*')*('& +'.*-3 *2,*: .-).&<121 *0'* 12&-, _292, b=<, 13(>23$ ;', )25&(52)*#

M0- (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 12'*0 ')1 ()Q<3(2, -+ *02 %',,2)523,i 6?6# RINd\NX INV 8I__XON =2.'<,2 -+ *02 )25&(52).2 -+ R')'&bQ22%)29 13(>23$# M2 +()1 *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 '..(12)* ;', *02 )25&(52).2 -+ R')'&- ')1 ,%-<,2, R')5<)2 ')1 8'332-)# P029 '&& +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 %32.'<*(-), *0'* '32 )22121 %32.(,2&9 %3- 0'. >(.2# @) .<&%' .-)*3'.*<'&: *02 7-72)* ' %',,2)523 1(2, -3 (, ()Q<321: *02 .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: ')1 *0(, 1(,%<*'=&2 %32,<7%*(-) 7'9 -)&9 =2 ->23.-72 =9 2>(12).2 *0'* 02 0'1 -=,23>21 2F*3'h -31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 () I3*(.&2, !`HH: !`LL ')1 !`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f(g) ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* *02 .'33(23 +-3 0(, +'(&<32 *- ,'+2&9 .'339 0(, %',,2)523 *- 0(, 12,*()'*(-): ') '..(12)* .'<,21 2(*023 =9 12+2.*, () *02 '<*-7-=(&2 -3 *03-<50 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ (*, 13(>23: (, )-* ' .',- +-3*<(*- ;0(.0 ;-<&1 '>-(1 *02 .'33(23, &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52,# P02 *3('& .-<3* ;', *0232+-32 3(50* () +()1()5 *0'* R')'&- ')1 ,%-<,2, R')5<)2 ' )1 8'332-) ;232 )25&(52)*# ]-;2>23: (*, 3<&()5 *0'* ,%-<,2, R')5<)2 ')1 8'332-) '32 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 R')'&- (, 233-)2-<,# P02 13(>23 .'))-* =2 02&1 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 *02 .'33(23 () .',2 -+ =32'.0 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# P02 3'*(-)'&2 =20()1 *0(, (, 32'1(&9 1(,.23)(=&2# T(3,*&9: *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, =2*;22) *02 .'33(23 ')1 *02 %',,2)523: ')1 () *02 2>2)* -+ .-)*3'.*<'& &('=(&(*9: *02 .'33(23 (, 2F.&<,(>2&9 32,%-),(=&2 *0232+-32 *- *02 %',,2)523: 2>2) (+ ,<.0 =32'.0 =2 1<2 *- *02 )25&(52).2 -+ 0(, 13(>23# @) -*023 ;-31,: *02 .'33(23 .') )2(*023 ,0(+* 0(, &('=(&(*9 -) *02 .-)*3'.* *- 0(, 13(>23 )-3 ,0'32 (* ;(*0 0(7: +-3 0(, 13(>23S, )25&(52).2 (, 0(,# 62.-)1&9: (+ M2 7'/2 *02 13(>23 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 ;(*0 *02 .'33(23: *0'* ;-<&1 7'/2 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 %23,-)'& (),*2'1 -+ 7232&9 >(.'3(-<, ')1 .-),2J<2)*&9: 2)*(*&21 *- 32.->23 -)&9 *02 ,0'32 ;0(.0 .-332,%-)1, **02 13(>23: .-)*3'1(.*-39 *- *02 2F%&(.(* %3->(,(-) -+ I3* (.&2 A!Y! -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12# 6!!785 98:;5

LV(8L4V Z7M46::3E %2*(*(-)23: >,# .:8[8M48 2VM43M3LE 28LM3M;V (3MeVM )%& (8L2V: .3[VLVE 32,%-)12)*,# j;=6?89? #4 k:g:A7;<: E:7 @68989:?674 "H@678: $4 #=E;7;7; E:7 763@:?<6?834 K-L- M$- :NSOQIU [)B IRE RPTO K7468LL8eE ZL-E <)

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M347L8 V2 J84646VM

B<152 _-7<&- _# 62)()()5 32)12321 Q<1572)* () +'>-3 -+ B<)*(&&' ')1 '5'(),* *02 32,%-)12)*,# P02 &'**23 '32 -312321 *- %'9: Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9: B<)*(&&' ?`LC#CC ', 32(7=<3,272)* +-3 *02 &-,* O725' ;3(,* ;'*.0: ?AKZ#ZK ', <)32'&([21 ,'&'39 -+ Juntilla, P100.00 for the doctor’s fees and medicine, additional P300.00 for attorney’s fees and the costs.

P0(, (, ' %2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2; -) 56789:7;79 -) *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8T@ -+ 82=< ;0(.0 32>23,21 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8(*9 8-<3* -+ 82=< ')1 2F-)23'*21 *02 32,%-)12)*, +3-7 ')9 &('=(&(*9 '3(,()5 +3-7 ' >20(.<&'3 '..(12)*#

P02 32,%-)12)*, '%%2'& *- *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=<# ):H78 :E O9738 ,?38;?56 :E )6AH +65939:?

B<152 ^2-)'31- c# 8')'32, 32>23,21 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8(*9 8-<3* -+ 82=< +()1()5 *0'* *02 '..(12)* () J<2,*(-) ;', 1<2 *- ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*#

23.4!

8&272)*2 T-)*')'3 T23)')1- c')[-) c23+-& 8'7-3-

h +3').0(,22 -+ *02 Q22% h -;)23 -+ *02 Q22% h 13(>23 -+ *02 Q22%

I 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) ;', +(&21 =<* ;', 12)(21 =9 ,'(1 .-<3*# 6!!78

_-=23*- B<)*(&&' ;', ' %',,2)523 -+ *02 %<=&(. <*(&(*9 Q22%)29 -) *02 .-<3,2 -+ *02 *3(% +3-7 V')'- 8(*9 *- 82=< 8(*9# P02 Q22%)29 ;', 13(>2) =9 12+2)1')* c23+-& 8'7-3-# @* ;', 325(,*2321 <)123 *02 +3').0(,2 -+ 12+2)1')* 8&272)*2 T-)*')'3 =<* ;', '.*<'&&9 -;)21 =9 12+2)1')* T23)')1- c')[-)#

MON ' *(32h=&-;-<*: =9 (*,2&+ '&-)2 ')1 ;(*0-<* , 0-;()5 ', *- *02 .'<,'*(>2 +'.*-3,: ;-<&1 52)23'*2 &('=(&(*9#

M02) *02 Q22%)29 32'.021 R')1'<2 8(*9: *02 3(50* 32'3 *(32 2F%&-121 .'<,()5 *02 >20(.&2 *- *<3) *<3*&2# @) *02 %3-.2,,: *02 %&'()*(++ ;0- ;', ,(**()5 '* *02 +3-)* ,2'* ;', *03-;) -<* -+ *02 >20(.&2# \%-) &')1()5 -) *02 53-<)1: *02 %&'()*(++ 7-72)*'3(&9 &-,* .-),.(-<,)2,,# M02) 02 .'72 *- 0(, ,2),2,: 02 +-<)1 *0'* 02 0'1 ' &'.23'*21 ;-<)1 -) 0(, 3(50* %'&7# I,(12 +3-7 *0(,: 02 ,<++2321 ()Q<3(2, -) 0(, &2+* '37: 3(50* *0(50 ')1 -) 0(, ='./# c2.'<,2 -+ 0(, ,0-./ ')1 ()Q<3(2,: 02 ;2)* ='./ *V')'- 8(*9 =<* -) *02 ;'9: 02 1(,.->2321 *0'* 0(, EO725'E ;3(,* ;'*.0 ;', &-,*# \%-) 0(, '33(>'& () V')'- 8(*9: 02 (7721('*2&9 2)* 2321 *02 V')'- 8(*9 ]-,%(*'& *'**2)1 *- 0(, ()Q<3(2,: ')1 '&,- 32J<2,*21 0(, +'*023h()h&'; *- %3-.221 (7721('*2&9 *- *02 %&'.2 -+ *02 '..(12)* ')1 &--/ +-3 *02 ;'*.0# @) ,%(*2 -+ *02 2++-3*, -+ 0(, +'*023h()h&';: *02 ;3(,* ;'*.0: ;0(.0 02 =-<50* +-3 ? Y LA#`C .-<&1 )- &-)523 =2 +-<)1#

4X6# P0232 '32 ,%2.(+(. '.*, -+ )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 32,%-)12)*,# P02 32.-31, ,0-; *0'* *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 *<3)21 *<3*&2 ')1 Q<7%21 ()*- ' 1(*.0 (7721('*2&9 '+*23 (*, 3(50* 32'3 *(32 2F%&-121# P02 2>(12).2 ,0-;, *0'* *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 ;', 3<))()5 '* ' >239 +',* ,%221 =2+-32 *02 '..(12)*# M2 '5322 ;(*0 *02 -=,23>'*(-) -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 *0'* ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 Q22% 3<))()5 '* ' 325<&'3 ')1 ,'+2 ,%221 ;(&& )-* Q<7% ()*- ' 1(*.0 ;02) (*, 3(50* 32'3 *(32 =&-;, <%# P0232 (, '&,- 2>(12).2 *- ,0-; *0'* *02 %',,2)523 Q22%)29 ;', ->23&-'121 '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 '..(12)*# P02 %2*(*(-)23 ,*'*21 *0'* *0232 ;232 H %',,2)523, () *02 +3-)* ,2'* ')1 !K %',,2)523, () *02 32'3#

B<)*(&&' +(&21 +-3 =32'.0 -+ . -)*3'.* ;(*0 1'7'52, =2+-32 *02 8(*9 8-<3* -+ 82=< 8(*9# P02 32,%-)12)*, '&&2521 *0'* *02 '..(12)* *0'* .'<,21 &-,,2, *- *02 %2*(*(-)23 ;', =29-)1 *02 .-)*3-& -+ *02 32,%-)12)*, *'/()5 ()*- '..-<)* *0'* *02 *(32 *0'* 2F%&-121 ;', )2;&9 =-<50* ')1 ;', -)&9 ,&(50*&9 <,21 '* *02 *(72 (* =&2; <%#

98:;

M0(&2 (* 7'9 =2 *3<2 *0'* *02 *(32 *0'* =&2;h<% ;', ,*(&& 5--1 =2.'<,2 *02 53-->2, -+ *02 *(32 ;232 ,*(&& >(,(=&2: *0(, +'.* '&-)2 1-2, )-* 7'/2 *02 2F%&-,(-) -+ *02 *(32 ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*# N- 2>(12).2 ;', %32,2)*21 *- ,0-; *0'* *02 '..(12)* ;', 1<2 *- '1>23,2 3-'1 .-)1(*(-), -3 *0'* %32.'<*(-), ;232 *'/2) =9 *02 Q22%)29 13(>23 *- .-7%2),'*2 +-3 ')9 .-)1(*(-), &('=&2 *- .'<,2 '..(12)*,# P02 ,<112) =&-;()5h<%: *0232+-32: .-<&1 0'>2 =22) .'<,21 =9 *-- 7<.0 '(3 %32,,<32 ()Q2.*21 ()*- *02 *(32 .-<%&21 =9 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 Q22%)29 ;', ->23&-'121 ')1 ,%221()5 '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 '..(12)*#

)98B ):H78 :E )6AH +65939:?

!CZ

P- =2 .-),(12321 ', ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*: *02 +-&&-;()5 32J<(,(*2, 7<,* .-).<3U '$

P02 .'<,2 -+ *02 <)+-32,22) ')1 <)2F%2.*21 -..<332).2: -3 -+ *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 12=*-3 *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 0(, -=&(5'*(-): 7<,* =2 ()12%2)12)* -+ *02 0<7') ;(&&G =$ @* 7<,* =2 (7%-,,(=&2 *- +-32,22 *02 2>2)* ;0(.0 .-),*(*<*2, *02 5;3: E:78H98:: -3 (+ (* .') =2 +-32,22): (* 7<,* =2 (7%-,,(=&2 *- '>-(1G .$ P02 -..<332).2 7<,* =2 ,<.0 ', *- 32)123 (* (7%-,,(=&2 +-3 *02 12=*-3 *- +<&+(&& 0(, -=&(5'*(-) () ' )-37'& 7'))23G ')1 1$ P02 -=&(5-3 b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eE Z-5 !347LM6MV (3d3!8ME C"*0*0$%"/E G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E /"1C$%&"%*23.4!5

O) *02 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* !L: !DZH: 6'*<3)()- c'9',2 ): *02 _<3'& ]2'&*0 ?09,(.(') () 6'5'1': R-<)*'() ?3->().2: ;2)* *- ='33(- I7=',()5 *- >(,(* ' %'*(2)*# P;)<3,2, +3-7 *02 6'()* P02-1-32S, ]-,%(*'& () 6'5'1': X&2)' I;(.02) ')1 V-&-32, c'&.(*': 3-12 ;(*0 0(7 () *02 Q22% ' ,,(5)21 +-3 *02 <,2 -+ * 02 _<3'& ]2'&*0 \)(* ', *029 0'1 32J<2,*21 +-3 ' 3(12 *- I7=',()5# ^'*23: '* I7=',()5: *02 5(3&,: ;0;')*21 *- 5'*023 +&-;23,: '5'() ',/ 21 (+ *029 .-<&1 3(12 ;(*0 0(7 <% *- ' .23*'()

%&'.2 -) *02 ;'9 *- ='33(- 6<9- ;0(.0 02 ()*2)121 *- >(,(* ')9;'9# V3# c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h %2*(*(-)23 ;', )25&(52)* () 13(>()5 0(, Q22% =2.'<,2 02 ;', 13(>()5 '* E') <)32',-)'=&2 ,%221E# 6!!785 ^98498L VL MV4 (3d3!8M ^3! M8K:6K8M4 6M ;L6g6MK 96! Z88J98:;5 MV- I .'32+<& 2F'7()'*(-) -+ S02 2 >(12).2 ()*3-1<.21 =9 *02 %3-,2.<*(-)

,0-;, )- E&25'&&9 ,<++(.(2)*E %3--+ *0'* *02 '..<,21 ;', )25&(52)* () 13(>()5 0(, Q22%# P02 ,*'3 ;(*)2,, -+ *02 %3-,2.<*(-): V-&-32, c'&.(*' ;0- ;', -)2 -+ *02 %',,2)523, () *02 Q22%: *2,*(+(21 *0'* *02 '..<,21h%2*(*(-)23: 6'*<3)()- c'9',2) ;', 13(>()5 0(, Q22% 7-123'*2&9 Q<,* =2+-32 *02 '..(12)* ')1 .'*25-3(.'&&9 ,*'*21 *0'* ,02 1(1 )-* /)-; ;0'* .'<,21 *02 Q22% *- +'&& ()*- *02 %32.(%(.2# M02) ',/21 ;02*023 *02 Q22% 0(* ')9*0()5 =2+-32 (* +2&& ()*- *02 %32.(%(.2: *02 ;(*)2,, '),;2321 *0'* ,02 1(1 )-* +2 2& ')9 =<7% -3 Q-&*# P0'* *02 32 ;', ).-)>23,'*(-) =2*;22) *02 %',,2)523, () *02 Q22% *0'* .-<&1 0'>2 1(,*3'.*21 *02 '**2)*(-) -+ *02 '..<,21 ;0(&2 13(>()5 *02 Q22%# I, *- *02 .-)1(*(-) -+ *02 Q22% (*,2&+: ,02 E1(1 )-* )-*(.2 ')9* 0()5 ;3-)5E ;(*0 (* +3-7 *02 *(72 *029 13->2 +3 -7 6'5'1' *- I7=',()5: ')1 +3-7 *0232 *- *02 %&'.2 ;0232 *02 Q22% +2&& -++ *02 3-'1# _25'31()5 *02 3-'1: ,02 ,'(1 *0'* (* ;', +'(3 2)-<50 *- 13(>2 -): =<* *0'* (* ;', 7-(,* -3 ;2*: ')1 *02 ;2'*023 ;', +'(3: *--# I, *- ;02*023 *02 '..<,21h%2*(*(-)23 ;', <)123 *02 ()+&<2).2 -+ &(J<-3 '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 '..(12)*: ,02 *2,*(+(21 *0'* 02 ;', )-*# @) *02 &(50* -+ *02 *2,*(7-)9 -+ V-&-32, c'&.(*': *02 292;(*)2,, -+ *02 '..(12)* %32,2)*21 =9 *02 %3-,2.<*(-): *+"/" 01 )F1$?>*"?B %$ "G0&"%#" $% /"#$/& *$ 1+$@ *+)* *+" )##>1"& @)1 %"D?0D"%* 0% &/0G0%D +01 =""C-

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c'&.(*': (* (, '%%'32)* *0'* ,02 E1(1 )-* ,22E ;0'* X&2)' I;(.02) ,<112)&9 1(1: ')1 ,02 E1(1 )-* +22& ')9 7->272)* +3-7 b023$ ,(12E# P02,2 '),;23, -+ V-&-32, c'&.(*' '32 '&& () *02 )25'*(>2 ')1 2J<(>-.'&# P029 1- )-* 12)9 -3 %32.&<12 *02 *3<*0 -+ *02 %-,(*(>2 *2,*(7-)9 -+ *02 '..<,21#

!C`

T<3*0237-32: *02 ,*'*272)* -+ V-&-32, c'&.(*' *0'* *02 '..<,21 ;', 13(>()5 '* 7-123'*2 ,%221 ')1 )-* E') <)32',-)'=&2: ,%221S (, =-&,*2321 =9 *02 *2,*(7-)9: -+ ?'=&- ^(['31-# *02) 7'9-3 -+ 6'5'1': R-<)*'() ?3->().2: ;0- +-<)1 *02 Q22% '* ,2.-)1 52'3 ;02) 02 2F'7()21 (* )-* &-)5 '+*23 *02 ().(12)*# 6<.0 +'.* ,0-;, *0'* *02 '..<,21h%2*(*(-)23 .-<&1 )-* 0'>2 =22) 13(>()5 *02 Q22% '* ' +',* 3'*2 -+ ,%221# @* (, -=>(-<, *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 *3'5219 ;', *02 ,/(11()5 -+ *02 32'3 ;022&, -+ *02 Q22% ')1 )-* *02 E<)32',-)'=&2 ,%221E -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 =2.'<,2 *0232 (, )- 2>(12).2 -) 32.-31 *- %3->2 -3 ,<%%-3* *02 +()1()5 *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23 ;', 13(>()5 '* E') <)32',-)'=&2 ,%221E# @* (, ' ;2&&h/)-;) %09,(.'& *'.* *0'* .'3, 7'9 ,/(1 -) 532',9 -3 ,&(%%239 3-' 1,: ', () *02 (),*')* .',2: ;(*0-<* +'<&* -) '..-<)* -+ *02 7'))23 -+ 0')1&()5 *02 .'3# 6/(11()5 72'), %'3*('& -3 .-7%&2*2 &-,, -+ .-)*3-& -+ *02 .'3 <)123 .(3.<7,*').2, )-* )2.2,,'3(&9 (7%&9()5 )25&(52).2# @* 7'9 -..<3 ;(*0-<* +'<&*# \)123 *02 %'3*(.<&'3 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ *02 (),*')* .',2: *02 %2*(*(-)23h 13(>23 ;0,/(1121 .-<&1 )-* =2 325'3121 ', )25&(52)*: *02 ,/(11()5 =2()5 ') <)+-32,22) 2>2)*: ,- *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23 0'1 ' >'&(1 2F.<,2 +-3 0(, 12%'3*<32 +3-7 0(, 325<&'3 .-<3,2# P02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 )-* 0'>()5 =22) ,<++(.(2)*&9 2,*'=&(,021: 0(, 5<(&* -+ *02 .3(72 .0'3521 0', )-* =22 ) %3->2) =29-)1 32',-)'=&2 1-<=*# ]2 (,: *0232+-32: 2)*(*&21 *- '.J<(**'&#

appellant persisted to use the ticket in question.” It can be gleaned *0'* *02

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h<% *(./2* *- 2),<32 0(, 12%'3*<32# 60-<&1 *0232 =2 ' +()1()5 -+ ='1 +'(*0: ;2 '32 -+ *02 -%()(-) *0'* (* ,0-<&1 =2 -) *02 %2*(*(-)23# M0'* *02 27%&-922, -+ ?I^ 1(1 ;', -)2 -+ ,(7%&2 )25&(52).2# N- ()Q<39 32,<&*21 -) *02 %'3* -+ %2*(*(-)23 =2.'<,2 02 0'1 ' ='./h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

.8Lg3M48! G1 .3

TI8P6U f?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*g ?I^ (,,<21 *- f%2*(*(-)23g N(.0-&', 823>')*2, ' 3-<)1*3(% %&')2 *(./2* +-3 R')(&'h]-)-&<&(121 ') 2F%(39 1'*2 -+ -)2 92'3 +3-7 (,,<').2# fXF%(39U R'3.0 A`: !DDCg R'3.0 AH: -3 K 1'9, =2+-32 *02 2F%(39 1'*2 : *02 %2*(*(-)23 <,21 (*# \%-) 0(, '33(>'& () Î -) *02 ,'72 1'9: 02 =--/21 0(, ÎhR')(&' 32*<3) *(./2* ;(*0 ?I^G +&(50* .-)+(3721 +-3 I%3(& A# \%-) &2'3)()5 *0'* *02 ,'72 ?I^ %&')2 ;-<&1 7'/2 ' , *-%h ->23 () 6') T3').(,.-: ,().2 02 ;-<&1 =2 () 6T -) *0'* 1'9: 02 7'12 '33')5272)*, +-3 0(7 *- =-'31 *02 %&')2 () 6T (),*2'1 -+ () Î# O) I%3(& A: ;02) %2*(*(-)23 .02./21 () '* ?I^ .-<)*23 () 6T: 02 ;', )-* '&&-;21 *- =-'31# P 02 ?I^ %23,-))2& 7'3/21 *02 )-*'*(-) -) 0(, *(./2*: EP(./2* )-* '..2%*21 1<2 2F%(3'*(-) -+ >'&(1(*9#E 823>')*2, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, =<* ;', 1(,7(,,21 +-3 &'./ -+ 723(*# 8I <%02&1 1(,7(,,'&# @66\XU !# MON ?I^ ;', .-332.* () 32+<,()5 *02 *(./2* 1<2 *- (*, 2F%(39 A# MON *02 12)('& -+ *02 ';'31 +-3 1'7'52, ;', %3-%23 ]X^VU !# 4X6# ?2*(*(-)23 /)2; *0(, +3-7 *02 >239 ,*'3* ;02) 02 .'&&21 <% *02 ^25'& V2%'3*72)* -+ '%%2&&22 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, =2+-32 02 &2+* +-3 *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, -+ I723(.'# ]2 0'1 +(3,* 0')1 /)-;&2152 *0'* *02 *(./2* () J<2,*(-) ;-<&1 2F%(32 -) R'3.0 A`:!DDC ')1 *0'* *- ,2.<32 ') 2F*2),(-): 02 ;-<&1 0'>2 *- +(&2 ' ;3(**2)

.)?)?)1 G- .3

fd#_# N-# !AACHD# R'9 H!: ACCCg o@8XNPX 8IÎÎ6: %2*(*(-)23: >,# 8O\_P OT I??XI^6: X^@pI B\BX\_8]X 6\NdI ')1 T_IN8@68O 6IôI: 32,%-)12)*,# T'.*,U At 10 o’clock in the morning, private respondent Eliza Jujeurche G. Sunga took a

%',,2)523 Q22%)29 -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 o(.2)*2 8'&'&',# I, *02 Q22%)29 ;', +(&&21 *- .'%'.(*9 -+ '=-<* AK %',,2)523,: 6<)5' ;', 5(>2) =9 *02 .-)1<.*-3 ') E2F*2),(-) ,2'*:E ' ;--12) ,*--& '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 1--3 '* *02 32'3 2)1 -+ *02 >20(.&2# O) *02 ;'9 *- ?-=&'.(-) 6(=<&'): N253-, O..(12)*'&: *02 Q22%)29 ,*-%%21 *- &2* ' %',,2)523 -++# I, ,02 ;', ,2'*21 '* *02 32'3 -+ *02 >20(.&2: 6<)5' 5'>2 ;'9 *- *02 -<*5-()5 %',,2)523# B<,* ', ,02 ;', 1-()5 ,-: ') @,<[< *3<./ 13(>2) =9 @5&2.23(o232)' ')1 -;)21 =9 T3').(,.- 6'&>' =<7%21 *02 &2+* 32'3 %-3*(-) -+ *02 Q22%)29# I, ' 32,<&*: 6<)5' ;', ()Q<321# 602 ;', 0-,%(*'&([21 ')1 *02 ,<352-) .23*(+(21 *0'* ,02 ;-<&1 327'() -) ' .',* +- 3 ' %23(-1 -+ *0322 7-)*0, ' )1 ;-<&1 0'>2 *'7=<&'*2 () .3<*.02, 1<3()5 ,'(1 %23(-1# 6<)5' +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* 8'&'&',: '&&25()5 >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 =9 *02 +-3723 () +'(&()5 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 -+ 0(7

request for extension at the PAL’s office in the Philippines. Despite this knowledge,

!CY

', ' .-77-) .'33(23# 8'&'&',: -) *02 -*023 0')1: +(&21 ' *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* T3').(,.- 6'&>': *02 -;)23 -+ *02 @,<[< *3<./# P02 &-;23 .-<3* 32)12321 Q<1572)* '5'(),* 6'&>' ', *0(31h%'3*9 12+2)1')* ')1 '=,-&>21 8'&'&', -+ &('=(&(*9: 0-&1()5 *0'* (* ;', *02 13(>23 -+ *02 @,<[< *3<./ ;0- ;', 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '..(12)*# @* *--/ .-5)([').2 -+ ')-*023 .',2 b8(>(& 8',2 N-# HKDC$ +(&21 =9 8'&'&', '5'(),* 6'&>' ')1 o232)': +-3 J<',(h12&(.*: () ;0(.0 (* ;', 02&1 *0'* 6'&>' ')1 0(, 13(>23 o232)' Q-()*&9 &('=&2 *- 8'&'&', +-3 *02 1'7'52 *- 0(, Q22%)29# O) '%%2'& *- *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: *02 3<&()5 -+ *02 &-;23 .-<3* ;', 32>2 3,21 -) the ground that Sunga’s cause of action was based on ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: )-* J<',(h12&(.*: ')1 *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 <)123 *02 8(>(& 8-12# P02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 1(,7(,,21 *02 *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* 6'&>' ')1 '1Q<1521 8'&'&', &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, *- 6<)5'# @,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 )25&(52).2 -+ o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`LLi M2 1- )-* *0()/ ,-# Several factors militate against petitioner’s contention.

T(3,*: ', +-<)1 =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, : *02 Q22%)29 ;', )-* %3-%23&9 %'3/21: (*, 32'3 %-3*(-) =2()5 2F%-,21 '=-<* *;- 72*23, +3-7 *02 =3-'1 ,0-<&123, -+ *02 0(50;'9: ')1 +'.()5 *02 7(11&2 -+ *02 0(50;'9 () ' 1('5-)'& ')5&2# P0(, (, ' >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 _#I# N-# K!HZ: ', '72)121: -3 *02 ^')1 P3'),%-3*'*(-) ')1 P3'++(. 8-12# Second, it is undisputed that petitioner’s driver took in more passengers than the

'&&-;21 ,2'*()5 .'%'.(*9 -+ *02 Q22%)29: ' >(-&'*(-) -+ vHAb'$ -+ *02 ,'72 &';# P02 +'.* *0'* 6<)5' ;', ,2'*21 () ') E2F*2),(-) ,2'*E %&'.21 023 () ' %23(& 532'*23 *0') *0'* *- ;0(.0 *02 -*023 %',,2)523, ;232 2F%-,21# P0232+-32: )-* -)&9 ;', %2*(*(-)23 <)'=&2 *- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 (7%-,21 -) 0(7 +-3 *02 ()Q<39 ,<,*'()21 =9 6<)5': =<* '&,-: *02 2>(12).2 ,0-;, 02 ;', '.*<'&&9 )25&(52)* () *3'),%-3*()5 %',,2)523,#

We find it hard to give serious thought to petitioner’s contention that Sunga’s

*'/()5 ') E2F*2),(-) ,2'*E '7-<)*21 *- ' ) (7%&(21 ',,<7%*(-) -+ 3(,/# @ * (, '/() *'35<()5 *0'* *02 ()Q<3(2, *- *02 7')9 >(.*(7, -+ * 02 *3'521(2, () -<3 ,2', ,0-<&1 )-* =2 .-7%2),'*21 7232&9 =2.'<,2 *0-,2 %',,2)523, ',,<721 ' 532'*23 3(,/ -+ 13-;)()5 =9 =-'31()5 ') ->23&-'121 +2339# P0is is also true of petitioner’s contention that the jeepney being bumped while it ;', (7%3-%23&9 %'3/21 .-),*(*<*2, .',- +-3*<(*-# I .',- +-3*<(*- (, ') 2>2)* ;0(.0 .-<&1 )-* =2 +-32,22): -3 ;0(.0: *0-<50 +-32,22): ;', ()2>(*'=&2#P0(, 32J<(32, *0'* *02 +-&&-;()5 32J<(3272)*, =2 %32,2)*U b'$ *02 .'<,2 -+ *02 =32'.0 (, ()12%2)12)* of the debtor’s will; (b) the event is unforeseeable or unavoidable; (c) the event is

,<.0 ', *- 32)123 (* (7%-,,(=&2 +-3 *02 12=*-3 *- +<&+(&& 0(, -=&(5'*(-) () ' )-37'& 7'))23: ')1 b1$ *02 12=*-3 1(1 )-* *'/2 %'3* () .'<,()5 *02 ()Q<39 *- *02 .321(*-3# ?2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 0'>2 +-32,22) *02 1')523 -+ %'3/()5 0(, Q22%)29 ;(*0 (*, =-19 %3-*3<1()5 *;- 72*23, ()*- *02 0(50;'9#

Negligence or intentional assault by carrier’s employee

d#_# N-# ^hYCHK N->27=23 !Y: !DLL .VLM8:63 3- ;8 K6::3.VE 84 3:-E C?)0%*0AA1N)CC"??""1E G1- [3M6:3 L36:LV3; .V[J3MdE &"A"%&)%*N)CC"??)%*-

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0'>2 '.*21 =29-)1 *02 ,.-%2 -+ *02(3 '<*0-3(*9 -3 () >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 -3123, -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23,# P02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23, 1-2, )-* .2',2 <%-) %3--+ *0'* *029 2F23.(,21 '&& *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9 () *02 ,2&2.*(-) ')1 ,<%23>(,(-) -+ *02(3 27%&-922,# bI3*# !`LD$ V2+2)1')*h'%%2&&')* 32&(2, ,-&2&9 -) *02 3<&()5 2)<).('*21 () d(&&'.- ># R')(&' _'(&3-'1 8-#: D` ?0(&# YYK: *0'* *02 .'33(23 (, <)123 )- '=,-&<*2 &('=(&(*9 +-3 ',,'<&*, -+ (*, 27%&-922, <%-) *02 %',,2)523,# P02 '**2)1')* +'.*, ')1 .-)*3-&&()5 &'; -+ *0'* .',2 ')1 *02 -)2 '* ='3 '32 >239 1(++232)* 0-;2>23# @) *02 d(&&'.- .',2: *02 %',,2)523 ;', /(&&21 -<*,(12 *02 ,.-%2 ')1 *02 .-<3,2 -+ 1<*9 -+ *02 5<(&*9 27%&-922# I, *0(, 8-<3* *0232 +-<)1U

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',,'<&*, -) %',,2)523, .-77(**21 =9 (*, 13(>23, 32,*, 2(*023 -) b!$ *02 1-.*3()2 -+ 32,%-)12'* ,<%23(-3 -3 bA$ *02 %3().(%&2 *0'* (* (, *02 .'33(23S, (7%&(21 1<*9 **3'),%-3* *02 %',,2)523 ,'+2&9# \)123 *02 +(3,*: ;0(.0 (, *02 7()-3(*9 >(2;: * 02 .'33(23 (, &('=&2 -)&9 ;02) *02 ' .* -+ *02 27%&-922 (, ;(*0() *02 ,.-%2 -+ 0(, '<*0-3(*9 ')1 1<*9# @* (, )-* ,<++(.(2)* *0'* *02 '.* =2 ;(*0() *02 .-<3,2 -+ 27%&-972)* -)&9# \)123 *02 ,2.-)1 >(2;: <%02&1 =9 *02 7'Q-3(*9 ') 1 '&,- =9 *02 &'*23 .', 2,: (* (, 2)-<50 *0'* *02 ',,'<&* 0'%%2), ;(*0() *02 .-<3,2 -+ *02 27%&-922S, 1<*9# @* (, )12+2),2 +-3 *02 .'33(23 *0'* *02 '.* ;', 1-)2 () 2F.2,, -+ '<*0-3(*9 -3 () 1(,-=21(2).2 -+ *02 .'33(23S, -3123,# P02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 0232 (, '=,-&<*2 () *02 ,2),2 *0'* (* %3'.*(.'&&9 ,2.<32, *02 %',,2)523, +3-7 ',,'<&*, .-77(**21 =9 (*, -;) 27%&-922, K-L- M$- :NOOISU V#*$F"/ SE RPTO

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=9 *02 32,%-)12)* .-<3*: *02 %2*(*(-)23 +' (&21 *- ->23*03-; ,<.0 %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 ;(*0 .&2'3 ')1 .-)>().()5 2>(12).2#

R->()5 +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) -+ *02 '=->2 12.(,(-): *02 ?N_ 3'(,21 +-3 *02 +(3,* *(72: ', ' 12+2),2: *02 1-.*3()2 -+ ,*'*2 (77<)(*9 +3-7 ,<(*# @* '&&2521 *0'* (* (, ' 7232 '52).9 -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 5->23)72)* ;(*0-<* 1(,*().* -3 ,2%'3'*2 %23,-)'&(*9 -+ (*, -;): ')1 *0'* (*, +<)1, '32 5->23)72)*'& () .0'3'.*23 ')1: *0232+-32: )-* ,<=Q2.* *5'3)(,072)* -3 2F2.<*(-)# P02 7-*(-) ;', 12)(21G *02 32,%-)12)* .-<3* 3<&21 *0'* *02 53-<)1 '1>').21 .-<&1 )-* =2 3'(,21 +-3 *02 +(3,* *(72 -) '%%2'&# ]2).2: *0(, %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2;#

c<* ;0(&2 %2*(*(-)23 +'(&21 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', 32J<(321 =9 &';: (* '%%2'3, *0'* *02 12.2',21 ;', .0'352'=&2 ;(*0 .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2# 6().2 02 -%*21 *- ,(* -) *02 -%2) %&'*+-37 =2*;22) *02 .-'.02, -+ *02 *3'(): 02 ,0-<&1 0'>2 02&1 *(50*&9 ')1 *2)'.(-<,&9 -) *02 <%3(50* 72*'& ='3 +-<)1 '* *02 ,(12 -+ ,'(1 %&'*+-37 *- '>-(1 +'&&()5 -++ +3-7 *02 ,%221()5 *3'()#

@,,<2U MON *02 1-.*3()2 -+ ,*'*2 (77<)(*9 +3-7 ,<(* (, '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 %32,2)* .',2i

.8!3L :- 6!33.E C?)0%*0AAN)CC"??)%*E G1- 3- :- 3[[8M 4L3M!JVL4346VM .V-E 6M.-E &"A"%&)%*N)CC"??""-

K-L- M$- :NPQUR 3>D>1* ,IE RPOU

cI\P@6PI INdXÔ: B#U ]2&1U N-# P02 %2*(*(-) (, 12>-(1 -+ 723(*# P02 ?N_ ;', .32'*21 <)123 _2 %# I.* K!LZ: ', '72)121# 62.*(-) K -+ *02 ,'(1 I.* %3->(12,U P02 ?0(&(%%()2 )'*(-)'& _'(&;'9, ,0'&& 0'>2 *02 +-&&-;()5 %-;23,U '# P- 1- '&& ,<.0 -*023 *0()5, ')1 *- *3'),'.* '&& ,<.0 =<,()2,, 1(32.*&9 -3 ()1(32.*&9 )2.2,,'39: ().(12)*'& -3 .-)1<.(>2 *- *02 '**'()72)* -+ *02 %<3%-,2 -+ *02 .-3%-3'*(-)G ')1 =# d2)23'&&9: *- 2F23.(,2 '&& %-;23, -+ ' .-3%-3'*(-) <)123 *02 8-3%-3'*(-) ^';# \)123 *02 +-325-()5 ,2.*(-): *02 ?N_ 0', '&& *02 %-;23,: *02 .0'3'.*23(,*(., ')1 '**3(=<*2, -+ ' .-3%-3'*(-) <)123 *02 8-3%-3'*(-) ^';# P0232 .') =2 )- J<2,*(-) *02) *0'* *02 ?N_ 7'9 ,<2 ')1 =2 ,<21 ')1 7'9 =2 ,<=Q2.*21 *- .-<3* %3-.2,,2, Q<,* &(/2 ')9 -*023 .-3%-3'*(-)# P02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* +-<)1: *02 %2*(*(-)23 1-2, )-* 12)9: *0'* *02 *3'() =-'3121 =9 *02 12.2',21 M()(+321- P<%')5 ;', ,- ->23h.3-;121 *0'* 02 ')1 7')9 -*023 %',,2)523, 0'1 )- .0-(.2 =<* *- ,(* -) *02 -%2) %&'*+-37, =2*;22) *02 .-'.02, -+ *02 *3'()# @* (, &(/2;(,2 <)1(,%<*21 *0'* *02 *3'() 1(1 )-* 2>2) ,&-; 1-;) ;02) (* '%%3-'.021 *02 @9'7 c3(152 ;0(.0 ;', <)123 32% '(3 '* *02 *(72: N2(*023 1(1 * 02 *3'() ,*-%: 12,%(*2 *02 '&'37 3'(,21 =9 -*023 %',,2)523, *0'* ' %23,-) 0'1 +'&&2) -++ *02 *3'() '* &9'7 c3(152# P02 %2*(*(-)23 0', *02 -=&(5'*(-) *- *3'),%-3* (*, %',,2)523, *- *02(3 12,*()'*(-), ')1 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () 1-()5 ,- # V2'*0 -3 ')9 ()Q<39 ,<++2321 =9 ')9 -+ (*, %',,2)523, 5(>2, 3(,2 *- *02 %32,<7%*(-) *0'* (* ;', )25&(52)* () *02 %23+-37').2 -+ (*, -=&(5'*(-) <)123 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# P0<,: ', .-332.*&9 3<&21

TI8P6U I# ^# I772) P3'),%-3*'*(-) 8-#: @).# (, ' .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () *02 =<,()2,, -+ *3'),%-3*()5 %',,2)523, =9 &')1 +-3 .-7%2),'*(-) () *02 c(.-& %3->().2, ')1 -)2 -+ *02 &()2, (* -%23'*2, (, *02 -)2 .-))2.*()5 ^25',%( 8(*9: I&='9 ;(*0 N'5' 8(*9: 8'7'3()2, 6<3# O)2 -+ *02 =<,2, ;0(.0 12+2)1')* ;', -%23'*()5 (, c<, N-# H!# O) R'9 H!: !DL!: %&'()*(++ =-'3121 ,'(1 =<, ', ' %',,2)523 %'9()5 *02 32J<(321 +'32 +3-7 ^(5'-: I&='9 =-<)1 +-3 ?(&(: 8'7'3()2, 6<3: =<* =2+-32 32'.0()5 0(, 12,*()'*(-): *02 =<, .-&&(121 ;(*0 ' 7-*-3 >20(.&2 -+ *02 %(./h<% *9%2 .-7()5 +3-7 *02 -%%-,(*2 1(32.*(-): ', ' 32,<&* -+ ;0(.0 %&'()*(++S, &2+* '37 ;', .-7%&2*2&9 ,2>2321 ')1 *02 ,2>2321 %-3*(-) +2&& (),(12 *02 =<,# I, ') '+*237'*0: %&'()*(++ =3-<50* *0(, '.*(-) '5'(),* 12+2)1')*, +-3 1'7'52, '&&25()5 *0'* *02 .-&&(,(-) ;0(.0 32,<&*21 () *02 &-,, -+ 0(, &2+* '37 ;', 7'()&9 1<2 **02 53-,, ().-7%2*2).2 ')1 32./&2,,)2,, -+ *02 13(>23 -+ *02 =<, -%23'*21 =9 12+2)1')* ')1 *0'* 12+2)1')* ().<3321 () .<&%' .-)*3'.*<'& '3(,()5 +3-7 (*, )-)h .-7%&(').2 ;(*0 (*, -=&(5'*(-) *- *3'),%-3* %&'()*(++ ,'+2&9 *- 0(,: 12,*()'*(-)# V2+2)1')* ,2* <% ', ,%2.('& 12+2),2 *0'* *02 ()Q<39 ,<++2321 =9 %&'()*(++ ;', 1<2 2)*(32&9 *- *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 13(>23 -+ *02 %(./h<% .'3 ;0(.0 .-&&(121 ;(*0 *02 =<, 13(>2) =9 (*, 13(>23 ')1 *- * 02 .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2 -+ %&'()*(++ 0(7,2&+# V2+2)1')* +<3*023 .&'(7, *0'* *02 '..(12)* ;0(.0 32,<&*21 () *02 ()Q<39 -+ %&'()*(++ (, -)2 ;0(.0 12+2)1')* .-<&1 )-* +-32,22 -3: *0-<50 +-32,22): ;', ()2>(*'=&2# P02 '+*23 *3('& +-<)1 *0'* *02 .-&&(,(-) -..<3321 1<2 *- *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 13(>23 -+ *02 %(./h<% .'3 ')1 )-* *- *0'* -+ *02 13(>23 -+ *02 =<, (* '%%2'3()5 *0'* *02 &'**23 1(1 2>239*0()5 02 .-<&1 *- '>-(1 *02 ,'72 =<* *0'* )-*;(*0,*')1()5 0(, 2++-3*,: 02 ;', )-* '=&2 *- '>-(1 (*# I, ' .-),2J<2).2: *02 .-<3* 1(,7(,,21 .-7%&'()*: ;(*0 .-,*, '5'(),* %&'()*(++# P0(, (, ') '%%2'& +3-7 ,'(1 12.(,(-)#

!!A

@66\XU ]', 12+2)1')* -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 -3 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ 2>239 .'<*(-<, %23,-): 0'>()5 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& .(3.<7,*').2,: () '>-(1()5 *02 .-&&(,(-) ;0(.0 32,<&*21 () *02 ()Q<39 .'<,21 *- *02 %&'()*(++i ]X^VU 4X6#: *02 12+2)1')* 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 *- '>-(1 *02 .-&&(,(-)# 8(*21 I3*(.&2,U !`HH: !`LL: !`LZ T3-7 *02 '=->2 &25'& %3->(,(-),: ;2 .') 7'/2 *02 +-&&-;()5 32,*'*272)* -+ *02 %3().(%&2, 5->23)()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23U b!$ *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ ' .' 33(23 (, .-)*3'.*<'& ')1 '3(,2, <%-) =32'.0 -+ (*, -=&(5'*(-)# P0232 (, =32'.0 (+ (* +'(&, *2F23* 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 '..-31()5 *- '&& .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2G bA$ ' .'33(23 (, -=&(521 *- .'339 (*, %',,2)523 ;(*0 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ ' >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-): 0'>()5 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,G bH$ ' .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *- =2 '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9 () .',2 -+ 12'*0 -+: -3 ()Q<39 *-: %',,2)523,: (* =2()5 (*, 1<*9 *- %3->2 *0'* (* 2F23.(,21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2G ')1 bK$ *02 .'33(23 (, )-* ') (),<323 '5'(),* '&& 3(,/, -+ *3'>2&# @* '%%2'3, *0'* c<, N-# H!: (7721('*2 &9 %3(-3 *- *02 .-&&(,(-): ;', 3<))()5 '* ' 7-123'*2 ,%221 =2.'<,2 (* 0'1 Q<,* ,*-%%21 '* *02 ,.0--& [-)2 -+ R'*'.-)5: ?-&')5<(: I&='9# P02 %(./h<% .'3 ;', '* +<&& ,%221 ')1 ;', 3<))()5 -<*,(12 -+ (*, %3-%23 &')2# P02 13(>23 -+ *02 =<,: <%-) ,22()5 *02 7'))23 () ;0(.0 *02 %(./h<% ;', *02) 3<))()5: ,;23>21 *02 =<, *- *02 >239 2F*3272 3(50* -+ *02 3-'1 <)*(& (*, +3-)* ')1 32'3 ;022&, 0'>2 5-)2 ->23 *02 %(&2 -+ ,*-)2, -3 53'>2& ,(*<'*21 -) *02 3'7%'3* -+ *02 3-'1# 6'(1 13(>23 .-<&1 )-* 7->2 *02 =<, +'3*023 3(50* ')1 3<) ->23 ' 532'*23 %-3*(-) -+ *02 %(&2: *02 %2'/ -+ ;0(.0 ;', '=-<* H +22* 0(50: ;(*0-<* 2)1')523()5 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ 0(, %',,2)523,# I)1 )-*;(*0,*')1()5 '&& *02,2 2++-3*,: *02 32'3 &2+* ,(12 -+ *02 =<, ;', 0(* =9 *02 %(./h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b!H 8# B# 6#: !K!AG !C 8# B#:D`C$# 8-),(123()5 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ;2 '32 %23,<'121 *- .-).&<12 *0'* *02 13(>23 -+ *02 =<, 0', 1-)2 ;0'* ' %3<12)* 7') .-<&1 0'>2 1-)2 *- '>-(1 *02 .-&&(,(-) ')1 () -<3 -%()(-) *0(, 32&(2>2, '%%2&&22 +3-7 &25(=(&(*9 <)123 -<3 &';# I .(3.<7,*').2, ;0(.0 7(&(*'*2, '5'(),* *02 ,*')1 -+ '%%2&&')* (, *02 +'.* =-3)2 -<* =9 *02 2>(12).2 *0'* ;02) 02 =-'3121 *02 =<, () J<2,*(-): 02 ,2'*21 0(7,2&+ -) *02 &2+* ,(12 *0232-+ 32,*()5 0(, &2+* '37 -) *02 ;()1-; ,(&& =<* ;(*0 0(, &2+* 2&=-;

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bI3*(.&2 !`ZA: )2; 8(>(& 8-12$: =<* *0(, (, ' .(3.<7,*').2 ;0(.0 +<3*023 7(&(*'*2, '5'(),* *02 %-,(*(-) *'/2) =9 '%%2&&')* () *0(, .',2#

@)Q<39 *- %',,2)523 1<2 *- '.*, -+ .-h%',,2)523 -3 ,*3')523 (3.98:VL 8lJL8!! g .3

T'.*,U P02 2>(12).2 ,0-;, *0'* *02 =<, .'72 +3-7 V'>'- 8(*9 -) (*, ;'9 *- 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9 %',,()5 c<*<') 8(*9G *0'* ;0(&2 '* P'=-)hP'=-): c<*<') 8(*9: *02 =<, %(./21 <% ' %',,2)523G *0'* '=-<* +(+*22) b!L$ 7()<*2, &'*23: ' %',,2)523 '* *02 32'3 %-3*(-) ,<112)&9 ,*'==21 ' ?8 ,-&1(23 ;0(.0 .'<,21 .-77-*(-) ')1 %')(. '7-)5 *02 %',,2)523,G *0'* ;02) *02 =<, ,*-%%21: %',,2)523, O3)-7()(- c2*23 ')1 N'3.(,' _'<*3'<* ;232 +-<)1 &9()5 1-;) *02 3-'1: *02 +-3723 '&32'19 12'1 ', ' 32,<&* -+ 02'1 ()Q<3(2, ')1 *02 &'**23 '&,- ,<++23()5 +3-7 ,2>232 ()Q<3(2, ;0(.0 .'<,21 023 12'*0 &'*23# P02 %',,2)523 ',,'(&')* '&(50*21 +3-7 *02 =<, ')1 3') *-;'31 *02 =<,02, =<* ;', /(&&21 =9 *02 %-&(.2# P0232'+*23: *02 02(3, -+ O 3)-7()(c2*23 ')1 N'3.(,' _'<*3'<*: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 0232() b_(.'31- c2*23 ')1 6235(' c2*23 '32 *02 %'32)*, -+ O3)-7()(- ;0(&2 P2-+(&- _'<*3'<* ')1 p-2*23' f,0-<&1 =2 p-*23'g _'<*3'<* '32 *02 %'32)*, -+ N'3.(,'$ +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 E, <7 -+ 7-)29E '5'(),* c'.02&-3 XF%32,,: @).# (*, '&&2521 -;)23 6'7,-) 4','9 ')1 *02 13(>23 _(>23'# P02 %2*(*(-)23, 12)(21 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 12'*0 =2.'<,2 ', *02 13(>23 ;', '=&2 **3'),%-3* 0(, %',,2)523, ,'+2&9 *- *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 %&'.2, -+ 12,*()'*(-) 2F.2%* *02 *;- ;0- Q<7%21 -++ *02 =<, ;(*0-<* *02 /)-;&2152 ')1 .-),2)*# _P8h 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()* 8Ih *3('& .-<3*S, 12.(,(-) ;', 32>23,21 ')1 ,2* ',(12# P029 .-)*2)1 *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 12'*0 ;', *02 '.* -+ *02 %',,2)523 ;0- 3') '7<./ ')1 ,*'==21 ')-*023 %',,2)523 -+ *02 =<,# P029 .-)*2)1 *0'* *02 ,*'==()5 ().(12)* *3(552321 -++ *02 .-77-*(-) ')1 %')(. '7-)5 *02 %',,2)523, ;0- %<,021 -)2 ')-*023 ')1 *0'* %32,<7'=&9 -<* -+ +2'3 ')1 7->21 =9 *0'* 0<7') (),*().* -+ ,2&+h%32,23>'*(-)# I&,- %2*(*(-)23, 7'()*'() *0'* *02 13(>23 -+ *02

!!H

=<,: =2+-32: 1<3()5 ')1 '+*23 *02 ().(12)* ;', 13(>()5 .'<*(-<,&9 5(>()5 1<2 325'31 *- *3'++(. 3<&2,: &';, ')1 325<&'*(-),# P02 %2*(*(-)23, '&,- '35<2 *0'* *029 '32 )-* (),<323, -+ *02(3 %',,2)523, ', 3<&21 =9 *02 *3('& .-<3*# @,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 %2*(*(-)23S, .-77-) .'33(23 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 *- ,'+25<'31 *02 &(>2, -+ (*, %',,2)523, ]2&1U NO# P0232 (, )-*0()5 () *02 32.-31 *- ,<%%-3* *02 .-).&<,(-) *0'* *02 ,-&(*'39 1--3 -+ *02 =<, ;', &-./21 ', *- %32>2)* *02 %',,2)523, +3-7 %',,()5 *03-<50# P02 3<))()5 '7<./ -+ *02 %',,2)523 ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 ().(12)* ', (* *3(552321 -++ ' .-77-*(-) ')1 %')(. '7-)5 *02 %',,2)523, ,<.0 *0'* *02 %',,2)523, ,*'3*21 3<))()5 *- *02 ,-&2 2F(* ,0->()5 2'.0 -*023 32,<&*()5 () *02 +'&&()5 -++ *02 =<, =9 %',,2)523, c2*23 ')1 _'<*3'<* .'<,()5 *027 +'*'& ()Q<3(2,# P02 ,<112) '.* -+ *02 %',,2)523 ;0- ,*'==21 ')-*023 %',,2)523 () *02 =<, (, ;(*0() *02 .-)*2F* -+ +-3.2 7'Q2<32# 8-),(123()5 *02 +'.*<'& +()1()5, -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,h*02 =<, 13(>23 1(1 )-* (7721('*2&9 ,*-% *02 =<, '* *02 02(50* -+ *02 .-77-*(-)G *02 =<, ;', ,%221()5 +3-7 ' +<&& ,*-%G *02 >(.*(7, +2 && +3-7 *02 =<, 1--3 ;02) (* ;', -%2)21 -3 5'>2 ;'9 ;0(&2 *02 =<, ;', ,*(&& 3<))()5G *02 .- )1<.*-3 %')(./21 ')1 =&2; 0(, ;0(,*&2 ' +*23 %2-%&2 0'1 '&32'19 +'&&2) -++ *02 =<,G ')1 *02 =<, ;', )-* %3-%23&9 2J<(%%21 ;(*0 1--3, () '..-31').2 ;(*0 &';h(* (, .&2'3 *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23, 0'>2 +'(&21 *- ->23.-72 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ +'<&* ')1 )25&(52).2 +-<)1 () *02 &'; 5->23)()5 .-77-) .'33(23,# n P02 3<))()5 '7<./ -+ *02 %',, 2)523 ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 ().(12)*: 0-;2>23: () -3123 *0'* ' .-77-) .'33(23 7'9 =2 '=,-&>21 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 () .',2 -+ +-3.2 7'Q2<32: *02 .-77-) .'33(23 7<,* ,*(&& %3->2 *0'* (* ;', )-* )25&(52)* () .'<,()5 *02 ()Q<3(2, 32,<&*()5 +3-7 ,<.0 '..(12)*# 2VL47M8 8lJL8!!E 6M.-E J"*0*0$%"/E G- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E J37:68 7- .3VLVMKE )%& <0%$/ #+0?&/"% d3!!8L j6MK .3VLVMKE LV!8 986MM6 )%& JL6M.8 3:8l3M;8LE )?? 1>/%)<"& .3VLVMKE )%& /"C/"1"%*"& FB *+"0/ <$*+"/ J37:68 7.3VLVMKE L"1C$%&"%*1-

fd#_# N-# !!D`LZ# R'3.0 !Y: !DDDg P-%(.U @)Q<39 *- %',,2)523 1<2 *- '.*, -+ .-h%',,2)523 -3 ,*3')523 T'.*,U ?2*(*(-)23 (, ' =<, .-7%')9 () )-3*023) R()1')'- # ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ?'<&(2 8'-3-)5 (, *02 ;(1-; -+ I**9# 8'-3-)5: ;0(&2 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 4',,23 j()5: _-,2 ]2())(: ')1 ?3().2 I&2F')123 '32 *02(3 7()-3 .0(&132)#

I =<, -+ %2*(*(-)23 +(5<321 () ') '..(12)* ;(*0 ' Q22%)29 () j'<,;'5'): ^')'- 12& N-3*2: 32,<&*()5 () *02 12'*0 -+ ,2>23'& %',,2)523, -+ *02 Q22%)29: ().&<1()5 *;R'3')'-,# 83(,')*- d2)23'&'-: ' >-&<)*223 +(2&1 '52)* -+ *02 8-),*'=<&'39 _25(-)'& 62.<3(*9 \)(* N-# m: .-)1<.*21 ') ()>2,*(5'*(-) -+ *02 '..(12)*# ]2 +-<)1 *0'* *02 -;)23 -+ *02 Q22%)29 ;', ' R'3')'- 32,(1()5 () V2&'='9'): ^')'- 12& N-3*2 ')1 *0'* .23*'() R'3')'-, ;232 %&'))()5 *- *'/2 32>2)52 -) *02 %2*(*(-)23 =9 =<3)()5 ,-72 -+ (*, =<,2,# d2)23'&'- 32)12321 ' 32%-3* -) 0(, +()1()5, *- 65*# _29)'&1c',*',' -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-),*'=<&'39 _25(-)'& ]2'3J<'3*23, '* 8'5'9') 12 O3-# \%-) *02 (),*3<.*(-) -+ 65*# c',*',': 02 ;2)* *- ,22 V(-,1'1- c3'>-: -%23'*(-), 7')'523 -+ %2*(*(-)23: '* (*, 7'() -++ (.2 () 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9# c3'>- ' ,,<321 0(7 *0'* *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), *- (),<32 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ &(>2, ')1 %3-%23*9 ;-<&1 =2 *'/2)# 6<=,2J<2)*&9: *0322 '3721 R'3')'-, ;0- %32*2)121 *- =2 %',,2)523,: ,2([21 ' =<, -+ %2*(*(-)23 '* ^()'7-): ^')'- 12& N-3*2 ;0(&2 -) (*, ;'9 *- @&(5') 8(*9# I7-)5 *02 %',,2)523, -+ *02 =<, ;', I**9# 8'-3-)5# P02 &2'123 -+ *02 R'3')'-,: (12)*(+(21 ', -)2 c',0(23 R')')55-&-: -312321 *02 13(>23: d-1-+321- 8'='*<'): *- ,*-% *02 =<, -) *02 ,(12 -+ *02 0 (50;'9# R')')55-&- *02) ,0-* 8'='*<') -) *02 '37: ;0(.0 .'<,21 0(7 *- ,&<7% -) *02 ,*223()5 ;022&# P02) -)2 -+ *02 .-7%')(-), -+ R')')55-&- ,*'3*21 %-<3()5 5',-&()2 (),(12 *02 =<,: ', *02 -*023 02&1 *02 %',,2)523, '* ='9 ;(*0 ' 0')15<)# R')')55-&- *02) -312321 *02 %',,2)523, *- 52* -++ *02 =<,# P02 %',,2)523,: ().&<1()5 I**9# 8'-3-)5: ,*2%%21 -<* -+ *02 =<, ')1 ;2)* =20()1 *02 =<,02, () ' +(2&1 ,-72 1(,*').2 +3-7 *02 0(50;'9#]-;2>23: I**9# 8'-3-)5 32*<3)21 *- *02 =<, *- 32*3(2>2 , -72*0()5 +3-7 *02 ->2302'1 3'./# I* *0'* *(72: -)2 -+ *02 '3721 72) ;', %-<3()5 5',-&()2 -) *02 02'1 -+ *02 13(>23# 8'='*<'): ;0- 0'1 72')*(72 325'()21 .-),.(-<,)2,,: 02'31 I**9# 8'-3-)5 %&2'1()5 ;(*0 *02 '3721 72) *- ,%'32 *02 13(>23 ', 02 ;', ())-.2)* -+ ' )9 ;3-)5 1-()5 ')1 ;', -)&9 *39()5 *- 7'/2 ' &(>()5# P02 '3721 72) ;232: 0-;2>23: '1'7')* ', *029 32%2'*21 *02(3 ;'3) ()5 *0'* *029 ;232 5-()5 *- =<3) *02 =<, '&-)5 ;(*0 (*, 13(>23# V<3()5 *0(, 2F.0')52 =2*;22) I**9# 8'-3-)5 ')1 *02 ',,'(&')*,: 8'='*<') .&(7=21 -<* -+ *02 &2+* ;()1-; -+ *02 =<, ')1 .3';&21 *- *02 .')'& -) *02 -%%-,(*2 ,(12 -+ *02 0(50;'9# ]2 02'31 ,0-*, +3-7 (),(12 *02 =<,# ^'339 12 &' 83<[: -)2 -+ *02 %',,2)523,: ,'; *0'* I**9# 8'-3-)5 ;', 0(*# P02) *02 =<, ;', ,2* -) +(32# 6-72 -+ *02 %',,2)523, ;232 '=&2 *- %<&& I**9# 8'-3-)5 -<* -+ *02 =<3)()5 =<, ')1 3<,0 0(7 *- *02 R23.9 8-77<)(*9 ]-,%(*'& () @&(5') 8(*9: =<* 02 1(21 ;0(&2 <)1235-()5 -%23'*(-)# P02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, =3-<50* *0(, ,<(* + -3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 () *02 _P8# _P8U V(,7(,,21# P02 +'.* *0'* 12+2)1')*: *03-<50 O%23'*(-), R')'523 V(-,1'1c3'>-: ;', ()+-3721 -+ *02 3<7-3, *0'* *02 R-,&27, ()*2)121 *- *'/2 32>2)52 =9 =<3)()5 +(>2 =<,2, -+ 12+2)1')* (, 2,*'=&(,021 ,().2 *02 &'**23 '&,- <*(&([21 83(,')*d2)23'&'-, ', ' ;(*)2,,# 42* 12,%(*2 *0(, ()+-37'*(-): *02 %&'()*(++, .0'352: 12+2)1')* 1(1 )-* *'/2 %3-%23 %32.'<*(-),# # # # 8-),2J<2)*&9: %&'()*(++, )-; +'<&* *02 12+2)1')* +-3 (5)-3()5 *02 32%-3*# P02(3 %-,(*(-) (, *0'* *02 12+2)1')* ,0-<&1

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0'>2 %3->(121 (*, =<,2, ;(*0 ,2.<3(*9 5<'31,# V-2, *02 &'; 32J<(32 .-77-) .'33(23, *- (),*'&& ,2.<3(*9 5<'31, () (*, =<,2, +-3 *02 %3-*2.*(-) ')1 ,'+2*9 -+ (*, %',,2)523,i @, *02 +'(&<32 *- %-,* 5<'31, ') -7(,,(-) -+ *02 1<*9 *- 2F23.(,2 *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ *02 +'7(&9 ;0(.0 .-<&1 0'>2 %32>2)*21 *02 /(&&()5 -+ I**9# 8'-3-)5i P- -<3 7()1: *02 1(&(52).2 127')121 =9 &'; 1-2, )-* ().&<12 *02 %-,*()5 -+ ,2.<3(*9 5<'31, () =<,2,# @* (, ') -=&(5'*(-) *0'* %3-%23&9 =2&-)5, *- *02 6*'*2# c2,(12,: ;(&& *02 %32,2).2 -+ -)2 -3 *;- ,2.<3(*9 5<'31, ,<++(.2 *- 12*23 ' 12*237()21 ',,'<&* -+ *02 &';&2,, ')1 *0<, %32>2)* *02 ()Q<39 .-7%&'()21 -+i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h'%%2&&22 *- %3-*2.* (*, ())-.2)* %',,2)523, +3-7 *02 1')523 '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 R'3')'- *032'*,# @,,<2U !# MON %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ I**9# 8'-3-)5 A# MON ,2([<32 -+ ?2*(*(-)23, c<, ' 8',2 -+ T-3.2 R'Q2<32 H# MON 12.2',21 )-* 5<(&*9 -+ .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2 ]2&1U !# 42,# I3*# !`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c3'>-: *0'* *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), ;-<&1 =2 *'/2): %2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-*0()5 *- %3-*2.* *02 ,'+2*9 -+ (*, %',,2)523,# ]'1 %2*(*(-)23 ')1 (*, 27%&-922, =22) >(5(&')* *029 ;-<&1 )-* 0'>2 +'(&21 *- ,22 *0'* *02 7'&2+'.*-3, 0'1 ' &'352 J<')*(*9 -+ 5',-&()2 ;(*0 *027# \)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ,(7%&2 %32.'<*(-)'39 72',<32, *- %3-*2.* *02 ,'+2*9 -+ %',,2)523,: ,<.0 ', +3(,/()5 %',,2)523, ')1 (),%2.*()5 *02(3 ='55'52,: %32+23'=&9 ;(*0 )-)h

()*3<,(>2 5'152*, ,<.0 ', 72*'& 12*2.*-3,: =2+-32 '&&-;()5 *027 -) =-'31 .-<&1 0'>2 =22) 27%&-921 ;(*0-<* >(-&'*()5 *02 %',,2)523, .-),*(*<*(-)'& 3(50*,# T3-7 *02 +-325-()5: (* (, 2>(12)* *0'* %2*(*(-)23, 27%&-922, +'(&21 *- %32>2)* *02 '**'./ -) -)2 -+ %2*(*(-)23, =<,2, =2.'<,2 *029 1(1 )-* 2F23.(,2 *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ I**9# 8'-3-)5# A# N-# I3*# !`LL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* ' .-77-) .'33(23 (, =-<)1 *- .'339 *02 %',,2)523, ', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-): ;(*0 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,# @) *02 %32,2)* .',2: *02 +'.*-3 -+ <)+-32,22'=&(&(*9 (, &'./()5# I, '&32'19 ,*'*21: 12,%(*2 *02 32%-3* -+ ?8 '52)* d2)23'&'- *0'* *02 R'3')' -, ;232 %&'))()5 *- =<3) ,-72 - + %2*(*(-)23, =<,2, ')1 *02 ',,<3').2 -+ %2*(*(-)23, -%23'*(-), 7')'523 bV(-,1'1c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d G1- [3.3L63 (3::8!48LV!E 46[V48V .3[3dVE ZV!8 L8d8! )%& Z7:63M [36[(3ME ZL-

d#_# N-# ^h!D!Z!# I%3(& AD: !DZZ RIjI^@NPI^: B# TI8P6U ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 0232 bc'&&2,*23-,: 8'7'9-: _292 ,: R'(7=')$ ;232 %',,2)523, -) %2*(*(-)23S, bR')(&' _'(&3-'1 8-#$ =<,: *02 13(>23 -+ ;0(.0 ;', B-,2 I)',*'.(-# @) c'9-7=-)5: N<2>' o([.'9': I)',*'.(- ,*-%%21 *02 =<, ')1 5-* -++ *32%&'.2 ' 12+2.*(>2 ,%'3/ %&<5# M0(&2 02 ;', *0<, 2)5'521: -)2 V(-)(,(- I=2&&-: ') '<1(*-3 ',,(5)21 *- 12+2)1')* .-7%')9 =9 *02 d2)23'& I<1(*()5 O++(.2: *--/ *02 ;022& ')1 *-&1 *02 13(>23 *- ,(* ,-72;0232 2&,2# M(*0 I=2&&- 13(>()5: *02 =<, %3-.22121 -) (*, ;'9: +3-7 *(72 *- *(72 , *-%%()5 *- %(./ <% %',,2)523,# I)',*'.(*3(21 *;(.2 *- *'/2 *02 ;022& =' ./ =<* I=2&&- ;-<&1 )-* 32&()J<(,0 (*# P02) : () *02 &')5<'52 -+ *02 *3('& .-<3*: E;0(&2 *02 =<, ;', )25-*('*()5 =2*;22) j7# %-,*, HAY

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')1 HAD b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`ZH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ') 1 ,2.*(-) KY b=$ -+ *02 R-* -3 o20(.&2 ^';: ;0(.0 32,%2.*(>2&9 %3->(12 ', +-&&-;,U I3*# !`ZH# I .-77-) .'33(23 (, 32,%-),(=&2 + -3 ()Q<3(2, ,<++2321 =9 ' %',,2)52 3 -) '..-<)* -+ *02 ;(&+<&& '.*, -3 )25&(52).2 -+ -*023 %',,2)523, -3 -+ ,*3')523,: (+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23S, 27%&-922, *03-<50 *02 2F23.(,2 -+ *02 1(&(52).2 -+ ' 5--1 +'*023 -+ ' +'7(&9 .-<&1 0'>2 %32>2)*21 -3 ,*-%%21 *02 '.* -3 -7(,,(-)# 62.# KYb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o20(.&2 ^'; 0232()=2+-32 .(*21# P0232 ;-<&1 =2 )- %-()* () 5(>()5 *02 '%%2'& 1<2 .-<3,2#

![649 (8:: ;V;^8:: !96JJ6MK 3K8M.d .VLJVL346VME C"*0*0$%"/E G1- .343:6MV (VLZ3 )%& 6M48LM346VM3: 4V ^3K8 3M; 4L3M!JVL4 .VLJVL346VME /"1C$%&"%*1-

d#_# N-# !KHCCY B<)2 !C: ACCA ?INdIN@cIN: B# VO8P_@NX @)Q<39 *- ?',,2)523 V<2 *- I.*, -+ 8-h?',,2)523 -3 6*3')523# P02 -;)23 -3 *02 %23,-) () %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ ' >2,,2& (, &('=&2 +-3 '&& )'*<3'& ')1 %3-F(7'*2 1'7'52, .'<,21 *- %23,-), ')1 %3-%23*9 =9 32',-) -+ )25&(52).2 () (*, 7')'5272)* -3 )'>(5'*(-)# P02 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 & -,, -+ *02 2'3)()5 .'%'.(*9 -+ *02 12.2',21 (, +(F21 =9 *'/()5 ()*- '..-<)* *02 )2* ().-72 -+ *02 >(.*(7 '* *02 *(72 -+ 12'*0 hh -+ *02 ().(12)* () *0(, .',2 hh ')1 *0'* %23,-)S, %3-='=&2 &(+2 2F%2.*').9# NIP\_X OT ?XP@P@ON P0(, (, ' ?2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2; -) 823*(-3'3( .0'&&2)5()5 *02 8I V2.(,(-), '++(37()5 *02 _P8 V2.(,(-) ')1 12)9()5 *02 7-*(-) *- '%%2'&# TI8P6 67(*0 c2&& V-1;2&& 60(%%()5 I52).9 8-3%-3'*(-) b67(*0 c2&&$ h .-77-) .'33(23 @)*23)'*(-)'& *- M'52 ')1 P3'),%-3* 8-3%-3'*(-) b@PP8$ h -;)23 -+ *02 ='352 62%*27=23 AH: !DY` 67(*0 c2&& +(&21 ' ;3(**2) 32J<2,* ;(*0 *02 c<32'< -+ 8<,*-7, +-3 *02 '**2)1').2 -+ *02 &'**23S, (),%2.*(-) *2'7 -) >2,,2& ReP j()5 T'7(&9 ;0(.0 ;', 1<2 *- '33(>2 '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' -) 62%*27=23 AK: !DY`# ReP j()5 T'7(&9 .-)*'()21 `LC 72*3(. *-), -+ '&/9& =2)[2)2 ')1 72*09& 72*0'.39&'*2 7-)-723# 6<%23>(,()5 8<,*-7, @),%2.*-3 R')<2& R'# V# N'&5 ') (),*3<.*21 32,%-)12)* 8'*'&()- c-3Q' *- =-'31 ,'(1 >2,,2& ')1 %23+-37 0(, 1<*(2, ', (),%2.*-3 <%-) *02 >2,,2&S, '33(>'& <)*(& (*, 12%'3*<32# I* *0'* *(72: c-3Q' ;', ' .<,*-7, (),%2.*-3 -+ *02 c<32'< -+ 8<,*-7, 32.2(>()5 ' ,'&'39 -+ ?H!:!YY#AL %23 '))<7# I* I=-<* !! '#7#: 62%*27=23 AK: !DY` M0(&2 ReP j()5 T'7(&9 ;', <)&-'1()5 .027(.'&, <)*- A ='352, -;)21 =9 @PP8: ' ,<112) 2F%&-,(-) -..<3321 ,2**()5 *02 >2,,2&, '+(32# \%-) 02'3()5 *02 2F%&-,(-): fc-3Q'g: ;0- ;', '* *0'* *(72 (),(12 *02 .'=() %32%'3()5 32%-3*,: 3') -<*,(12 *.02./ ;0'* 0'%%2)21# I5'(): ')-*023 2F%&-,(-) ;', 02'31#

P02 ;3(* %3'921 +-3 (, 12)(21: ;(*0 .-,*, '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23#

!!Z

622()5 *02 +(32 ')1 +2'3()5 +-3 0(, &(+2: c-3Q' 0<33(21&9 Q<7%21 ->23 =-'31 *- ,'>2 0(7,2&+# ]-;2>23: *02 ;'*23 ;', &(/2;(,2 -) +(32 1<2 7'()&9 *- *02 ,%(&&21 .027(.'&,# V2,%(*2 *02 *3272)1-<, 02'*: c-3Q' ,;'7 0(, ;'9 +-3 ! 0-<3 <)*(& 02 ;', 32,.<21 =9 *02 %2-%&2 &(>()5 () *02 ,J<'**23,S '32' ')1 ,2)* *- 6') B<') V2 V(-, ]-,%(*'&# I+*23 ;22/, -+ ()*2),(>2 .'32 '* *02 0-,%(*'&: 0(, '**2)1()5 %09,(.(') 1('5)-,21 c-3Q' *- =2 %237')2)*&9 1(,'=&21 1<2 *- *02 ().(12)*# c-3Q' ,<++2321 *02 +-&&-;()5 1'7'52U ')1 ()Q<3(2,U Eb!$ .027(.'& =<3), -+ *02 +'.2 ')1 '37,G bA$ ()0'&'*(-) -+ +<72, +3-7 =<3)()5 .027(.'&,G bH$ 2F%-,<32 *- * 02 2&272)*, f;0(&2g +&-'*()5 () ,2' ;'*23 +-3 '=-<* *0322 bH$ 0-<3,G bK$ 0-7-)97-<, 027(')-%,(' -3 =&<33()5 -+ *02 3(50* 292 f;0(.0 ;', -+g %-,,(=&2 *-F(. -3(5()G ' )1 bL$ f.g232=3'& ()+3'.* ;(*0 )2-h>',.<&'3(['*(-): &2+* -..(%(*'& 325(-) ;(*0 3(50* ,(121 02'1'.02 ')1 *02 =&<33()5 -+ >(,(-) -+ 3(50* 292#E

A# M0'* (, *02 %3-%23 '7-<)* -+ &('=(&(*9i ]X^V !# 67(*0 c2&& (, &('=&2# T(3,*: *02 *2,*(7-)9 -+ (*, '&&2521 292;(*)2,, ;', ,*3(./2) -++ *02 32.-31 +-3 0(, +'(&<32 *- '%%2'3 +-3 .3-,,h2F'7()'*(-)# 62.-)1: *02 1-.<72)*, -++2321 *- %3->2 *0'* *02 +(32 -3(5()'*21 +3-7 ='352# P0<,: *0232 (, )-*0()5 () *02 32.-31 *- ,<%%-3* f%2*(*(-)23S,g .-)*2)*(-) *0'* *02 +(32 ')1 2F%&-,(-) -3(5()'*21 +3-7 ='352# P02 +()1()5, -+ *02 8I .-)*'() ,<=,*')*('& 2>(12).2 '&32'19# T<3*023: 67(*0 c2&& (, &('=&2 -) *02 53-<)1 -+ J<',(h12&(.*# P02 2&272)*, -+ J<',(h 12&(.* '32 ', +-&&-;,U '$ 1'7'52, ,<++2321 =9 *02 %&'()*(++G =$ +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 12+2)1')*G ')1

c-3Q' 7'12 127')1, '5'(),* 67(*0 c2&& ')1 @ PP8 +-3 *02 1'7'52, .'<,21 =9 *02 2F%&-,(-)# ]-;2>23: =-*0 12)(21 &('=(&(*(2, ')1 '**3(=<*21 *- 2'.0 -*023 )25&(52).2

.$ *02 .-))2.*(-) -+ .'<,2 ')1 2++2.* =2*;22) *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 12+2)1')* ')1 *02 1'7'52, ()+&(.*21 -) *02 %&'()*(++#

_P8 V2.(,(-)

N25&(52).2 (, .-)1<.* *0'* .32'*2, <)1<2 3(,/ -+ 0'37 *- ')-*023# @* (, *02 +'(&<32 *-=,23>2 *0'* 125322 -+ .'32: %32.'<*(-) ')1 >(5(&').2 *0'* *02 .(3.<7,*').2, Q<,*&9 127')1: ;0232=9 *0'* -*023 %23,-) ,<++23, ()Q<39# ?2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2& ;', .'339()5 .027(.'& .'35- hh '&/9& =2)[2)2 ')1 72*09& 72*0'.39&'*2 7-)-723# M0(&2 /)-;()5 *0'* *02(3 >2,,2& ;', .'339()5 1')523-<, ()+&'77'=&2 .027(.'&,: (*, -++(.23, ')1 .32; +'(&21 *- *'/2 '&& *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), *- %32>2)* ') '..(12)*# ?2*(*(-)23 ;',: *0232+-32: )25&(52)*#

@* 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ c-3Q' ')1 -312321 67(*0 c2&& &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, ')1 &-,, -+ ().-72U '$ ?KDL:HZC#CC ', '.*<'& 1'7'52, +-3 &-,, -+ 2'3)()5 .'%'.(*9 =$ ?!CC:CCC#CC +-3 7-3'& 1'7'52,G ')1 .$ ?LC:CCC#CC +-3 ')1 ', 32',-)'=&2 '**-3)29S, +22,# 67(*0 c2&& '%%2'&21 *- *02 8I# 8I V2.(,(-) The court rejected Smith Bell’s appeal to exonerate it fr om liability and sustained

]2).2: *02 -;)23 -3 *02 %23,-) () %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ ' >2,,2& ')1 *02 >2,,2& '32 &('=&2 +-3 '&& )'*<3'& ' )1 %3-F(7'*2 1'7'52 .'<,21 *- %23,-), ' )1 %3-%23*9 =9 32',-) -+ )25&(52)* 7')'5272)* -3 )'>(5'*(-)# A# @) 12*237()()5 *02 32',-)'=&2)2,, -+ *02 1'7'52, ';'3121 <)123 I3*(.&2 !`ZK () .-)Q<).*(-) ;(*0 I3*(.&2 AACZ -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: *02 +'.*-3, *- =2 .-),(12321 '32U

*02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _P8# @* 02&1 *0'* *02 +(32 0'1 -3(5()' *21 +3-7 ReP j()5 T'7(&9 ', ,<%%-3*21 =9 *02 *2,*(7-)(2, -+ c-3Q' ')1 X<&-5(- ^'<32)*2: 292;(*)2,, -+ @PP8 ', ;2&& ', *02 ()>2,*(5'*(-) .-)1<.*21 =9 *02 6%2.('& c-'31 -+ R'3()2 @)J<(39 ')1 '++(3721 =9 *02 ,2.32*'39 -+ *02 V2%'3*72)* -+ N'*(-)'& V2+2),2,# P02 8I 0'1 )-* 5(>2) %3-='*(>2 >'&<2 *- *02 2>(12).2 -+ %2*(*(-)23: ;0-,2 ,-&2 292;(*)2,, 0'1 )-* ,0-;) <% +-3 .3-,,h2F'7()'*(-)#

'$ &(+2 2F%2.*').9 b.-),(123()5 *02 02'&*0 -+ *02 >(.*(7 ')1 *02 7-3*'&(*9 *'=&2 ;0(.0 (, 122721 .-).&<,(>2$ ')1 &-,, -+ 2'3)()5 .'%'.(*9G

]2).2: *0(, ?2*(*(-)#

P02 &-,, -+ 2'3)()5 .'%'.(*9 (, =', 21 7'()&9 -) *02 )<7=23 -+ 92'3, 327'()()5 () *02 %23,-)S, 2F%2.*21 &(+2 ,%')# @) *<3): *0(, )<7=23 (, *02 =',(, -+ *02 1'7'52, *0'* ,0'&& =2 .-7%<*21 ')1 *02 3'*2 '* ;0(.0 *02 &-,, ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 02(3, ,0'&& =2 +(F21#

@66\X !# M0-: (+ ')9: (, &('=&2 +-3 c-3Q'S, ()Q<3(2,i

=$ %2.<)('39 &-,,: &-,, -+ ,<%%-3* ')1 ,23>(.2G ')1 .$ 7-3'& ')1 72)*'& ,<++23()5,#

P02 +-37<&' +-3 *02 .-7%<*'*(-) -+ &-,, -+ 2'3)()5 .'%'.(*9 (, ', +-&&-;,U

!!`

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>(.*(7 1'7'52, () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?HAC:AKC ', &-,, -+ 2'3)()5 .'%'.(*9: 7-3'& 1'7'52, () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?!CC:CCC: %&<, ')-*023 ?LC:CCC ', '**-3)29S, +22,# 8-,*, '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23#

;0232:

6O O_VX_XV#

^(+2 2F%2.*').9 u AeH bYC h *02 '52 -+ *02 12.2',21$# ?2*(*(-)23 (, .-332.* () '35<()5 *0'* (* (, )2* ().-72 b-3 53-,, ().-72 &2,, &(>()5 2F%2),2,$ ;0(.0 (, *- =2 <,21 () *02 .-7%<*'*(-) -+ *02 ';'31 +-3 &-,, -+ ().-72# “The amount recoverable is not the lo ,, -+ *02 2)*(32 2'3)()5: =<* 3'*023 *02 &-,, -+ *0'* %-3*(-) -+ *02 2'3)()5, ;0(.0 *02 =2)2+(.('39 ;-<&1 0'>2 32.2(>21#E @) -*023 ;-31,: -)&9 )2* 2'3)()5,: )-* 53-,, 2'3)()5,: '32 *- =2 .-),(12321G *0'* (,: *02 *-*'& -+ *02 2'3)()5, &2,, 2F%2),2, )2.2,,'39 () *02 .32'*(-) -+ ,<.0 2'3)()5, -3 ().-72: &2,, &(>()5 ')1 -*023 ().(12)*'& 2F%2),2,# 8-<),2& +-3 _2,%-)12)* c-3Q' (, '&,- .-332.* () ,'9()5 *0'* &(+2 2F%2.*').9 , 0-<&1 )-* =2 =',21 -) *02 32*(3272)* '52 -+ 5->23)72)* 27%&-922,: ;0(.0 (, %25521 '* ZL# \)123 I3*(.&2 AACZb!$ -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: (* (, ',,<721 *0'* *02 12.2' ,21 ;-<&1 0'>2 2'3)21 ().-72 2>2) '+*23 32*(3272)* +3-7 ' %'3*(.<&'3 Q-=# _2,%-)12)* c-3Q' ,0-<&1 )-* =2 ,(*<'*21 1(++232)*&9 Q<,* =2.'<,2 02 ;', ' 5->23)72)* 27%&-922# ?3(>'*2 27%&-922,: 5(>2) *02 32*(3272)* %'./'52, %3->(121 =9 *02(3 .-7%')(2,: <,<'&&9 32*(32 2'3&(23 *0') 5->23)72)* 27%&-922,G 92*: *02 &(+2 2F%2.*').9 -+ *02 +-3723 (, )-* %25521 '* ZL 92'3,# P02 8-<3* <,2, *02 I723(.') XF%23(2).2e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c-3Q' &(>21 =29-)1 YC 92'3,# T'(3 (, +'(3# ^-,, -+ 2'3)()5 .'%'.(*9 u fA bYChLC$g F fb?A:`LAF!A$h!Z:L!Ag H u ?HHC:AKC ]'>()5 =22) 1<&9 %3->2): *02 7-3'& 1'7'52, ')1 '**-3)29S, +22, ';'3121 '32 Q<,*(+(21 <)123 *02 8(>(& 8-12S, I3*(.&2 AA!D: %'3'53'%0 AG ')1 I3*(.&2 AACY: %'3'53'%0 !!: 32,%2.*(>2&9# M]X_XTO_X: *02 ?2*(*(-) (, ?I_P^4 d_INPXV# P02 ',,'(&21 V2.(,(-) (, ITT@_RXV ;(*0 *02 +-&&-;()5 ROV@T@8IP@ON6U %2*(*(-)23 (, -312321 *- %'9 *02 02(3, -+ *02

3:(8L43 dV(6;V )%& .L8!8M.6V dV(6;VE C"*0*0$%"/1E G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E :8Md 47[(VdE 3L;88 47[(Vd )%& Z3![6M 47[(VdE /"1C$%&"%*1-

_ORX_O: B#U d#_# N-# !!HCCH O.*-=23 !`: !DD` TI8P6U O) I%3(& AZ: !DYY: ,%-<,2, P(*- ')1 ^2)9 P<7=-9 ')1 *02(3 7()-3 .0(&132) )'721 I3122 ')1 B',7(): =-'3121 '* R')5'5 -9: 6<3(5'- 12& 6<3: ' 4-=(1- ^()23 =<, =-<)1 +-3 V'>'- 8(*9# I&-)5 ?(.-% _-'1 () j7# !`: 6*'# R'3(': I5<,') 12& 6<3: *02 &2+* +3-)* *(32 -+ *02 =<, 2F%&-121# P02 =<, +2&& ()*- ' 3'>()2 '3-<)1 *0322 bH$ +22* +3-7 *02 3-'1 ')1 ,*3<./ ' *322# P02 ().(12)* 32,<&*21 () *02 12'*0 -+ AYh92'3h-&1 P(*- P<7=-9 ')1 %09,(.'& ()Q<3(2, *- -*023 %',,2)523,# O) N->27=23 A!: !DYY: ' .-7%&'()* +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: 1'7'52, ')1 '**-3)29S, +22, ;', +(&21 =9 ^2)9 ')1 023 .0(&132) '5'(),* I&=23*' 4-=(1-: *02 -;)23 -+ *02 =<,: ')1 832,2).(- 4-=(1-: (*, 13(>23: =2+-32 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ V'>'- 8(*9# M02) *02 12+2)1')*, *0232() +(&21 *02(3 '),;23 *- *02 .-7%&'()*: *029 3'(,21 *02 '++(37'*(>2 12+2),2 -+ .',- +-3*<(*-# P029 '&,- +(&21 ' *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ?0(&(%%()2 ?0-2)(F 6<32*9 ')1 @),<3').2: @).# P0(, *0(31h%'3*9 12+2)1')* +(&21 ') '),;23 ;(*0 .-7%<&,-39 .-<)*23.&'(7# I* *02 %32h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h,2'*23 =<, ;', )-* +<&& ', *0232 ;232 -)&9 HA %',,2)523,: ,<.0 *0'* 02 0(7,2&+ 7')'521 *- 52* ' ,2'*# ]2 '1121 *0'* *02 =<, ;', 3<))()5 '* ' ,%221 -+ EZC *- LCE ')1 *0'* (* ;', 5-()5 ,&-; =2.'<, 2 -+ *02 [(5['5 3-'1# ]2 '++(3721 *0'* *02 &2+* +3-)* *(32 *0'* 2F%&-121 ;', ' E=3')1 )2; *(32E *0'* 02 7-<)*21 -) *02 =<, -) I%3(& A!: !DYY -3 -)&9 +(>2 bL$ 1'9, =2+-32 *02 ().(12)*# P02 4-=(1- ^()23 ,2.32*'39: R()23>' T23)')1-: =-<50* *02 )2; d--192'3 *(32 +3-7

!!Y

V'>'- P-9- ?'3*, -) I%3(& AC: !DYY ')1 ,02 ;', %32,2)* ;02) (* ;', 7-<)*21 -) *02 =<, =9 6'&.2# 602 ,*'*21 *0'* '&& 13(>23 '%%&(.')*, () 4-=(1- ^()23 <)123;2)* '.*<'& 13(>()5 *2,*, =2+-32 *029 ;232 27%&-921# V2+2)1')* 832,2).(- 4-=(1<)123;2)* ,<.0 *2,* ')1 ,<=7(**21 0(, %3-+2,,(-)'& 13(>23S, &(.2),2 ')1 .&2'3').2, +3-7 *02 ='3')5'9: *02 +(,.'& ')1 *02 %-&(.2# P02 &-;23 .-<3* 1(,7(,,21 *02 '.*(-) +-3 &'./ -+ 723(*# O) *02 (,, <2 -+ ;02*023 -3 )-* *02 *(32 =&-;-<* ;', ' .',- +-3*<(*-: (* +-<)1 *0'* E*02 +' &&()5 -+ *02 =<, *- *02 .&(++ ;', ' 32,<&* -+ )- -*023 -<*,(12 +'.*-3 *0') *02 *(32 =&-;h-<*# 8I 32>23,21 *02 12.(,(-)# @66\XU !$ M02*023 -3 )-* ' .'33(23 (, ') (),<323 '5'(),* '&& 3(,/# A$ ^(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 ')1 12+2),2,# NO: =<* 02 (, %32,<721 *- =2 )25&(52 )* ;02) ' %',,2)523 (, ()Q<321 -3 1(2, ;0(&2 *3'>2&&()5# I, ' 3<&2: ;02) ' %',,2)523 =-'31, ' .-77-) .'33(23: 02 *'/2, *02 3(,/, ().(12)*'& *- *02 7-12 -+ *3'>2& 02 0', *'/2)# I+*23 '&&: ' .'33(23 (, )-* ') (),<323 -+ *02 ,'+2*9 -+ (*, %',,2)523, ')1 (, )-* =-<)1 '=,-&<*2&9 ')1 '* '&& 2>2)*, *- .'339 *027 ,'+2&9 ')1 ;(*0-<* ()Q<39# ]-;2>23: ;02) ' %',,2)523 (, ()Q<321 -3 1(2, ;0(&2 *3'>2&&()5: *02 &'; %32,<72, *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 (, )25&(52)*# P0<,: *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12,U I3*# !`LZ# @) .',2 -+ 12'*0 -3 ()Q<3(2, *- %',,2)523,: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9: <)&2,, *029 %3->2 *0'* *029 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 () '3*(.&2, !`HH ')1 !`LL# I3*(.&2 !`LL %3->(12, *0'* Eb'$ .-77-) .'33(23 (, =-<)1 *- .'339 *02 %',,2)523, ,'+2&9 ', +'3 ', 0<7') .'32 ')1 +-32,(50* .') %3->(12: <,()5 *02 <*7-,* 1(&(52).2 -+ >239 .'<*(-<, %23,-),: ;(*0 ' 1<2 325'31 +-3 '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2,#E I..-31()5&9: () .<&%' .-)*3'.*<'&: -).2 ' %',,2)523 1(2, -3 (, ()Q<321: *02 .'33(23 (, %32,<721 *0'>2 =22) '* +'<&* -3 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9# P0(, 1(,%<*'=&2 %32,<7%*(-) 7'9 -)&9 =2 ->23.-72 =9 2>(12).2 *0'* *02 .' 33(23 0'1 -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ', %32,.3(=21 =9 I3*(.&2, !`HH: !C !`LL ')1 !`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b'$ *02 .'<,2 -+ *02 <)+-32,22) ')1 <)2F%2.*21 -..<332).2: -3 *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 12=*-3 *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 0(, -=&(5'*(-),: 7<,* =2 ()12%2)12)* -+ 0<7') ;(&&G b=$ (* 7<,* =2 (7%-,,(=&2 *- +-32,22 *02 2>2)* ;0(.0 .-),*(*<*2, *02 .',-

+-3*<(*-: -3 (+ (* .') =2 +-32,22): (* 7<,* =2 (7%-,,(=&2 *- '>-(1G b.$ *02 -..<332).2 7<,* =2 ,<.0 ', *- 32)123 (* (7%-,,(=&2 +-3 *02 12=*-3 *- +<&+(&& 0(, -=&(5'*(-) () ' )-37'& 7'))23G ')1 b1$ *02 -=&(523 7<,* =2 + 322 +3-7 ')9 %'3*(.(%'*(-) () *02 '553'>'*(-) -+ *02 ()Q<39 32,<&*()5 *- *02 .321(*-3# !H I, I3*(.&2 !!`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c2 *0'* ', (* 7'9: (* (, ,2**&21 *0'* ') '..(12)* .'<,21 2(*023 =9 12+2.*, () *02 '<*-7-=(&2 -3 *03-<50 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ (*, 13(>23 (, )-* ' .',- +-3*<(*- * 0'* ;-<&1 2F27%* *02 .'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52,# R-32->23: ' .-77-) .'33(23 7'9 )-* =2 '=,-&>21 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 () .',2 -+ +-3.2 7'Q2<32 -3 +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* '&-)2# P02 .-77-) .'33(23 7<,* ,*(&& %3->2 *0'* (* ;', )-* )25&(52)* () .'<,()5 *02 12'*0 -3 ()Q<39 32,<&*()5 +3-7 ') '..(12)*# ()B)1"% G- .3E K-L- M$- :N,OUTOE ,Q 2"F/>)/B RPTR

TI8P6U O) *02 7-3)()5 -+ I<5<,* !L: !DZH: 6'*<3)()- c'9' ,2): *02 _<3'& ]2'&*0 ?09,(.(') () 6'5'1': R-<)*'() ?3->().2: ;2)* *- ='33(- I7=',( )5 *- >(,(* ' %'*(2)*# P;- )<3,2, +3-7 *02 6'()* P02-1-32S, ]-,%(*'& () 6'5'1': >([#: X&2)' I;(.02) ')1 V-&-32, c'&.(*': 3-12 ;(*0 0(7 () *02 Q22% ',,(5)21 +-3 *02 <,2 -+ *02 _<3'& ]2'&*0 \)(* ', *029 0'1 32J<2,*21 +-3 ' 3(12 *- I7=',()5# ^'*23: '* I7=',()5: *02 5(3&,: ;0- ;')*21 *- 5'*023 +&-;23,: '5'() ',/21 (+ *029 .-<&1 3(12 ;(*0 0(7 <% *- ' .23*'() %&'.2 -) *02 ;'9 *- ='33(- 6<9- ;0(.0 02 ()*2)121 *- >(,(* ')9;'9# V3# c'9',2) '5'() '&&-;21 *027 *- 3(12: X&2)' ,(**()5 023,2&+ =2*;22) 0(7 ')1 V-&-32,# O) *02 ;'9: '* ='33(- ^')5*(;: *02 Q22% ;2)* ->23 ' %32.(%(.2 I=-<* Y +22* =2&-; *02 3-'1: (* ;', =&-./21 =9 ' % ()2 *322# P02 *0322 ;232 *03-;) -<* -+ *02 Q22%# X&2)' ;', +-<)1 &9()5 () ' .322/ +<3*023 =2&-;# I7-)5 -*023 ()Q<3(2,: ,02 ,<++2321 ' ,/<&& +3'.*<32 ;0(.0 .'<,21 023 12'*0# c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

!!D

@66\XU MON '..<,21h%2*(*(-)23S, )25&(52).2 (, *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 12'*0 -+ *02 >(.*(7# ]X^VU P02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 *3'5219 ;', *02 ,/(11()5 -+ *02 32'3 ;022&, -+ *02 Q22% ')1 )-* *02 <)32',-)'=&2 ,%221 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 =2.'<,2 *0232 ;', )2>(12).2 -) 32.-31 *- %3->2 -3 ,<%%-3* *02 +()1()5 *0'* *02 %2*(*(-)23 ;', 13(>()5 at “an unreasonable speed”. The star witness of t he prosecution, Dolores Balcita

;0- ;', -)2 -+ *02 %',,2)523, () *02 Q22%: *2,*(+(21 *0'* 6'*<3)()- c'9',2) ;', 13(>()5 0(, Q22% 7-123'*2&9 Q<,* =2+-32 *02 '..(12)* ')1 .'*25-3(.'&&9 ,*'*21 *0'* ,02 1(1 )-* /)-; ;0'* .'<,21 *02 Q22% *- +'&& ()*- *02 %32.(%(.2# @* (, ' ;2&&h/)-;) %09,(.'& +'.* *0'* .'3, 7'9 ,/(1 -) 532',9 -3 ,&(%%239 3-'1,: ', () *02 (),*')* .',2: ;(*0-<* +'<&* -) '..-<)* -+ *02 7'))23 -+ 0')1&()5 *02 .'3# 6/(11()5 72'), %'3* ('& -3 .-7%&2*2 &-,, -+ .-)*3-& -+ *02 .'3 <)123 .(3.<7,*').2, )-* )2.2, ,'3(&9 (7%&9()5 )25&(52).2# @* 7'9 -..<3 ;(*0-<* +'<&*# ]232(): <)123 *02 %'3*(.<&'3 .(3.<7,*').2,: c'9',2) ;0- ,/(1121 .-<&1 )-* =2 325'3121 ', )25&(52)*: *02 ,/(11()5 =2()5 ') <)+-32,22) 2>2)*: ,- *0'* c'9',2) 0'1 ' >'&(1 2F.<,2 +-3 0(, 12%'3*<32 +3-7 0(, 325<&'3 .-<3,2# P02 )25&(52).2 -+ c'9',2) 0', )-* 0'>()5 =22) ,<++(.(2)*&9 2,*'=&(,021: 0(, 5<(&* -+ *02 .3(72 .0'3521 0', )-* =22) %3->2) =29-)1 32',-)'=&2 1-<=*# ]2 (,: *0232+-32: 2)*(*&21 *- '.J<(**'&# P02 6<%3272 8-<3* ,2* ',(12 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, ,-<50* *- =2 32>(2;21: ')1 '.J<(**21 c'9',2) -+ *02 .3(72 .0'3521#

K)*#+)?0)% G- ;"?0<

d#_# N-# ^hLZKY` O.*-=23 A!: !DD! _X4NI^VI dIP8]I^@IN: %2*(*(-)23: >,#I_6XN@O VX^@R ')1 *02 ]ON# 8O\_P OT I??XI^6:32,%-)12)*,# I* )--) *(72 -) !! B<&9 !D`H: %2*(*(-)23 _29)'&1' d'*.0'&(') =-'3121: ', ' %'9()5 %',,2)523: 32,%-)12)*S, EP0'72,E 7()( =<,# O) *02 ;'9: ;0(&2 *02 =<, ;', 3<))()5 : E' ,)'%%()5 ,-<)1E ;', ,<112)&9 02'31 '* -)2 %'3* -+ *02 =<, ')1: ,0-3*&9 *0232'+*23: *02 >20(.&2 =<7%21 ' .272)* +&-;23 %-* -) *02 ,(12 -+ *02 3-'1: ;2)* -++ *02 3-'1: *<3)21 *<3*&2 ')1 +2&& ()*- ' 1(*.0# 62>23'& %',,2)523,: ().&<1()5 %2*(*(-)23 d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hAAA ?\B ?0(&# `H ')1 >(.*(7,

'+*23 *02 ,'(1 P0'72, 72* ') '..(12)* '* c'33(- ?'9-.%-. N-3*2: c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d'*0'&(') +(&21 ;(*0 *02 *02) 8T@ ') '.*(-) 2F*3' .-)*3'.*< *- 32.->23 .-7%2),'*-39 ')1 7-3'& 1'7'52,# 602 '&&2521 () *02 .-7%&'()* *0'* 023 ()Q<3(2, ,<,*'()21 +3-7 *02 >20(.<&'3 7(,0'% 0'1 &2+* 023 ;(*0 ' .-),%(.<-<, ;0(*2 ,.'3 -) *02 +-3202'1: 52)23'*()5 72)*'& ,<++23()5 ')1 ') ()+23(-3(*9 .-7%&2F -) 023 %'3*G ')1 *0'* ', ' 32,<&*: ,02 0'1 *- 32*(32 () ,2.&<,(-) ')1 ,*'9 ';'9 +3-7 023 +3(2)1,# 602 '&,- '&&2521 *0'* *02 ,.'3 1(7()(,021 023 +'.('& =2'<*9 ')1 12%3(>21 023 -+ -%%-3*<)(*(2, +-3 27%&-972)*# @) 12+2),2: 32,%-)12)* '>23321 *0'* *02 >20(.<&'3 7(,0'% ;', 1<2 *-+-3.2 7'Q2<32: ')1 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 0'1 '&32'19 =22) %' (1 ')1 7-32->23 0'1 ;'(>21 ')9 3(50* *(),*(*<*2 ')9 '.*(-) '5'(),* 0(7 b%3(>'*2 32, %-)12)*$ ')1 0(, 13(>23: ;02) %2*(*(-)23 d'*.0'&(') ,(5)21 *02 B-()* I++(1'>(* # I+*23 *3('&: *02 *3('& .-<3* 1(,7(,,2 1 *02 .-7%&'()* <%-) *02 53-<)1 *0'* ;02) %2*(*(-)23 d'*.0'&(') ,(5)21 *02 B-()* I++(1'>(*: ,02 32&()J<(,021 ')9 3(50* -+ '.*(-) b;02*023 .3(7()'& -3 .(>(&$ *0'* ,02 7'9 0'>2 0'1 '5'(),* 32,%-)12)* ')1 *02 13(>23 -+ *02 7()(h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

!AC

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h=<,# P02 32.-31, =2+-32 *02 8-<3* '32 =232+* -+ ')9 2>(12).2 ,0-;()5 *0'* 32,%-)12)* 0'1 2F23.(,21 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &';# 8<3(-<,&9: 32,%-)12)* 1(1 )-* 2>2) ' **27%*: 1<3()5 *02 *3('& =2+-32 *02 .-<3* ' J<-: *- %3->2 *0'* 02 0'1 ()1221 2F23.(,21 *02 32J<(,(*2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2# _2,%-)12)* 1(1 *39 *- 2F.<&%'*2 0(7,2&+ +3-7 &('=(&(*9 =9 '&&25()5 *0'* *02 7(,0'% ;', *02 32,<&* -+ +-3.2 7'Q2<32# c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d'*.0'&(') )'33'*21 *0'* ,0-3*&9 =2+-32 *02 >20(.&2 ;2)* -++ *02 3-'1 ')1 ()*- ' 1(*.0: ' E,)'%%()5 ,-<)1E ;', ,<112)&9 02'31 '* -)2 %'3* -+ *02 =<,# O)2 -+ *02 %',,2)523,: ') -&1 ;-7'): .3(21 -<*: EM0'* 0' %%2)21iE bEI%'9 '11') ,'72* )'1'1'2&2)iE$# P02 13(>23 32%&(21: )-).0'&')*&9: EP0'* (, -)&9 )-37'&Eb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h=<, '+*23 02 0'1 02'31 -).2 '5'() *02 E,)'%%()5 ,-<)1E ')1 *02 .39 -+ '&'37 +3-7 -)2 -+ *02 %',,2)523,: .-),*(*<*21 ;')*-) 1(,325'31 -+ *02 %09,(.'& ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %',,2)523,: ')1 02).2 53-,, )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ 32,%-)12)* ')1 0(, 13(>23#

bK-L- M$- RRPUOQ- [)/#+ RTE RPPPc 2VL47M8 8lJL8!!E 6M.-E C"*0*0$%"/E G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E J37:68 7- .3VLVMKE )%& <0%$/ #+0?&/"% d3!!8L j6MK .3VLVMKE LV!8 986MM6 )%& JL6M.8 3:8l3M;8LE )?? 1>/%)<"& .3VLVMKE )%& /"C/"1"%*"& FB *+"0/ <$*+"/ J37:68 7.3VLVMKE /"1C$%&"%*1-

T'.*,U T-3*<)2 XF%32,,: *02 %2*(*(-)23: (, ' =<, .-7%')9 () )-3*023) R()1')'-# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ?'<&(2 8'-3-)5 (, *02 ;(1-; -+ I**9# 8'-3-)5: ;0(&2 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 4',,23 j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c3'>-: -%23'*(-), 7')'523 -+ %2*(*(-)23: () (*, 7'() -++(.2 () 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9# c3'>- ',,<321 0(7 *0'* *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), *- (),<32 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ &(>2, ')1 %3-%23*9 ;-<&1 =2 *'/2)# P0322 '3721 R'3')'-, ;0- %32*2)121 *- =2 %',,2)523,: ,2([21 ' =<, -+ %2*(*(-)23 -) (*, ;'9 *- @&(5') 8(*9# I7-)5 *02 %',,2)523, -+ *02 =<, ;', I**9# 8'-3-)5# P029 -312321 *02 %',,2)523, *- 52* -++ *02 =<,# P02 %',,2)523,: ().&<1()5 I**9# 8'-3-)5: ,*2%%21 -<* -+ *02 =<, ')1 ;2)* =20()1 *02 =<,02, () ' +(2&1 ,-72 1(,*').2 +3-7 *02 0(50;'9# ]-;2>23: I**9# 8'-3-)5 32*<3)21 *- *02 =<, *- 32* 3(2>2 ,-72*0()5 +3-7 *02 ->2302'1 3'./# '* *0'* *(72: -)2 -+ *02 '3721 72) ;', %-<3()5 5',-&()2 -) *02 02'1 -+ *02 13(>23# I**9# 8'-3-)5 %&2'121 ;(*0 * 02 '3721 72) *- ,%'32 *02 13(>23 ', 02 ;', ())-.2)* -+ ')9 ;3-)5 1-()5 ')1 ;', -)&9 *39()5 *- 7'/2 ' &(>()5# I**9# 8'-3-)5 ;', ,0-* =9 *02 R'3')'-,# P02) *02 =<, ;', ,2* -) +(32# 6-72 -+ *02 %',,2)523, ;232 '=&2 *- %<&& I** 9# 8'-3-)5 -<* -+ *02 =<3)()5 =<, ')1 3<,0 0 (7 **02 R23.9 8-77<)(*9 ]-,%(*'& () @&(5') 8(*9: =<* 02 1(21 ;0(&2 <)1235-()5 -%23'*(-)# P02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, =3-<50* *0(, ,<(* +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 () *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* .-7%')9 ;', ()+-3721 -+ *02 %&'), -+ 32>2)52 ')1 ,0-<&1 0'>2 *'/2) %3-%23 %32.'<*(-), ')1 +'(&21 *- %3->(12 *02 =<,2, ;(*0 ,2.<3(*9 5<'31,# P02 P3('& 8-<3* 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ T-3*<)2 XF%32,, =<* *0(, ;', 32>23,21 =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,# P0<,: *0(, %2*(*(-)# @,,<2,U !# M02*023 *0232 ;', =32'.0 () *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 *03-<50 (*, )25&(52).2

!A!

A# M02*023 *02 ,2([<32 -+ *02 =<, ;', ' +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* ]2&1U !# 42,# @) *02 %32,2)* .',2: (* (, .&2'3 *0'* =2.'<,2 -+ *02 )25&(52).2 -+ %2*(*(-)23S, 27%&-922,: *02 ,2([<32 -+ *02 =<, =9 R')')55-&- ')1 0(, 72) ;', 7'12 %-,,(=&2# V2,%(*2 ;'3)()5 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-),*'=<&'39 '* 8'5'9') 12 O3- *0'* *02 R'3')'-, ;232 %&'))()5 *- *'/2 32>2)52 -) *02 %2*(*(-)23 =9 =<3)()5 ,-72 -+ (*, =<,2, ')1 *02 ',,<3').2 -+ %2*(*(-)23S, -%23'*(-) 7')'523: V(-,1'1- c3'>-: *0'* *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), ;-<&1 =2 *'/2): %2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-*0()5 *- %3-*2.* *02 ,'+2*9 -+ (*, %',,2)523,# A# N-# @) *02 %32,2)* .',2: *02 +'.*-3 -+ <)+-32,22'=(&(*9 b*02 ,2.-)1 32J<(,(*2 +-3 ') 2>2)* *- =2 .-),(12321 +-3.2 7'Q2<32$ (, &'./()5# I, '&32'19 ,*'*21: 12,%(*2 *02 32%-3* -+ ?8 '52)* d2)23'&'- *0'* *02 R'3')' -, ;232 %&'))()5 *- =<3) ,-72 -+ %2*(*(-)23S, =<,2, ')1 *02 ',,<3').2 -+ %2*(*(-)23S, -%23'*(-) 7')'523 bV(-,1'1c3'>-$ *0'* *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), ;-<&1 =2 *'/2): )-*0()5 ;', 32'&&9 1-)2 =9 %2*(*(-)23 *- %3-*2.* *02 ,'+2*9 -+ %',,2)523,#

O*+ ()*#+

P02 ()>-(.2 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,'(1 *;2&>2 Yh1'9 X17-)1 .&-./, () N2; 4-3/ ;', ?AA# R'3/2* >'&<2 () R')(&' '* *02 *(72 ;02) * 029 ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) 12 &(>2321 *- *02 %&'()*(++ ;', ?KAC

P02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (,,<21 ')1 12&(>2321 *- *02 %&'()*(++ =9 *02 7',*23 -+ *02 ,'(1 ,*2'7,0(% c-&*-) 8',*&2 .-)*'()21: '7-)5 -*023,: *02 +-&&-;()5 .&'<,2,U

8&'<,2 ! @* (, 7<*<'&&9 '53221 *0'* *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, 32.2(%*21 +-3 '=->2 1-2, )-* 2F.221 lLCC %23 +32(50* *-): -3: () %3-%-3*(-) +-3 ')9 %'3* -+ ' *-): <)&2,, *02 >'&<2 =2 2F%32,,&9 ,*'*21 0232() ')1 '1 >'&-327 +32(50* %'(1 *0232-)#

8&'<,2 D I&,-: *0'* () *02 2>2)* -+ .&'(7, +-3 ,0-3* 12&(>239 -+: -3 1'7'52 *-: .'35=2()5 7'12: *02 .'33(23 ,0'&& )-* =2 &('=&2 +-3 7-32 *0') *02 )2* ()>-(.2 %3(.2 %&<, +32(50* ')1 (),<3').2 &2,, '&& .0'352, ,'>21: ')1 ')9 &-,, -3 1'7'52 +-3 ;0(.0 *02 .'33(23 7'9 =2 &('=&2 ,0'&& =2 '1Q<,*21 %3- 3'*' -) *02 ,'(1 =',(,#

9- 8- 983.V.j .V[J3MdE C?)0%*0AAN)CC"??)%*E G1- [3.VM;L3d _ .V[J3MdE 6M.-E &"A"%&)%*N)CC"??)%*K-L- M$- :NRQOPT V#*$F"/ IE RP,R

TI8P6U

O) B<)2 L: !D!D: *02 %&'()*(++ .'<,21 *- =2 12&(>2321 -) =-'31 -+ ,*2'7,0(% c-&*-) 8',*&2: *02) () *02 0'3=-3 -+ N2; 4-3/: +-<3 .',2, -+ 723.0')1(,2 -)2 -+ ;0(.0 .-)*'()21 *;2&>2 b!A$ Yh1'9 X17-)1 .&-./, %3-%23&9 =-F21 ')1 7'3/21 +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) *- R')(&': ')1 %'(1 +32(50* - ) ,'(1 .&-./, +3-7 N2; 4-3/ *- R')(&' ( ) '1>').2# P02 ,'(1 ,*2'7,0(% '33(>21 () *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' -) -3 '=-<* *02 !C*0 1'9 -+ 62%*27=23: !D!D: .-),(5)21 *- *02 12+2)1')* 0232() ', '52)* ')1 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -+ ,'(1 >2,,2& () ,'(1 %-3*# N2(*023 *02 7',*23 -+ ,'(1 >2,,2& )-3 *02 12+2)1')* 0232(): ', (*, '52)*: 12&(>2321 *- *02 %&'()*(++ *02 '+-32,'(1 *;2&>2 Yh1'9 X17-)1 .&-./,: '&*0-<50 127')1 ;', 7'12 <%-) *027 +-3 *02(3 12&(>239#

P02 .',2 .-)*'()()5 *02 '+-32,'(1 *;2&>2 Yh1'9 X17-)1 .&-./, 72',<321 H .<=(. +22*: ')1 *02 +32(50* *-) >'&<2 *0232-+ ;', l!:KYC# N- 532'*23 >'&<2 *0') lLCC: %23 +32(50* *-) ;', 12.&'321 =9 *02 %&'()*(++ -) *02 '+-32,'(1 .&-./,: ')1 )- '1 >'&-327 +32(50* ;', %'(1 *0232-)# O) -3 '=-<* O.*-=23 D: !D!D: *02 12+2)1')* *2)12321 *- *02 %&'()*(++ ?`Z#HZ: *02 %3-%-3*(-)'*2 +32(50* *-) >'&<2 -+ *02 '+-32,'(1 *;2&>2 Yh1'9 X17-)1 .&-./,b() '..-31').2 ;(*0 8&'<,2 !$: () %'972)* -+ %&'()*(++S, .&'(7: ;0(.0 *2)123 %&'()*(++ 32Q2.*21#

P02 &-;23 .-<3* @) '..-31').2 ;(*0 .&'<,2 D -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 '=->2 J<-*21: 32)12321 Q<1572)* () +'>-3 -+ *02 %&'()*(++ '5'(),* *02 12+2)1')* +-3 *02 ,<7 -+ ?AAZ#CA: *0(, =2()5 *02 ()>-(.2 >'&<2 -+ *02 .&-./, () J<2,*(-) %&<, *02 +32(50* ')1 (),<3').2 *0232-): ;(*0 &25'& ()*232,* *0232-) +3-7 N->27=23 AC: !D!D: *02 1'*2 -+ *02 .-7%&'()*: *-52*023 ;(*0 .-,*,#

!AA

T3-7 *0'* Q<1572)* =-*0 %'3*(2, '%%2'&21 *- *0(, .-<3*#

P02 %&'()*(++happellant’s contentions: n P0'* (* (, 2)*(*&21 *- 32.->23 +3-7 *02 12+2)1')* *02 7'3/2* >'&<2 -+ *02 .&-./, () J<2,*(-): *- ;(*U *02 ,<7 -+ ?KAC# n @*, .&'(7 (, =',21 <%-) *02 '35<72)* *0'* *02 *;- .&'<,2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 '=->2 J<-*21: &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .' 33(23: '32 .-)*3'39 *- %<=&(. -3123 ') 1: *0232+-32: )<&& ')1 >-(1 P02 12+2)1')*happellant’s contentions: n @) '..-31').2 ;(*0 .&'<,2 ! -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: *02 %&'()*(++ (, 2)*(*&21 *- 32.->23 -)&9 *02 ,<7 -+ ?`Z#HZ: *02 %3-%-3*(-)'*2 +32(50* *-) >'&<2 -+ *02 ,'(1 .&-./,# n 8-)*2)1, *0'* =-*0 -+ ,'(1 .&'<,2, '32 >'&(1: ')1 *02 .&'<,2 ! ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) '%%&(21 =9 *02 &-;23 .-<3* (),*2'1 -+ .&'<,2 D# n 8-)*2)1, *0'* *02,2 *;- .&'<,2,: (+ .-),*3<21 *-52*023: 72') *0'* *02 ,0(%%23 ')1 *02 .'33(23 ,*(%<&'*2 ')1 '5322 *0'* *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, 32.2(%*21 +-3 1-2, )-* 2F.221 lLCC %23 +32(50* *-): =<* ,0-<&1 *02 ()>-(.2 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, =2 &2,, *0') lLCC %23 +32(50* *-): *02) *02 ()>-(.2 >'&<2 5->23),G n P0'* ,().2 () *0(, .',2 *02 ()>-(.2 >'&<2 (, 7-32 *0') lLCC %23 +32(50* *-): *02 &'**23 >'&<'*(-) ,0-<&1 =2 '1-%*21 ')1 *0'* '..-31()5 *- *0'* >'&<'*(-)#

@66\XU R'9 ' .-77-) .'33(23: =9 ,*(%<&'*(-), (),23*21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ -3 1'7'52 *- *02 .'35- *- ') '53221 >'&<'*(-) -+ *02 &'**23i

]X^VU @* 12%2)1,# P0322 /()1, -+ ,*(%<&'*(-), 0'>2 -+*2) =22) 7'12 () ' =(&& -+ &'1()5#

!# O)2 2F27%*()5 *02 .'33(23 +3-7 ')9 ')1 ' && &('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 -..',(-)21 =9 (*, -;) )25&(52).2# – 8-)*3'39 *- %<=&(. %-&(.9 A# O)2 %3->(1()5 +-3 ') <)J<'&(+(21 &(7(*'*(-) -+ ,<.0 &('=(&(*9 *- ') '53221 >'&<'*(-)# – 8-)*3'39 *- %<=&(. %-&(.9 H# O)2 &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23 *- ') '53221 >'&<'*(-) <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 12.&'32, ' 0(5023 >'&<2 ')1 %'9, ' 0(5023 3'*2 -+ +32(50*# – o'&(1 ')1 2)+-3.2'=&2# P02 %32,2)* .',2 +'&&, ;(*0() *02 *0(31 ,*(%<&'*(-)#

n M0232 ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: ,(5)21 =9 *02 ,0(%%23: (, +'(3&9 7'12: '5322()5 -) ' >'&<'*(-) -+ *02 %3-%23*9 .'33(21: ;(*0 *02 3'*2 -+ +32(50* =',21 -) *02 . -)1(*(-) *0'* *02 .'33(23 ',,<72, &('=(&(*9 -)&9 *- *02 2F*2)* -+ *02 '53221 >'&<'*(-): 2>2) () .',2 -+ &-,, -3 1'7'52 =9 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 .'33(23: *02 .-)*3'.* ;(&& =2 <%02&1 ', %3-%23 ')1 &';+<& 7-12 -+ ,2.<3()5 ' 1<2 %3-%-3*(-) =2*;22) *02 '7-<)* +-3 ;0(.0 *02 .'33(23 7'9 =2 32,%-),(=&2 ')1 *02 +32(50* 02 32.2(>2,: ')1 %3-*2.*()5 0(7,2&+ '5'(),* 2F*3'>'5')* ')1 +').(+<& >'&<'*(-),#E n I &(7(*'*(-) -+ &('=(&(*9 =',21 <%-) ') '53221 >'&<2 *- -=*'() ' &-;23 3'*2 1-2, )-* .-)+&(.* ;(*0 ')9 ,-<)1 %3().(%&2 -+ %<=&(. %-& (.9G ')1 (* (, )-* .-)+-37'=&2 *- %&'() %3().(%&2, -+ Q<,*(.2 *0'* ' ,0(%%23 7'9 <)123,*'*2 >'&<2 () -3123 *- 321<.2 *02 3'*2 ')1 *02) 32.->23 ' &'3523 >'&<2 () .',2 -+ &-,,# n 8&'<,2, b! ')1 D$ -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 0232 () J<2 ,*(-) '32 )-* .-)*3'39 *- %<=&(. -3123# n I3*(.&2 !ALL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* E*02 .-)*3'.*()5 %'3*(2, 7'9 2,*'=&(,0 ')9 '532272)*,: *237, ')1 .-)1(*(-), *029 7'9 1227 '1>(,'=&2: %3->(121 *029 '32 )-* .-)*3'39 *- &';: 7-3'&, -3 %<=&(. -3123#E ]-;2>23: *0232 (, ') (332.-).(&'=&2 .-)+&(.* =2*;22) *02 *;- .&'<,2, ;(*0 325'31 **02 72',<32 -+ 12+2)1')*S, &('=(&(*9 n 8&'<,2 ! .-)*'(), -)&9 ') (7%&(21 <)123*'/()5 *- ,2**&2 () .',2 -+ &-,, -) *02 =',(, -+ )-* 2F.221()5 lLCC %23 +32(50* *-) n 8&'<,2 D .-)*'(), ') 2F%32,, <)123*'/()5 *- ,2**&2 -) *02 =',(, -+ *02 )2* ()>-(.2 %3(.2 %&<, +32(50* ')1 (),<3').2 &2,, '&& .0'352, ,'>21# EI)9 &-,, -3 1'7'52 +-3 ;0(.0 *02 .'33(23 7'9 =2 &('=&2 ,0'&& =2 '1Q<,*21 %3- 3'*' -) *02 ,'(1 =',(,:E .&'<,2 D 2F%32,,&9 %3->(12,#

!AH

n @* (, 1(++(.<&* *- 32.-).(&2 *027 ;(*0-<* 1-()5 >(-&2).2 *- *02 &')5<'52 <,21 ')1 32'1()5 2F.2%*(-), ')1 .-)1(*(-), ()*- *02 <)123*'/()5 .-)*'()21 () .&'<,2 D *0'* '32 )-* *0232#

*02 *3<2 .-332.* 12,.3(%*(-) -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ')1 *- 2++2.* (*, 32&2',2 +3-7 *02 .<,*-7, 0-<,2#

n P0(, =2()5 *02 .',2: *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 () J<2,*(-) ,0-<&1 =2 ()*23%32*21 '5'(),* *02 12+2)1')* .'33(23: ;0(.0 132; ,'(1 .-)*3'.*# EI ;3(**2) .-)*3'.* ,0-<&1: () .',2 -+ 1-<=*: =2 ()*23%32*21 '5'(),* *02 %'3*9 ;0- 0', drawn the contract.”

62.*(-) AHCY: () 32&'*(-) *- 62.*(-) AH!A: P88?: 9-< '32 +322 *- .-)*2,* =9 '%%3-%3('*2 %3-*2,* *02 '.*(-) -+ *0(, O++(.2 () (7%-,()5 *02 +()2: =<* 9-< 0'>2 *-

n P02,2 3<&2, ', '%%&(.'=&2 *- .-)*3'.*, .-)*'()21 () =(&&, -+ &'1()5# E@) .-),*3<()5 ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 5(>2) =9 *02 .'33(23 +- 3 *02 ,'+2 *3'),%-3*'*(-) ')1 12& (>239 -+ 5--1, ,0(%%21 =9 ' .-),(5)-3: *02 .-)*3'.* ;(&& =2 .-),*3<21 7-,* ,*3-)5&9 '5'(),* *02 .'33(23: ')1 +'>-3'=&9 *- *02 .-),(5)-3: () .',2 -+ 1-<=* () ')9 7'**23 -+ .-),*3<.*(-)#E bI&'='7': 2*.# _# _# 8-# >,# P0-7',: YD I&'#: ADKG !Y I7# 6*# _2%#: !!D#$

P02 32.-31, -+ *0(, O++(.2 ,0-; *0'* 8D6 2636=3 H?<67 B:H7 ;>6?5B D;26

Lower court’s judgment (, '++(3721# I5'(),* 12+2)1')*# K-L- M$- :N,OUTI 2"F/>)/B ,OE RPUO [3.VM;L3d 3M; .V[J3Md 6M.-E 0% 0*1 #)C)#0*B )1 1+0C )D"%* $A *+" !f! n436 J6MKn G1- 3.46MK .V[[6!!6VM8L V2 .7!4V[! 8!K78LL3E <)S 23.4!5 6e6 PI@ ?@Nd: -+ ;0(.0 R'.-)13'9 (, *02 &-.'& '52)*: '33(>21 '* *02 %-3* -+

R')(&' +3-7 6') T3').(,.-: 8I: \6I .-)>29()5: '7-)5 -*023,: ' ,0(%72)* -+ ! .-(& .'3=-) ,*22&: ! =<)1&2 .' 3=-) ,*22& +&'* ')1 ! .'3*-) .-)*' ()()5 .'3=-) *--& 0-&123, .'3=(12 .<**23, 53-<)1: '&& -+ ;0(.0 '%%2'321 () *02 09== :E K;<9?> $:4 // : .-),(5)21 *- c-5- R212&&() R(&&()5, 8-#: @).# 4+" 1+0C<"%*E "a#"C* R #$0? #)/F$% 1*""?E @)1 %$* /"A?"#*"& 0% *+" 6%@)/& .)/D$ [)%0A"1* )1 /"\>0/"& FB !"#- RWWO 0% /"?)*0$% *$ !"#- ,O,R $A *+" 4)/0AA )%& .>1*$<1 .$&" $A *+" J+0?0CC0%"1 X4..JY-

I&&(21 c3-/23'52 8-3%-3'*(-): '.*()5 +-3 ')1 () =20'&+ -+ c-5- R212&&() R(&&()5 8-# 32J<2,*21 R'.-)13'9 *- .-332.* *02 7')(+2,* -+ *02 ,*2'723 ,- *0'* (* 7'9 *'/2 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, '* 8<,*-7, ]-<,2#

R2');0(&2: *02 8-&&2.*-3 -+ 8<,*-7, 32J<(321 R'.-)13'9 *- 2F%&'() ')1 ,0-; .'<,2 ;09 )- '17()(,*3'*(>2 +()2 ,0-<&1 =2 (7%-,21 <%-) ,'(1 >2,,2&# P03-<50 (*, .-<),2&: R'.-)13'9 ;3-*2 *- *02 8-&&2.*-3 8<,*-7, *0'* (* (, *3<2 *0'* -)&9 ! .-(& .'3=-) ,*22& ;', 12,cribed in the ship’s manifest but the bill of lading called for the 12&(>239 -+ ! .-(& .'3=-) ,*22&: ! =<)1&2 .'3=-) ,*22& +&'* ')1 ! .'3=-) .-)*'()()5 *--& 0-&123, .'3=(12 .<**23, 53-<)1# T<3*023: R'.-)13'9 '%%&(21 ;(*0 *02 c<32'< -+ 8<,*-7, +-3 *02 '%%3-%3('*2 '72)172)* -) ') '%%3->21 .<,*-7, +-37 *- 32+&2.*

Collector of Customs replied: “this Office would like to inform you that under

pay the fine first”.

:E86?89F63 E;9=6< 8: <65=;76 5:77658=B 8D6 5;7>:63 8D6B 5:?26B ;3 5:2676< AB 8D6 @6789?6?8 A9== :E =;<9?># @)*2)*(-)'&&9: -3 -*023;(,2: ,<.0 ().-332.* %32%'3'*(-) -+

.'35- 7')(+2,*, .'))-* =2 *-&23'*21 +-3 (* 1-2, )-* -)&9 2)0').2 *02 .-77(,,(-) -+ +3'<1 =<* '&,- 7'/2, ,7<55&()5 ,<,%(.(-<, ,().2 (* 32)123, 1(++(.<&* *3'.()5 -+ *02 ,-<3.2 -+ .-)*3'=')1 5--1,# ,? @;339?>. 98 F;B A6 38;86< 8D;8 B:H7 26336=3 D;26 A66? E:H?< 5:FF9889?> 8D6 3;F6 29:=;89:?3 <63@986 8D6 C;7?9?>3 D6768:E:76 >926? ;?< CD95D B:H7 5:F@;?B D;3 ?:8 >926? ;?B 5:?567?4 #3 ; F;8867 :E E;58. B:H7 26336= D;26 :E86?89F63 A66? 76@:786< 5:FF9889?> 8D6 3;F6 29:=;89:?3 : ;0(.0 .-)1<.* (,

*')*'7-<)* *- ;(&&+<& ')1 12&(=23'*2 12+(').2 -+ .-),*(*<*21 '<*0-3(*9#

R'.-)13'9 %'(1 *02 ?!CCC +()2 <)123 %3-*2,*# ]2'3()5 -) *02 %3-*2,* %3-.22121# P02 8-&&2.*-3 -+ 8<,*-7, -+ *02 ?-3* -+ R')(&' -312321 *02 1(,7(,,'& -+ ,'(1 %3-*2,* +-3 &'./ -+ 723(*# O) '%%2'& *- *02 8-77(,,(-)23 -+ 8<,*-7,: *02 &'**23 ,<,*'()21 *02 8-&&2.*-3 -+ 8<,*-7,# R'.-)13'9 +(&21 ' %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; ;(*0 *02 8-<3* -+ P'F I%%2'&,# 8PI '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8-&&2.*-3 -+ 8<,*-7, ', '++(3721 =9 *02 8-77(,,(-)23 -+ 8<,*-7,# ]2).2: *0(, %2*(*(-) +- 3 32>(2;#

6!!785 ^+"*+"/ $/ %$* !f! 436 J6MK G0$?)*"& !"#- RWWO 0% /"?)*0$% *$ !"#- ,O,R $A 4.. A$/ ?)%&0%D >%<)%0A"1*"& #)/D$ )* *+" C$/* $A [)%0?)E )%& *+>1E 1+$>?& C)B *+" A0%"m

98:;5 d8!-

62.*(-) !CCK# +:5HF6?83 8: A6 @7: 6?87B :E ; 26336= 6?>;>6< 9? E:769>? 87;<6. 8D6 F;3867 8D676:E 3D;== @7636?8 *02 +-&&-;()5 1-.<72)*,: 1<&9 .23*(+(21 =9 0(7: *- *02 .<,* -7, =-'31()5 -++(.('&U#

!AK

'# !D6 :79>9?;= F;?9E638 :E ;== 5;7>: <6389?6< E:7 8D6 @:78. 8: A6 768H7?6< C98D 8D6 9?<:736F6?8 :E 8D6 A:;7<9?> :EE959;= G =# P0322 .-%(2, -+ * 02 ,'72 7')(+2,*: -)2 -+ ;0(.0 <%-) .23*(+(.'*(-) =9 *02 =-'31()5 -++(.('& ', *- *02 .-332.*)2,, -+ *02 .-%9: ,0'&& =2 32*<3)21 *- *02 7',*23G .# ###

62.*(-) !CCL# R')(+2,* 32J<(321 -+ >2,,2& +3-7 +-32(5) %-3*# — *267B 26336= E7:F ; E:769>? @:78 FH38 D;26 :? A:;7< ; 5:F@=686 F;?9E638 :E ;== D67 5;7>: # #== :E 8D6 5;7>: 9?86?<6< 8: A6 =;?<6< ;8 ; @:78. 9? 8D6 &D9=9@@9?63. FH38 A6 <63579A6< 9? 36@;7;86 F;?9E6383 E:7 6;5D @:78 :E 5;== *0232()# X'.0 7')(+2,* ,0'&& ().&<12 *02

%-3* -+ 12%'3*<32 ')1 *02 %-3* -+ 12&(>239 ;(*0 *02 7'3/,: )<7=23,: J<')*(*9 ')1 12,.3(%*(-) -+ *02 %'./'52, ')1 *02 )'72, -+ *02 .-),(5)22, *0232-+# X>239 >2,,2& +3-7 ' +-32(5) %-3* 7<,* 0'>2 -) =-'31 .-7%&2*2 7')(+2,*, -+ %',,2)523, ')1 *02(3 ='55'52: () *02 %32,.3(=21 +-37: ,2**()5 +-3*0 *02(3 12,*()'*(-) ')1 '&& %'3*(.<&'3, 32J<(321 =9 *02 (77(53'*(-) &';,G ###

,'+25<'31 '5'(),* 5--1, =2()5 =3-<50* ()*- *0(, .-<)*39 -) ' >2,,2& ')1 *02) ,7<55&21 ',0-32# @) ,0-3*: ;0(&2 ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, -31()'3(&9 7232&9 ' .-)>2)(2)* .-7723.('& (),*3<72)* 12,(5)21 *- %3-*2.* *02 (7%-3*23 -3 .-),(5)22: ' 7')(+2,* -+ *02 .'35- (, '=,-&<*2&9 2,,2)*('& *- *02 2F%-3*'*(-) -3 (7%-3*'*(-) -+ %3-%23*9 () '&& >2,,2&,: *02 2>(12)* ()*2)* ')1 -=Q2.* -+ ;0(.0 (, *- (7%-,2 <%-) *02 -;)23, ')1 -++(.23, -+ ,<.0 >2,,2& ') (7%23'*(>2 -=&(5'*(-) *- ,<=7(* &(,*, -+ *02 2)*(32 &-'1()5 -+ *02 ,0(% () *02 %32,.3(=21 +-37: *- +'.(&(*'*2 *02 &'=-3, -+ *02 .<,*-7, ')1 (77(53'*(-) -++(.23, ')1 *- 12+2'* ')9 '**27%* *- 7'/2 <,2 -+ ,<.0 >2,,2&, *,2.<32 *02 <)&';+<& 2)*39 -+ %23,-), -3 *0()5, ()*- *02 .-<)*39# 6().2 *0232+-32: *02 %<3%-,2 ,23>21 =9 *02 7')(+2,* (, +'3 1(++232)* +3-7 *0'* -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: M2 .'))-* '..2%*-3 %&'.2 ') (7%3(7'*<3 -) *02 .-)*2)*(-) -+ R'.-)13'9 *0'* *02 2)*3(2, () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 '12J<'*2&9 ,<%%&(21 *02 12+(.(2).9 -+ *02 7')(+2,* ')1 .<321 (* -+ (*, ()+(37(*9# P02 7')1'*2 -+ *02 &'; (, .&2'3 ')1 M2 .'))-* ,2**&2 +-3 &2,,# P02 &'; (7%-,2, *02 '=,-&<*2 -=&(5'*(-): <)123 %2)'&*9 +-3 +'(&<32: <%-) 2>239 >2,,2& +3-7 ' +-32(5) %-3* *- 0'>2 E-) =-'31 .-7%&2*2 ;3(**2) -3 *9%2;3(**2) 7')(+2,*, -+ '&& 023 .'35-: ,(5)21 =9 *02 7',*23E# M0232 *02 &'; 32J<(32, ' 7')(+2,* *- =2 /2%* -3 12&(>2321: (* (, )-* .-7%&(21 ;(*0 <)&2,, *02 7')(+2,* (, *3<2 ')1 '..<3'*2#

62.*(-) ALA!# T'(&<32 *- ,<%%&9 32J<(,(*2 7')(+2,*,# — ,E ;?B 26336= :7 ;9757;E8 6?8673 :7 <6@;783 E7:F ; @:78 :E 6?87B C98D:H8 3HAF9889?> 8D6 @7:@67 F;?9E6383 8: 8D6 5H38:F3 ;H8D:798963. :7 3D;== 6?867 :7 <6@;78 5:?26B9?> H?F;?9E6386< 5;7>: -*023 *0') ', ,*'*21 () *02 )2F* %3-.221()5 ,2.*(-) 0232-+: 3H5D 26336= :7 ;9757;E8 3D;== A6 E9?6< 9? ; 3HF ?:8 6G566<9?> 86? 8D:H3;?< @63:3 #

K-L- M$- POO,P 3>D>1* ,,E RPPR [3K8::3M [3M723.47L6MK [3Lj846MK .VLJVL346VME h C"*0*0$%"/E G1-

P02 ,'72 +()2 ,0'&& =2 (7%-,21 <%-) ')9 '33(>()5 -3 12%'3*()5 >2,,2& -3 '(3.3'+* (+ *02 7',*23 -3 %(&-* () .-77')1 ,0'&& +'(& *- 12&(>23 -3 7'(& *- *02 I<1(*-3 d2)23'& ' *3<2 .-%9 -+ *02 7')(+2,* -+ *02 ().-7()5 -3 -<*5-()5 .'35-: ', 32J<(321 =9 &';#

4+" 0%#?>10$% $A *+" >%<)%0A"1*"& #)/D$"1 0% *+" (0?? $A :)&0%D &$"1 %$* 1)*01AB *+" /"\>0/"<"%* $A *+" )A$/"\>$*"& 1"#*0$%1 $A *+" 4.. # @* (, *- =2 )-*21 *0'* )-;0232

() *02 ,'(1 ,2.*(-) (, *02 %32,2)*'*(-) -+ ' c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

.V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E VL68M4 Vg8L!83! .VM436M8L :6M8! )%& 2-8- e78::6KE 6M./"1C$%&"%*1-

TI8P6U R'52&&') R')<+'.*<323, R'3/2*()5 8-3%# bRRR8$ 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* ;(*0 80-Q< 8-#b8]OB\$ -+ 4-/-0'7': B'%') *- 2F%-3* !HZ:CCC ')'0'; +'), +-3 ')1 () .-),(123'*(-) -+ lAH:AAC#CC# I, %'972)* *0232-+: ' &2**23 -+ .321(* ;', (,,<21 *%&'()*(++ RRR8 =9 *02 =<923# P02 &2**23 -+ .321(* 32J<(321 ') -) =-'31 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 *0'* *0232 ,0-<&1 =2 )- *3'), ,0(%72)*# P03-<50 (*, %32,(12)*: B'72, 8<: RRR8 *02) .-)*3'.*21 T#X# p<2&&(5 *- ,0(% *02 ')'0'; +'), *03-<50: O3(2)* O>23,2', 8-)*'()23 ^()2,: @).#: bOO8^$ ,%2.(+9()5 *0'* 02 )22121 ') -)h=-'31 =(&& -+

!AL

&'1()5 ')1 *0'* *3'),0(%72)* (, )-* '&&-;21 <)123 *02 &2**23 -+ .321(*# O) B<)2 HC: !DYC: '%%2&&')* RRR8 %'(1 T#X# p<2&&(5 *02 +32(50* .0'352, ')1 ,2.<321 ' .-%9 -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ;0(.0 ;', %32,2)*21 *- I&&(21 c')/# P02 =')/ *02) .321(*21 *02 '7-<)* -+ \6lAH:AAC#CC .->2321 =9 *02 &2**23 -+ .321(* *- '%%2&&')*S, '..-<)*# However, MMMC’s president (Cu) was later informed by the bank that payment

;', 32+<,21 =9 8]OB\ =2.'<,2 *0232 ;', )- -)h=-'31 =(&& -+ &'1()5: ')1 *0232 ;', ' *3'),0(%72)* -+ 5--1,# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *02 32+<,'& -+ *02 =<923 *- '..2%*: RRR8 32J<2,*21 *0'* *02 ')'0'; =2 , 0(%%21 ='./ *- R')(&' =9: +-3 ;0(.0 p\X^^@d 127')121 +3-7 +-3723 %'972)* -+ ?AKZ:CKH#KH# p\X^^@d: () (*, &2**23: 5'>2 RRR8 ') -%*(-) *- %'9 ,<.0 '7-<)* -3 *- '=') 1-): +-3 ;0(.0: RR8 .0-,2 *02 &'**23# ]-;2>23: '+*23 ,<.0 '=')1-)72)*: p\X^^@d ,*(&& 127')121 %'972)* +3-7 RRR8# P3('& *0232'+*23 2),<21#

P3('& 8-<3* – 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ p\X^^@d# @* 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()* -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 0'1 5(>2) (*, .-),2)* *- *02 .-)*2)*, -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ;0232 (* (, .&2'3&9 ()1(.'*21 *0'* *0232 ;(&& =2 *3'),0(%72)*# 8Ih affirmed Trial Court’s ruling but modified the amount (reduced it from ADY:!LC#DH *- LA:!CA#KL$ ;0(.0 32%32,2)*, *02 +32(50* .0'352, ')1 127<33'52, ().<3321 () B'%') =<* )-* +-3 *02 127<33'52, ().<3321 () R')(&'# @* 02&1 * 0'* RRR8 (, )-* &('=&2 +-3 *02 127<33'52 () R')(&' =2.'<,2 p\X^^@d 1(1 )-* *(72&9 ()+-37 RRR8 *0'* *02 5--1, ;232 '&32'19 () R')(&'#

@66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ;0(.0 32+&2.*21 *02 *3'),,0(%72)* ')1 *0'* *02 same was a “received for shipment” bill of lading contrary to what was required in

*02 &2**23 -+ .321(* ;', '..2%*21e.-),2)*21 =9 RRR8 ')1 *0232=9 =()1, *02 ,'72i 68 _\^@NdU

P02 8-<3* 3<&21 () *02 '++(37'*(>2# @ * 02&1 *0'* (* (, ' &-)5 ,*')1()5 Q<3(,%3<12)*('& 3<&2 *0'* ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 -%23'*2, =-*0 ', ' 32.2(%* ')1 ', ' .-)*3'.*# @* (, ' 32.2(%* +-3 *02 5--1, ,0(%%21 ')1 ' .-)*3'.* *- *3'),%-3* ')1 12&(>23 *02 ,'72 ', *0232() ,*(%<&'*21# I, ' .-)*3'.*: (* )'72, *02 %'3*(2,: ;0(.0 ().&<12, *02 .-),(5)22: +(F2, *02 3-<*2: 12,*()'*(-): ')1 +32(50* 3'*2, -3 .0'352,: ')1 ,*(%<&'*2, *02 3(50*, ')1

-=&(5'*(-), ',,<721 =9 *02 %'3*(2,# c2()5 ' .-)*3'.*: (* (, *02 &'; =2*;22) *02 %'3*(2, ;0- '32 =-<)1 =9 (*, *237, ')1 .-)1(*(-), %3->(121 *0'* *02,2 '32 )-* .-)*3'39 *- &';: 7-3'&,: 5--1 .<,*-7,: %<=&(. -312 3 ')1 %<=&(. %-&(.9# I =(&& -+ &'1()5 <,<'&&9 =2.-72, 2++2.*(>2 <%-) (*, 12&(>239 *- ')1 '..2%*').2 =9 *02 ,0(%%23# @* (, %32,<721 *0'* *02 ,*(%<&'*(-), -+ *02 =(&& ;232: () *02 '=,2).2 -+ +3'<1: .-).2'&72)* -3 (7%3-%23 .-)1<.*: /)-;) *- *02 , 0(%%23: ')1 02 (, 52)23'&&9 =-<)1 =9 0(, '..2%*').2 ;02*023 02 32'1, *02 =(&& -3 )-*#

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bI6 PO P]X @66\X OT P_IN6]@?RXNP$ U

c',21 +3-7 *02 +'.*, -+ *02 .',2: *02 .-<3* 3<&21 *0'* RRR8: *03-<50 (*, %32,(12)*: 8\ ;0- %23,-)'&&9 32.2(>21 ')1 ,(5)21 *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ,(5)(+(21 .-),2)*# I&,-: RRR8 .-),2)*21 *- *02 *3'),,0(%72)* ,().2 8< 32.2(>21 , <.0 1-.<72)* '* ZUELLIG’s office and there clearly appears on the face of the bill of lading under

.-&<7) E?O_P OT P_IN6]@?RXNPE ') 2)*39 E]ONdjONdS# ^',*&9: 8< () 0(, *2,*(7-)9 -) .3-,, 2F'7()'*(-): .'*25-3(.'&&9 ,*'*21 *0'* 02 /)2; +-3 ' +'.* *0'* *02 ,0(%72)* ;', *- =2 <)&-'121 () ]-)5 j-)5 +3-7 *02 Ro ?'.(+(. V2,%'*.023 *=2 *3'),+23321 *- ' 7-*023 >2,,2&: *02 Ro O3(2)*'& _2,2'3.023# bI6 PO P]X @66\X OT P]X c@^^ NOP cX@Nd IN ON cOI_V c@^^ OT ÎV@Nd$ MMMC knew at the time it accepted the d ocument that it was a “received for shipment bill of lading” but contends that ZUELLIG issued him a certificate which in 2++2.* .onverted the previous document to an “on board bill of lading”. On this

(,,<2: *02 8-<3* 3<&21 *0'* ,<.0 .23*(+(.'*(-) .'))-* J<'&(+9 *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: ', -3(5()'&&9 (,,<21: ()*- ') -) =-'31 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ', 32J<(321 =9 *02 *2 37, -+ *02 &2**23 -+ .321(* (,,<21 () +'>-3 -+ %2*(*(-)23# R-32->23: *02 .23*(+(.'*(-) ;', (,,<21 ;', (,,<21 -)&9 -) B<&9 !D: !DYC: ;'9 =29-)1 *02 2F%(39 1'*2 -+ B<)2 HC: !DYC ,%2.(+(21 () *02 &2**23 -+ .321(* +-3 *02 %32,2)*'*(-) -+ ') -) =-'31 =(&& -+ &'1()5#

!AZ

P0<, 2>2) ',,<7()5 *0at the certification could have converted the “received for shipment” bill of lading to “on board bill of lading” such an effect may be achieved

-)&9 ', -+ *02 1'*2 -+ (*, (,,<').2: *0'* (,: -) B<&9 !D: !DYC ')1 -);'31,: ;0(.0 ;', ;'9 =29-)1 *02 2F%(39 1'*2 ,%2.(+(21 () *02 &2**23 -+ .321(*#

)-* )-37'& ')1 *0232 (, (),<++(.(2).9 -+ ,0(%%()5 ,%'.2# AD I) -) =-'31 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, (,,<21 ;02) *02 5--1, 0'>2 =22) '.*<'&&9 %&'.21 '=-'31 *02 ,0(% ;(*0 2>239 32',-)'=&2 2F%2.*'*(-) *0'* *02 ,0(%72)* (, ', 5--1 ', -) (*, ;'9# HC @* (,: *0232+-32: <)123,*')1'=&2 *0'* ' %'3*9 *- ' 7'3(*(72 .-)*3'.* ;-<&1 32J<(32 ') -) =-'31 =(&& -+ &'1()5 =2.'<,2 -+ (*, '%%'32)* 5<'3')*9 -+ .23*'()*9 -+ ,0(%%()5 ', ;2&& ', *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ;0(.0 (, *- .'339 *02 5--1,#

bI6 PO P]X IRO\NP ?I4Ic^X c4 RRR8 – CA’S RULING) P02 8-<3* '=,-&>21 RRR8 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 =2.'<,2 (* 02&1 *0'* *02 &'**23 .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 127<33'52 ,().2 p\X^^@d () (*, &2**23: -++2321 RRR8 *02 -%*(-) -+ %'9()5 *02 ,0(%%()5 ')1 127<33'52 .0'352, () -3123 *- *'/2 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, -3 -+ '=')1-)()5 *02 ,'72 ,- *0'* p\X^^@d .-<&1 ,2&& *027 '* %<=&(. '<.*(-) ')1 *0232'+*23 '%%&9 *02 %3-.221, () %'972)* -+ *02 ,0(%%()5 ')1 -*023 .0'352,# RRR8 .0-,2 *02 &'**23: ')1 .-77<)(.'*21 ,<.0 .0-(.2 *- p\X^^@d# P- '&&-; 2(*023 -+ *027 *- <)(&'*23'&&9 ='./ -<* -) *02 -++23 ')1 -) *02 2F23.(,2 -+ *02 -%*(-) ;-<&1 =2 *- .-<)*2)').2 '=<,2 -+ 3(50*, ', ') -3123 -+ *02 1'9: 1-()5 >(-&2).2 **02 &-)5 2)*32).021 %3().(%&2 -+ 7<*<'&(*9 -+ .-)*3'.*,#

!)?>&$ Z/- G- .3

T'.*,U 83(,%()' d'&1- 6'&<1-: 7-*023 -+ *02 %2* (*(-)23,: 1(21 () 80(.'5-: @&&()-(,# ?-7(23,/( ')1 6-) T<)23'& ]-72 -+ 80(.'5-: 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 %32%'3'*(-), ')1 '33')5272)*, +-3 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ *02 327'(), +3-7 80(.'5- *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,# ?-7(23,/( =3-<50* *02 327'(), *- 8-)*()2)*'& R-3*<'39 I(3 623>(.2, b8RI6$ '* *02 80(.'5- I(3%-3* ;0(.0 7'12 *02 )2.2,,'39 '33')5272)*, ,<.0 ', +&(50*,: *3'),+23,: etc. CMAS booked the shipment with PAL thru the carrier’s agent Air Care

6(12 N-*2,U P_IN6]@?RXNPU

@)*23)'*(-)'&# ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& O31()'39 ;', (,,<21 ;0232() *02 32J<2,*21 3-<*()5 ;', +3-7 80(.'5- *- 6') T3').(,.- -) =-'31 P3'), M-3&1 I(3&()2 bPMI$ ')1 +3-7 6') T3').(,.- *- R')(&' -) =-'31 ?I^#

MMMC’s reliance on ZUELLIG’s certification that there was no transshipment since

*02 5--1, ;232 *3'),+23321 +3-7 -)2 >2,,2& *- ')-*023 ;0(.0 =-*0 =2&-)5 *- *02 ,'72 -;)23 ;', 7(,%&'.21# P3'),0(%72)*: () 7'3(*(72 &';: (, 12+()21 ', E*02 '.* -+ *'/()5 .'35- -<* -+ -)2 ,0(% ')1 & -'1()5 (* () ')-*023:E D -3 E*02 * 3'),+23 -+ 5--1, +3-7 *02 >2,,2& ,*(%<&'*21 () *02 .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)* *- ')-*023 >2,,2& =2+-32 *02 %&'.2 -+ 12,*()'*(-) )'721 () *02 .-)*3'.* 0', =22) 32'.021:E !C -3 E*02 *3'),+23 +-3 +<3*023 *3'),%-3*'*(-) +3-7 -)2 ,0(% -3 .-)>29').2 *- ')-*023#E !! 8&2'3&9: 2(*023 () (*, -31()'39 -3 (*, , *3(.*&9 &25'& '..2%*'*(-): *0232 (, * 3'),0(%72)* ;02*023 -3 )-* *02 ,'72 %23,-): +(37 -3 2)*(*9 -;), *02 >2,,2&,#

V@TTX_XN8X cXPMXXN ON cOI_V a _X8X@oXV TO_ 6]@?RXNP c@^^6 OT ÎV@Nd I) -) =-'31 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, -)2 () ;0(.0 (* (, ,*'*21 *0'* *02 5--1, 0'>2 =22) 32.2(>21 -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& ;0(.0 (, *- .'339 *02 5--1,: ;0232', ' 32.2(>21 +-3 ,0(%72)* =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, -)2 () ;0(.0 (* (, ,*'*21 *0'* * 02 5--1, 0'>2 =22) 32.2(>21 +-3 ,0(%72)* ;(*0 -3 ;(*0-<* ,%2.(+9()5 *02 >2,,2& =9 ;0(.0 *02 5--1, '32 *- =2 ,0(%%21# _2.2(>21 +-3 ,0(%72)* =(&&, -+ &'1()5 '32 (,,<21 ;02)2>23 .-)1(*(-), '32

6'&>'.(-) b-)2 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23,$: <%-) '33(>'& '* 6') T3').(,.-: ;2)* *- *02 PMI *inquire about her mother’s remains. But she was *-&1 *029 1(1 )-* /)-; ')9*0()5 about it. She then called Pomierski that her mother’s remains were not at the West

8-',* *237()'&# ?-7(23,/( (7721('*2&9 .'&&21 8RI6 ;0(.0 ()+-3721 *0'* *02 327'(), ;232 -) ' %&')2 *- R2F(.- 8(*9: *0'* *0232 ;232 *;- =-1(2, '* *02 *237()'&: ')1 ,-720-; *029 ;232 ,;(*.021# 8RI6 .'&&21 ')1 *-&1 ?-7(23,/( *0'* *029 ;232 ,2)1()5 *02 327'(), ='./ *- 8'&(+-3)(' >(' P2F',# ?2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* '5'(),* PMI ')1 ?I^ +(3 *02 7(,,0(%72)* ')1 12&'9 () *02 12&'9 -+ *02 .'35- .-)*'()()5 *02 327'(), -+ *02 &'*2 83(,%()' 6'&<1-# ?2*(*(-)23, '&&2521 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 32.2(>21 *02 .',/2*21 327'(), -+ 83(,%()' -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z: ', 2>(12).21 =9 *02 (,,<').2 -+ ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& =9 I(3 8'32 ')1 +3-7 ,'(1 1'*2: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ;232 .0'3521 ;(*0 *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 *- 2F23.(,2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ,- 7<.0 ,- *0'* *02 '&&2521 ,;(*.0()5 -+ *02 .',/2*, -) O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z: -3 -)2 1'9 '+*23 *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 32.2(>21 *02 .'35-: *02 &'**23 7<,* )2.2,,'3(&9 =2 &('=&2#

!A`

@,,<2,U M02*023 -3 )-* *0232 ;', 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- <%-) 7232 (,,<').2 -+ * 02 '(3;'9 =(&& &'1()5 Whether or not the delay in the delivery of the casketed remains of petitioners’

7-*023 ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* -+ 32,%-)12)* '(3&()2 .-7%')(2,

]2&1U NO *- =-*0: =<* PMI ;', 02&1 *- %'9 %2*(*(-)23, )-7()'& 1'7'52, -+ ?KC:CCC +-3 (*, >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 125322 -+ 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &'; *- =2 2 F23.(,21 =9 2>239 .-77-) .'33(23

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

@) -*023 ;-31,: -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z *02 .'35- .-)*'()()5 *02 .',/2*21 327'(), -+ 83(,%()' 6'&<1- ;', =--/21 +-3 ?I^ T&(50* N<7=23 ?_h!C` &2'>()5 6') T3').(,.- +-3 R')(&' -) O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z: ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& N-# C`DhC!!YCKLK ;', (, ,<21: )-* ', 2>(12).2 -+ 32.2(%* -+ 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z: =<* 7232&9 ' , ' .-)+(37'*(-) -+ *02 =--/()5 *0<, 7'12 +-3 *02 6') T3').(,.-hR')(&' +&(50* ,.021<&21 -) O.*-=23 A`: !D`Z# I.*<'&&9: (* ;', )-* <)*(& O.*-=23 AY: !D`Z *0'* ?I^ 32.2(>21 %09,(.'& 12&(>239 -+ *02 =-19 '* 6') T3').(,.-: ', 1<&9 2>(12).21 =9 *02 @)*23&()2 T32(50* P3'),+23 R')(+2,* -+ *02 I723(.') I(3&()2 T32(50* 69,*27 ')1 ,(5)21 +-3 =9 o(35(&(- _-,'&2, '* !DKL]: -3 ÙKL ?#R# -) ,'(1 1'*2#

XF%&(.(* (, *02 3<&2 <)123 I3*(.&2 !`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`HK: '**'.0 ')1 *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ +'<&* -+ *02 .'33(23 <)123 I3*( .&2 !`HL =2 ()>-/21# I, '&32'19 127-),*3'*21: *02 +'.*, () *02 .',2 '* ='3 =2&(2 *02 '>2372)* *0'* *0232 ;', 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- *- *02 .'33(23 -) O.*-=23 AZ: !D`Z# _'*023: ', 2'3&(23 2F%&'()21: *02 =-19 ()*2)121 *- =2 ,0(%%21 ', '53221 <%-) ;', 32'&&9 %&'.21 () *02 %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ ?I^ -) O.*-=23 AY: !D`Z ')1 (* ;', +3-7 *0'* 1'*2 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, =2.'72 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 '53221 .'35- <)123 *02(3 <)123*'/()5, () ?I^ I(3;'9 c(&& N-# C`DhC!!YCKLK# 8-),2J<2)*&9: +-3 *02 ,;(*.0()5 -+ .',/2*, %3(-3 *0232*- ;0(.0 ;', )-* .'<,21 =9 *027: ')1 ,<=,2J<2)* 2>2)*, .'<,21 *0232=9: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2#

P02 -+*h32%2'*21 3<&2 325'31()5 ' .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 +-3 12&'9 (, *0'* () *02 '=,2).2 -+ ' ,%2.('& .-)*3'.*: ' .'33(23 (, )-* ') (),<323 '5'(),* 12&'9 () *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1,# M02) ' .-77-) .'33(23 <)123*'/2, *- .-)>2 9 5--1,: *02 &'; (7%&(2, ' .-)*3'.* *0'* *029 ,0'&& =2 12&(>2321 '* 12,*()'*(-) ;(*0() ' 32',-)'=&2 *(72: () *02 '=,2).2: -+ ')9 '532272)* ', *- *02 *(72 -+ 12&(>239# c<* ;0232 ' .'33(23 0', 7'12 ') 2F%32,, .-)*3'.* *- *3'),%-3* ')1 12&(>23 %3-%23*9 ;(*0() ' ,%2.(+(21 *(72: (* (, =-<)1 *- +<&+(&& (*, .-)*3'.* ')1 (, &('=&2 +-3 ')9 12&'9: )- 7'**23 +3-7 ;0'* .'<,2 (* 7'9 0'>2 '3(,2)# P0(, 32,<&* &-5(.'&&9 +-&&-;, +3-7 *02 ;2&&h,2**&21 3<&2 *0'* ;0232

!AY

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—

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bR2)1-[' >,# ?I^: DC ?0(&# YHZ$#

23.4!5 ?&'()*(++: ' 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-): ,22/, *- 32.->23 +3-7 *02 12+2)1')*,

?D:DKC#DL *02 '&&2521 >'&<2 -+ +-<3 .',2, -+ 723.0')1(,2 ;0(.0 (* 12&(>2321 *- *02 ,*2'7,0(% I)132, -) O.*-=23 AL: !DAA: '* R')(&' *- =2 ,0(%%21 *- 6<3(5'-: =<* ;0(.0 ;232 )2>23 12&(>2321 *- 6'&-7-) 60'3<++: *02 .-),(5)22: -3 32*<3)21 *- *02 %&'()*(++#

V2+2)1')*, 7'/2 ' ,%2.(+(. 12)('& -+ '&& -+ *02 7'*23('& '&&25'*(-), -+ *02 .-7%&'()*: ')1 ', ,%2.('& 12+2),2 '&&252 *0'* *02 +-<3 .',2, -+ 723.0')1(,2 () J<2,*(-) ;232 )2>23 12&(>2321 *- *027# P029 +<3*023 ()>-/2 .&'<,2 !A -+ *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 +-3 *02(3 limited liability which reads: “It is expressly understood that carrier shall not be

&('=&2 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 +3-7 ')9 .'<,2 -3 +-3 ')9 32',-) *- ') '7-<)* 2F.221()5 ?HCC +-3 ')9 ,()5&2 %'./'52 -+ ,(&/ -3 -*023 >'&<'=&2 .'35-: )-3 +-3 ' ) '7-<)* 2F.221()5 ?!CC +-3 ')9 ,()5&2 %'./'52 -+ -*023 .'35-: <)&2,, *02 >'&<2 ')1 .-)*2)*, -+ ,<.0 %'./'52, '32 .-332.*&9 12.&'321 () *0(, =(&& -+ &'1()5 '* *02 *(72 -+ ,0(%72)* ')1 +32(50* %'(1 () '..-31 ;(*0 *02 '.* <'& 72',<3272)* -3 ;2(50* -+ *02 .' 35-

P0232 (, )- ,0-;()5 =9 %&'()*(++, *0'* ,<.0 ' ,%2.('& -3 ,%2.(+(. .-)*3'.* 0'1 =22) 2)*2321 ()*- =2*;22) *027 ')1 *02 12+2)1')* '(3&()2 .-7%')(2,#

shipped.”

I)1 *0(, ,%2.('& .-)*3'.* +-3 %3-7%* 12&(>239 ,0-<&1 .'&& *02 '**2)*(-) -+ *02 .'33(23 *- *02 .(3.<7,*').2, ,<33-<)1()5 *02 .',2 ')1 *02 '%%3-F(7'*2 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52, *- =2 ,<++2321 () .',2 -+ 12&'9 b622 R2)1-[' >,# ?I^: ,<%3'$# P0232 ;', )-

^-;23 .-<3* 32)12321 Q<1572)* +-3 *02 %&'()*(++ +-3 *02 +<&& '7-<)* -+ (*, .&'(7#

such contract entered into in the instant case.”

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

6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* *02 %3->(,(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02

.'33(23 )-* *- 2F.221 ?HCC (, >'&(1# 98:;5 NO# I .-77-) .'33(23 .'))-* &';+<&&9 ,*(%<&'*2 +-3 *02 2F27%*(-) +3-7

&('=(&(*9: <)&2,, ,<.0 2F27%*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2# P02 .'33(23 .'))-* &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 +-3 ()Q<39 *- -3 &-,, -+ 5--1, , 0(%%21 (+ ,<.0 ;', .'<,21 =9 (*, -;) )25&(52).2#

!AD

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h2(50* -+ (*, '.*<'& >'&<2# @+ *0'* 3<&2 -+ &'; ,0-<&1 =2 ,<,*'()21: )- ,(&/ ;-<&1 2>23 =2 ,0(%%21 +3-7 -)2 (,&')1 *- ')-*023 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,# 6<.0 ' &(7(*'*(-) -+ >'&<2 (, <).-),.(-)'=&2 ')1 >-(1 ', '5'(),* %<=&(. %-&(.9#

8-3%<, B<3(,: >-&<72 !C: %# !LK: ,'9,U ?I_# !DK# Z# _2',-)'=&2 -+ ^(7(*'*(-)# — P02 >'&(1(*9 -+ ,*(%<&'*(-), &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23, &('=(&(*9 (, *- =2 12*237()21 =9 *02(3 32',-)'=&2)2,, ')1 *02(3 .-)+-37(*9 **02 ,-<)1 %<=&(. %-&(.9: () '..-31').2 ;(*0 ;0(.0 *02 -=&(5'*(-), -+ *02 .'33(23 **02 %<=&(. '32 ,2**&21# @* .'))-* &';+<&&9 ,*(%<&'*2 +-3 2F27%*(-) +3-7 &('=(&(*9: <)&2,, ,<.0 2F27%*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2: ')1 <)&2,, *02 .-)*3'.* (, +322&9 ')1 +'(3&9 7'12# N- .-)*3'.*<'& &(7(*'*(-) (, 32',-)'=&2 ;0(.0 (, ,<=>23,(>2 -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9# ?I_# !DL# `# M0'* ^(7(*'*(-), -+ ^('=(&(*9 ?237(,,(=&2# — '# N25&(52).2 — b!$ _<&2 () I723(.' — b'$ @) I=,2).2 -+ O35')(. -3 6*'*<*-39 ?3->(,(-), _25<&'*()5 6<=Q2.*— ''# R'Q-3(*9 _<&2# — @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ,*'*<*2: (* (, ,2**&21 =9 *02 ;2(50* -+ '<*0-3(*9 () *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,: *0'* ;0'*2>23 &(7(*'*(-), '5'(),* (*, .-77-)h&'; &('=(&(*9 '32 %237(,,(=&2 *- ' .'33(23: (* .'))-* &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 +-3 ()Q<39 *- -3 &-,, -+ 5--1, , 0(%%21: ;0232 ,<.0 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, (, .'<,21 =9 (*, -;) )25&(52).2# P0(, (, *02 .-77-)h&'; 1-.*3()2 ')1 (* 7'/2, )- 1(++2 32).2 *0'* *0232 (, )- ,*'*<*-39 %3-0(=(*(-) '5'(),* .-)*3'.*, -+ *0(, .0'3'.*23#

P0232 (, )- 723(* () *02 '%%2'&# P02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 &-;23 .-<3* (, '+ +(3721: ;(*0 .-,*,#

J3L[3M3M; !98^3L3[E %&'()*(++ ')1 '%%2&&22: >,# J96:6JJ6M8 36L :6M8!E 6M.-E

12+2)1')* ')1 '%%2&&')*# K-L- M$- :N,WWPP

Z>?B UE RPQQ

e3:;6g3LE <)

P0(, (, ') '%%2'& +3-7 *02 8T@ p'7=-')5' V2.(,(-) 2&(7()'*()5 2F27%&'39 damages and modifying MTC Zamboanga’s Decision ordering PAL to pay actual damages, exemplary damages, damages, attorney’s fees and cost of suit to S hewaram.

23.4!

?'37')')1 602;'3'7

h %',,2)523

?0(&(%%()2 I(3 ^()2,: @).# b?I^$

h .'33(23

O) N->27=23 AH: !DLD: ?'37')')1 602;'3'7: ;', ' %'9()5 %',,2)523 -) PAL’s aircraft from Zamboanga City bound for Manila. On the same day, he checked () H ='55'52, – ' ,<(*.',2 ')1 A -*023 %(2.2,# P02 ,<(*.',2 ;', 7(,*'5521 ;(*0 “I.G.N.” (for Iligan) instead of MNL (for Manila) by PAL personnel in Zamboanga. The

,<(*.',2 ;', *02) ,2)* *- @&(5') ')1 *0<, 1(1 )-* '33(>2 ;(*0 602;'3'7# P02 ?I^ ,*'*(-) '52)* () @&(5') .'<,21 *- ,2)1 *02 ,<(*.',2 +-3 12&(>239 *- R')(&' ;0(.0 '33(>21 -) N->27=23 AK: !DLD#

?3(-3 *- 0'>()5 0(, ,<(*.',2 32*<3)21: 602;'3'7 ;', -++2321 ')-*023 ,(7(&'3 ,<(*.',2 ;0(.0 ;', *02 -)&9 ='55'52 &2+* +-3 *02 +&(50* -) N->27=23 AH: !DLD# P0(, '%%'32)*&9 =2&-)521 *- ' .23*'() V2& _-,'3(- ;0- ;', =-<)1 +-3 @&(5') () *02 ,'72 +&(50* ;(*0 602;'3'7# P02 ,'(1 ,<(*.',2 ;', )2>23*02&2,, -%2)21 *',.23*'() (+ ,<.0 =2&-)521 *- 602;'3'7 ;(*0-<* *02 %237(,,(-) ')1 %32,2).2 -+

!HC

R3# V2& _-,'3(-# 602;'3'7 32Q2.*21 *02 ,<(*.',2 ', (* .-)*'()21 ' %(,*-& (),*2'1 -+ 0(, P3'),(,*-3 _'1(- ` b?0% !`Z#CC$ ')1 _-&&+&2F 8'723' b?0% H`H#CC$# R-32->23: *0232 ;', ' ,%'.2 () *02 ,<(*.',2 ;0232 *02 *;- (*27, () J<2,*(-) .-<&1 0'>2 =22) %&'.21# ?I^ '17(**21 *0'* *02 *;- (*27, .-<&1 )-* =2 +-<)1 (),(12 *02 ,<(*.',2# P0232 was no evidence on record sufficient to show that Shewaram’s suitcase was

P0(, ;', %3()*21 () ,7'&& &2**23, '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2*# ?I^ 2>2) '17(*, *0'* %',,2)523, 1- )-* ,(5) *02 *(./2*: 7<.0 &2,, 1(1 602;'3'7 0232() ,(5) 0(, *(./2* ;02) 02 7'12 *02 +&(50* -) N->27=23 AH: !DLD#

never opened during the time it was placed in PAL’s possession and prior to its

32.->239 =9 *02 602;'3'7# ]-;2>23: ?I^ 0'1 %32,2)*21 2>(12).2 *0'* (* 0'1 '<*0-3(*9 *- -%2) %',,2)523,S ='55'52 *- >23(+9 ')1 +()1 (*, -;)23,0(% -3 (12)*(*9#

Shewaram instituted an action to recover damages suffered by him due to PAL’s

+'(&<32 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ')1 .'33('52 -+ 0(, &<55'52# P0(, ;', &-1521 =2+-32 *02 RP8 p'7=-')5' ;0(.0 32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) () +'>-3 -+ 602;'3'7# ?I^ '%%2'&21 *- 8T@ p'7=-')5'# @* 7-1(+(21 *02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 RP8 =9 327->()5 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,#

8-3-&&'39 ;(*0 *02 '=->272)*(-)21 .-)1(*(-) (, I3*# !`LC -+ *02 N88U

I .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)#

?2.<)('39 &('=(&(*9 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 7'9: =9 .-)*3'.*: =2 &(7(*21 *- ' +(F21 '7-<)*# @* (, 32J<(321: 0-;2>23: *0'* *02 .-)*3'.* 7<,* =2 E32',-)'=&2 ')1 just under the circumstances and has been fairly and freely agreed upon.” However, 6!!78

MON 602;'3'7 ;', =-<)1 =9 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 *'3(++ 325<&'*(-), +(&21 =9 ?I^ ;(*0 *02 .(>(& '23-)'<*(., =-'31 ')1 *02 .-)1(*(-), -+ .'33('52 %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 %&')2 *(./2* ,*<=#

32J<(3272)*, () I3*# !`LC 0'>2 )-* =22) 72*# P02 +'.* *0'* *0-,2 .-)1(*(-), '32 %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2* ,*<= () &2**23, ,- ,7'&& *0'* *029 '32 0'31 *- 32'1 ;-<&1 )-* ;'33')* *02 %32,<7%*(-) *0'* *02 '%%2&&22 ;', ';'32 -+ *0-,2 .-)1(*(-), ,<.0 *0'* 02 0'1 E+'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221E *- *0-,2 .-)1(*(-),# I&,-: (* ;', .&2'3 =9 *02 '17(,,(-) -+ ?I^ *0'* 602;'3'7 1(1 )-* ,(5) 0(, *(./2*# P0232+-32: 02 (, )-*: ')1 .') )-* =2: =-<)1 =9 *02 .-)1(*(-), -+ .'33('52 +-<)1 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2* ,*<= (,,<21 *- 0(7 ;02) 02 7'12 *02 +&(50* -) '%%2&&')*S, %&')2 -) N->27=23 AH: !DLD#

98:;

NO# O)2 -+ *02 +-.'& .-)1(*(-), () *02 V-72,*(. P'3(++ _25<&'*(-), N-# A +(&21 ;(*0 *02 8(>(& I23-)'<*(., c-'31 ;0(.0 (, >(*'& () *02 .',2 %3->(12,U

R-32->23: *02 .'33(23 .'))-* &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 +-3 ()Q<39 *- -3 &-,, -+ 5--1, ,0(%%21 ;0232 ,<.0 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, ;', .'<,21 =9 (*, -;) )25&(52).2# ?I^ (, <)1-<=*21&9 ')1 <)1(,%<*21&9 ' .-77-) .'33(23# @* ;', '..<,21 -+ =2()5 )25&(52)* because it admittedly mistagged Shewaram’s suitcase and the some of the contents

-+ *02 ,'(1 ,<(*.',2 ;232 7(,,()5 <)123 (*, .<,*-19# I&,-: ;(*0 *02 7'))23 () ;0(.0 Mr. Del Rosario’s suitcase was inspected wi*0-<* 0(, )2.2,,'39 '<*0-3(['*(-) ')1 P02 &('=(&(*9: (+ ')9: +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- .02./21 ='55'52 -3 +-3 12&'9 () *02 12&(>239 *0232-+ (, &(7(*21 *- (*, >'&<2 ')1: <)&2,, *02 %',,2)523 12.&'32, () '1>').2 ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) ')1 %'9 ') '11(*(-)'& .0'352 *0232+-3: *02 >'&<2 ,0'&& =2 .-).&<,(>2&9 122721 )-* *- 2F.221 ?!CC#CC +-3 2'.0 *(./2*#

presence may and could be applied to Shewaram’s suitcase as well.

P02 >'&(1(*9 -+ ,*(%<&'*(-), &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 (, *- =2 12*237()21

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=9 *02(3 32',-)'=&2)2,, ')1 *02(3 .-)+-37(*9 *- *02 ,-<)1 %<=&(. %-&(.9: () '..-31').2 ;(*0 ;0(.0 *02 -=&(5'*(-), -+ *02 .'33(23 *- *02 %<=&(. '32 ,2**&21# @* .'))-* &';+<&&9 ,*(%<&'*2 +-3 2F27%*(-) +3-7 &('=(&(*9: <)&2,, ,<.0 2F27%*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2: ')1 <)&2,, *02 .-)*3'.* (, +322&9 ')1 +'(3&9 7'12# N- .-)*3'.*<'& &(7(*'*(-) (, 32',-)'=&2 ;0(.0 (, ,<=>23,(>2 -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9# P02 ,0(%%23 ')1 *02 .-77-) .'33(23 '32 )-* -) 2J<'& *237,G *02 ,0(%%23 7<,* ,2)1 0(, +32(50* =9 *02 .-77-) .'33(23: -3 )-* '* '&&G 02 (, *0232+-32 2)*(32&9 '* *02 723.9 -+ *02 .'33(23 <)&2,, %3-*2.*21 =9 *02 0(5023 %-;23 -+ *02 &'; '5'(),* =2()5 +-3.21 ()*- .-)*3'.*, &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9# 6<.0 .-)*3'.*, '32 ;')*()5 () *02 2&272)* -+ >-&<)*'39 ',,2)*#

@) >(2; -+ *02 +-325-()5: *02 12.(,(-) '%%2'&21 +3-7 (, '++(3721: ;(*0 .-,*, '5'(),* *02 '%%2&&')*#

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I* LUCC ?#R# -+ *02 ,'72 '+*23)--): ?I^ 82=< ,2)* ' 72,,'52 *- ?I^ c<*<') *0'* *02 &<55'52 ;-<&1 =2 +-3;'3121 *02 +-&&-;()5 1'9: I<5<,* A`# I* !CUCC -S.&-./ *0'* 2>2)()5: %2*(*(-)23 ;(321 ?I^ 82=< 127')1()5 *02 12&(>239 -+ 0(, ='55'52 =2+-32 )--) *02 )2F* 1'9: -*023;(,2: 02 ;-<&1 0-&1 ?I^ &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,# P0(, *2&253'7 ;', 32.2(>21 =9 *02 82=< ?I^ ,<%23>(,-3 =<* *02 &'**23 +2&* )- )221 *- ;(32 %2*(*(-)23 *0'* 0(, &<55'52 0'1 '&32'19 =22) +-3;'3121 -) *02 ',,<7%*(-) *0'* =9 *02 *(72 *02 72,,'52 32'.021 c<*<') 8(*9: *02 &<55'52 ;-<&1 0'>2 '33(>21# X'3&9 () *02 7-3)()5 -+ *02 )2F* 1'9: I<5<,* A` %2*(*(-)23 ;2)* *- *02 c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h()h&';# ?2*(*(-)23 32+<,21 *- '..2%* *02 &<55'52# R2');0(&2: %2*(*(-)23 ',/21 +-3 %-,*%-)272)* -+ *02 02'3()5 -+ 8(>(& 8',2 N-# !CCL 1<2 *- &-,, -+ 0(, 1-.<72)*,: ;0(.0 ;', 53')*21 =9 *02 8-<3*# ?2*(*(-)23 32*<3)21 *- 82=< 8(*9 -) I<5<,* AY: !DZ`# O) 62%*27=23 !H: !DZ`: %2*(*(-)23 +(&21 ' 8-7%&'()* '5'(),* ?I^ +-3 1'7'52, +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-) ;(*0 *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=<# I+*23 1<2 *3('&: *02 &-;23 8-<3* +-<)1 ?I^ *- 0'>2 '.*21 () ='1 +'(*0 ')1 ;(*0 7'&(.2 ')1 12.&'321 %2*(*(-)23 2)*(*&21 *- 7-3'& 1'7'52, () *02 ,<7 -+ ?YC:CCC#CC: 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, -+ ?HC:CCC#CC: '**-3)29S, +22, -+ ?L:CCC#CC: ')1 .-,*,# c-*0 %'3*(2, '%%2'&21 *- *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, — %2*(*(-)23 () ,- +'3 ', 02 ;', ';'3121 -)&9 *02 ,<7 -+ ?YC:CCC#CC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52,G ')1 12+2)1')* =2.'<,2 -+ *02 <)+'>-3'=&2 Q<1572)* 32)12321 '5'(),* (*# P02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: +()1()5 *0'* ?I^ ;', 5<(&*9 -)&9 -+ ,(7%&2 )25&(52).2: 32>23,21 *02 Q<1572)* -+ *02 *3('& 8-<3*: =<* -312321 ?I^ *- %'9 %&'()*(++ *02 ,<7 -+ ?!CC#CC: *02 ='55'52 &('=(&(*9 ',,<721 =9 (* <)123 *02 .-)1(*(-) -+ .'33('52 %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2*#

6!!78!5 R,-

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“BAGGAGE LIABILITY ... The total liability of the Carrier for lost or damaged baggage

-+ *02 %',,2)523 (, ^@R@PXV PO ?!CC#CC +-3 2'.0 *(./2* <)&2,, ' %',,2)523 12.&'32, ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) () 2F.2,, -+ ?!CC#CC: =<* )-* () 2F.2,,: 0-;2>23: -+ ' *-*'& valuation of P1,000.00 and additional charges are paid pu rsuant to Carrier's tariffs.”

8-),(123()5: *0232+-32: *0'* %2*(*(-)23 0'1 +'(&21 *- 12.&'32 ' 0(5023 >'&<2 +-3 0(, ='55'52: 02 .'))-* =2 %237(**21 ' 32.->239 () 2F.2,, -+ ?!CC#CC# c2,(12,: %',,2)523, '32 '1>(,21 )-* *- %&'.2 >'&<'=&2 (*27, (),(12 *02(3 ='55'52 =<* E*- '>'(& -+ -<3 oh.'35- ,23>(.2 E# @* (, &(/2;(,2 *- =2 )-*21 *0'* *0232 (, )-*0()5 () *02 2>(12).2 *- ,0-; *02 '.*<'& >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '&&2521&9 &-,* =9 %2*(*(-)23#

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T'.*,U P02 >2,,2& Reo E?# I=-(*([E *--/ -) =-'31 () ] -)5/-)5 +-3 ,0(%72)* *- R')(&' ,-72 .'35- .-),(,*()5 -+ -)2 b!$ *;2)*9 bAC$h+--*23 .-)*'()23 0-&1()5 A`! 3-&&, -+ 5--1, +-3 '%%'32& .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1 ()5 N-# L!LhR ')1 -)2 b!$ + -3*9 bKC$h+--*23 .-)*'()23 0-&1()5 +-<3 0<)1321 +-3*9h ,2>2) bKK`$ 3-&&,: *2) b!C$ =<&/ ')1 )()2*9h+(>2 bDL$ .'3*-), -+ 5--1, +-3 '%%'32& .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 N-# LCLhR# c-*0 ,0(%72)*, ;232 .-),(5)21 *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2 I%%'32&: @).# ')1 (),<321 ;(*0 *02 d2)23'& I..(12)* T(32 ')1 ^(+2 I,,<3').2 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# bdITÎ8 +-3 ,0-3*$# P02 >2,,2& (, -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 I=-(*([ 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) bI=-(*([ +-3 ,0-3*$# O) (*, ;'9 *- R')(&': *02 >2,,2& ,<)/ ')1 (* ;', 12.&'321 &-,* ;(*0 '&& (*, .'35-2,# dITÎ8 %'(1 *02 .-),(5)22 *02 '7-<)*, +-3 *02 &-,* .'35-# I, dITÎ8 ;', ,<=3-5'*21 *- '&& *02 3(50*,: ()*232,*, ')1 '.*(-), -+ *02 .-),(5)22 '5'(),* I=-(*([: (* +(&21 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, ' 5'(),* I=-(*([ () *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ R')(&' '&&25()5 *0'* *02 &-,, ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* ')1 )25&(52).2 -+ I=-(*([ ')1 *02 7',*23 ')1 .32; -+ (*, >2,,2& () *0'* *029 1(1 )-* -=,23>2 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 &'; ', 325'31, .-77-) .'33(23,# N2>23*02&2,,: *3('& .-<3* 02&1 *0'* *02 > 2,,2& Reo EI=-(*([E ')1 (*, .'35- ;232 )-* &-,* 1<2 *- +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)* -3 +-3.2 7'Q2<32 b,*-37 () *0(, .',2$#

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d'+&'. (, )-; .-)*2)1()5 *0'* I=-(*([ (, &('=&2 )-* -)&9 \6lLCC#CC =<* +-3 *02 *-*' & '7-<)* (* %'(1 ', ') (),<323# ?2*(*(-)23 I=-(*([ 0-;2>23 '35<21 *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 c(&& -+ &'1()5 *0'* *029 ' 32 -)&9 &('=&2 +-3 \6lLCC#CC +-3 2'.0 . -)*'()23# ]232 *0232 '32 -)&9 *;- .-)*'()23,# @,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 =2 +(F21 '* \6lLCC#CC %23 %'./'52e.-)*'()23: ', ,*(%<&'*21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 )-* '* *02 '.*<'& >'&<2 -+ *02 .'35-i ]2&1U N-# P02 ,*(%<&'*(-) () c(&& -+ ^'1()5 *0'* .'33(23 ;-<&1 =2 &('=&2 +-3 \6lLCC#CC %23 %'./'52 (, ') <)32',-)'=&2 &(7(*'*(-) -) &('=(&(*9 -+ .'35-# d2)23'&&9 ,%2'/()5 ' ,*(%<&'*(-): &(7(*()5 *02 .-7 7-) .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, >'&(1# 6<.0 ,*(%<&'*(-): 0-;2>23: 7<,* =2 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2, ')1 7<,* 0'>2 =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)# @) *02 .',2 '* ='3: *02 5--1, ,0(%%21 -) *02 Reo E?# I=-(*([E ;232 (),<321 +-3 ?A`Y:LHC#LC: ;0(.0 7'9 =2 *'/2) ', *02(3 >'&<2# P- &(7(* *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23 *- lLCC#CC ;-<&1 -=>(-<,&9 %<* (* () (*, %-;23 *- 0'>2 *'/2) *02 ;0-&2 .'35-# @) B<') l3F;6= h ):4 234 -;A9?: 0;7768: h ):4 : L! ?0(&# DC b!DA`$: (* ;', 02&1 *0'* ' ,*(%<&'*(-) &(7(*()5 *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 *- lLCC#CC %23 %'./'52 -+ ,(&/ ;02) *02 >'&<2 -+ ,<.0 %'./'52 ;', ?A:LCC#CC <)&2,, *02 *3<2 >'&<2 0'1 =22) 12.&'321 ')1 *02 .-332,%-)1()5 +32(50* %'(1 ;', E>-(1 ', '5'(),* %<=&(. %-&(.9#E P0'* 3<&()5 '%%&(2, *- *0(, .',2# R-32->23: =9 *02 ;2(50* -+ 7-123) '<*0-3(*9: ' . '33(23 .'))-* &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 +-3 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, -+ 5--1, ,0(%%21 ;0232 ,<.0 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, ;', .'<,21 =9 (*, -;) )25&(52).2# ]232 *- &(7(* *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ I=-(*([ 60(%%()5 *- lLCC#CC ;-<&1 )<&&(+9 *02 %-&(.9 -+ *02 &'; (7%-,()5 -) .-77-) .'33(23, *0 2 1<*9 *- -=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1,# @)1221: (* (, 2>2) 1-<=*+<& ;02*023 *02 ;-31 E.-)*'()23E () ,2.*(-) Y -+ *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ().&<12, .-)*'()23, ;0(.0 '32 ' ,<=,*(*<*2 +-3 *02 0-&1 -+ ' >2,,2&# P0(, %3->(,(-) &(7(*, *02 .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 *- E*02 ,<7 - + \6lLCC#CC %23 @;5I;>6 i5:?8;9?67 5H38:F;7B E769>D8 H?984S c9 *02 3<&2 -+ ?:3598H7 ; 3:5993 *02 ;-31 E.-)*'()23E 7<,* =2 5(>2) *02 ,'72 72')()5 ', %'./'52 ')1 .<,*-7'39 +32(50* <)(*# V(*-: <)5 .-)*'()23 () J<2,*(-) )' '9 AC +--*23 '* KC +--*2 3 ')5 &'/(# @9-)5 &'/( )5 .-)*'()23 '9 1(++232)* ,' %'./'5 2 ')1 .<,*-7'39 <)(* )' *()<*
!")N:)%& !"/G0#"E 6%#- G- 6%*"/<"&0)*" 3CC"??)*" .$>/*

T'.*,U 62'h^')1: ' +-32(5) ,0(%%()5 ')1 +-3;'31()5 .-7%')9 &(.2),21 *- 1- =<,()2,, () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: 32.2(>21 +3-7 62'=-3)2 P3'1()5 8-7%')9 () 8'&(+-3)(': ' ,0(%72)* .-),(5)21 *- 62) ]('% ]()5: *02 =<,()2,, )'72 <,21 =9 ?'<&()- 8<2 () *02 ;0-&2,'&2 ')1 32*'(& *3'12 ;0(.0 02 -%23'*21# P02 ,0(%%23 )-* 0'>()5 12.&'321 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)*: NO oI^\X MI6 @NV@8IPXV @ N P]X c@^^ OT ÎV@Nd# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', 1(,.0'3521 () R')(&': ')1 ;0(&2 ';'(*()5 *3'),,0(%72)* *- 82=<: *02 .'35- ;', ,*-&2) =9 %(&+2323, ')1 )2>23 32.->2321# ?'<&()- 8<2: *02 .-),(5)22: 7'12 +-37'& .&'(7 <%-) 62'h^')1 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* ,0(%72)* '&&2521&9 '7-<)*()5 *- ?!`D:ZKH#KY# 62'h^')1 -++2321 *- ,2**&2 +-3 \6lK:CCC#CC: -3 (*, *02) ?0(&(%%()2 %2,- 2J<(>'&2)* -+ ?HC:ZCC#CC# ', ,23*()5 *0'* ,'(1 '7-<)* 32%32,2)*21 (*, 7'F(7<7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 ,0(%72)* <)12 3 *02 %'./'52 &(7(*'*(-) .&'<,2 () *02 .->23()5 =(&& -+ &'1()5# 8<2 32Q2.*21 *02 -++23 ')1 *0232'+*23 =3-<50* ,<(* +-3 1'7'52, '5'(),* 62'h^')1 () *02 *02) 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=< P02 *3('& .-<3* ,2)*2).21 62'h^')1 *- %'9 8<2 ?!YZ:CKY 32%32,2)*()5 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 .<332).9 >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35-: ?LL: Y!K +-3 <)32'&([21 %3-+(* ')1 ?AL:CCC +-3 attorney’s fees. CA affirmed the trial court’s decision.

@,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ 62' ^')1 (, >'&(1# ]2&1U 4X6s P0232 (, )- J<2,*(-) -+ *02 3(50* -+ ' .-),(5)22 () ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 *32.->23 +3-7 *02 .'33(23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 &-,, -+: -3 1'7'52 *-: 5--1, =2 ()5 *3'),%-3*21 <)123 ,'(1 =(&&: '&*0-<50 *0'* 1-.<72)* 7'9 0'>2 =22) 13';) <% -)&9 =9 *02 .-),(5)-3 ')1 *02 .'33(23 ;(*0-<* *02 ()*23>2)*(-) -+ *02 .-),(5)22# 6().2 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ ' .-77-) .' 33(23 +-3 &-,, -+ -3 1'7'52 *- 5 --1, *3'),%-3*21 =9 (* <)123 ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, 5->23)21 =9 *02 &';, -+ *02 .-<)*39 -+ 12,*()'*(-) ')1 *02 5--1, () J<2,*(-) ;232 ,0(%%21 +3-7 *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ 62'h^')1 0', *- 8<2 (, 5->23)21 %3(7'3(&9 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12: ')1 ', -31'()21 =9 *02 ,'(1 8-12: ,<%%&272)*'39: () '&& 7'**23, )-* .&<**2321 *0232=9: =9 *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 ,%2.('& &';,# O)2 -+ *02,2 ,<%%&272)*'39 ,%2.('& &';, (, *02 8'33('52 -+ 5--1, =9 62' I.* b8Od6I$: 7'12 '%%&(.'=&2 *- '&& .-)*3'.*, +-3 *02 .'33('52 =9 ,2' *- ')1 +3-7 *02 ?0(&(%%()2, ?-3*, () T- 32(5) P3'12 =9 8-77# I.*# ZL# 62.# KbL$ -+ ,'(1 I.* () %'3* 32'1,U bL$ N2(*023 *02 .'33(23 )-3 *02 ,0( % ,0'&& () ')9 2>2)* =2 -3 =2. -72 &('=&2 +-3 ')9 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- -3 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1, () ' ) '7-<)*

!HK

2F.221()5 lLCC %23 %'./'52 &';+<& 7-)29 -+ *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,: -3 () .',2 -+ 5--1, )-* ,0(%%21 () %'./'52,: %23 .<,*-7'39 +32(50* <) (*: -3 *02 2J<(>'&2)* -+ *0'* , <7 () -*023 .<332).9: <)&2,, *02 )'*<32 ')1 >'&<2 -+ ,<.0 5--1, 0'>2 =22) 12.&'321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23 =2+-32 ,0(%72)* ')1 (),23*21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# P0(, 12.&'3'*(-): (+ 27=-1(21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: ,0'&& =2 %3(7' +'.(2 2>(12).2: =<* ,0'&& )-* =2 .-).&<,(>2 -) *02 .'33(23# c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`KD ')1 !`LC: *0'*U I_P# !`KD I ,*(%<&'*(-) *0'* *02 .-77-) .'33(23S, &('=(&(*9 (, &(7(*21 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, =()1()5# I_P# !`LC# I .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)# X>2) (+ 62.*(-) KbL$ -+ 8Od6I 1(1 )-* &(,* *02 >'&(1(*9 ')1 =()1()5 2++2.* -+ *02 &('=(&(*9 &(7(*'*(-) .&'<,2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 0232 '32 +<&&9 ,<=,*')*('& -) *02 =',(, '&-)2 -+ I3*(.&2 !`KD ')1 !`LC -+ * 02 8(>(& 8-12# P02 Q<,*(.2, -+ ,<.0 , *(%<&'*(-) (, (7%&(.(* () (*, 5(>()5 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 *02 -%*(-) -+ '>-(1()5 '..3<'& -+ &('=(&(*9 &(7(*'*(-) =9 *02 ,(7%&2 2F%21(2)* -+ 12.&'3 ()5 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# P02 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ 62'h^')1 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52, *- *02 ,0(%72)* .->2321 =9 ,'(1 3<&2 *- \6lLCC %23 %'./'52 <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 12.&'32, *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ')1 %'9, '11(*(-)'& .0'352, (, >'&(1 ')1 =()1()5 -) 8<2#

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2)#*15

?2*(*(-)23 8(*'12& ^()2,: @).# b8I__@X_$ (, *02 52)23'& '52)* -+ *02 >2,,2& E8'31(5') c'9e6*3'(* X)*23%3(,2:E ;0(&2 32,%-)12)* R')(&' M()2 R23.0')*,: @).#b8ON6@dNXX$ (, *02 (7%-3*23 -+ *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* -+ V<)0(&& .(5'32**2, +3-7 X)5&')1#

P02 >2,,2& &-'121 -) =-'31 '* 6- <*0'7%*-): X)5&')1: +-3 .'33('52 *- R')(&': !YC T(&=3(*2 .'3*-), -+ 7(F21 c3(*(,0 7')<+'.*<321 .(5'32**2, .'&&21 EV<)0(&& @)*23)'*(-)'& T(&*23E ')1 EV<)0(&& @)*23)'*(-)'& R2)*0-& ', 2>(12).21 =9 A =(&&, -+ &'1()5# P02 ,0(%72)* '33(>21 '* *02 ?-3* -+ R')(&' () ' .-)*'()23 >') ;0(.0 ;', 32.2(>21 =9 X# _'[-): @).# b&'*23 /)-;) ', R2*3- ?-3* 623>(.2: @).#$bI__I6P_X$

P02 .-)*'()23 >'): ;0(.0 .-)*'()21 *;- ,0(%72)*, ;', ,*3(%%21# O)2 ,0(%72)* ;', 12&(>2321 ')1 *02 -*023 ,0(%72)* .-),(,*()5 -+ *02 (7%-3*21 c3(*(,0 7')<+'.*<321 .(5'32**2, ;', %'&&2*([21# V<2 *- &'./ -+ ,%'.2 '* *02 6%2.('& 8'35- 8-3'&: *02 '+-32,'(1 .(5'32**2, ;232 %&'.21 () *;- .-)*'()23, ;(*0 *;- %'&&2*, () -)2 .-)*'()23: ')1 +-<3 %'&&2*, () ')-*023 .-)*'()23: ;(*0 =-*0 .-)*'()23, 1<&9 %'1&-./21 ')1 ,2'&21 =9 *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -+ *02 8I__@X_#

The CARRIER’s headchecker discovered that the second container had a d ifferent

%'1&-./ ')1 *02 ,2'& ;', *'7%2321 ;(*0# P02 7'**23 ;', 32%-3*21 *- 6(=<.'- b?(23 6<%23()*2)12)*$ ')1 <%-) >23(+(.'*(-): (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* DC .',2, -+ (7%-3*21 c3(*(,0 7')<+'.*<321 .(5'32**2, ;232 7(,,()5# @) ') ()>2,*(5'*(-) .-)1<.*21 =9 *02 I__I6P_X (* ;', 32>2'&21 *0'* *02 .'35- () J<2,*(-) ;', )-* +-37'&&9 *<3)21 ->23 *- (* =9 *02 8I__@X_ =<* ;', /2%* (),(12 *02 ,'(1 .-)*'()23 >') ;0(.0 ;',

!HL

%'1&-./21 ')1 ,2'&21 =9 *02 32%32,2)*'*(>2, -+ *02 8I__@X_ ;(*0-<* ')9 %'3*(.(%'*(-) -+ *02 I__I6P_X-

M02) *02 8ON6@dNXX &2'3)21 *0'* DC .',2, ;232 7(,,()5: (* +(&21 ' +-37'& .&' (7 ;(*0 *02 8I__@X_# @) (*, 32%&9: (* '&&2521 *0'* *02 5--1, ;232 <)123 *02 '=,-&<*2 .-)*3-& I__I6P_X# I +-37'& .&'(7 ;', *02) +( &21 ;(*0 *02 I__I6P_X ;0(.0 12)(21 &('=(&(*9#

P02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) 2F-)2 3'*()5 *02 I__I6P_X +3-7 ')9 &('=(&(*9 -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* *02 ,<=Q2.* .-)*'()23 >') ;' , )-* +-37'&&9 *<3)21 ->23 *- (*, .<,*-19: '1Q<15()5 *02 8I__@X_ &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,* ,0(%72)*# P02 8I '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _P8#

611>"5

!# A#

M02*023 *02 &-,, -..<3321 ;0(&2 *02 .' 35- () J<2,*(-) ;', () *02 .<,* -19 -+ X# _'[-): @).# -3 -+ 8(*'12& ^()2,: @). M02*023 *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ * 02 .'33(23 .-)*'()21 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, =()1()5 -) *02 .-),(5)22#

L>?0%D5

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`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# P02 1<*9 -+ *02 .-),(5)22 (, *- %3->2 7232&9 *0'* *02 5--1, ;232 &-,* P0232'+*23G *02 =<312) (, ,0(+*21 *- *02 .'33(23 *- %3->2 *0'* (* 0', 2F23.(,21 *02 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 32J<(321 =9 & ';# I)1: (*, 2F*3'-31()'39 32,%-),(=(&(*9 &',*, +3-7 *02 *(72 *02 5 --1, '32 <).-)1(*(-)'&&9 %&'.21 () *02 %-,,2,,(-) -+: ')1 32.2(>21 =9 *02 .'33(23 +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) <)*(& *02 ,'72 '32

12&(>2321: '.*<'&&9 -3 .-),*3<.*(>2&9: =9 *02 .'3 3(23 *- *02 .-),(5)22 -3 *- *02 %23,-) ;0- 0', *02 3(50* *- 32.2(>2 *027# 8-),(123()5: *0232+-32: *0'* *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* ;', &-,* ;0(&2 (* ;', ,*(&& () *02 .<,*-19 -+ 0232() %2*(*(-)23 8I__@X_: ')1 .-),(123()5 +<3*023 *0'* (* +'(&21 *%3->2 *0'* *02 &-,, ;', -..',(-)21 =9 ') 2F.2%*21 .'<,2: *02 ()2,.'%'=&2 .-).&<,(-) (, *0'* *02 8I__@X_ ;', )25&(52)* ')1 ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 *0232+-3#

A# P02 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, >'&(1# P02 ';'31 -+ 1'7'52, () *02 '7-<)* -+ ?H!A:YCC#CC +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, &-,*: =',21 -) *02 '&&2521 7'3/2* >' &<2 *0232-+: *- =2 233-)2-<,# @* (, .&2'3&9 ')1 2F%32,,&9 %3->(121 <)123 8&'<,2 Z -+ *02 '+-3272)*(-)21 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 (,,<21 =9 *02 8I__@X_ *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9 (, &(7(*21 *- lA#CC %23 /(&-# c',(. (, *02 3<&2: &-)5 ,().2 2),03()21 ', ' ,*'*<*-39 %3->(,(-) *0'* ' ,*(%<&'*(-) &(7(*()5 *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, =()1()5# T<3*023: ' .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02 -;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)# @) 62'h&')1 623>(.2: @).# >,# @)*23721('*2 I%%2&&'*2 8-<3*: 2* '&#: *02 .-<3* 2F%&'()21 ;0'* (, ' Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2: ')1 ' +'(3 ')1 +322: ,*(%<&'*(-): () *0(, ;(,2U # # # P0'* ,'(1 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2 '35<'=&2 +3-7 *02 +'.* *0'* (* 2.0-2, I3*# !`LC (*,2&+ () %3->(1()5 ' &(7(* *- &('=(&(*9 -)&9 (+ ' 532'*23 >'&<2 (, )-* 12.&'321 +-3 *02 ,0(%72)* () *02 = (&& -+ &'1()5# P- 0-&1 -*023;(,2 ;-<&1 '7-<)* *- J<2,*(-)()5 *02 Q<,*(.2 ')1 +'(3)2,, -+ *0'* &'; (*,2&+: ')1 *0(, *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 1-2, )-* %32*2)1 *- 1-# c<* ->23 ')1 '=->2 *0'* .-),(123'*(-) *02 Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2 .0'3'.*23 -+ ,<.0 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, (7%&(.(* () (* 5(>()5 *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 *02 -%*(-) -+ '>-(1()5 '..3<'& -+ &('=(&(*9 &(7(*'*(-) =9 *02 ,(7%&2 ')1 ,<32&9 +'3 +3-7 -)23-<, 2F%21(2)* -+ 12.&'3()5 *02 )'*<32 ')1 >'&<2 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# I)1 ,().2 *02 ,0(%%23 0232 0', )-* =22) 02'31 *- .-7%&'() -+ 0'>()5 =22) E3<,021:E (7%-,21 <%-) -3 12.2(>21 () ')9 ,(5)(+(.')* ;'9 ()*- '5322()5 *- ,0(% *02 .'35- <)123 ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 .'339()5 ,<.0 ' ,*(%<&'*(-) — () +'.*: (* 1-2, )-* '%%2'3: *0'* ,'(1 %'3*9 0', =22) 02'31 +3-7 '* '&& (),-+'3 ', *0(, 1(,%<*2 (, .-).23)21 — *0232 (, ,(7%&9 )- 53-<)1 + -3 ',,<7()5 *0'* (*, '532272)* *0232*- ;', )-* ', *02 &'; ;-<&1 32J<(32: +322&9 ')1 +'(3&9 ,-<50* ')1 ;2&&# P02 8ON6@dNXX (*,2&+ '17(*, () (*, 727-3')1<7 *0'* *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, ,0(%%21 1-2, )-* '%%2'3 () *02 =(&&, -+ &'1()5# ]2).2: *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) -) *02

!HZ

.'33(23S, &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 '%%&(2,# P0232 (, )- J<2,*(-) *0'* *02 ,*(%<&'*(-) (, Q<,* ')1 32',-)'=&2 <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2, ')1 0', =22) +'(3&9 ')1 +322&9 '53221 <%-)# P02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ,0-;, *0'* !AC .' 3*-), ;2(50 A:D`Y /(&-, -3 AK#YA /(&-, %23 .'3*-)# 6().2 DC .'3*-), ;232 &-,* ')1 *02 ;2(50* -+ ,'(1 .'3*-), (, A:AHH#YC /(&-,: '* lA#CC %23 /(&- *02 8I__@X_S, &('=(&(*9 '7-<)*, * - -)&9 \6lK:KZ`#ZC#

@,,<2 !U MON *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 .&'<,2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, >'&(1i Held 1: Yes. A stipulation in the bill of lading limiting the common carrier’s liability

+-3 &-,, -3 12,*3<.*(-) -+ ' .'35- *- ' .23*'() ,<7: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 -3 -;)23 12.&'32, ' 532'*23 >'&<2: (, ,').*(-)21 =9 &';: %'3*(.<&'3&9 I3*(.&2, !`KD ')1 !`LC -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ;0(.0 %3->(12U “ART. 1749. A stipulation that the common carrier’s liability is limited to

*02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, '%%2'3()5 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: <)&2,, *02 ,0(%%23 bK-L- M$- R,,SPS- V#*$F"/ TE RPPTc 8g8L844 !483[!96J .VLJVL346VM I=) .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:! )%& 98LM3M;8e 4L3;6MK .V- 6M.[3L46M8eE < -5

?2*(*(-)23 *03-<50 *0(, %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2;: ,22/, *02 32>23,'& -+ *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: 1'*21 B<)2 !K: !DDL ;0(.0 '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ j'&--/') 8(*9: c3').0 !AZ +()1()5 %2*(*(-)23 &('=&2 *- %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* T'.*,U?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (7%-3*21 *0322 .3'*2, -+ =<, ,%'32 %'3*, 7'3/21 ', RI_8O 8eN-# !A: RI_8O 8eN-# !H ')1 RI_8O 8eN-# !K: +3-7 (*, ,<%%&(23: R'3<7') P3'1()5 8-7%')9: ^*1# bR'3<7') P3'1()5$: ' +-32(5) .-3%-3'*(-) =',2 1 () @)'[';': I(.0(: B'%')# P02 .3'*2, ;232 ,0(%%21 +3-7 N'5-9': B'%') *- R')(&' -) board “ADELFAEVERETTE,” a vessel owned by petitioner’s principal, Everett Orient

^()2,# P02 ,'(1 .3'*2, ;232 .->2321 =9 c(&& -+ ^'1()5# \%-) '33(>'& '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&': (* ;', 1(,.->2321 *0'* *02 .3'*2 7'3/21 RI_8O 8e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c3').0 !AZ# O) B<&9 !Z: !DDH: *02 *3('& .-<3* 32)12321 Q<1572)* () +'>-3 -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: -3123()5 %2*(*(-)23 *- %'9U b'$ 4!:LLA:LCC#CCG b=$ 4AC:CCC#CC -3 (*, %2,- 2J<(>'&2)* 32%32,2)*()5 *02 '.*<'& >'&<2 -+ *02 &-,* .'35- ')1 *02 7'*23('& ')1 %'./'5()5 .-,*G (c) 10% of the total amount as an award for and as contingent attorney’s fees; and

b1$ *- %'9 *02 .-,* -+ *02 ,<(*# O) '%%2'&: *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 12&2*21 *02 ';'31 -+ attorney’s fees but affirmed the trial court’s findings with the additional

-=,23>'*(-) *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* .') )-* =2 =-<)1 =9 *02 *237, ')1 .-)1(*(-), -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 =2.'<,2 (* ;', )-* %3(>9 *- *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52#

or owner declares a greater value, is binding.” “ART. 1750. I .-)*3'.* +(F()5 *02 ,<7 *0'* 7'9 =2 32.->2321 =9 *02

-;)23 -3 ,0(%%23 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-): -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (, >'&(1: (+ (* (, 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,* <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: ')1 0', =22) freely and fairly agreed upon.”

P02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ,<=Q2.* -+ *02 %32,2)* .-)*3->23,9 ,%2.(+(.'&&9 %3->(12,: '7-)5 -*023,U “18. I&& .&'(7, +-3 ;0(.0 *02 .'33(23 7'9 =2 &('=&2 ,0'&& =2 '1Q<,*21 ')1 settled on the basis of the shipper’s net invoice cost plus freight and

(),<3').2 %327(<7,: (+ %'(1: ')1 () )- 2>2)* ,0'&& *02 .'33(23 =2 &('=&2 +-3 ')9 &-,, -+ %-,,(=&2 %3-+(*, -3 ')9 .-),2J<2)*('& &-,,# “The carrier shall not be liable for any lo,, -+ -3 ')9 1'7'52 *- -3 () ')9 .-))2.*(-) ;(*0: 5--1, () ') '7-<)* 2F.221()5 4!CC:CCC#CC -3 (*, 2J<(>'&2)* () ')9 -*023 .<332).9 %23 %'./'52 -3 .<,*-7'39 +32(50* <)(* b;0(.02>23 (, &2',*$ <)&2,, *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, 0(5023 *0') *0(, '7-<)* (, 12.&'321 () ;3(*()5 =9 *02 ,0(%%23 =2+-32 32.2(%* -+ *02 5--1, =9 *02 .'33(23 ')1 (),23*21 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ')1 2F*3' +32(50* (, %'(1 ', required.”

P02 '=->2 ,*(%<&'*(-), '32: *- -<3 7()1: 32',-)'=&2 ')1 Q<,*# @) *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: *02 .'33(23 7'12 (* .&2'3 *0'* (*, &('=(&(*9 ;-<&1 -)&9 =2 <% *4!CC:CCC#CC# ]-;2>23: *02 ,0(%%23: R'3<7') P3'1()5: +)& *+" $C*0$% *$ &"#?)/" ) +0D+"/ G)?>)*0$% 0A *+" G)?>" $A 0*1 #)/ D$ @)1 +0D+"/ *+)% *+" ?0<0*"& ?0)F0?0*B $A *+" #)//0"/- .$%10&"/0%D *+)* *+" 1+0CC"/ &0& %$* &"#?)/" ) +0D+"/ G)?>)*0$%E 0* +)& 0*1"?A *$ F?)<" A$/ %$* #$?)*0$%1- The trial court’s ratiocination that private respondent could not have “fairly and freely” agreed to

*02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 .&'<,2 () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 =2.'<,2 *02 ,'(1 .-)1(*(-), ;232 %3()*21 () ,7'&& &2**23, 1-2, )-* 7'/2 *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ()>'&(1# d32'*23 >(5(&').2: 0-;2>23: (, 32J<(321 -+ *02 .-<3*, ;02) 12'&()5 ;(*0 .-)*3'.*, -+ adhesion in that the said contracts must be carefully scrutinized “in order to sh(2&1 *02 <);'39 b-3 ;2'/23 %'3*9$ +3-7 12.2%*(>2 ,.02 72, .-)*'()21 () 32'19h7'12 covenants,” such as the bill of lading in question. P02 ,*3()52)* 32J<(3272)* ;0(.0 *02 .-<3*, '32 2)Q-()21 *- -=,23>2 (, () 32.-5)(*(-) -+ I3*(.&2 AK -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12

!H`

;0(.0 mandates that “(i)n all contractual, property or other relations, @+"% $%" $A *+" C)/*0"1 01 )* ) &01)&G)%*)D" $% )##$>%* $A +01 <$/)? &"C"%&"%#"E 0D%$/)%#"E 0%&0D"%#"E <"%*)? @")H%"11E *"%&"/ )D" $/ $*+"/ +)%&0#)C : *02 .-<3*, 7<,* =2 >(5(&')* +-3 0(, %3-tection.” The shipper, Maruman Trading, we assume, has been

2F*2),(>2&9 2)5'521 () *02 *3'1()5 =<,()2,,# @* .') )-* =2 ,'(1 *- =2 (5)-3')* -+ *02 =<,()2,, *3'),'.*(-), (* 2)*2321 ()*- ()>-&>()5 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ (*, 5--1, *- (*, .<,*-723,# P02 ,0(%%23 .-<&1 )-* 0'>2 /)-;): -3 ,0-<&1 /)-; *02 ,*(%<&'*(-), () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 *0232 (* ,0-<&1 0'>2 12.&'321 ' 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, ,0(%%21# R-32->23: R'3<7') P3'1()5 0', )-* =22) 02'31 *- .-7%&'() *0'* (* 0', =22) 12.2(>21 -3 3<,021 ()*- '5322()5 *o ship the cargo in petitioner’s vessel. @) +'.*: (* ;', )-* 2>2) (7%&2'121 () *0(, .',2# @,,<2 AU M02*023 -3 )-* %3(>'*2 32,%- )12)*: ', .-),(5)22: ;0- (, )-* ' ,(5)'*-39 **02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (, =-<)1 =9 *02 ,*(%<&'*(-), *0232-+i ]2&1 AU 42,# M02) %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +-37'&&9 .&'(721 32(7=<3,272)* +-3 *02 7(,,()5 5--1, +3-7 %2*(*(-)23 ')1 ,<=,2J<2)*&9 +(&21 ' .',2 '5'(),* *02 &'**23 =',21 -) *02 >239 ,'72 =(&& -+ &'1()5: (* '..2%*21 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 .-)*3'.* ')1 *0232=9 7'12 (*,2&+ ' %'3*9 *0232*-: -3 '* &2',* 0', .-72 *- .-<3* *- 2)+-3.2 (*# Thus, private respondent cannot now reject or disregard the carrier’s limited &('=(&(*9 ,*(%<&'*(-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# @) -*023 ;-31,: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (, =-<)1 =9 *02 ;0-&2 ,*(%<&'*(-), () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 7<,* 32,%2.* *02 ,'72# The bill of lading in question confirms petitioner’s contention. P- 12+2'* *02 carrier’s limited liability, the aforecited Clause 18 of t he bill of lading requires that *02 ,0(%%23 ,0-<&1 0'>2 &"#?)/"& 0% @/0*0%D ) +0D+"/ G)?>)*0$% -+ (*, 5--1, =2+-32 32.2(%* *0232-+ =9 *02 .'33(23 ')1 0%1"/* *+" 1)0& &"#?)/)*0$% 0% *+" F0?? $A ?)&0%D :

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d!E C"*0*0$%"/E G1- .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E KVJ [3943M6E )%& J96:6JJ6M8 36L:6M8!E /"1C$%&"%*1-

PO?@8U I7-<)* -+ ^('=(&(*9 TI8P6U

R'0*')( -=*'()21 *02 ,23>(.2, -+ ' .23*'() R3# d27'3 *- %32%'32 0(, *3'>2& %&') *- c-7='9: @)1('# R3# d27'3 %<3.0',21 ' *(./2* +3-7 c3(*(,0 I(3;'9,: 0-;2>23 ,().2 (* 0'1 )- *(./2* +&(50*, +3-7 R')(&' *- c-7='9: R'0*')( 0'1 *- *'/2 ' .-))2.*()5 +&(50* *- c-7='9# ?3(-3 *- 0(, 12%'3*<32: R'0*')( .02./21 () *02 ?I^ .-<)*23 () R')(&' 0(, *;- %(2.2, -+ &<55'52 .-)*'()()5 0(, .&-*0()5 ')1 %23,-)'& 2++2.*,: .-)+(12)* *0'* <%-) 32'.0()5 ]-)5 j-)5: *02 ,'72 ;-<&1 =2 *3'),+23321 **02 c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, +&(50* =-<)1 +-3 c-7='9# \)+-3*<)'*2&9: ;02) R'0*')( '33(>21 () c-7='9: 02 1(,.->2321 *0'* 0(, &<55'52 ;', 7(,,()5 ')1 *0'* <%-) ()J<(39 +3-7 *02 c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, 32%32,2)*'*(>2,: 02 ;', *-&1 *0'* *02 ,'72 7(50* 0'>2 =22) 1(>23*21 *- ^-)1-)# I+*23 %&'()*(++ ;'(*21 +-3 0(, &<55'52 +-3 -)2 ;22/: cI +()'&&9 '1>(,21 0(7 *- +(&2 ' .&'(7# R'0*')( +(&21 0(, .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52,# c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, +(&21 ' *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ?I^ '&&25()5 *0'* *02 32',-) +-3 *02 )-)h *3'),+23 -+ *02 &<55'52 ;', 1<2 *- *02 &'**23S, &'*2 '33(>'& () ]-)5/-)5: *0<, &2'>()5 0'31&9 ')9 *(72 +-3 *02 %3-%23 *3'),+23 -+ R'0*')(S, &<55'52 *- *02 cI '(3.3'+* =-<)1 +-3 c-7='9# _P8 32)12321 (*, 12.(,(-) () +'>-3 -+ R'0*')(: ;0(.0 8I '++(3721: 02).2 *02 (),*')* %2*(*(-)# c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, '&&2521 *0'* *0232 ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) )- ,2%'3'*2 ';'31 +-3 *02 &<55'52 ')1 *02 .-)*2)*, *0232-+ ,().2 R'0*')( +'(&21 *- 12.&'32 ' ,2%'3'*2 0(5023 >'&<'*(-) +-3 *02 &<55'52 ')1 *0232+-32: (*, &('=(&(*9 (, &(7(*21: '* 7-,*: -)&9 *- *02 '7-<)* ,*'*21 () *02 *(./2*#

ISSUE: WON Mahtani is entitled to compensatory damages and attorney’s fees

]X^VU 42,# P02 .-)*3'.* -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-) ;', 2F.&<,(>2&9 =2*;22) R'0*')( ')1 c3(*(,0 I(3;'9,# P02 &'**23 7232&9 2)1-3,()5 *02 R')(&' *- ]-)5 j-)5 &-5 -+ *02 former’s journey to PAL, as its subcontractor or agent. Conditions of contacts were

-)2 -+ .-)*()<-<, '(3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) + 3-7 R')(&' *- c-7='9# P02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) .-5)([')* -+ *02 ;2&&h,2**&21 3<&2 *0'* ') '52)* (, '&,- 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 ')9 )25&(52).2 () *02 %23+-37').2 -+ (*, +<).*(-) ')1 (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, ;0(.0 *02 %3().(%'& 7'9 ,<++23 =9 32',-) -+ (*, )25&(52)* '.*# P02 *0(31h%'3*9 .-7%&'()* ;', *0232+-32 32(),*'*21# 6().2 *02 (),*')* %2*(*(-) ;', =',21 -) =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: R'0*')( .') -)&9 ,<2 c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, ')1 )-* ?I^: ,().2 *02 &'**23 ;', )-* ' %'3*9 () *02 .-)*3'.*# @) '11(*(-): ;2 0'>2 02&1 *0'* =2)2+(*, -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 '32 ,<=Q2.* *- ;'(>23 ,<.0 ', ;02) *02 '(3 .'33(23 +'(&21 *- 3'(,2 *(72&9 -=Q2.*(-), 1<3()5 *02 *3('& ;02) J<2,*(-), ')1 '),;23, 325'31()5 *02 '.*<'& .&'(7, ')1 1'7'52, ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 %',,2)523 ;232 ',/21# P02 .-)*2)*(-) -+ c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, ;(*0 32,%2.* *- &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 ;' , ->233<&21 '&*0-<50 (* (, 32.-5)([21 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: ,*'*()5 *0'* c3(*(,0 I(3;'9, 0'1 ;'(>21 *02 12+2),2 -+

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&(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 ;02) (* '&&-;21 R'0*')( *- *2,*(+9 ', *- *02 '.*<'& 1'7'52, 02 ().<3321 1<2 *- *02 7(,%&'.272)* -+ 0(, &<55'52: ;(*0-<* ')9 -=Q2.*(-)#

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TI8P6U ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, I**9# P')1-5 ')1 P(3- =-<50* *(./2*, +-3 o-9'52 '* *02 =3').0 -++(.2 -+ %2*(*(-)23: ' ,0(%%()5 .-7%')9 *3'),%-3*()5 ()*23h(,&')1 %',,2)523, ')1 .'35-2,: '* 8'5'9') 12 O3- 8(*9# _2,%-)12)*, ;232 *- =-'31 %2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2& =-<)1 +-3 P'5=(&'3') 8(*9 >(' *02 %-3* -+ 82=<# \%-) &2'3)()5 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', )-* %3-.221()5 *- c-0-&: ,().2 7')9 %',,2)523, ;232 =-<)1 +-3 6<3(5'-: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, %23 '1>(.2: ;2)* *- *02 =3').0 -++(.2 +-3 %3-%23 32&-.'*(-) *- ')-*023 >2,,2&# c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which reads: “It is hereby agreed and understood that any and all actions arising

-<* -+ *02 .-)1(*(-), ')1 %3->(,(-), -+ *0(, *(./2*: (332,%2.*(>2 -+ ;0232 (* (, (,,<21: ,0'&& =2 +(&21 () *02 .-7%2*2)* .- <3*, () *02 8(ty of Cebu.” The motion was denied 02).2 *02 (),*')* %2*(*(-)#

@66\XU MON 8-)1(*(-) N-# !K %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 %2*(*(-)23S, %',,'52 *(./2*, %<3.0',21 =9 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,: ;0(.0 &(7(*, *02 >2)<2 -+ '.*(-), '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 *- *02 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=<: >'&(1 ')1 2)+-3.2'=&2 ]X^VU N-# 8-),(12321 () *02 &(50* -+ .(3.<7,*').2, %32>'(&()5 () *02 ()*23h(,&')1 ,0(%%()5

()1<,*39 () *02 .-<)*39 *-1'9: *02 68 02&1 *0'* 8-)1(*(-) N-# !K %3()*21 '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 %',,'52 *(./2*, ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 ', >-(1 ')1 <)2)+-3.2'=&2 +-3 *02 +-&&-;()5 32',-),U T(3,*: <)123 .(3.<7,*').2, -=&(5'*(-) () *02 ()*23h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V3# T2&(%' ?'=&-: ') I,,-.# ?3-+ () \? ')1 ' 32,2 '3.0 53')*22 -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 I*-7(. X)2359 I52).9: ;', ()>(*21 *- *'/2 %'3* '* ' 722*()5 -+ *02 V2%'3*72)* -+ _2,2'3.0 ')1 @,-*-%2, -+ *02 B-()* TIOh@IXI V(>(,(-) -+ I*-7(. X)2359 () T--1 ')1 I53(.<&*<32 -+ \N () @,%3': @*'&9# 602 '..2%*21 *02 ()>(*'*(-)# P- +<&+(&& *0(, 2)5'5272)*: V3# ?'=&- =--/21 %',,'52 -) I^@PI^@I b'(3&()2$# 602 '33(>21 () R(&') -) *02 1'9 =2+-32 *02 722*()5 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 (*()23'39 ')1 *(72 *'=&2 ,2* +-3 023 =9 I^@PI^@I# 602 ;', 0-;2>23 *-&1 =9 *02 I^@PI^@I %23,-))2& *0232 '* R(&') *0'* 023 &<55'52 ;', E12&'921 ()',7<.0 ', *02 same…(was) in one of the succeeding +&(50*, +3-7 _-72 *- R(&')#E ]23 &<55'52 .-),(,*21 -+ *;- bA$ ,<(*.',2,U -)2 .-)*'()21 023 .&-*0()5 ')1 -*023 %23,-)'& (*27,G *02 -*023: 023 ,.(2)*(+(. %'%23,: ,&(12, ')1 -*023 32,2'3.0 7'*23('&# c<* *02 -*023 +&(50*, '33(>()5 +3-7 _-72 1(1 )-* 0'>2 023 ='55' 52 -) =-'31# c9 *02) +22&()5 12,%23'*2: ,02 ;2)* *- _-72 *- *39 *- &-.'*2 023 ='5, 023,2&+# P0232: ,02 ()J<(321 '=-<* 023 ,<(*.',2, () *02 1-72,*(. ')1 ()*23)'*(-)'& '(3%-3*,:

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')1 +(&&21 -<* *02 +-37, %32,.3(=21 =9 I^@PI^@I +-3 %2-%&2 () 023 %321(.'72)*# ]-;2>23: 023 ='55'52 .-<&1 )-* =2 +-<)1# 8-7%&2*2&9 1(,*3'<50* ')1 1(,.-<3'521: ,02 32*<3)21 *- R')(&' ;(*0-<* '**2)1()5 *02 722*()5 () @,%3': @*'&9#

8-)>2)*(-) 0', =22) '%%&(21: -3 (5)-321: 12%2)1()5 -) *02 %2.<&('3 +'.*, %32,2)*21 =9 2'.0 .',2# @) *02 .',2 '* ='3: %$ F)& A)0*+ $/ $*+"/@01" 0#* <)B F" )1#/0F"& *$

O).2 ='./ () R')(&' ,02 127')121 *0'* I^@PI^@I 7'/2 32%'3'*(-) +-3 *02 1'7'52, *0<, ,<++2321 =9 023# I^@PI^@I -++2321 023 E+322 '(3&()2 *(./2*, *- .-7%2),'*2 023 +-3 ')9 '&&2ged damages,” but she rejected the offer, and commenced an action. I, (* *<3)21 -<*: ?3-+# ?'=&-S, ,<(*.',2, ;232 () +'.* &-.'*21 ')1 +-3;'3121 *- @,%3': @*'&9: =<* -)&9 -) *02 1'9 '+*23 023 ,.021<&21 '%%2'3').2 ')1 %'3*(.(%'*(-) '* *02 \N 722*()5 *0232# O+ .-<3,2 V3# ?'=&- ;', )- &-)523 *0232 *- '..2%* 12&(>239G ,02 ;', '&32'19 -) 023 ;'9 0-72 *- R')(&'# I)1 +-3 ,-72 32',-) -3 -*023: *02 ,<(*.',2, ;232 )-* '.*<'&&9 32,*-321 *- ?3-+# ?'=&- =9 I^@PI^@I <)*(& 2&2>2) b!!$ 7-)*0, &'*23: ')1 +-<3 bK$ 7-)*0, '+*23 (),*(*<*(-) -+ 023 '.*(-)# CFI ruled in favor of Dr. Pablo. On appeal, IAC not only affirmed CFI’s ruling but also

().32',21 *02 ';'31 -+ 1'7'52, +3-7 ?AC:CCC *- ?KC:CCC# 6!!785 ^+"*+"/ $/ %$* *+" ^)/1)@ .$%G"%*0$% 1+$>?& F" )CC?0"& 0% *+" 0%1*)%* #)1"98:;5 MV4+" ^)/1)@ .$%G"%*0$% &$"1 %$* $C"/)*" )1 )% "a#?>10G" "%><"/)*0$% $A *+" 0%1*)%#"1 $A )% )0/?0%"k1 ?0)F0?0*BE $/ )1 )% )F1$?>*" ?0<0* $A *+" "a*"%* $A *+)* ?0)F0?0*B- R-32->23: ,&(50* 32+&2.*(-) 32'1(&9 &2'1, *- *02 .-).&<,(-) *0'* (* ,0-<&1 =2

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*+" "DD)D" @)1 "G"%*>)??B /"*>/%"& *$ +"/E F"?)*"&?BE 0* 01 */>"E F>* @0*+$>* )CC/"#0)F?" &)<)D"- P02 +'.* (,:

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*02 &'; ,'9,: (, '1Q<1(.'*21 () -3123 *0'* ' 3(50* -+ *02 %&'()*(++: ;0(.0 0', =22) >(-&'*21 -3 ()>'121 =9 *02 12+2)1')*: 7'9 =2 >()1(.'*21 ')1 32.-5)([21: ')1 )-* +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ ()127)(+9()5 *02 %&'()*(++ +-3 ')9 &-,, ,<++2321 — ')1 *0(, 8-<3* '5322, *0'* *02 8I .-332.*&9 ,2* *02 '7-<)* *0232-+ '* ?KC:CCC#CC# J3M 3[8L6.3M ^VL:; 36L^3d!E 6M. G1- 6M48L[8;6348 3JJ8::348 .V7L4 K-L- M$- UWSQ,

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8I6X VO8P_@NX6U !# I .-)*3'.* -+ '102,(-) (, >'&(1 hh 6<.0 %3->(,(-), 0'>2 =22) 02&1 *- =2 ' %'3* -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: ')1 >'&(1 ')1 =()1()5 <%-) *02 %',,2)523 325'31&2,, -+ *02 &'**23S, &'./ -+ /)-;&2152 -3 ',,2)* *- *02 325<&'*(-)# A# P02 .-77-) .'33(23 (, 02&1 &('=&2 -)&9 +-3 1'7'52, *0'* ;232 +-32,22) -3 7(50* 0'>2 =22) +-32,22) '* *02 *(72 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-) ;', 2)*2321 ()*-#

nnnP02 '(3&()2 *(./2* 0'1 *02 +-&&-;()5 .-)1(*(-)U NOP@8X OT cIddIdX ^@Ic@^@P4 ^@R@PIP@ON6 ^('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,,: 12&'9: -3 1'7'52 *- ='55'52 (, &(7(*21 ', +-&&-;, <)&2,, ' 0(5023 >'&<2 (, 12.&'321 () '1>').2 ')1 '11(*(-)'& .0'352, '32 %'(1U b!$+-3 7-,* ()*23)'*(-)'& *3'>2& b().&<1()5 1-72,*(. %-3*(-), -+ ()*23)'*(-)'& Q-<3)29,$ *'%%3-F(7'*2&9 lD#C` %23 %-<)1 blAC#CC %23 /(&-$ +-3 . 02./21 ='55'52FFF

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RESPONDENT’S CONTENTION: Pangan contended that he is entitled to the actual

?3-1<.*(-)$ ')1 ?3(7- W<2,'1' b-+ ?3(72 T(&7,$ 2)*2321 ()*- ') '532272)* () 6') T3').(,.-: 8'&(+-3)(' ;0232=9 ?')5') =-<)1 0(7,2&+ *- ,<%%&9 ?3(72 T(&7, ;(*0

1'7'52, '7-<)*()5 *- ?YH:CCC#CC#

three films. “Ang Mabait, Masungit at ang Pangit,” “Big Happening with Chikiting and Iking” and “Kambal Dragon” for exhibition () *02 \6# O) 0(, ;'9 0-72 *- *02

?0(&(%%()2,: ?')5') >(,(*21 d<'7 ')1 .-)*'.*21 ^2- 6&<*.0)(./ b-+ ]'+' I1'( O35')(['*(-)$# P029 '&,- 2)*2321 ()*- ' >23='& '532272)* +-3 *02 2F0(=(*(-) -+ A +(&7, '* ]'+' I1'( P02'*23# ?')5') %32%'321 *02 32J<(,(*2 %3-7-*(-)'& 0')1=(&&, ')1 ,*(&& %(.*<32,# ]2 '&,- %<3.0',21 !K .&<*.0 ='5,: K .'%([ &'7%, ')1 K ='3-)5 *'5'&-)5#

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6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* ?') I7 (, &('=&2 *- %'9 *02 %&'()*(++, *02 '7-<)* ,*'*21 ()

*02 *(./2* ;0(.0 (, lAC#CC %23 /(&-# On May 18, 1978, Pangan obtained from Pan Am’s Manila Office, through Your

P3'>2& d<(12: ') 2.-)-79 .&',, '(3%&')2 +-3 %',,'52 +3-7 R')(&' *- d<'7 -+ R'9 A`:!D`Y# O) R'9 A`: !D`Y: *;- 0-<3, =2+-32 12%'3*<32 *(72 ?')5') ;', '* *02 ?')

L7:6MK5 4X6# P02 8-<3* 53')*21 *02 %2*(*(-)#

Am’s ticket counter at the Manila I nternational Airport and presented his ticket and

.02./21 () 0(, *;- &<55'52,# P02 *;- &<55'52, .-)*'()21 *02 %3-7-*(-)'& ')1 '1>23*(,()5 7'*23('&,: *02 .&<*.0 ='5,: ='3-)5 *'5'&-5 ')1 0(, %23,-)'& =2&-)5()5,# 6<=,2J<2)*&9: ?')5') ;', ()+-3721 *0'* 0(, )'72 ;', )-* () *02 7')(+2,* ')1 ,02 .-<&1 )-* *'/2 *02 +&(50* () *02 2.-)-79 .&',,# 6().2 *0232 ;', )- ,%'.2 () *02 2.-)-79 .&',,: ?')5') *--/ *02 +(3,* .&',, =2.'<,2 02 ;')*21 *- =2 -) *(72 () d<'7 %'9()5 ') '11(*(-)'& ,<7 -+ l!!A#CC# M02) ?')5') '33(>21 () d<'7: 0(, *;&<55'52, 1(1 )-* '33(>2 ;(*0 0(, +&(50* ')1 *0<,: *02 '532272)*, ;(*0 ?3(72 T(&7, ')1 ]'+' I1'( O35')([*(-) ;232 .').2&&21#

PETITIONER’S CONTENTION: Petitioner contends that its liability for the lost

='55'52 -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ?')5') (, &(7(*21 *- lZCC#CC blAC#CC F HC /(&-,$ ', *02 &'**23 1(1 )-* 12.&'32 ' 0(5023 >'&<2 +-3 0(, ='55'52 ')1 %'9 *02 .-332,%-)1()5 '11(*(-)'& .0'352,#

P02 8-<3* +-<)1 *02 3<&()5 () O)5 4(< .',2 '%%&(.'=&2 *- *02 (),*')* .',2#

It said: “While it 7'9 =2 *3<2 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 0'1 )-* ,(5)21 *02 %&')2 *(./2*: 02 (,

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against his own negligence.”

!K!

P02 8-<3* '&,- 02&1 *0'* ?') I7 (, )-* &('=&2 +-3 &-,* %3-+(*, ;02) *02(3 .-)*3'.*, *show the films in Guam and San Francisco, California were cancelled. “Under

I3*#!!C` -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: ' 12=*-3 () 5--1 +'(*0 &(/2 *02 12+2)1')* 0232(): 7'9 =2 02&1 &('=&2 -)&9 +-3 1'7'52, *0'* ;232 +-32,22) -3 7(50* 0'>2 =22) +-32,22) '* *02

;0(.0 *(./2* ;', 2)1-3,21 *- ?0(&(%%()2 I(3&()2,b?I^$# M02) 02 '33(>21 () P'(%2: 02 ;2)* *- *02 -++(.2 -+ 80()' ') 1 0'1 0(, ]-)5j-)5hR')(&' *(./2* .-)+(3721 -) ;0(.0 CAL attached a yellow sticker indicating that his flight status was “OK.” When Chiok

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d2)23'&&9: )-*(.2 *02) -+ ')9 ,%2.('& .(3.<7,*').2, ;0(.0 ;(&& ,0-; *0'* *02 1'7'52, *- =2 ')*(.(%'*21 +3-7 ' =32'.0

;', () ]-)5 j-)5: 02 ;2)* *- *02 ?I^ -++(.2 *- 0'>2 0(, *(./2* *- 7')(&' .-)+(3721# P02 *(./2* ;', .-)+(3721 ')1 ' ,*(./23 ;', '&,- '**'.021 *- (* ()1(.'*()5 0(, +&(50* ,*'*<,# O) N->27=23 AK: !DY!: '* ]-)5 j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

would be enhanced has been held sufficient for this effect.”

containing cosmetics worth HK$14,128,80. Chiok went to PAL’s office and was met

time the contract of transportation was entered into.” “But before defendant could

@) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ' ,0-;()5 *0'* %2*(*(-)23S, '**2)*(-) ;', .'&&21 *- *02 ,%2.('& .(3.<7,*').2, 32J<(3()5 %3-7%* 12&(>239 -+ ?')5')S, &<55'52,: ?') I7 .'))-* =2 held liable for the cancellation of Pangan’s contracts as it could not have foreseen

,<.0 ') 2>2)*<'&(*9 ;02) (* '..2%*21 *02 &<55'52, +-3 *3'),(*# P02 2>(12).2 32>2'&, *0'* *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 .').2&&'*(-) -+ *02 .-)*3'.*, ;', ?')5')S, +'(&<32 *- 12&(>23 *02 %3-7-*(-)'& ')1 '1>23*(,()5 7'*23('&, -) *02 1'*2, '53221 <%-)# T-3 *0(,: ?') I7 .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2# ?')5') 0'1 )-* 12.&'321 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 *;&<55'52, 02 0'1 .02./21 () ')1 %'(1 '11(*(-)'& .0'352,# N2(*023 ;', %2*(*(-)23 %3(>9 *- ?')5')S, .-)*3'.*, )-3 ;', (*, '**2)*(-) .'&&21 *- *02 .-)1(*(-) *0232() 32J<(3()5 12&(>239 -+ *02 %3-7-*(-)'& ')1 '1>23*(,()5 7'*23('&, -) -3 =2+-32 ' .23*'() 1'*2#

=9 32,23>'*(-) -++(.23: 8'3(2 80'-: ;0- ;', *02 -)2 ;0- .-)+(3721 0(, +&(50* *(./2* ='./ *- R')(&'# 80(-/ 12.(121 *- <, 2 ')-*023 8I^ *(./2* ')1 ',/21 80'- (+ (* .-<&1 =2 <,21 *- =-'31 *02 ,'72 +&(50*# ]2 ;', *02 =--/21 +-3 *02 ,'72 *3(%# M02) 80(-/ ;2)* *- *02 ?I^ .02./h() .-<)*23: 02 ;', '**2)121 =9 8'372) ')1 %&'.21 0(, * 3'>2& 1-.<72)*, ')1 .&<*.0 ='5 -) *02 .-<)*23# @* ;', '* *0(, %-()* *0'* 02 &-,* *02 .&<*.0 ='5 .-)*'()()5U b'$ lA:CCC: b=$ ]jlA:CCC: b.$ P'(%2( lY:CCC: b1$ ?A:CCC: b2$ *0322h %(2.2 ,2* -+ 5-&1 .3-,, %2), b?H:LCC$: b+$ 8'3*(23 ;'*.0 b?`:LCC$: b5$ *(2 .&(% ;(*0 ' 5'3)2* ')1 1('7-)1 b?!:YCC$: ')1 b0$ ' %'(3 -+ 803(,*(') V(-3 32'1()5 5&',,2,#

P02 _P8 3<&21 *0'* ?I^ ')1 8I^ '32 Q-()*&9 &('=&2 * - *02 32,%-)12)* +-3 1'7'52,# ]jl!K:!AY#YC ', '.*<'& 1'7'52,: \6lA:CCC +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .&<*.0 ='5: ?ACC:CCC ', 7-3'& 1'7'52,: ?LC:CCC 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,: !Ck -+ *02 '7-<)* 1<2 ', attorney’s fee, and cost. The CA affirmed the RTC’s decision debunking the c laim of

.96M3 36L:6M8! G1- ;3M68: .96Vj K-L- M$- RO,R,,- Z>?B IWE ,WWI

?I^ *0'* (* ;', -)&9 ') '52)* +-3 *02 *(./2* .->23()5 *02 ]-)5 j-)5 R')(&' %-3*(-) of the journey. The negligence(Chiok’s name did not appear in *02 .-7%<*23([21 &(,* -+ %',,2)523,$ -+ *02 '(3&()2, =2()5 *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 1'7'52, ')1 ().-)>2)(2).2: *02 8I '++(3721 *02 ';'31 +-3 7-3'& ')1 2F27%&'39 1'7'52,# ]-;2>23: *02 '.*<'& 1'7'52, ;232 12&2*21 =2.'<,2 *02 &<55'52 ')1 .&<*.0 ='5 ;', )-* '.*<'&&9 .02./21h()#

T'.*,U O) 62%*27=23 !Y: !DY!: V')(2& 80(-/ %<3.0' ,21 ' %',,2)523 *(./2* +3-7 80()' I(3&()2, b8I^$ +-3 *3'),%-3*'*(-) .->23()5 R')(&'hP'(%2(h]-)5j-)5hR')(&':

!KA

@,,<2U M02*023 -3 )-* *02 *(./2*h(,,<()5 '(3&()2 ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 &-,,2, *0'* *02 32,%-)12)* 0', ,<++2321#

*02 27%&-922, -+ ?I^ ;232 )25&(52)* () % &'.()5 0(7 () 0(, .-)+(3721 +&(50* 12,%(*2 0'>()5 ' *(./2* *0'* .-)*'(), ' >'&(1'*(-) ,*(./23 ()1(.'*()5 *0'* *02 5&(*.0 ;', *02 airline’s fault. The acts of t he PAL employees were clearly short of t he extraordinary

]2&1U 4X6# P02 6<%3272 8-<3* 12)(21 *02 %2*(*(-)# @) 3<&()5 *0'* *02 *(./2*,: '&*0-<50 ,%&(* ()*- ,2%'3'*2 Q-<3)29,: '32 .-),(12321 *- =2 -)2 -%23'*(-): *02 .-<3*

1(&(52).2 *0'* (, 32J<(321 -+ .-77-) .'33(23,# c9 *02,2 +()1()5,: *02 8-<3* +- <)1 *0'* 7-3'& ')1 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, '32 %3-%23#

cited Warsaw Convention Article 1, Section 3: “Transportation to be performed by

,2>23'& ,<..2,,(>2 '(3 .'33(23, ,0'&& =2 122721: +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ *0(, 8-)>2)*(-): *- =2 -)2 <)1(>(121 *3'),%-3*'*(-): (+ (* 0', =22) 325'3121 =9 *02 %'3*(2, ', ' ,()5&2 -%23'*(-): ;02*023 (* 0', =22) '53221 <%-) <)123 *02 +-37 -+ ' ,( )5&2 .-)*3'.* -3 -+ ' ,23(2, -+ .-)*3'.*,: ')1 (* ,0'&& )-* &-,2 (*, ()*23)'*(-)'& .0'3'.*23 7232&9 =2.'<,2 -)2 .-)*3'.* -3 ' ,23(2, -+ .-)*3'.*, (, *- =2 %23+-3721 2)*(32&9 ;(*0() ' *233(*-39 ,<=Q2.* *- *02 ,->232(5)*9: ,<[23'()*9: 7')1'*2: -3 '<*0-3(*9 -+ *02 ,'72 ](50 8-)*3'.*()5 ?'3ty.” and Article 15 of the International Air Transport I,,-.('*(-)b@IPI$hRecommended Practice: “Carriage to be performed by several ,<..2,,(>2 .'33(23, <)123 -)2 *(./2*: -3 <)123 ' *(./2* ')1 ')9 .-)Q<).*(-) *(./2* (,,<21 *0232;(*0: (, 325'3121 ', ' ,()5&2 operation.” Furthermore, Members of the @IPI '32 <)123 ' 52)23'& %--& %'3*)23,0(% '532272)* ;0232() *029 '32 '52)*, -+ 2'.0 -*023 () *02 (,,<()5 -+ *(./2*,#

P0<, ;02) *02 %2*(*(-)23 '..2%*21 *02 <)<,21 %-3*(-) -+ *02 .-)Q<).*(-) *(./2*, ')1 <)123*--/ *- *3'),%-3* *02 32,%-)12)* ->23 *02 3-<*2 .->2321 =9 *02 <)<,21 %-3*(-) -+ *02 *(./2*: (* '.*21 ', *02 '52)* -+ *02 %3().(%'& .-)*3'.*()5 '(3&()2: *0232+-32: (* (, *'/2) ', %'3* -+ ' ,()5&2 -%23'*(-) <)123 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52#

K-L- M$- RWROIT Z>%" ,IE RPP, 37K7!4V (8M8;6.4V !3M4V! 666E /"C/"1"%*"& FB +01 A)*+"/ )%& ?"D)? D>)/&0)%E 3>D>1*$ ("%"&0#*$ !)%*$1E LH@?@?EKHJ E G1MVL49^8!4 VL68M4 36L:6M8! )%& .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E JH=LEKNHK@=-

23.4!5

O) O.*-=23 A!: !DYZ: *02 %2*(*(-)23: ' 7()-3 %<3.0',21 +3-7 N-3*0;2,* O3(2)* I3&()2, bNOI$ ' 3-<)1h*3(% *(./2* () 6') T3').(,.-: \#6#I#: +-3 0(, +&(50* +3-7 6') T3').(,.- *- R')(&' >(' P-/9- ')1 ='./# P02 ,.021<&21 12%'3*<32 1'*2 +3-7 P-/9;', V2.27=23 AC: !DYZ# N- 1'*2 ;', ,%2.(+(21 +-3 0(, 32*<3) *- 6') T3').(,.-# O) V2.27=23 !D: !DYZ: *02 %2*(*(-)23 .02./21 () '* *02 NOI .-<)*23 () *02 6') T3').(,.- '(3%-3* +-3 0(, ,.021<&21 12%'3*<32 *- R')(&'# V2,%(*2 ' %32>(-<, .-)+(37'*(-) ')1 32h.-)+(37'*(-): 02 ;', ()+-3721 *0'* 02 0'1 )- 32,23>'*(-) +-3 0(, +&(50* +3-7 P-/9- *- R')(&'# ]2 *0232+-32 0'1 *- =2 ;'(*h&(,*21# O) R'3.0 !A: !DY`: *02 %2*(*(-)23 ,<21 NOI + -3 1'7'52, () *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ R'/'*(# O) I%3(& !H: !DY`: NOI 7->21 *- 1(,7(,, *02 .-7%&'()* -) *02 53-<)1 -+ &'./ -+ Q<3(,1(.*(-) %<3,<')* *- I3*(.&2 AYb!$ -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) I3*# AY# b!$ I) '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52 7<,* =2 =3-<50* '* *02 -%*(-) -+ *02 %&'()*(++: () *02 *233(*-39 -+ -)2 -+ *02 ](50 8-)*3'.*()5 ?'3*(2,: 2(*023 =2+-32 *02 .-<3* -+ *02 1-7(.(&2 -+ *02 .'33(23 -3 -+ 0(, %3().(%'& %&'.2 -+ =<,()2,,: -3 ;0232 02 0', ' %&'.2 -+ =<,()2,, *03-<50 ;0(.0 *02 .-)*3'.* 0', =22) 7'12: -3 =2+-32 *02 .-<3* '* *02 %&'.2 -+ 12,*()'*(-)#

M(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 ';'31 -+ 7-3'& 1'7'5 2,: *02 .-<3* 1-2, )-* ';'31 ,<.0 1'7'52 () .',2 -+ =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* <)&2,, (* 32,<&*, *- 12'*0 bI3*# !`ZK N88$ -3 under Article 2220 which provides “willful injury to property may be legal ground

+-3 ';'31()5 7-3'& 1'7'52, (+ *02 .-<3* ,0-<&1 +()1 *0'*: <)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2: ,<.0 1'7'52 '32 Q<,*&9 1<2# P02 ,'72 3<&2, '%%&(2, *- =32'.02, -+ .-)*3'.*, ;0232 the defendant acted fraudulently or in bad faith.”

@) *02 .',2 '* ='3: *02 32,%-)12)* 0', 2>239 32',-) *- 2F%2.* *0'* 02 ;-<&1 =2 %<* -) *02 32%&'.272)* +&(50* '+*23 *02 .').2&&'*(-) 1<2 *- *02 *9%0--) =2.'<,2 02 ;', ' .-)+(3721 %',,2)523# @),*2'1 0-;2>23: 02 ;', ().-)>2)(2).21 ')1 %32>2)*21 +3-7 =-'31()5 *02 +&(50*,# I&*0-<50 02 2F%32,,21 *02 <352).9 -+ 0(, *3(% *- R')(&':

NOA’s Contentions:

!# the court of the domicile of the carrier (NOA’s domicile is in the USA); A# *02 .-<3* -+ (*, %3().(%'& %&'.2 -+ =<,()2,, b;0(.0 (, 6') T3').(,.-: \6I$G H# *02 .-<3* ;0232 (* 0', ' %&'.2 -+ =<,()2,, *03-<50 ;0(.0 *02 .-)*3'.* 0'1 =22) made (ticket was purchased in San Francisco so that’s where the contract was

7'12$G

!KH

K# *02 .-<3* -+ *02 %&'.2 -+ 12,*()'*(-) b6')*-, =-<50* ' 3-<)1 *3(% *(./2* ;0(.0 +()'& 12,*()'*(-) (, 6') T3').(,.-$# 6!!785

I, 02&1 () ):F@;>?96 $;89:?;=6 #97 O7;?56 234 -9=9A678: : P02 1-7(.(&2 -+ ' .-3%-3'*(-) (, .<,*-7'3(&9 325'3121 ', *02 %&'.2 ;0232 (* (, ().-3%-3'*21: ')1 *02 .-<3*, 0'>2 5(>2) *02 72')()5 *- *02 *237 ', (* (, <,21 () ' 3*(.&2 AYb!$ -+ *02 8-)>2)*(-)#

MON *02 ?0(&(%%()2 .-<3*, 0'>2 Q<3(,1(.*(-) ->23 *02 (,,<2i !. L7:6MK5

P02 8-<3* 3<&21 () *02 )25'*(>2# @* 02&1 *0'* *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) '%%&(2, *- '&& ()*23)'*(-)'& *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ %23,-), %23+-3721 =9 '(3.3'+* +-3 0(32# M02*023 *02 transportation is “international” is determined by the contract of the parties, which

() *02 .',2 -+ %',,2)523, (, *02 *(./2*# M02) *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 %3->(12, +-3 the transportation of the passenger between certain designated terminals “within *02 *233(*-3(2, -+ *;- ](50 8-ntracting Parties,” the provisions of the Convention

'<*-7'*(.'&&9 '%%&9 ')1 2F.&<,(>2&9 5->23) *02 3(50*, ')1 &('=(&(*(2, -+ *02 '(3&()2 ')1 (*, %',,2)523# 6().2 *02 +&(50* ()>-&>21 () *02 .',2 '* ='3 (, ()*23)'*(-)'&: *02 ,'72 =2()5 +3-7 *02 \)(*21 6*'*2, *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2, ')1 ='./ *- *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,: (* (, ,<=Q2.* *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-): ().&<1()5 I3*(.&2 AYb!$: ;0(.0 2)<723'*2, *02 +-<3 %&'.2, ;0232 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, 7'9 =2 =3-<50*# @* '&,- 02&1 *0'* ;0232 *02 7'**23 (, 5->23)21 =9 *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-): Q<3(,1(.*(-) *'/2, -) ' 1<'& .-).2%*# B<3(,1(.*(-) () *02 ()*23)'*(-)'& ,2),2 7<,* =2 2,*'=&(,021 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 I3*(.&2 AYb!$ -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-): +-&&-;()5 ;0(.0 *02 Q<3(,1(.*(-) -+ ' %'3*(.<&'3 .-<3* 7<,* = 2 2,*'=&(,021 %<3,<')* *- *02 '%%&(.'=&2 1-72,*(. &';# O)&9 '+*23 *02 J<2,*(-) -+ ;0(.0 .-<3* 0', Q<3(,1(.*(-) (, 12*237()21 ;(&& *02 (,,<2 -+ >2)<2 =2 *'/2) <%# P0(, ,2.-)1 J<2,*(-) ,0'&& =2 5->23)21 =9 *02 &'; -+ *02 .-<3* *- ;0(.0 *02 .',2 (, ,<=7(**21#

!0&" M$*"15 Z7L6!;6.46VM G1- g8M78

o2)<2 ')1 Q<3(,1(.*(-) '32 2)*(32&9 1(,*().* 7'**23,# B<3(,1(.*(-) 7'9 )-* =2 .-)+23321 =9 .-),2)* -3 ;'(>23 <%-) 1 .-<3* ;0(. 0 -*023;(,2 ;-<&1 0'>2 ) Q<3(,1(.*(-) ->23 *02 ,<=Q2.*h7'**23 -+ ') '.*(-)G =<* *02 >2)<2 -+ ') '.*(-) ', +(F21 =9 ,*'*<*2 7'9 =2 .0')521 =9 *02 .-),2)* -+ *02 %'3*(2, ')1 ') -=Q2.*(-) *0'* *02 %&'()*(++ =3-<50* 0(, ,<(* () *02 ;3-)5 .-<)*9 7'9 =2 ;'(>21 =9 *02 +'(&<32 - + *02 12+2)1')* *- 7'/2 ' *(72&9 -=Q2.*(-)# @) 2(*023 .',2: *02 .-<3* 7'9 32)123 ' >'&(1 Q<1572)*# _<&2, ', *- Q<3(,1(.*(-) .') )2>23 =2 &2+* *- *02 .-),2)* -3 '532272)* -+ *02 %'3*(2,: ;02*023 -3 )-* ' %3-0(=(*(-) 2F(,*, '5'(),* *02(3 '&*23'*(-)#

7M648; 36L:6M8!E C"*0*0$%"/E G1- ^6::68 Z- 7 dE /"1C$%&"%*bK-L- M$- R,UUQT- M$G"
?'3*(2,U _2,%-)12)*hM(&&(2 \9 (, ' %',,2)523 -+ %2*(*(-)23 \)(*21 I(3&()2,

3! 4V 498 6!!78 V2 J:3.8 V2 ;8!46M346VM5

?2*(*(-)23h \N@PXV I@_^@NX6

P02 %&'.2 -+ 12,*()'*(-): ;(*0() *02 72')()5 -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-): (, 12*237()21 =9 *02 *237, -+ *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 -3: ,%2.(+(.'&&9 () *0(, .',2: *02 *(./2* =2*;22) *02 %',,2)523 ')1 *02 .'33(23# XF'7()'*(-) -+ the petitioner’s ticket ,0-;, *0'* 0(, <&*(7'*2 12,*()'*(-) (, 6') T3').(,.-# I&*0-<50 *02 1'*2 -+ *02 32*<3) +&(50* ;', &2+* -%2): *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 =2*;22) *02 %'3*(2, ()1(.'*2, *0'* NOI ;', =-<)1 *- *3'),%-3* *02 %2*(*(-)23 *- 6') T3').(,.- +3-7 R')(&'# R')(&' ,0-<&1 *0232+-32 =2 .-),(12321 7232&9 ') '53221 ,*-%%()5 %&'.2 ')1 )-* *02 12,*()'*(-)#

8',2 V-.*3()2U “When will one’s right to damages be extinguished?”

P02 3(50* *- 1'7'52, ,0'&& =2 2F*()5<(,021 (+ ') '.*(-) (, )-* =3-<50* ;(*0() * ;92'3,: 32./-)21 +3-7 *02 1'*2 -+ '33(>'& '* *02 12,*()'*(-): -3 +3-7 *02 1'*2 -) ;0(.0 *02 '(3.3'+* -<50* *- 0'>2 '33(>21: -3 +3-7 *02 1'*2 -) ;0(.0 *02 .'33('52 ,*-%%21#

3! 4V 498 6!!78 V2 ;V[6.6:8 L8i76L8[8M45

!KK

V2,%(*2 *02 2F%32,, 7')1'*2 *0'* ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, ,0-<&1 =2 +(&21 ;(*0() A 92'3, +3-7 *02 '33(>'& '* *02 %&'.2 -+ 12,*()'*(-): ,<.0 3<&2 ,0'&& )-* =2 '%%&(21 ;0232 12&'9()5 *'.*(., ;232 27%&-921 =9 '(3&()2 (*,2&+ () ' .',2 ;0232 ' %',,2)523 ;(,02, *- ,2**&2 0(, .-7%&'()* -<*h-+h.-<3* =<* *02 '(3&()2 5'>2 0(7 *02 3<)'3-<)1: answering the passenger’s letters but not giving in to his demands, hence, giving

*02 %',,2)523 )- *(72 *- (),*(*<*2 *02 .-7%&'()* ;(*0() *02 325&'72)*'39 %23(-1# TI8P6U O.*-=23 !H: !DYD – _2,%-)12)* M(&&(2 \9 (, ' %',,2)523 -+ %2*(*(-)23 \)(*21 I(3&()2,: =-<)1 +3-7 6') T3').(,.- *- R')(&'# M0(&2 () 6') T3').(,.-: (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* -)2 %(2.2 -+ 0(, &<55'52 ;', ->23 *02 7'F(7<7 ;2(50* '&&-;').2 -+ `C /5# %23 ='5# I \)(*21 I(3&()2, 27%&-922 32=-(.2: () +3-)* -+ *02 7(&&()5 .3-;1: -312321 0(7 *- 32%'./ 0(, *0()5, '..-31()5&9# M(,0()5 )-* *- .32'*2 ' ,.2)2: M(&&(2 1(1 ', ',/21# \)+-3*<)'*2&9: 0(, &<55'52 ;', ,*(&& ->23;2(50* ,- *02 '(3&()2 =(&&21 0(7 ->23;2(50* .0'352,# M(&&(2 -++2 321 *- %'9 *02 .0'352, ;(*0 ' R(,.2&&')2-<, 80'352 O3123 bR8O$ -3 ') '(3&()2 %32h%'(1 .321(* =<* *02 ,'72 27%&-922: ')1 ') '(3&()2 ,<%23>(,-3: 32+<,21 *- 0-)-3 (*: .-)*2)1()5 *0'* *0232 ;232 1(,.32%').(2, () *02 +(5<32,# P0<,: M(&&(2 ;', +-3.21 *- %'9 *02 .0'352, ;(*0 0(, I723(.') XF%32,, .321(* .'31# \%-) '33(>'& () R')(&': M(&&(2 1(,.->2321 *0'* -)2 -+ 0(, ='5, 0'1 =22) ,&',021 ')1 (*, .-)*2)*,: '7-<)*()5 *- \6lL:H!C#CC: ,*-&2)# O.*-=23 !Z: !DYD – 02 ,2)* 0(, +(3,* &2**23 -+ 127')1 *- \)(*21 I(3&()2,# P02 '(3&()2

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

A#$ N-# M0(&2 0(, A)1 .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) b') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, '3(,()5 +3-7 *02+* -3 1'7'52 *- %3-%23*9 -3 5--1,$ (, ;2&& ;(*0() *02 =-<)1, -+ *02 M'3,'; .-)>2)*(-): 0(, !,* .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) b') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 misconduct of the airline employees and the violation of respondent’s rights as

%',,2)523,$ .&2'3&9 (, )-*#

did not refute Willie’s allegations and mailed a check representing payment of his

&-,, =',21 -) *02 7'F(7<7 &('=(&(*9 -+ \6lD#`C %2 3 %-<)1# M(&&(2: *0()/()5 *02 '7-<)* *- =2 53-,,&9 ()'12J<'*2 *- .-7%2),'*2 0(7 +-3 0(, &-,,2, ', ;2&& ', +-3 *02 ()1(5)(*(2, 02 ;', ,<=Q2.*21 *-: ,2)* *;- 7-32 &2**23, *- %2*(*(-)23 '(3&()2: -)2 1'*21 B')<'39 K: !DDC ')1 *02 -*023 1'*21 O.*-=23 AY: !DD!: 127')1()5 -<*h-+h .-<3* ,2**&272)* -+ ?!:CCC:CCC#CC# B<)2 D: !DDA – M(&&(2 +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, =2+-32 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 .-<3*,# ]2 0'1 *;- .'<,2, -+ '.*(-)U b!$ *02 ,0'==9 ')1 0<7(&('*()5 *32'*72)* 02 32.2(>21 from petitioner’s employees at the San Franc (,.- I(3%-3* ;0(.0 .'<,21 0(7 2F*3272 27='33',,72)* ')1 ,-.('& 0<7(&('*(-)G ')1 bA$ *02 ,&',0()5 -+ 0(, &<55'52 ')1 *02 &-,, -+ %23,-)'& 2++2.*, '7-<)*()5 *- \6lL:H!C#CC @66\X6U !#$ V-2, *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) %32.&<12 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 -*023 %23*()2)* &';,i 2) Has the respondent’s cause of action prescribed?

P02 Ah93 &(7(*'*(-) ().-3%-3'*21 () I3*# AD -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) ', ') '=,-&<*2 ='3 *- ,<(* ')1 )-* *- =2 7'12 ,<=Q2.* *- *02 >'3(-<, *-&&()5 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 &';, -+ *02 +-3<7: +-32.&-,2, *02 '%%&(.'*(-) -+ -<3 -;) 3<&2, -) ()*233<%*(-) -+ %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1,# bI3*# AD: %'3# A ;', ()12)*21 -)&9 *- &2* &-.'& &';, 12*237()2 ;02*023 ') '.*(-) ,0'&& =2 122721 .-772).21 <%-) *02 +(&()5 -+ ' .-7%&'()*#$ 6().2: (* (, ()1(,%<*'=&2 *0'* 32,%-)12)* +(&21 *02 %32,2)* '.*(-) =29-)1 *02 Ah93 *(72 +3'72 0(, A)1 .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) 7<,* =2 ='3321#

]-;2>23: (* (, -=>(-<, *0'* 32,%-)12)* ;', +-32,*'&&21 +3-7 (7721('*2&9 +(&()5 ') '.*(-) =2.'<,2 %2*(*(-)23 5'>2 0(7 *02 3<)'3-<)1: '),;23()5 0(, &2**23, =<* )-* 5(>()5 () *- 0(, 127')1,# P3<2: 32,%-)12)* ,0-<&1 0'>2 '&32'19 +(&21 ') '.*(-) '* *02 +(3,* (),*').2 ;02) %2*(*(-)23 12)(21 0(, .&'(7, =<* *02 ,'72 .-<&1 -)&9 =2 1<2 *- 0(, 12,(32 *- 7'/2 ') -<*h-+h.-<3* ,2**&272)* +-3 ;0(.0 02 .'))-* =2 +'<&*21# ]2).2: 12,%(*2 *02 2F%32,, 7')1'*2 -+ I3*(.&2 AD -+ *02 M'3,'; 8-)>2)*(-) *0'* ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, ,0-<&1 =2 +(&21 ;(*0() A 92'3, +3-7 *02 '33(>'& '* *02 %&'.2 -+

!KL

12,*()'*(-): ,<.0 3<&2 ,0'&& )-* =2 '%%&(21 () *02 (),*')* .',2 =2.'<,2 -+ *02 delaying tactics employed by petitioner airlines itself. Thus, respondent’s 2nd cause

-+ '.*(-) .'))-* =2 .-),(12321 ', *(72 ='3321# *+

U ()*#+ P3'),%d)%D#$ G- :)1"<) h c\ÎPIO d)%D#$ G :)1"/%) K-L- M$- :NSUSSUNSUSSPE V#*$F"/ ,PE RPSR [VL3ME Z-5 2)#*15 I* '=-<* -)2 -S.&-./ () *02 '+*23)--) -+ R'9 AZ: !DA`: *02 ,*2'723 6#6#

N253-,: =2&-)5()5 *- %2*(*(-)23 0232: P2-1-3- _# 4')5.-: &2+* *02 %-3* -+ _-7=&-) -) (*, 32*<) *3(% *- R')(&'# P9%0--) ,(5)'& N-# A ;', *02) <%: -+ ;0(.0 +'.* *02 .'%*'() ;', 1<&9 '1>(,21 ')1 0(, '**2)*(-) *0232*- .'&&21 =9 *02 %',,2)523, *027,2&>2, =2+-32 *02 >2,,2& ,2* ,'(&# P02 =-'* ;', ->23&-'121 ', ()1(.'*21 =9 *02 &-'1&()2 ;0(.0 ;', Z *- ` ().02, =2&-; *02 ,<3+'.2 -+ *02 ;'*23# c'55'52: *3<)/, ')1 -*023 2J<(%72)*, ;232 02'%21 -) *02 <%%23 12./: *02 0-&1 =2()5 %'./21 *.'%'.(*9# @) '11(*(-): *02 >2,,2& .'33(21 *0(3*9 ,'./, -+ .3<,021 7'3=&2 ')1 '=-<* -)2 0<)1321 ,'./, -+ .-%3' ')1 ,-72 &<7=23# P02 %',,2)523,: )<7=23()5 '=-<* !YC: ;232 ->23.3-;121: *02 >2,,2&S, .'%'.(*9 =2()5 &(7(*21 *- -)&9 !AH %',,2)523,# I+*23 *;- 0-<3, -+ ,'(&()5: *02 =-'* 2).-<)*2321 ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 3-<50 ,2', =2*;22) *02 (,&')1, -+ c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

32,<&* -+ *02 )25&(52).2 -+ (*, .'%*'(): =2 %3-%23&9 02&1 &('=&2 () 1'7'52, +-3 *02 .-),2J<2)* 12'*0 -+ (*, %',,2)523,i 9"?&5 42,# \)123 I3* LY` 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2: (* '..-31, ' ,0(%-;)23 -3 '52)* *02

;0(.0 02 (, 2)*(*&21 ', -+ 3(50* *- '=')1-) —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b%3->(121: 0-;2>23: *0'* *02 .'%*'() 1-2, )-* 2F.221 0(, '<*0-3(*9$: ;0(&2 ', *- ')9 &('=(&(*9 ().<3321 =9 *02 .'%*'() *03-<50 0(, <)&';+<& '.*,: *02 ,0(% '52)* (, ,(7%&9 ,<=,(1('3(&9 .(>(&&9 &('=&2# P0(, &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 '52)* (, &(7(*21 *- *02 >2,,2& ')1 (* 1-2, )-* 2F*2)1 +<3*023# @) *02 &(50* -+ '&& *02 +-325-()5: ;2 *0232+-32 0-&1 *0'* (+ *02 ,0(%-;)23 -3 '52)* 7'9 () ')9 ;'9 =2 02&1 .(>(&&9 &('=&2 '* '&& +-3 ()Q<39 *- -3 12'*0 -+ %',,2)523, '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 .'%*'() () .',2, -+ .-&&(,(-), -3 ,0(%;32./,: 0(, &('=(&(*9 (, 7232&9 .-h2F*2),(>2 ;(*0 0(, ()*232,* () *02 >2,,2& ,<.0 *0'* ' *-*'& &-,, *0232-+ 32,<&*, () (*, 2F*().*(-)# @) '33(>()5 '* *0(, .-).&<,(-): ;2 0'>2 )-* =22) <)7()1+<& -+ *02 +'.* *0'* *02 (&&h+'*21 ,*2'7,0(% N253-,: ', ' >2,,2& 2)5'521 () ()*23(,&')1 *3'12: (, ' .-77-) .'33(23 bV2 o(&&'*' ># 6*')2&9: HA ?0(&#: LK!$: ')1 *0'* *02 ', ' >2,,2& =2*;22) *02 %2*(*(-)23 ')1 *02 %',,2)523, ;0- 1(21 () *02 7(,0'% 32,*, -) ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# c<* ',,<7()5 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 (, &('=&2 +-3 ' =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52: *02 2F.&<,(>2&9 E32'& ')1 09%-*02.'39 )'*<32E -+ 7'3(*(72 &'; -%23'*2, *&(7(* ,<.0 &('=(&(*9 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 >2,,2&: -3 *- *02 (),<3').2 *0232-): (+ ')9# @) *02 (),*')* .',2 (* 1-2, )-* '%%2'3 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', (),<321# M02*023 *02 '=')1-)72)* -+ *02 >2,,2& ,-<50* =9 *02 %2*(*(-)23 () *02 (),*')* .',2 ;', () '..-31').2 ;(*0 &'; -+ )-*: (, (77'*23('&# P02 >2,,2& 0'>()5 *-*'&&9 %23(,021: ')9 '.* -+ '=')1-)72)* ;-<&1 =2 ') (1&2 .2327-)9# B<15272)* (, 32>23,21 ')1 %2*(*(-)23 (, 0232=9 '=,-&>21 -+ '&& *02 .-7%&'()*,: ;(*0-<* .-,*,# .+>) d"H 9$%D G- 63. – VX oX_I

d#_# N-# `KY!! 62%*27=23 HC: !DYY

3(50* -+ '=')1-)72)*G ')1 =9 )2.2,,'39 (7%&(.'*(-): 0(, &('=(&(*9 (, .-)+()21 *- *0'*

!KZ

8]\I 4Xj ]ONd: %2*(*(-)23: >,# @NPX_RXV@IPX I??X^ÎPX 8O\_P: RI_@INO d\NO: ')1 VOR@NIVO_ O^@P: 32,%-)12)*,# 23.4!5 ?2*(*(-)23 (, ' 1<&9 &(.2),21 .-%3' 12'&23 =',21 '* ?<23*' d'&23': O3(2)*'&

R()1-3-: ;0(&2 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, '32 *02 -;)23, -+ *02 >2,,2&: EReo ^<[>(7()1' @:E ' .-77-) .'33(23 2)5'521 () .-',*;(,2 *3'12 +3-7 *02 1(++232)* %-3*, -+ O3(2)*'& R()1-3- *- *02 ?-3* -+ R')(&'# ?2*(*(-)23 &-'121 !:CCC ,'./, -+ .-%3': >'&<21 '* ?!C!:AA`#KC: -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& +-3 ,0(%72)* +3-7 ?<23*' d'&23': O3(2)*'& R()1-3-: *- R')(&'# 6'(1 .'35-: 0-;2>23: 1(1 )-* 32'.0 R')(&' =2.'<,2 ,-72;0232 =2*;22) 8'%2 6')*('5- ')1 8'&'*'5'): c'*')5',: *02 >2,,2& .'%,([21 ')1 ,')/ ;(*0 '&& (*, .'35-# ?2*(*(-)23 (),*(*<*21 =2+-32 *02 8T@ ' 8-7%&'()* +-3 1'7'52, =',21 -) =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 '5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,# ?3(>'*2 _2,%-)12)*S, .-)*2)*(-)U P02(3 &('=(&(*9 0'1 =22) 2F*()5<(,021 =9 32',-) -+ *02 *-*'& &-,, -+ ,'(1 >2,,2&# _P8 V2.(,(-)U @) +'>-3 %&'()*(++# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, ,0-<&1 %'9 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 .'35-# 8IU _2>23,21 _P8# @* '%%&(21 I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 *02 1-.*3()2 () 4')5.- >,# ^',27# @* 02&1 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,S &('=(&(*9: ', ,0(% -;)23,: +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35- (, 7232&9 .-h2F*2),(>2 ;(*0 *02(3 ()*232,* () *02 >2,,2& ,<.0 *0'* ' *-*'& &-,, *0232-+ 32,<&*, () (*, 2F*().*(-)# 6!!785 MON I3*# LY` ', 2F%-<)121 () *02 4')5.- .' ,2 ,0-<&1 '%%&9

42,# I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 %3->(12,U EP02 ,0(% '52)* ,0'&& '&,- =2 .(>(&&9 &('=&2 +-3 *02 ()127)(*(2, () +'>-3 -+ *0(31 %23,-), ;0(.0 7'9 '3(,2 +3-7 *02 .-)1<.* -+ *02 .'%*'() () *02 .'32 -+ *02 5--1, ;0(.0 02 &-'121 -) *02 >2,,2&G =<* 02 7'9 2F27%* 0(7,2&+ *0232+3-7 =9 '=')1-)()5 *02 >2,,2& ;(*0 '&& *02 2J<(%72)*, ')1 *02 +32(50* (* 7'9 0'>2 2'3)21 1<3()5 *02 >-9'52#E 98:;5

P02 *237 E,0(% '52)*E ', <,21 () *02 +-325-()5 %3->(,(-) (, =3-'1 2)-<50 *- ().&<12 *02 ,0(% -;)23# ?<3,<')* *- ,'(1 %3->(,(-): *0232+-32: =-*0 *02 ,0(% -;)23 ')1 ,0(% '52)* '32 .(>(&&9 ')1 1(32.*&9 &('=&2 +-3 *02 ()127)(*(2, () +'>-3 -+ *0(31 %23,-),: ;0(.0 7'9 '3(,2 +3-7 *02 .-)1<.* -+ *02 .'%*'() () *02 .'32 -+ 5--1, *3'),%-3*21:

', ;2&& ', +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21# ]-;2>23: <)123 *02 ,'72 I3*(.&2: *0(, 1(32.* &('=(&(*9 (, 7-123'*21 ')1 &(7(*21 =9 *02 ,0(% '52)*S, -3 ,0(% -;)23S, 3(50* -+ '=')1-)72)* -+ *02 >2,,2& ')1 2'3)21 +32(50*# P0(, 2F%32,,2, *02 <)(>23,'& %3().(%&2 -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 <)123 7'3(*(72 &';# P02 7-,* +<)1'72)*'& 2++2.* -+ '=')1-)72)* (, *02 .2,,'*(-) -+ *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 -+ *02 ,0(% '52)*e-;)23# @* 0', *0<, =22) 02&1 *0'* =9 )2.2,,'39 (7%&(.'*(-): *02 ,0(% '52)*S, -3 ,0(% -;)23S, &('=(&(*9 (, .-)+()21 *- *0'* ;0(.0 02 (, 2)*(*&21 ', -+ 3(50* *'=')1-) *02 >2,,2& ;(*0 '&& 023 2J<(%72)* ')1 *02 +32(50* (* 7'9 0'>2 2'3)21 1<3()5 *02 >-9'52:E ')1 E*- *02 (),<3').2 *0232-+ (+ ')9E b4')5.- >,# ^',27': ,<%3'$# EN- >2,,2&: )- &('=(&(*9E 2F%32,,2, () ' )<*,02&& *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 3<&2# P02 *-*'& 12,*3<.*(-) -+ *02 >2,,2& 2F*()5<(,02, 7'3(*(72 &(2), ', *0232 (, )- &-)523 ')9 32, *;0(.0 (* .') '**'.0# P02 32'& ')1 09%-*02.'39 )'*<32 -+ *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 ,0(% -;)23 -3 '52)* 27=-1(21 () *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 R'3(*(72 ^';: c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b!$ ;0232 *02 ()Q<39 -3 12'*0 *- ' %',,2)523 (, 1<2 2(*023 *- *02 +'<&* -+ *02 ,0(% -;)23: -3 *- *02 .-).<33()5 )25&(52).2 -+ *02 ,0(% -;)23 ')1 *02 .'%*'()G A$ ;0232 *02 >2,,2& (, (),<321G ')1 bH$ () ;-3/72)S, .-7%2),'*(-) .&'(7,# @) *0(, .',2: *0232 (, )-*0()5 () *02 32.-31, *- ,0-; *0'* *02 &-,, -+ *02 .'35- ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* -+ *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ', ,0(%-;)23,: -3 *- *02(3 .-).<332)* )25&(52).2 ;(*0 *02 .'%*'() -+ *02 >2,,2&# P02 ,0(% '52)*S, -3 ,0(% -;)23S, &('=(&(*9 (, 7232&9 .-h2F*2),(>2 ;(*0 0(, ()*232,* () *02 >2,,2& ,<.0 *0'* ' *-*'& &-,, *0232-+ 32,<&*, () (*, 2F*().*(-) b4')5.- >,# ^',23)': ,<%3'$: ')1 )-)2 -+ *02 2F.2%*(-), **02 3<&2 -) &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 =2()5 %32,2)*: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, +-3 *02

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&-,, -+ *02 .'35- -+ .-%3' 7<,* =2 122721 *- 0'>2 =22) 2F*()5<(,021# P0232 (, ),0-;()5 *0'* *02 >2,,2& () *0(, .',2 (, (),<321#

%',,2)523,: ().&<1()5 *02 32&'*(>2, -+ *02 0232() %&'()*(++: ;', 1<2 *- +-3.2 7'Q2<32 =2.'<,2 -+ *02 ,*3-)5 *9%0--) SM2&7()5#S @* '%%2'3, *0'* +(>2 -*023 >2,,2&, &2+* *02 %(23 '* R')(&' -) *02 ,'72 1'*2 ',(12 +3-7 *02 Reo R()1-3-S#

M0'* '=-<* *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -) .-77-) .'33(23,i8-),(123()5 *02 E32'& ')1 09%-*02.'39 )'*<32E -+ &('=(&(*9 <)123 7'3(*(72 &';: *02,2 %3->(,(-), ;-<&1 )-* 0'>2 ')9 2++2.* -) *02 %3().(%&2 -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 +-3 ,0(% -;)23, -3 ,0(% '52)*,# P02 2F.&<,(>2&9 S32'& ')1 09%-*02.'39 )'*<32 -+ 7'3(*(72 &'; -%23'*2, *&(7(* ,<.0 &('=(&(*9 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 >2,,2&: -3 *- *02 (),<3').2 *0232-): (+ ')9#

P3('& .-<3* ,<,*'()21 *02 %-,(*(-) -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 8-7%')(' R'3(*(7'# 8I '++(3721 ,<.0 Q<1572)*# M0(&2 (* +-<)1 *0'* *0232 ;', .-).<33()5 )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 .'%*'() ;0(.0 7<,* =2 (7%<*'=&2 *- R'3(*(7': 8I 3<&21 *0'* R'3(*(7' .'))-* =2 02&1 &('=&2 () 1'7'52, =',21 -) *02 %3().(%&2 -+ &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 ,0(%-;)23 -3 ,0(% '52)* <)123 I3*(.&2 LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2#

R-32->23: I3*(.&2 !`ZZ -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12,U I3*# !`ZZ# @) '&& 7'**23, )-* 325<&'*21 =9 *0(, 8-12: *02 3(50*, ')1 -=&(5'*(-), -+ .-77-) .'33(23, ,0'&& =2 5->23)21 =9 *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 =9 ,%2.('& &';,# @) -*023 ;-31,: *02 %3(7'39 &'; (, *02 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 () 12+'<&* *0232-+: *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 -*023 ,%2.('& &';, '32 '%%&(21# 6().2 *02 8(>(& 8-12 .-)*'(), )%3->(,(-), 325<&'*()5 &('=(&(*9 -+ ,0(% -;)23, -3 '52)*, () *02 2>2)* -+ *-*'& &-,, -3 12,*3<.*(-) -+ *02 >2,,2&: (* (, *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2: 7-32 %'3*(.<&'3&9 I3*(.&2 LY`: *0'* 5->23) () *0(, .',2#

@) *0(, '%%2'&: %&'()*(++, '35<2: '7-)5 -*023,: *0'* 8I 23321 *- )-*2: -=,23>2 ')1 .-7%3202)1 *0'* '3*# LY` -+ *02 .-12 -+ .-7723.2 (, -)&9 +-3 *02 5--1, ;0(.0 *02 >2,,2& .'33(21 ')1 1- )-* ().&<12 %23,-),# 6!!78!U b!$ M02*023 -3 )-* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (, )25&(52)*# h 4X6

bA$ M02*023 -3 )-* &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 1-.*3()2: <)123 I3*# LY`: '%%&(2, -)&9 *5--1,# h NO \)123 *0(, %3->(,(-): ' ,0(%-;)23 -3 '52)* 0', *02 3(50* -+ '=')1-)72)*G ')1 =9 )2.2,,'39 (7%&(.'*(-): 0(, &('=(&(*9 (, .-)+()21 *- *0'* ;0(.0 02 (, 2)*(*&21 ', -+ 3(50* *- '=')1-)hE*02 >2,,2& ;(*0 '&& 023 2J<(%72)*, ')1 *02 +32(50* (* 7'9 0'>2 98:;5

earned during the voyage.” Notwithstanding the passage of the NCC, Art.587 of the 9"0/1 $A 3,#9VMVL3(:8 .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:! 3M; .V[J3M63 [3L646[3 K-L- M$- :NORRQO Z>%" ,RE RPPW 23.4!5 Reo SR()1-3-S ,'(&21 +3-7 R')(&': -) N->27=23 A:!DZ` '* '=-<* AUCC

b,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) ZUCC %#7#$ () *02 '+*23)--) =-<)1 +-3 N2; M',0()5*-): I/&'): ;(*0 7')9 %',,2)523, '=-'31# @* '%%2'3, *0'* ,'(1 >2,,2& 72* *9%0--) SM2&7()5S -) *02 6(=<9') 62': I/&'): '* '=-<* LUCC () *02 7-3)()5 -+ N->27=23 K: !DZ` .'<,()5 *02 12'*0 -+ 7')9 -+ (*, %',,2)523,: '&*0-<50 '=-<* !HZ ,<3>(>21# @* '%%2'3, *0'* () ' 12.(,(-) -+ *02 c-'31 -+ R'3()2 @)J<(39: (* ;', +-<)1 *0'* *02 .'%*'() ')1 ,-72 -++(.23, -+ *02 .32; ;232 )25&(52)* () -%23'*()5 *02 >2,,2& ')1 (7%-,21 <%-) *027 ' ,<,%2),(-) ')1e-3 32>-.'*(-) -+ *02(3 &(.2),2 .23*(+(.'*2,# @* '%%2'3,: 0-;2>23: *0'* *0(, 12.(,(-) .'))-* =2 2F2.<*21 '5'(),* *02 .'%*'() ;0%23(,021 ;(*0 *02 >2,,2&# P02 12+2)1')* '&&252, *0'* )- )25&(52).2 ;', 2>23 2,*'=&(,021 ')1: () +'.*: *02 ,0(%-;)23, ')1 *02(3 -++(.23, *--/ '&& *02 )2.2,,'39 %32.'<*(-), () -%23'*()5 *02 >2,,2&# T<3*0237-32: *02 &-,, -+ &(>2, ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 13-;)()5 -+ ,-72

8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 (, ,*(&& 5--1 &';# P02 32',-) &(2, () *02 %2.<&('3 )'*<32 -+ 7'3(*(72 &'; ;0(.0 (, 2F.&<,(>2&9 32'& ')1 09%-*02.'39 *0'* -%23'*2, *- &(7(* ,<.0 &('=(&(*9 *- *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 >2,,2&: -3 *- *02 (),<3').2 *0232-): (+ ')9# I, .-332.*&9 ,*'*21 =9 *02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3*: Eb*$0(, 3<&2 (, +-<)1 )2.2,,'39 *- -++,2* '5'(),* *02 ())<723'=&2 0'['31, ')1 %23(&, -+ ' ,2' >-9'52 ')1 *- 2).-<3'52 ,0(%=<(&1()5 ')1 7'3()2 .-7723.2# 8-)*3'39 *- *02 %2*(*(-)23,S ,<%%-,(*(-): *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 1-.*3()2 '%%&(2, )-* -)&9 *- *02 5--1, =<* '&,- () '&& .',2, &(/2 12'*0 -3 ()Q<39 *%',,2)523, ;0232() *02 ,0(%-;)23 -3 '52)* 7'9 %3-%23&9 =2 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 *02 )25&(52)* -3 (&&(.(* '.*, -+ *02 .'%*'()# RV0; ?@ P>=@ BH =@JH==HN A@ @G?= LE?K@ @GA@ +J@?MCH 85c =LHAh= EKCD EF =?@>A@?EK= UGHJH @GH FA>C@ EJ KHOC?OHKMH ?= MEPP?@@HN =ECHCD BD @GH MAL@A?K) "K MA=H= UGHJH @GH =G?LEUKHJ ?= C?hHU?=H @E BH BCAPHN; +J@?MCH 85c NEH= KE@ ALLCD # ' ,(*<'*(-) ;(&& =2 .->2321 =9 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 N88

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42,# o2,,2&, '32 .-),(12321 %23,-)'& %3-%23*9 <)123 *02 .(>(& &';# 6(7(&'3&9 <)123 *02 .-77-) &';: >2,,2&, '32 %23,-)'& %3-%23*9 '&*0-<50 -..',(-)'&&9 32+23321 *- ', ' %2.<&('3 /()1 -+ %23,-)'& %3-%23*9# P029 '32 ,<=Q2.* *- 7-3*5'52 '5322'=&9 *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 80'**2& R-3*5'52 ^';# P02 -)&9 1(++232).2 =2*;22) ' .0'**2& 7-3*5'52 -+ ' >2,,2& ')1 ' .0'**2& 7-3*5'52 -+ -*023 %23,-)'&*9 (, *0'* (* (, )-* )-; )2.2,,'39 +-3 ' .0'**2& 7-3*5'52 -+ ' >2,,2& *- =2 )-*21 () *02 325(,*39 -+ *02 325(,*23 -+ 1221,: =<* (* (, 2,,2)*('& *0'* ' 32.-31 -+ 1-.<72)*, '++2.*()5 *02 *(*&2 *- ' >2,,2& =2 2)*2321 () *02 32.-31 -+ *02 8-&&2.*-3 -+ 8<,*-7, '* *02 %-3* -+ 2)*39# O*023;(,2 ' 7-3*5'52 -) ' >2,,2& (, 52)23'&&9 &(/2 -*023 .0'**2& 7-3*5'52, ', *(*, 32J<(,(*2, ')1 >'&(1(*9# @) *02 .',2: *02 '=,2).2 -+ *02 '++(1'>(* >(*('*2, ' 7-3*5'52 ', '5'(),* .321(*-3, ')1 ,<=,2J<2)* 2).<7=3').23,# I, ' .-),2J<2).2 ' .0'**2& 7-3*5'52 -+ ' >2,,2& ;0232() *02 '++(1'>(* -+ 5--1 +'(*0 32J<(321 =9 *02 80'**2& R-3*5'52 ^'; (, &'./()5: (, <)2)+-3.2'=&2 '5'(),* *0(31 %23,-),# !+$/* K?$11)/B5 [$/*D)D"N %$>%

h*02 .0'35()5 -+ 32'& b-3 %23,-)'&$ %3-%23*9 =9 ' 12=*-3 *- ' .321(*-3 ', ,2.<3(*9 +-3 ' 12=* b2,%2.('&&9 -)2 ().<3321 =9 *02 %<3.0',2 -+ *02 %3-%23*9$: -) *02 .-)1(*(-) *0'* (* ,0'&& =2 32*<3)21 -) %'972)* -+ *02 12=* ;(*0() ' .23*'() %23(-1# ' 1221 2++2.*()5 *02 .-)1(*(-), -+ ' 7-3*5'52# ' &-') -=*'()21 *03-<50 *02 .-)>29').2 -+ %3-%23*9 ', ,2.<3(*9# E@ %<* 1-;) ' 0<)1321 *0-<,')1 () .',0 ')1 *--/ -<* ' 7-3*5'52 +-3 *02 32,*E >23= h*- .-)>29 b' %3-%23*9$ *- ' .321(*-3 ', ,2.<3(*9 -) ' &-')# E*02 2,*'*2 ;', 7-3*5'521 <% *- *02 0(&*E 2F%-,2 *- +<*<32 3(,/ -3 .-),*3'()* +-3 *02 ,'/2 -+ (7721('*2 '1>')*'52# “some people worry that selling off federal assets mortgages the country's future"

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498 J96:6JJ6M8 3[8L6.3M K8M8L3: 6M!7L3M.8 .V[J3MdE 6M.-E %2*(*(-)23: >,# .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:! )%& 28:[3M !96JJ6MK :6M8!E 32,%-)12)*,# K-L- M$- RRQPSW Z>%" RRE RPPU (8::V!6::VE <)

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P02 ,0(% '52)* (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 )25&(52)* '.*, -+ *02 .'%*'() () *02 .'32 -+ 5--1, &-'121 -) *02 >2,,2&# P0(, &('=(&(*9 0-;2>23 .') =2 &(7(*21 *03-<50 '=')1-)72)* -+ *02 >2,,2&: (*, 2J<(%72)* ')1 +32(50*'52 ', %3->(121 () I3*# LY`# N-)2*02&2,,: *0232 '32 2F.2%*(-)'& .(3.<7,*').2, ;0232() *02 ,0(% '52)* .-<&1 ,*(&& =2 02&1 '),;23'=&2 12,%(*2 *02 '=')1-)72)*: ', ;0232 *02 &-,, -3 ()Q<39 ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* -+ *02 ,0(%-;)23 ')1 *02 .'%*'()# P02 ()*23)'*(-)'& 3<&2 (, *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 3(50* -+ '=')1-)72)* -+ >2,,2&,: ', ' &25'& &(7(*'*(-) -+ ' ,0(%-;)23S, &('=(&(*9: 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- .',2, ;0232 *02 ()Q<39 -3 '>23'52 ;', -..',(-)21 =9 *02 ,0(%-;)23S, -;) +'<&*# @* 7<,* =2 ,*32,,21 '* *0(, %-()* *0'* I3*# LY` ,%2'/, -)&9 -+ ,(*<'*(-), ;0232 *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 (, .-77(**21 ,-&2&9 =9 *02 .'%*'()# M0232 *02 ,0(%-;)23 (, &(/2;(,2 *- =2 =&'721: I3*# LY` ;(&& )-* '%%&9: ')1 ,<.0 ,(*<'*(-) ;(&& =2 .->2321 =9 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -) .-77-) .'33(23# @) 2>239 7'3()2 (),<3').2 <%-) ' ,0(% -3 +32(50*: -3 +32(50*'52: -3 <%-) ')9*0()5 ;0(.0 (, *02 ,<=Q2.* -+ 7'3()2 (),<3').2: ' ;'33')*9 (, (7%&(21 *0'* *02 ,0(% (, ,2';-3*09# b62.# !!H: @),<3').2 8-12$ @* (, 52)23'&&9 02&1 *0'* () 2>239 7'3()2 (),<3').2 %-&(.9 *02 ',,<321 (7%&(21&9 ;'33')*, *- *02 ',,<323 *0'* *02 >2,,2& (, ,2';-3*09 ')1 ,<.0 ;'33')*9 (, ', 7<.0 ' *237 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* ', (+ 2F%32,,&9 ;3(**2) -) *02 +'.2 -+ *02 %-&(.9# I ,0(% (, E,2';-3*09 ;02) 32',-)'=&9 +(* *- %23+-37 *02 ,23>(.2: ')1 *2).-<)*23 *02 -31()'39 %23(&, -+ *02 >-9'52: .-)*27%&'*21 =9 *02 %'3*(2, *- *02 %-&(.9#E b62.# !!K: @),<3').2 8-12$

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@) %-&(.(2, ;0232 *02 &'; ;(&& 52)23'&&9 (7%&9 ' ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,,: (* .') -)&9 =2 2F.&<121 =9 *237, () ;3(*()5 () *02 %-&(.9 () *02 .&2'32,* &')5<'52# I)1 ;0232 *02 %-&(.9 ,*(%<&'*2, *0'* *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ', =2*;22) *02 ',,<321 ')1 *02 ',,<323 (, '17(**21: *02 J<2,*(-) -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, .'))-* =2 3'(,21 =9 *02 ',,<323 ;(*0-<* ,0-;()5 .-).2'&72)* -3 7(,32%32,2)*'*(-) =9 *02 ',,<321#

?'972)* =9 *02 ',,<323 *- *02 ',,<321 -%23'*2, ', ') 2J<(*'=&2 ',,(5)72)* *- *02 ',,<323 -+ '&& *02 32721(2, ;0(.0 *02 ',,<321 7'9 0'>2 '5'(),* *02 *0(31 %'3*9 ;0-,2 )25&(52).2 -3 ;3-)5+<& '.* .'<,21 *02 &-,,# P02 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) (, )-* 12%2)12)* <%-): )-3 1-2, (* 53-; -<* -+ ')9 %3(>(*9 -+ .-)*3'.* -3 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# @* '..3<2, ,(7%&9 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# b&;? b;=;B;? ,?3H7;?56 ):7@:7;89:? 2 # ):H78 :E #@@6;=3 $

P02 &25'& =',(, +-3 ,<=3-5'*(-) (, <)123 I3*# AAC` -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12U @+ *02 %&'()*(++S, %3-%23*9 0', =22) (),<321: ')1 02 0', 32.2(>21 ()127)(*9 +3-7 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 +-3 *02 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, '3(,()5 -<* -+ *02 ;3-)5 -3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* .-7%&'()21 -+: *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 ,0'&& =2 ,<=3-5'*21 *- *02 3(50*, -+ *02 (),<321 '5'(),* *02 ;3-)51-23 -3 *02 %23,-) ;0- 0', >(-&'*21 *02 .-)*3'.*# @+ *02 '7-<)* %'(1 =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 1-2, )-* +<&&9 .->23 *02 ()Q<39 -3 &-,,: *02 '553(2>21 %'3*9 ,0'&& =2 2)*(*&21 *- 32.->23 *02 12+(.(2).9 +3-7 *02 %23,-) .'<,()5 *02 &-,, -3 ()Q<39#

23.4!

O) Z B<&9 !DYH 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23, ?0(&(%%()2,: @).# b8-.'h8-&' c-**&23,$: &-'121 -) =-'31 Ebj #39=<;:E ' >2,,2& -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 32,%-)12)* T2&7') 60(%%()5 ^()2, bTX^RIN +-3 =32>(*9$: `:LCC .',2, -+ !h&(*23 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2, *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 +3-7 p'7=-')5' 8(*9 *- 82=< 8(*9 +-3 .-),(5)22 8-.'h 8-&' c-**&23, ?0(&(%%()2,: @).#: 82=<# P02 ,0(%72)* ;', (),<321 ;(*0 %2*(*(-)23

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?0(&(%%()2 I723(.') d2)23'& @),<3').2 8-#: @).# b?]@ÎRdXN +-3 =32>(*9# Ebj #39=<;E &2+* *02 %-3* -+ p'7=-')5' () +()2 ;2'*023 '* Y %#7# -+ *02 ,'72 1'9# P02 ,0(% .'%*'() ,*'*21 *0'* '3-<)1 K '#7# -+ ` B<&9 !DYH 02 ;', ';'/2)21 =9 *02 -++(.23 -) 1<*9 *- ()+-37 0(7 *0'* *02 >2,,2& 0'1 0(* ' +&-'*()5 &-5# I* *0'* *(72 02 )-*(.21 *0'* *02 ;2'*023 0'1 12*23(-3'*21 ;(*0 ,*3-)5 ,-<*02',* ;()1, ()1<.()5 =(5 ;'>2,# I* KUHC '#7#: 02 -=,23>21 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', &(,*()5 ,&(50*&9 *- ,*'3=-'31 ')1 ;-<&1 )-* .-332.* (*,2&+ 12,%(*2 *02 02'>9 3-&&()5 ')1 %(*.0()5# ]2 *02) -312321 0(, .32; *- ,0(+* *02 .'35- +3-7 ,*'3=-'31 *- %-3*,(12 <)*(& *02 >2,,2& ;', ='&').21# I* '=-<* ` '#7#: *02 7',*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& ,*-%%21 *02 2)5()2 =2.'<,2 *02 >2,,2& ;', &(,*()5 1')523-<,&9 *- %-3*,(12# ]2 -312321 0(, .32; *- ,0(+* *02 .'35- ='./ *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$# P02 ,0(+*()5 -+ .'35- *--/ '=-<* ') 0-<3 '+*23;0(.0 02 3')5 *02 2)5()2 3--7 *- 32,<72 +<&& ,%221# I* '3-<)1 YUKL '#7#: *02 >2,,2& ,<112)&9 &(,*21 *- %-3*,(12 b&2+*$ ')1 =2+-32 *02 .'%*'() .-<&1 12.(12 -) 0(, )2F* 7->2: ,-72 -+ *02 .'35- -) 12./ ;232 *03-;) ->23=-'31 ')1 ,2';'*23 2)*2321 *02 2)5()2 3--7 ')1 .'35- 0-&1, -+ *02 >2,,2&# I* *0'* (),*').2: *02 7',*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& -312321 0(, .32; *- '=')1-) ,0(%# 60-3*&9 *0232'+*23: Ebj #39=<;E .'%,([21 ')1 ,')/ () *02 ;'*23, -+ p'7=-')5' 12& N-3*2 =3()5()5 1-;) 023 2)*(32 .'35- ;(*0 023 ().&<1()5 *02 ,<=Q2.* `:LCC .',2, -+ !h&(*23 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2,# ]2 ',.3(=21 *02 ,()/()5 *- *02 2)*39 -+ ,2';'*23 *03-<50 ' 0-&2 () *02 0<&& .'<,21 =9 *02 >2,,2&S, .-&&(,(-) ;(*0 ' %'3*('&&9 ,<=723521 &-5# O) !L B<&9 !DYH *02 .-),(5)22 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23, ?0(&(%%()2,: @).#: 82=< %&')*: +(&21 ' .&'(7 ;(*0 32,%-)12)* TX^RIN +-3 32.->239 -+ 1'7'52, (* ,<,*'()21 ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 &-,, -+ (*, ,-+*13()/ =-**&2, *0'* ,')/ ;(*0 Ebj #39=<;#E _2,%-)12)* 12)(21 *02 .&'(7 *0<, %3-7%*()5 *02 .-),(5)22 *- +(&2 ') (),<3').2 .&'(7 ;(*0 ?]@ÎRdXN ;0(.0 %'(1 (*, .&'(7 -+ ?`LL:ALC#CC# 8&'(7()5 (*, 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) ?]@ÎRdXN ,-<50* 32.-<3,2 '5'(),* 32,%-)12)* TX^RIN ;0(.0 1(,.&'(721 ')9 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,,# 8-),2J<2)*&9: -) AD N->27=23 !DYH ?]@ÎRdXN ,<21 *02 ,0(%-;)23 +-3 ,<7 -+ 7-)29 ')1 1'7'52, #

PHILAMGEN contended that the total loss of cargo was due to the vessel’s

<),2';-3*0()2,, ', ,02 ;', %<* *- ,2' () ') <),*'=&2 .-)1(*(-)# TX^RIN: -) *02 -*023 0')1: .-)*2)121 *0'* *0232 ;', )- 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) () +'>-3 -+ ?]@ÎRdXN ,().2 (* 0'1 '=')1-)21 '&& (*, 3(50*,: ()*232,*, ')1 -;)23,0(% ->23 *02

>2,,2& *-52*023 ;(*0 023 +32(50* ')1 '%%<3*2)').2, +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ &(7(*()5 ')1 2F*()5<(,0()5 (*, &('=(&(*9 <)123 I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2#

The RTC dismissed PHILAMGEN’s complaint and appealed to the CA which

327')121 *02 .',2 ')1 12)(21 (*, 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-)# P02 _P8 *02) 3<&21 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', ,2';-3*09# X>2) ',,<7()5 (* ;', <),2';-3*09: ?]@ÎRdXN .-<&1 )-* ,*(&& 32.->23 +3-7 TX^RIN ,().2 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23, 0'1 =32'.021 (*, implied warranty on the vessel’s seaworthiness. On appeal, the CA ruled that the

>2,,2& ;', <),2';-3*09 +-3 =2()5 *-%h02'>9 ', A:LCC .',2, -+ 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2, ;232 (7%3-%23&9 ,*-;21 -) 12./# X>2) *0-<50 *02 >2,,2& %-,,2,,21 *02 )2.2,,'39 8-',* d<'31 .23*(+(.'*(-) ()1(.'*()5 (*, ,2';-3*0()2,, ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 ,*3<.*<32 -+ *02 ,0(% (*,2&+: (* ;', )-* ,2';-3*09 ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 .'35-# P023+-32: (* 12)(21 *02 7-)29 .&'(7 -+ ?]@ÎRdXN =2.'<,2 -+ *02 (7%&(21 =32'.0 -+ ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, =9 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23,# T<3*023: *02 +(&()5 -+ )-*(.2 -+ '=')1-)72)* 0'1 '=,-&>21 TX^RIN +3-7 &('=(&(*9 <)123 *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 3<&2#

6!!78!

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WON “bj #39=<;” was seaworthy when it left the port of Zamboanga.

MON *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 <)123 I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ,0-<&1 '%%&9# MON ?]@ÎRdXN ;', %3-%23&9 ,<=3-5'*21 *- *02 3(50*, ')1 &25'& '.*(-), ;0(.0 *02 ,0(%%23 0'1 '5'(),* TX^RIN#

98:;

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NO# Ebj #39=<;E ;', <),2';-3*09 ;02) (* &2+* *02 %-3* -+ p'7=-')5'# @) ' Q-()* ,*'*272)*: *02 .'%*'() ', ;2&& ', *02 .0(2+ 7'*2 -+ *02 >2,,2& .-)+(3721 *0'* *02 ;2'*023 ;', +()2 ;02) *029 &2+* *02 %-3* -+ p'7=-')5'# I..-31()5 *- *027: *02 >2,,2& ;', .'339()5 `:LCC .',2, -+ !h &(*23 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2,: HCC ,'./, -+ ,2';221,: ACC 27%*9 8OA .9&()123, ')1 ') <)12*237()21 J<')*(*9 -+ 27%*9 =-F2, +-3 +32,0 255,# P029 &-'121 *02 27%*9 =-F2, +-3 255, ')1 '=-<* LCC .',2, -+ 8-.'h8-&'

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=-**&2, -) 12./# R-32->23: *02 32%-3* =9 P02 X&(*2 I1Q<,*23,: @).# )-*21 that “the vessel was 8:@RD6;2B ;0(.0 (, *- ,'9 *0'* ;0(&2 *02 >2,,2& 7'9 )-* 0'>2 =22) ->23&-'121: 92* *02 1(,*3(=<*(-) -3 ,*-;'52 -+ *02 .'35- -) =-'31 ;', 1-)2 () ,<.0 ' 7'))23 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', () *-%h02'>9 .-)1(*(-) '* *02 *(72 -+ 023 12%'3*<32 ')1 ;0(.0 .-)1(*(-) 32)12321 023

'=')1-)72)* -+ *02 >2,,2&: (*, 2J<(%72)* ')1 +32(50*'52 ', %3->(121 () I3*# LY`# N-)2*02&2,,: *0232 '32 2F.2%*(-)'& .(3.<7,*').2, ;0232() *02 ,0(% '52)* .-<&1 ,*(&& =2 02&1 '),;23'=&2 12,%(*2 *02 '=')1-)72)*: ', ;0232 *02 &-,, -3 ()Q<39 ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* -+ *02 ,0(%-;)23 ')1 *02 .'%*'()# P02 ()*23)'*(-)'& 3<&2 (, *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 3(50* -+ '=')1-)72)* -+ >2,,2&,: ', ' &25'& &(7(*'*(-) -+ ' ,0(%-;)23S, &('=(&(*9: 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- .',2, ;0232 *02 ()Q<39 -3 '>23'52 ;', -..',(-)21 =9 *02 ,0(%-;)23S, -;) +'<&*# @* 7<,* =2 ,*32,,21 '* *0(, %-()* *0'* I3*# LY` ,%2'/, -)&9 -+ ,(*<'*(-), ;0232 *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 (, .-77(**21 ,-&2&9 =9 *02 .'%*'()# M0232 *02 ,0(%-;)23 (, &(/2;(,2 *- =2 =&'721: I3*# LY` ;(&& )-* '%%&9: ')1 ,<.0 ,(*<'*(-) ;(&& =2 .->2321 =9 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -) .-77-) .'33(23#

unstable and unseaworthy for that particular voyage.”

R-32 (7%-3*')*&9: *02 >2,,2& ;', 12,(5)21 ', ' +(,0()5 >2,,2& ')1 (* ;', )-* 12,(5)21 *- .'339 ' ,<=,*')*('& '7-<)* -3 J<')*(*9 -+ .'35- -) 12./# P0232+-32: *02 ;2(50* -+ *02 12./ .'35- ,- 12.32',21 *02 >2,,2&S, 72*'.2)*3(. 02(50* ', *- .'<,2 (* *- =2.-72 <),*'=&2# @* (, ,2**&21 *0'* .'339()5 ' 12./ .'35- 3'(,2, *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ <),2';-3*0()2,, <)&2,, (* .') =2 ,0-;) *0'* *02 12./ .'35- ;(&& )-* ()*23+232 ;(*0 *02 %3-%23 7')'5272)* -+ *02 ,0(%# ]-;2>23: () *0(, .',2 (* ;', 2,*'=&(,021 *0'* Ebj #39=<;E ;', )-* 12,(5)21 *- .'339 ,<=,*')*('& '7-<)* -+ .'35- -) 12./# P02 ()-31()'*2 &-'1()5 -+ .'35- 12./ 32,<&*21 () *02 12.32',2 -+ *02 >2,,2&S, 72*'.2)*3(. 02(50* *0<, 7'/()5 (* <),*'=&2# P02 ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 ;'>2, 2).-<)*2321 =9 *02 >2,,2& '32 =<* *02 -31()'39 >(.(,,(*<12, -+ ' ,2' >-9'52 ')1 ', ,<.0 7232&9 .-)*3(=<*21 *- (*, '&32'19 <),*'=&2 ')1 <),2';-3*09 .-)1(*(-)# P0232+-32: *02 @7:G9F;86 5;H36 -+ *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 Reo E #39=<;E ;', 023 .-)1(*(-) -+ <),2';-3*0()2,, '3(,()5 +3-7 023 0'>()5 =22) *-%h02'>9 ;02) ,02 12%'3*21 +3-7 *02 ?-3* -+ p'7=-')5'# ]23 0'>()5 .'%,([21 ')1 2>2)*<'&&9 ,<)/ ;', =-<)1 *- 0'%%2) ')1 ;', *0232+-32 () *02 .'*25-39 -+ ') ()2>(*'=&2 -..<332).2#

\)123 I3* !`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: Eb.$-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 +-3 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 =-<)1 *-=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, ')1 +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027: '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2 # # #E @) *02 2>2)* -+ &-,, -+ 5--1,: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9# TX^RIN: *02 ,0(%-;)23: ;', )-* '=&2 *- 32=<* *0(, %32,<7%*(-)# H#

@* (, )-*21 *0'* ,0(%, '32 %32.(,2&9 12,(5)21 *- =2 '=&2 *- )'>(5'*2 ,'+2&9 2>2) 1<3()5 02'>9 ;2'*023 ')1 0'>2 ,<..2,,+<&&9 ;2'*023()5 2).-<)*23, ;(*0 *9%0--),# I&*0-<50 *029 7'9 ,<,*'() ,-72 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52: *02 ,()/()5 -+ ,0(% 1<3()5 02'>9 ;2'*023 (, )-* ' +32J<2)* -..<332).2 ')1 (, )-* &(/2&9 *- -..<3 <)&2,, *029 '32 ()0232)*&9 <),*'=&2 ')1 <),2';-3*09# A#

NO# I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 (, )-* '%%&(.'=&2 *- *02 .',2 '* ='3# P02 ,0(% '52)* (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 )25&(52)* '.*, -+ *02 .'%*'() () *02 .'32 -+ 5--1, &-'121 -) *02 >2,,2&# P0(, &('=(&(*9 0-;2>23 .') =2 &(7(*21 *03-<50

4X6# @* (, 52)23'&&9 02&1 *0'* () 2>239 7'3()2 (),<3').2 %-&(.9 *02 ',,<321 (7%&(21&9 ;'33')*, *- *02 ',,<323 *0'* *02 >2,,2& (, ,2';-3*09 ')1 ,<.0 ;'33')*9 (, ', 7<.0 ' *237 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* ', (+ 2F%32,,&9 ;3(**2) -) *02 +'.2 -+ *02 %-&(.9# P0<, 62.# !!H -+ *02 @),<3').2 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* Eb($) 2>239 7'3()2 (),<3').2 <%-) ' ,0(% -3 +32(50*: -3 +32(50*'52: -3 <%-) ')9*0()5 ;0(.0 (, *02 ,<=Q2.* -+ 7'3()2 (),<3').2: ' ;'33')*9 (, (7%&(21 *0'* *02 ,0(% (, ,2';-3*09R#E P0<, (* =2.-72, *02 -=&(5'*(-) -+ *02 .'35-;)23 *- &--/ +-3 ' 32&('=&2 .-77-) .'33(23 ;0(.0 /22%, (*, >2,,2&, () ,2';-3*09 .-)1(*(-)# ]2 7'9 0'>2 )- .-)*3-& ->23 *02 >2,,2& =<* 02 0', +<&& .-)*3-& () *02 ,2&2.*(-) -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 *0'* ;(&& *3'),%-3* 0(, 5--1,# ]2 '&,- 0', +<&& 1(,.32*(-) () *02 .0-(.2 -+ ',,<323 *0'* ;(&& <)123;3(*2 ' %'3*(.<&'3 >2)*<32# M02) 32,%-)12)* '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* +-<)1 Ebj #39=<;E <),2';-3*09 ;(*0 32+232).2 *- *02 .'35- ')1 *0232+-32 3<&21

1 A

ship is "seaworthy when reasonably fit to perform the service, and to e ncounter the ordinary perils of the voyage, contemplated by the parties to the policy." (Sec. 114, Insurance Code)

!LA

*0'* *0232 ;', =32'.0 -+ ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, *0'* 32)12321 *02 ',,<321 )-* 2)*(*&21 *- *02 %'972)* -+ (, .&'(7 <)123 *02 %-&(.9# ]2).2: ;02) ?]@ÎRdXN %'(1 *02 .&'(7 -+ *02 =-**&()5 +(37 *0232 ;', () 2++2.* ' E>-&<)*'39 %'972)*E ')1 )- 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) '..3<21 () (*, +'>-3# @) -*023 ;-31,: ;02) ?]@ÎRdXN %'(1 (* 1(1 ,- '* (*, -;) 3(,/#

@) %-&(.(2, ;0232 *02 &'; ;(&& 52)23'&&9 (7%&9 ' ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,,: (* .') -)&9 =2 2F.&<121 =9 *237, () ;3(*()5 () *02 %-&(.9 () *02 .&2'32,* &')5<'52# I)1 ;0232 *02 %-&(.9 ,*(%<&'*2, *0'* *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ', =2*;22) *02 ',,<321 ')1 *02 ',,<323 (, '17(**21: *02 J<2,*(-) -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, .'))-* =2 3'(,21 =9 *02 ',,<323 ;(*0-<* ,0-;()5 .-).2'&72)* -3 7(,32%32,2)*'*(-) =9 *02 ',,<321# P02 7'3()2 %-&(.9 (,,<21 =9 ?]@ÎRdXN *- *02 8-.'h8-&' =-**&()5 +(37 () '* &2',* *;- bA$ (),*').2, 0', 1(,%2),21 ;(*0 *02 <,<'& ;'33')*9 -+ ;-3*0()2,,# ?'3'53'%0 !L -+ *02 R'3()2 O%2) ?-&(.9 N-# !CCHZ`h?Id 32'1, Eb*$02 &(=23*(2, ', %23 8-)*3'.* -+ I++32(50*72)* *02 %32,2).2 -+ *02 N25&(52).2 8&'<,2 ')1e-3 ^'*2)* V2+2.* 8&'<,2 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ')1e-3 80'3*23 ?'3*9 ')1e-3 8-)*3'.* -+ I++32(50*72)* ', =2*;22) *02 I,,<321 ')1 *02 8-7%')9 ,0'&& )-* %32Q<1(.2 *02 (),<3').2# P02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ', =2*;22) *02 I,,<321 ')1 *02 I,,<323, (, 0232=9 '17(**21#E P02 (),23*(-) -+ ,<.0 ;'(>23 .&'<,2, () .'35- %-&(.(2, (, () 32.-5)(*(-) -+ *02 32'&(,*(. +'.* *0'* .'35- -;)23, .'))-* .-)*3-& *02 ,*'*2 -+ *02 >2,,2&# P0<, (* .') =2 ,'(1 *0'* ;(*0 ,<.0 .'*25-3(.'& ;'(>23: ?]@ÎRdXN 0', '..2%*21 *02 3(,/ -+ <),2';-3*0()2,, ,- *0'* (+ *02 ,0(% ,0-<&1 ,()/ =9 <),2';-3*0()2,,: ', ;0'* -..<3321 () *0(, .',2: ?]@ÎRdXN (, &('=&2# ]-;2>23: 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) (, )-* 12%2)12)* <%-): )-3 1-2, (* 53-; -<* -+ ')9 %3(>(*9 -+ .-)*3'.* -3 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# @* '..3<2, ,(7%&9 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# P02 1-.*3()2 -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) 0', (*, 3--*, () 2J<(*9# @* (, 12,(5)21 *- %3-7-*2 ')1 *- '..-7%&(,0 Q<,*(.2 ')1 (, *02 7-12 ;0(.0 2J<(*9 '1-%*, *- .-7%2& *02 <&*(7'*2 %'972)* -+ ' 12=* =9 -)2 ;0- () Q<,*(.2: 2J<(*9 ')1 5--1 .-),.(2).2 -<50* *- %'9# P0232+-32: *02 %'972)* 7'12 =9 ?]@ÎRdXN *- 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23, ?0(&(%%()2,: @).#:

5'>2 *02 +-3723 *02 3(50* *- =3()5 ') '.*(-) ', ,<=3-522 '5'(),* TX^RIN# ]'>()5 +'(&21 *- 32=<* *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ +'<&*: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ TX^RIN +-3 *02 &-,, -+ *02 `:LCC .',2, -+ !h&(*23 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2, (, ()2>(*'=&2#

^98L82VL8: *02 %2*(*(-) (, d_INPXV# _2,%-)12)* TX^RIN 6]@??@Nd ^@NX6 (,

-312321 *- %'9 %2*(*(-)23 ?]@^@??@NX IRX_@8IN dXNX_I^ @N6\_IN8X 8O#: @N8#: 62>2) ]<)1321 T(+*9h+(>2 P0-<,')1 P;- ]<)1321 ')1 T(+*9 ?2,-, b?`LL:ALC#CC$ %&<, &25'& ()*232,* *0232-) .-<)*21 +3-7 AD N->27=23 !DYH: *02 1'*2 -+ Q<1(.('& ,W 127')1: %<3,<')* *- I3*,# AA!A ')1 AA!H -+ * 02 8(>(& 8-12# 6O O_VX_XV#

!@""* :0%"1 G- .3 h ]Ic@BIN

6MXXP ^@NX6: @N8#: %2*(*(-)23: >,# P]X ]ONO_Ic^X 8O\_P OT I??XI^6: R@8IXÎ c# W\@NPO6: T_# BO6X cI8IPIN: 6#B#: RI_8@INO 8Ic_I6 ')1 INV_XI oXÔ6O: 32,%-)12)*,# d#_# N-# ^hKZHKC I%3(& AY: !DYH

RX^XN8@Oh]X__X_I: B#U

23.4!5 T-3 0'>()5 =9h%',,21 ' %-3* -+ .'&& ;(*0-<* %32>(-<, )-*(.2: %2*(*(-)23

,0(%%()5 .-7%')9 ')1 *02 ,0(% .'%*'() ;232 ,<21 +-3 1'7'52, =9 +-<3 -+ (*, %',,2)523,: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 0232(): =2+-32 *02 *02) 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ 82=<: c3').0 o@@@# c3(2+&9: *02 +'.*, -+ 32.-31 ,0-; *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, %<3.0',21 +(3,*h .&',, *(./2*, +3-7 %2*(*(-)23 '* *02 &'**23S, -++(.2 () 82=< 8(*9# P029 ;232 *- =-'31 %2*(*(-)23S, >2,,2&: Reo 6;22* d3'.2: =-<)1 +-3 8'*='&-5'): M2,*23) 6'7'3# @),*2'1 -+ 12%'3*()5 '* *02 ,.021<&21 0-<3 -+ '=-<* 7(1)(50* -) B<&9 Y: !DÀ: *02 >2,,2& ,2* ,'(& '* HUCC I#R# -+ B<&9 D: !DÀ -)&9 *- =2 *-;21 ='./ *- 82=< 1<2 *2)5()2 *3-<=&2: '33(>()5 *0232 '* '=-<* KUCC ?#R# -) *02 ,'72 1'9# _2%'(3, 0'>()5 =22) '..-7%&(,021: *02 >2,,2& &(+*21 ').0-3 '5'() -) B<&9 !C: !DÀ '* '3-<)1 YUCC I#R# @),*2'1 -+ 1-./()5 '* 8'*='&-5'): ;0(.0 ;', *02 +(3,* %-3* -+ .'&&: *02 >2,,2& %3-.22121 1(32.* *- P'.&-=') '* '3-<)1 DUCC ?#R# -+ B<&9 !C: !DÀ# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 0'1 )- 32.-<3,2 =<* *- 1(,27='3/ ')1 =-'31 ' +2339=-'* *8'*='&-5')#

!LH

]2).2: *0(, ,<(* +-3 1'7'52, +-3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 ;0(.0 *02 P3('& 8-<3*: '++(3721 =9 32,%-)12)* I%%2&&'*2 8-<3*# 6!!785 M02*023 -3 )-* 6;22* ^()2, (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,# 9"?&5 4X6#

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À: *0232 ;', )- &-)523 ')9 +-3.2 7'Q2<32 *0'* Q<,*(+(21 =9h%',,()5 ' %-3* -+ .'&&# P02 >2,,2& ;', .-7%&2*2&9 32%'(321 *02 +-&&-;()5 1'9 '+*23 (* ;', *-;21 ='./ *- 82=<# @) +'.*: '+*23 1-./()5 '* P'.&-=') 8(*9: (* &2+* *02 )2F* 1'9 +-3 R')(&' *- .-7%&2*2 (*, >-9'52# P02 32',-) +-3 =9h%',,()5 *02 %-3* -+ 8'*='&-5'): ', '17(**21 =9 %2*(*(-)23S, d2)23'& R')'523: ;', *- 2)'=&2 *02 >2,,2& *- .'*.0 <% ;(*0 (*, ,.021<&2 +-3 *02

)2F* ;22/# P02 32.-31 '&,- 1(,.&-,2, *0'* *0232 ;232 LC %',,2)523, +-3 P'.&-=') .-7%'321 *- AC %',,2)523, +-3 8'*='&-5'): ,- *0'* *02 8'*='&-5') %0',2 .-<&1 =2 ,.3'%%21 ;(*0-<* *-- 7<.0 &-,, +-3 *02 .-7%')9# @) 12+2),2: %2*(*(-)23 .'))-* 32&9 -) *02 .-)1(*(-), () ,7'&& =-&1 %3()* '* *02 ='./ -+ *02 *(./2* 32'1()5# !D6 @;336?>67m3 ;556@8;?56 :E 8D93 895I68 3D;== A6 5:?39<676< ;3 ;? ;556@8;?56 :E 8D6 E:==:C9?> 5:?<989:?3J ]4 ,? 5;36 8D6 26336= 5;??:8 5:?89?H6 :7 5:F@=686 8D6 879@ E:7 ;?B 5;H36 CD;83:6267. 8D6 5;77967 76367263 8D6 79>D8 8: A79?> 8D6 @;336?>67 8: D93iD67 <6389?;89:? ;8 8D6 6G@6?36 :E 8D6 5;77967 :7 8: 5;?56= 8D6 895I68 ;?< 76EH?< 8D6 @;336?>67 8D6 2;=H6 :E D93iD67 895I68Q GGG

GGG

GGG

MM4 !D6 3;9=9?> 35D66 C98D:H8 @7629:H3 ?:89564 L*GD9A98 S= R#SN

X>2) ',,<7()5 *0'* *0-,2 .-)1(*(-), '32 ,J<'32&9 '%%&(.'=&2 *- *02 .',2 '* ='3: %2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-* .-7%&9 ;(*0 *02 ,'72# @* 1(1 )-* .').2& *02 *(./2* )-3 1(1 (* 32+<)1 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 *(./2*, *- %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,# c2,(12,: (* ;', )-* *02 >2,,2&S, ,'(&()5 ,.021<&2 *0'* ;', ()>-&>21# ?3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,S .-7%&'()* (, 1(32.*21 )-* '* *02 12&'921 12%'3*<32 *02 )2F* 1'9 =<* '* *02 =9h %',,()5 -+ 8'*='&-5'): *02(3 12,*()'*(-)# ]'1 %2*(*(-)23 )-*(+(21 *027 %32>(-<,&9: ')1 -++2321 *- =3()5 *027 *- *02(3 12,*()'*(-) '* (*, 2F%2),2: -3 32+<)121 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 *(./2*, %<3.0',21: %230'%,: *0(, .-)*3->23,9 ;-<&1 )-* 0'>2 '3(,2)# T<3*0237-32: *02 .-)1(*(-), 32&(21 <%-) =9 %2*(*(-)23 .'))-* %32>'(& ->23 I3*(.&2, Z!K ')1 ZDY -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 0232*-+-32 J<-*21# MV48 X0A &)<)D"1 )%& 011>"Y5 ^VM ?0)F?" A$/ [$/)? ;)<)D"1- d8!-

\)123 I3*(.&2 AAAC -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: 7-3'& 1'7'52, '32 Q<,*&9 1<2 () =32'.02, -+ .-)*3'.* ;0232 *02 12+2)1')* '.*21 +3'<1<&2)*&9 -3 () ='1 +'(*0# c-*0 *02 P3('& 8-<3* ')1 *02 I%%2&&'*2 8-<3* +-<)1 *0'* *0232 ;', ='1 +'(*0 -) *02 %'3* -+ %2*(*(-)23 () *0'*U b!$ V2+2)1')*,h I%%2&&')*, 1(1 )-* 5(>2 )-*(.2 *- %&'()*(++,h'%%2&&'*2, ', *- *02 .0')52 -+ ,.021<&21 -+ *02 >2,,2&G bA$ j)-;()5 +<&&9 ;2&& *0'* (* ;-<&1 *'/2 )- &2,, *0') +(+*22) 0-<3, *- 2++2.* *02 32%'(3, -+ *02 1'7'521 2)5()2: 12+2)1')*,h '%%2&&')*, (),*2'1 7'12 '))-<).2

!LK

72)* -+ ',,<3').2 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;-<&1 &2'>2 ;(*0() ' ,0-3* %23(-1 -+ *(72: ')1 ;02) %&'()*(++h'%%2&&22, ;')*21 *- &2'>2 *02 %-3* ')1 5'>2 <% *02 *3(%: 12+2)1')*,h appellants employees would come and say, “we are leaving already”.

bH$ V2+2)1')*,h '%%2&&')*, 1(1 )-* -++23 *- 32+<)1 %&'()*(++,happellees’ tickets )-3 %3->(12 *027 ;(*0 *3'),%-3*'*(-) +-37 P'.&-=') *- 8'*='&-5')#

P0'* *02 +()1()5 -+ ='1 +'(*0 (, =()1()5 -) <,: ,().2 (* (, )-* *02 +<).*(-) -+ *02 .-<3* *- ')'&9[2 ')1 32>(2; 2>(12).2 -) *0(, %-()* '&& ->23 '5'(): ',(12 +3-7 *02 +'.* *0'* ;2 +()1 (* +'(*0+<& *- *02 72')()5 -+ ='1 +'(*0 2)<).('*21 *0<,U “Bad faith means a breach of a known duty *03-<50 ,-72 7-*(>2 -3

()*232,* -3 (&& ;(&&# 62&+ 2)3(.072)* -3 +3'*23)'& ()*232,*: ')1 )-* %23,-)'& (&& ;(&&: 7'9 have been the motive, but it is malice nevertheless.”

\)123 *02 .(3.<7,*').2,: 0-;2>23: ;2 +()1 *02 ';'31 -+ 7-3'& 1'7'52, 2F.2,,(>2 ')1 '..-31()5&9 321<.2 *027 +3-7 ?`L:CCC#CC *- ?H:CCC#CC 32,%2.*(>2&9 +-3 2'.0 -+ *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*,# B<1572)* ROV@T@XV # @),-+'3 ', 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, '32 .-).23)21: '&*0-<50 *0232 ;', ='1 +'(*0: ;2 '32 )-* ().&()21 *- 53')* *027 () '11(*(-) *- 7-3'& 1'7'52,# P02 -=Q2.*(>2 *- 722* (*, ,.021<&2 7(50* 0'>2 =22) .'&&21 +-3: =<* %2*(*(-)23 ,0-<&1 0'>2 *'/2) *02 )2.2,,'39 ,*2%, +-3 *02 %3-*2.*(-) -+ (*, %',,2)523, <)123 (*, .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# I3*(.&2 AA!LbA$ -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ()>-/21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 (, ()'%%&(.'=&2 0232()# P02 0'37 1-)2 *- %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, -<*;2(50, ')9 =2)2+(*, *029 7'9 0'>2 123(>21 +3-7 =2()5 *3'),%-3*21 *- P'.&-=') (),*2'1 -+ =2()5 *'/2) *- 8'*='&-5'): *02(3 12,*()'*(-) ')1 *02 >2,,2&S, +(3,* %-3* -+ .'&&: %<3,<')* *- (*, )-37'& ,.021<&2#

2ireman’s Fund Insurance Co. v. Metro Port Services h Î8INVIÔ

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.-)*'()23 -+ !H .',2,: H .3'*2,: A %'&&2*, ')1 AZ 7()()5 7'.0()239 %'3*,# P02 ,0(%72)* '33(>21 '* *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' -) B<)2 H: !D`D ')1 ;', *<3)21 ->23 .-7%&2*2 ')1 () 5--1 -3123 *- *02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 R2*3- ?-3* b+-3723&9 X# _'[-) @).#$# I* '=-<* !CUAC () *02 7-3)()5 -+ B<)2 Y: !D`D: ' *3'.*-3 -%23'*-3 )'721 V')(&- ^(=3')1- b27%&-922 -+ *02 '33',*32$ ;', -312321 *- *3'),+23 *02 ,0(%72)* **02 2J<(%72)* 9'31 '* ?(23 H# M0(&2 ^(=3')1- ;', 7')2<>23()5 *02 *3'.*-3 b-;)21 ')1 %3->(121 =9 R'23,/$: *02 .'35- +2&& +3-7 *02 .0',,(, ')1 0(* -)2 -+ *02 .-)*'()23 >'), -+ I723(.') ?32,(12)* ^()2,# @* ;', 1(,.->2321 *0'* *0232 ;', )*;(,* &-./ '* *02 32'3 2)1 -+ *02 .0',,(, ;0232 *02 .'35- ;', &-'121# P02 7'.0()23(2, ;232 02'>(&9 1'7'521 ')1 ;', 122721 )- &-)523 <,2+<& +-3 *02(3 %<3%-,2,# P02 >'&<2 -+ *02 1'7'52 ;', 2,*(7'*21 '* ?!Y`:LCC: ;0(.0 ;', %'(1 =9 *02 T(327')S, T<)1 @),<3').2 *- o@R8# T(327') *02) +(&21 ' ,<(* '5'(),* R'23,/ ^()2: 8-7%')(' d2)23'& 12 P'='.-, b', '52)*$ ')1 R2*3- ?-3*# P02 *3('& .-<3* 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ T(327'): -3123()5 *027 *- %'9 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 1'7'52: ,-&(1'3(&9# P02 12+2)1')*, '%%2'&21 *02 12.(,(-) =<* R'23,/ ')1 8-7%')(' 13-%%21 -<* =9 )25-*('*()5 ;(*0 %2*(*(-)23# I, *- *02 '%%2'& -+ R2*3- ?-3*: Q<15272)* ;', 32)12321 () *02(3 +'>-3 =9 1(,7(,,()5 *02 .-7%&'()*# R_ ;', 12)(21#

@66\XU MON R2*3- ?-3* b'33',*32$ .') =2 2F-)23'*21 +3-7 &('=(&(*9: .-)*3'39 *- *02 +()1()5, -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* ;0232 12+2)1')*, ;232 02&1 Q-()*&9 &('=&2 () ,-&(1<7

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@* ;', '&,- *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 -+ *02 ,<%23>(,-3 () *02 27%&-9 -+ *02 '33',*32

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')1 %323-5'*(>2 *- 0(32 ')1 ',,(5) ^(=3')1- *- -%23'*2 *02 *3'.*-3# @* ;', '&,- *02 I__I6P_XS, ,-&2 12.(,(-) *- 12*'(& ')1 12%&-9 ^(=3')1- +-3 *02 %'3*(.<&'3 *',/ +3-7 '7-)5 (*, %--& -+ *3'.*-3 -%23'*-3, -3 13(>23,# @* (,: *0232+-32: ()'.<33'*2 *- ,*'*2 *0'* ^(=3')1- ,0-<&1 =2 .-),(12321 ') 27%&-922 -+ R'23,/ ^()2 -) *0'* ,%2.(+(. -..',(-)# 6.4!6 G- J/>&"%*0)? h RIdVIRO

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f?3<12)*('&g (),*(*<*21 *02 (),*')* .-7%&'()* '5'(),* ,'(1 12+2)1')*, f@8P6@ ')1 =3-/23'52g# P3'>23,()5 *02 .-7%&'()*: f@8P6@g .-<)*23, *0'* (* -=,23>21 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 ->23 *02 ,<=Q2.* ,0(%72)* ;0(&2 <)123 (*, .<,*-19G *0'* *02 &-,, (, )-* '**3(=<*'=&2 *- (*, +'<&* -3 (*, '52)*: 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -3 27%&-922G *0'* .-),(5)22 +'(&21 *- +(&2 ' +-37'& .&'(7 '5'(),* (* () '..-31').2 ;(*0 ??I I17()(,*3'*(>2 O3123 N-# !ChY!G ')1 *0'* *02 .-7%&'()* ,*'*2, )- .'<,2 -+ '.*(-)#

P- 1(,.0'352 *0(, =<312): %2*(*(-)23 %32,2)*21 +(>2 I33',*32 ')1 M0'3+'52 c(&&e_2.2(%*,: ;0(.0 '&,- 1-<=&21 ', .-)*'()23 9'31 5'*2 %',,2,: .->23()5 *02 ;0-&2 ,0(%72)* () J<2,*(-)# P02 ,0-3*h&')121 ,0(%72)* ;', .->2321 =9 *02 5'*2 %',,# P02 &'**23 =-32 *02 ,(5)'*<32 -+ ' 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -+ *02 .-),(5)22: './)-;&215()5 32.2(%* -+ *02 ,0(%72)* () 5--1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-)# P0<,: ;2 ,22 )- 32',-) *1(,%<*2 *02 +()1()5 -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* *0'* E*02 2>(12).2 '11<.21 =9 *02 %'3*(2, ;(&& ,0-; *0'* *02 .-),(5)22 32.2(>21 *02 .-)*'()23 >'), # # # () 5--1 .-)1(*(-)#

P02 .-<3* ' J<- 32)12321 ' 12.(,(-) 1(,7(,,()5 *02 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* 12+2)1')* =3-/23'52 +-3 &'./ -+ 2>(12).2#

c9 (*, ,(5)'*<32 -) *02 5'*2 %',, ')1 =9 (*, +'(&<32 *- %3-*2,* -) *(72: *02 .-),(5)22 (, 122721 *- 0'>2 './)-;&21521 32.2(%* -+ *02 5--1, () 5--1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-)#

P02 _P8 32)12321 ' V2.(,(-) 1(,7(,,()5 ?3<12)*('&S, 8-7%&'()* '5'(),* @8P6@#

R-32 (7%-3*')*: *02 .-,(5)21 5--1, ;232 ,0(%%21 <)123 E60(%%23S, ^-'1 ')1 8-<)*#E P0(, 72'), *0'* *02 ,0(%%23 ;', ,-&2&9 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-'1()5 -+ *02 .-)*'()23: ;0(&2 *02 .'33(23 ;', -=&(>(-<, *- *02 .-)*2)*, -+ *02 ,0(%72)*# ?3-*2.*(-) '5'(),* %(&+23'52 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ;', *02 .-),(5)22S, &--/-<*# P02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 ;',: &(/2 ')9 -31()'39 12%-,(*'39: 1<*9h=-<)1 *- *'/2 5--1 .'32 -+ *02 5--1, 32.2(>21 +3-7 *02 >2,,2& ')1 *- *<3) *02 ,'72 ->23 *- *02 %'3*9 2)*(*&21 *- *02(3 %-,,2,,(-): ,<=Q2.* *- ,<.0 J<'&(+(.'*(-), ', 7'9 0'>2 >'&(1&9 =22) (7%-,21 () *02 .-)*3'.* =2*;22) *02 %'3*(2,# P02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 ;', )-* 32J<(321 *- >23(+9 *02 .-)*2)*, -+ *02 .-)*'()23 32.2(>21 ')1 *- .-7%'32 *027 ;(*0 *0-,2 12.&'321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23 =2.'<,2: ', 2'3&(23 ,*'*21: *02 .'35- ;', '* *02 ,0(%%23S, &-'1 ')1 .-<)*# P02 '33',*32 -%23'*-3 ;', 2F%2.*21 *- 12&(>23 *- *02 .-),(5)22 -)&9 *02 .-)*'()23 32.2(>21 +3-7 *02 .'33(23#

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h 1'9 %23(-1 5(>2) *- *02 .-),(5)22 +-3 +(&()5 ' +-37'& .&'(7 )2>23 =25')# _2.-),(123'*(-) ;', 12)(21# 611>"15

M02*023 -3 )-* %2*(*(-)23 (, )25&(52)* M02*023 -3 )-* *02 .-7%&'()* ;', +(&21 ;(*0() *02 %23(-1 ,*'*21 -) *02 1-3,'& ,(12 -+ *02 '33',*32 ')1 ;0'3+'52 32.2(%* L>?0%D5

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

P02 '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* 7(,.-),*3<21 *02 &('=(&(*9 .&'<,2 %3()*21 -) *02 1-3,'& ,(12 -+ *02 I33',*32 ')1 M0'3+'52 c(&&e_2.2(%*# P02 .-)*2)*(-<, %3->(,(-) -+ *0(, 1-.<72)* 32'1,U E^('=(&(*9 8&'<,2E P02 1<&9 '<*0-3([21 32%32,2)*'*(>2 -+ 0232() )'721 8ON6@dNXX: ')1 @8P6@ 0232=9 .23*(+9 *- *02 .-332.*)2,, -+ *02 12,.3(%*(-) -+ *02 .-)*'()23([21 .'35- .->2321 =9 *0(, 84 dIPX?I66: *02 (,,<').2 -+ ;0(.0 .-),*(*<*2, 12&(>239 *- ')1 32.2(%* =9 8-),(5)22 -+ *02 .-)*'()23([21 .'35- ', 12,.3(=21 () *0(, 84 dIPX?I66: () 5--1 -3123 ')1 .-)1(*(-): <)&2,, -*023;(,2 ()1(.'*21# P0(, 84 dIPX?I66 (, ,<=Q2.* *- '&& *237, ')1 .-)1(*(-), 12+()21 () *02 XF(,*()5 R')'5272)* 8-)*3'.* =2*;22) *02 ??I a @8P6@fGg ??I I17()(,*3'*(>2 O3123 N-# !ChY!: @8P6@ ,0'&&: 0-;2>23: =2 &('=&2 **02 2F*2)* -+ *02 &-.'& ()>-(.2 >'&<2 -+ 2'.0 %'./'52 =<* )-* *- 2F.221 ?H:LCC ?0(&(%%()2 .<332).9 +-3 (7%-3*21 .'35-2, ')1 ?!:CCC +-3 1-72,*(. .'35-2, b.-),(,*2)* ;(*0 I17()(,*3'*(>2 O3123 !ChY! <)&2,, 32>(,21$: <)&2,, *02 >'&<2

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-+ ' *(72h.0'3*2321 >2,,2& b<)&(/2 *02 -;)23 -+ ' >2,,2& <)123 ' 127(,2 -3 ='32h=-'* .0'3*23$: 32*'(), %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& *03-<50 *02 7',*23 ')1 .32; ;0- 327'() 0(, 27%&-922,# M0'* *02 *(72 .0'3*2323 '.J<(32, (, *02 3(50* *- <*(&([2 *02 .'339()5 .'%'.(*9 ')1 +'.(&(*(2, -+ *02 >2,,2& ')1 *- 12,(5)'*2 023 12,*()'*(-), 1<3()5 *02 *237 -+ *02 .0'3*23 .# P02 E>-9'52E -3 E*3(%E .0'3*23 @* (, ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)*: *0'* (,: ' .-)*3'.* +-3 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1,: +3-7 -)2 -3 7-32 %-3*, -+ &-'1()5 *- -)2 -3 7-32 %-3*, -+ <)&-'1()5: -) -)2 -3 -) ' ,23(2, -+ >-9'52,# @) ' >-9'52 .0'3*23: 7',*23 ')1 .32; 327'() () *02 27%&-9 -+ *02 -;)23 -+ *02 >2,,2&# @* (, (7%-3*')* *- )-*2 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<' 1(1 )-* %&'.2 ()*- *02 32.-31 -+ *0(, .',2 ' .-%9 -+ *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9 .->23()5 *02 Reo V<+*-) c'9# M2 7<,* ',,<72 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<' ;', ';'32 -+ *02 )'*<32 -+ ' ='32=-'* -3 127(,2 .0'3*23 ')1 *0'* (+ %2*(*(-)23 1(1 )-* ,22 +(* *- ().&<12 () *02 32.-31 ' .-%9 -+ *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9: ;0(.0 0'1 =22) 2)*2321 ()*- =9 (*, %3().(%'&: (* ;', =2.'<,2 *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9 ')1 *02 %3->(,(-), *0232-+ ;232 )-* ,<%%-3*(>2 -+ *02 %-,(*(-) '1-%*21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<'# T'(3;()1: .&2'3&9 =2)2+(**21 +3-7 *02 27%&-972)* -+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ', P0(31 X)5()223 -+ *02 V<+*-) c'9: '&-)5 ;(*0 *02 *2) b!C$ -*023 T(&(%().32;727=23, 32.3<(*21 =9 8'%*'() ]- () 82=< '* *02 ,'72 -..',(-)# @+ %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 0'1 )-* '53221 *- ,23>2 ', ,<.0 P0(31 X)5()223: *02 ,0(% ;-<&1 )-* 0'>2 =22) '=&2 *- %3-.221 ;(*0 (*, >-9'52# P02 2J<(*'=&2 .-),2J<2).2 -+ *0(, =2)2+(* *- *02 .0'3*2323 (,: 7-32->23: 32()+-3.21 =9 .-)>2352).2 -+ -*023 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ ;0(.0 *02 8-<3* 7<,* *'/2 '..-<)*# P02 ,.-%2 -+ '<*0-3(*9 -3 *02 32,%-),(=(&(*9 -+ %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<' ;', )-* .&2'3&9 12&(7(*21#

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;'52, -+ .32; 727=23, .-),*(*<*2 ' 7'3(*(72 &(2) <%-) *02 >2,,2&: %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* (, () )- %-,(*(-) *- 2)+-3.2 *0'* &(2)# M2 .-).&<12 *0'* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ;', %3-%23&9 325'3121 ', ') 27%&-922 -+ *02 .0'3*2323 T'(3;()1 ')1 *0'* %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<' 7'9 =2 02&1 *- '),;23 *- %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* +-3 *02 &'**23S, .&'(7, ', *02 '52)* () *02 ?0(&(%%()2, -+ T'(3;()1#

J?)%*"/1 J/$&>#*1 G- .3 h PIRONVONd

?&')*23, ?3-1<.*, @).# ># 8I 2)#*15

?&')*23, ?3-1<.*, b?&')*23,$ %<3.0',21 +3-7 R(*,<=(,0( @)*23)'*(-)'& 8-3%-3'*(-) -+ \6I -+ D:CCC 72*3(. *-), -+ <32' +23*(&([23 ;0(.0 *02 &'**23 ,0(%%21 '=-'31 *02 .'35>2,,2& -;)21 =9 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* j9-,2( j(,() j'=<,0(/( j'(,0' bjjjj$ +3-7 I723(.' *- ^' \)(-)# ?3(-3 *- (*, >-9'52: ' *(72 .0'3*23 %'3*9 ;', 2)*2321 ()*=2*;22) R(*<,=(,0( ', ,0(%%23e.0'3*2323 ')1 jjjj ', ,0(%h-;)23# I+*23 *02 \32' +23*(&([23 ;', &-'121 () =<&/ =9 ,*2>21-32, 0(321 =9 *02 ,0(%%23: *02 ,*22& 0'*.02, ;232 .&-,21 ;(*0 02'>9 (3-) &(1, ;0(.0 327'()21 .&-,21 1<3()5 *02 2)*(32 Q-<3)29# \%-) '33(>'& -+ *02 >2,,2&: *02 0'*.02, ;232 -%2)21 ;(*0 *02 <,2 -+ *02 >2,,2& =--7# ?&')*23, <)&-'121 *02 .'35- +3-7 *02 0-&123, ()*- *02 ,*22& =-1(21 1<7% *3<./,# X'.0 *(72 *02 1<7% *3<./, ;232 +(&&21 <%: (*, &-'1 -+ <32' ;', .->2321 ;(*0 tarpaulin before it was transported to the consignee’s warehouse located some (50)

+(+*9 72*23, +3-7 *02 ;0'3+# @* *--/ b!!$ 2&2>2) 1'9, +3-7 %&')*23, *- <)&-'1 *02 .'35-# P02 32%-3* ,<=7(**21 =9 %3(>'*2 7'3()2 ')1 .'35- ,<3>29-3, 32>2'&21 '

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P0232 (, )- J<2,*(-) *0'* %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<' 1(1 ',,(,* *02 R',*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& () &-.'*()5 ')1 32.3<(*()5 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* ', P0(31 X)5()223 -+ *02 >2,,2& ', ;2&& ', *2) b!C$ -*023 T(&(%()- ,2'72) ', .32; 727=23,# @) ,- 1-()5: %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<' .23*'()&9 () 2++2.* 32%32,2)*21 *0'* (* ;', *'/()5 .'32 -+ *02 .32;()5 ')1 -*023 32J<(3272)*, -+ ' >2,,2& .0'3*2321 =9 (*, %3().(%'&: T'(3;()1# @+ %2*(*(-)23 ^(*-)Q<': ', ?0(&(%%()2 '52)* -+ *02 .0'3*2323: (, )-* 02&1 &('=&2 *- %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* <%-) *02 .-)*3'.* -+ 27%&-972)*# 8&2'3&9: *02 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*: ')1 *02 -*023 T(&(%()- .32; 727=23, -+ *02 >2,,2&: ;-<&1 =2 12+2),2&2,, '5'(),* ' =32'.0 -+ *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 .-)*3'.*,# M0(&2

,0-3*'52 () *02 .'35-: ')1 ,-72 %-3*(-) () *02 .'35- ;', .-)*'7()'*21 ;(*0 1(3*: 32)123()5 *02 ,'72 <)+(* +-3 .-7723.2# ??@ +(&21 ') '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52, ;(*0 *02 8T@ R')(&'# P02 12+2)1')* .'33(23 '35<21 *0'* *02 ,*3(.* %<=&(. %-&(.9 5->23)()5 .-77-) .'33(23, 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- *027 =2.'<,2 *029 0'>2 =2.-72 %3(>'*2 .'33(23, =9 32',-) -+ *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 .0'3*23h%'3*9# P02 .-<3* ' J<- 0-;2>23 ,<,*'()21 *02 .&'(7 -+ *02 %&'()*(++ '5'(),* *02 12+2)1')* .'33(23 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 5--1, &-,* -3 1'7'521#

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O) '%%2'&: 32,%-)12)* 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, 32>23,21 *02 &-;23 .-<3* ')1 '=,-&>21 *02

*02 .0'3*23 (, &(7(*21 *- *02 ,0(% -)&9: ', () *02 .',2 -+ ' *(72h.0'3*23 -3 >-9'52h

.'33(23 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ *02 .'35- *0'* ;', &-,* -3 1'7'521# _2&9()5 -)

.0'3*23# @* (, -)&9 ;02) *02 .0'3*23 ().&<12, =-*0 *02 >2,,2& ')1 (*, .32;: ', () '

*02 !DZY .',2 -+ ]-72 @),<3').2 8-#># I723(.') 6*2'7,0(% I52).(2,: @).#: *02

='32=-'* -3 127(,2 *0'* ' .-77-) .'33(23 =2.-72, %3(>'*2: '* &2',* (),-+'3 ', *02

appellate court ruled that the cargo vessel M/V “Sun Plum” owned by private

%'3*(.<&'3 >-9'52 .->23()5 *02 .0'3*23h%'3*9 (, .-).23)21# @)1<=(*'=&9: ' ,0(%-;)23

32,%-)12)* jjjj ;', ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 ')1 )-* ' .-77-) .'33(23 =9 32',-) -+ *02

() ' *(72 -3 >-9'52 .0'3*23 32*'(), %-,,2,,(-) ')1 .-)*3-& -+ *02 ,0(%: '&*0-<50 023

*(72 .0'3*2323h%'3*9 ')1 *0'* *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(,(-), -) .-77-) .'33(23, ;0(.0

0-&1, 7'9: +-3 *02 7-72)*: =2 *02 %3-%23*9 -+ *02 .0'3*2323#

,2* +-3*0 ' %32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 1- )-* +()1 '%%&(.'*(-) () *02 .',2 '* ='3# A# _2,%-)12)* (, ' .-77-) .'33(23# P02 *237 .-77-) .'33(23 (, 12+()21 () I3*(.&2 611>"15

!`HA -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# P02 12+()(*(-) 32+23, *- .'33(23, 2(*023 =9 &')1: ;'*23: -3 '(3

!# M02*023 ' .-77-) .'33(23 =2.-72, ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23 =9 32',-) -+ ' .0'3*23h

;0(.0 0-&1, *027,2&>2, -<* ', 32'19 *- 2)5'52 () .'339()5 5--1, -) *3'),%-3*()5

%'3*9#

%',,2)523, -3 =-*0 +-3 .-7%2),'*(-) ', ' %<=&(. 27%&-972)* ')1 )-* ', ' .',<'&

A#

M02*023

-3

)-*

*02

32,%-)12)*

(,

'

.-77-)

.'33(23#

-..<%'*(-)G (+ *02 <)123*'/()5 (, ' ,()5&2 *3'),'.*(-): )-* ' %'3* -+ *02 52)23'&

H# M02*023 -3 )-* *02 32,%-)12)* (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,#

=<,()2,, -3 .-3%-3'*(-): '&*0-<50 ()>-&>()5 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, +-3 ' +22: *02) *02

9"?&5

%23,-) -3 .-3%-3'*(-) -++23()5 ,<.0 ,23>(.2, (, ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23# @) *02 .',2 '* ='3

1. The distinction between a “common or public carrier” and a “private or special

32,%-)12)* .'33(23 *3'),%-3*, 5--1, ()1(,.3(7()'*2&9 +-3 '&& %23,-),# c2()5 ,<.0: 02

carrier” lies in the character of the business, such that if the undertaking is a single

(, ' .-77-) .'33(23#

*3'),'.*(-): )-* ' %'3* -+ *02 52)23'& =<,()2,, -3 -..<%'*(-): '&*0-<50 ()>-&>()5 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, +-3 ' +22: *02 %23,-) -3 .-3%-3'*(-) -++23()5 ,<.0 ,23>(.2 (, '

H# P02 .-<3* 3<&21 () *02 )25'*(>2# M0(&2 32,%-)12)* (, ' .-77-) .'33(23: 02 0',

%3(>'*2 .'33(23#

,<++(.(2)*&9 ->23.-72 =9 .&2'3 ')1 .-)>().()5 %3--+ *02 %3(7' +'.(2 %32,<7%*(-) -+

@* (, )-* 1(,%<*21 *0'* 32,%-)12)* .'33(23: () *02 -31()'39 .-<3,2 -+ =<,()2,,:

)25&(52).2: 1<2 *- *02 7'))23 -+ ,*-3'52 -+ *02 5--1, 1<3()5 *02 >-9'52# P02

-%23'*2, ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: *3'),%-3*()5 5--1, ()1(,.3(7()'*2&9 +-3 '&& %23,-),#

%32,<7%*(-) -+ )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 32,%-)12)* .'33(23 0', =22)

When petitioner chartered the vessel M/V “Sun Plum”, the ship captain, its officers

2++(.'.(-<,&9 ->23.-72 =9 *02 ,0-;()5 -+ 2F*3'-31()'39 [2'& ')1 ',,(1<(*9 2F23.(,21

')1 .-7%&(72)* ;232 <)123 *02 27%&-9 -+ *02 ,0(%-;)23 ')1 *0232+-32 .-)*()<21

=9 *02 .'33(23 () *02 .'32 -+ *02 .'35-#

*- =2 <)123 (*, 1(32.* ,<%23>(,(-) ')1 .-)*3-&# ]'31&9 *02) .') ;2 .0'352 *02 .0'3*2323: ' ,*3')523 *- *02 .32; ')1 *- *02 ,0(%: ;(*0 *02 1<*9 -+ .'3()5 +-3 0(,

I3*(.&2 !`HK -+ *02 N2; 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* .-77-) .'33(23, '32 )-*

.'35- ;02) *02 .0'3*2323 1(1 )-* 0'>2 ')9 .-)*3-& -+ *02 72'), () 1-()5 ,-# P0(, (,

32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-) -+ *02 5--1, (+ .'<,21 =9 *02

2>(12)* () *02 %32,2)* .',2 .-),(123()5 *0'* *02 ,*223()5 -+ *02 ,0(%: *02 7'))()5 -+

.0'3*2323 -+ *02 5--1, -3 12+2.*, () *02 %'./'5()5 -3 () *02 .-)*'()23,# P02 8-12 -+

*02 12./,: *02 12*237()'*(-) -+ *02 .-<3,2 -+ *02 >-9'52 ')1 -*023 *2.0)(.'&

8-7723.2 '&,- %3->(12, *0'* '&& &-,,2, ')1 12*23(-3'*(-) ;0(.0 *02 5--1, 7'9

().(12)*, -+ 7'3(*(72 )'>(5'*(-) ;232 '&& .-),(5)21 *- *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32; ;0-

,<++23 1<3()5 *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) =9 32',-) -+ +-3*<(*-<, 2>2)*: +-3.2 7'Q2<32: -3 *02

;232 ,.322)21: .0-,2) ')1 0(321 =9 *02 ,0(%-;)23#

()0232)* 12+2.* -+ *02 5--1,: ,0'&& =2 +-3 *02 '..-<)* ')1 3(,/ -+ *02 ,0(%%23: ')1 *0'* %3--+ -+ *02,2 '..(12)*, (, ().<7=2)* <%-) *02 .'33(23#

@* (, *0232+-32 (7%23'*(>2 *0'* ' %<=&(. .'33(23 ,0'&& 327'() ', ,<.0: )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 .0'3*23 -+ *02 ;0-&2 -3 %-3*(-) -+ ' >2,,2& =9 -)2 -3 7-32 %23,-),: %3->(121

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fd#_# N-# !H!!ZZ# 62%*27=23 HC: !DDDg 8I^PXm b?]@^@??@NX6$: @N8# >,# 6\^?@8@O ^@NX6: @N8#: dO 6@O8 6O: XN_@W\X 6# dO: X\6Xc@O 6# dO: 8I_Ô6 6# dO: o@8PO_@INO 6# dO: VOR@NIVO_ 6# dO: _@8I_VO 6# dO: XVMI_V 6# dO: I_P\_O 6# dO: XVdI_ 6# dO: XVR\NV 6# dO: T_IN8@68O 6O_@INO: oX8PO_ 6]@??@Nd 8O_?O_IP@ON: PX_X6@PI d# 8I{XpI^ INV 6OPX_I X# 8I{XpI^ ?I_VO: B#U 2)#*15 O) V2.27=23 !D: !DY`: 7-*-3 *')/23 RP o2.*-3 &2+* ^(7'9: c'*''): '* '=-<*

YUCC %#7#: 2)3-<*2 *- R',='*2: &-'121 ;(*0 Y:YCC ='332&, -+ %2*3-&2<7 %3-1<.*, ,0(%%21 =9 %2*(*(-)23 8'&*2F# RP o2.*-3 (, ' *3'7%()5 7-*-3 *')/23 -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 o2.*-3 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-): 2)5'521 () *02 =<,()2,, -+ *3'),%-3*()5 +<2& %3-1<.*, ,<.0 ', 5',-&()2: /23-,2)2: 1(2,2& ')1 .3<12 -(&# V<3()5 *0'* %'3*(.<&'3 >-9'52: *02 RP o2.*-3 .'33(21 -) =-'31 5',-&()2 ')1 -*023 -(& %3-1<.*, -;)21 =9 8'&*2F =9 >(3*<2 -+ ' .0'3*23 .-)*3'.* =2*;22) *027# O) V2.27=23 AC: !DY`: '* '=-<* ZUHC '#7#: *02 %',,2)523 ,0(% Ro V-y' ?'[ &2+* *02 %-3* -+ P'.&-=') 02'121 +-3 R')(&' ;(*0 ' .-7%&272)* -+ LD .32; 727=23, ().&<1()5 *02 7',*23 ')1 0(, -++(.23,: ')1 %',,2)523, *-*'&()5 !:KDH ', ()1(.'*21 () *02 8-',* d<'31 8&2'3').2# P02 Ro V-y' ?'[ (, ' %',,2)523 ')1 .'35- >2,,2& -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 6<&%(.(- ^()2,: @).# %&9()5 *02 3-<*2 -+ R')(&'e P'.&-=')e 8'*='&-5')e R')(&'e 8'*='&-5')e P'.&-=')e R')(&': 7'/()5 *3(%, *;(.2 ' ;22/# I* '=-<* !CUHC %#7# -+ V2.27=23 AC: !DY`: *02 *;- >2,,2&, .-&&(121 () *02 -%2) ,2' ;(*0() *02 >(.()(*9 -+ V<7'&( ?-()* =2*;22) R'3()1(>-3, +3-7 RP o2.*-3 .&'(721 *0'* *029 ;232 ,&22%()5 '* *02 *(72 -+ *02 ().(12)*# P02 Ro V-y' ?'[ .'33(21 ') 2,*(7'*21 K:CCC %',,2)523,G 7')9 ()1221: ;232 )-* () *02 %',,2)523 7')(+2,*# O)&9 AK ,<3>(>21 *02 *3'5219 '+*23 0'>()5 =22) 32,.<21 +3-7 *02 =<3)()5 ;'*23, =9 >2,,2&, *0'* 32,%-)121 *- 1(,*32,, .'&&,# I7-)5 *0-,2 ;0- %23(,021 ;232 %<=&(. ,.0--& *2'.023 62=',*(') 8'y2['& bK` 92'3, -&1$ ')1 0(, 1'<50*23 8-3'[-) 8'y2['& b!! 92'3, -&1$: =-*0 <)7')(+2,*21 %',,2)523, =<* %3->21 *- =2 -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2&# O) R'3.0 AA: !DYY: *02 =-'31 -+ 7'3()2 ()J<(39 () cR@ 8',2 N-# ZLHhY` '+*23 ()>2,*(5'*(-) +-<)1 *0'* *02 RP o2.*-3: (*, 325(,*2321 -%23'*-3 T3').(,.- 6-3(')-: ')1 (*, -;)23 ')1 '.*<'& -%23'*-3 o2.*-3 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-): ;232 '* +'<&* ')1 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 (*, .-&&(,(-) ;(*0 Ro V-y' ?'[#

O) T2=3<'39 !H, 1989, Teresita Cañezal and Sotera E. Cañezal, Sebastian Cañezal’s ;(+2 ')1 7-*023 32,%2.*(>2&9: +(&21 ;(*0 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3*: c3').0 Y: R')(&': a complaint for “Damages Arising from Breach of Contract of Carriage” against

6<&%(.(- ^()2,: @).# b0232'+*23 6<&%(.(-$# 6<&%(.(-: () *<3): +(&21 ' *0(31 %'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* T3').(,.- 6-3(')-: o2.*-3 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ')1 8'&*2F b?0(&(%%()2,$: @).# 6<&%(.(- '&&2521 *0'* 8'&*2F .0'3*2321 RP o2.*-3 ;(*0 53-,, ')1 2>(12)* ='1 +'(*0 /)-;()5 +<&&9 ;2&& *0'* RP o2.*-3 ;', (7%3-%23&9 7'))21: (&&h 2J<(%%21: <),2';-3*09 ')1 ' 0'['31 *- ,'+2 )'>(5'*(-)G ', ' 32,<&*: (* 3'7721 against MV Doña Paz in the open sea setting MT Vector’s highly flammable cargo

'=&'[2# P02 *3('& .-<3* 1(,7(,,21 *02 *0(31 %'3*9 .-7%&'()* '5'(),* %2*(*(-)23# O) appeal, the CA modified the trial court’s ruling and included petitioner Caltex as one

-+ *0-,2 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,# ]2).2: *0(, %2*(*(-)# 611>"5 M02*023 8'&*2F (, &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, <)123 *02 8(>(& 8-12i 9"?&5 N-#

T(3,*U P02 .0'3*2323 0', )- &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52, <)123 ?0(&(%%()2 R'3(*(72 &';,# P02 32,%2.*(>2 3(50*, ')1 1<*(2, -+ ' ,0(%%23 ')1 *02 .'33(23 12%2)1, )-* -) ;02*023 *02 .'33(23 (, %<=&(. -3 %3(>'*2: =<* -) ;02*023 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, ' =(&& -+ &'1()5 -3 2J<(>'&2)* ,0(%%()5 1-.<72)*, -) *02 -)2 0')1: -3 ' .0'3*23 %'3*9 -3 ,(7(&'3 .-)*3'.* -) *02 -*023# ?2*(*(-)23 ')1 o2.*-3 2)*2321 ()*- ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)*: '&,- /)-;) ', ' >-9'52 .0'3*23# I .0'3*23 %'3*9 (, ' .-)*3'.* =9 ;0(.0 ') 2)*(32 ,0(%: -3 ,-72 %3().(%'& %'3* *0232-+: (, &2* =9 *02 -;)23 *- ')-*023 %23,-) +-3 ' ,%2.(+(21 *(72 -3 <,2G ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)* (, -)2 =9 ;0(.0 *02 -;)23 -+ ' ,0(% -3 -*023 >2,,2& &2*, *02 ;0-&2 -3 %'3* -+ 023 *- ' 723.0')* -3 -*023 %23,-) +-3 *02 .-)>29').2 -+ 5--1,: -) ' %'3*(.<&'3 >-9'52: () .-),(123'*(-) -+ *02 %'972)* -+ +32(50*# I .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)* 7'9 =2 2(*023 *(72 .0'3*23: ;0232() *02 &2',21 >2,,2& (, &2',21 *- *02 .0'3*2323 +-3 ' +(F21 %23(-1 -+ *(72: -3 >-9'52 .0'3*23: ;0232() *02 ,0(% (, &2',21 +-3 ' ,()5&2 >-9'52# @) =-*0 .',2,: *02 .0'3*23h%'3*9 %3->(12, +-3 *02 0(32 -+ *02 >2,,2& -)&9: 2(*023 +-3 ' 12*237()'*2 %23(-1 -+ *(72 -3 +-3 ' ,()5&2 -3 consecutive voyage, the ship owner to supply the ship’s store, pay for the wages of

*02 7',*23 -+ *02 .32;: ')1 12+3'9 *02 2F%2),2, +-3 *02 7'()*2)').2 -+ *02 ,0(%# \)123 ' 127(,2 -3 ='32=-'* .0'3*23 -) *02 -*023 0')1: *02 .0'3*2323 7'), *02 >2,,2& ;(*0 0(, -;) %2-%&2 ')1 =2.-72,: () 2++2.*: *02 -;)23 +-3 *02 >-9'52 -3 ,23>(.2 ,*(%<&'*21: ,<=Q2.* *- &('=(&(*9 +-3 1'7'52, .'<,21 =9 )25&(52).2# @+ *02 .0'3*23 (, ' .-)*3'.* -+ '++32(50*72)*: ;0(.0 &2'>2, *02 52)23'& -;)23 () %-,,2,,(-) -+ *02 ,0(% ', -;)23 +-3 *02 >-9'52: *02 3(50*, ')1 *02 32,%-),(=(&(*(2, -+

!ZA

-;)23,0(% 32,* -) *02 -;)23# P02 .0'3*2323 (, +322 +3-7 &('=(&(*9 *- *0(31 %23,-), () 32,%2.* -+ *02 ,0(%# 62.-)1 U RP o2.*-3 (, ' .-77-) .'33(23 @) *0(, .',2: *02 .0'3*23 %'3*9 '532272)* 1(1 )-* .-)>23* *02 .-77-) .'33(23 ()*- ' %3(>'*2 .'33(23# P02 %'3*(2, 2)*2321 ()*- ' >-9'52 .0'3*23: ;0(.0 32*'(), *02 .0'3'.*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& ', ' .-77-) .'33(23# \)123 *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* U 62.# H# b!$ P02 .'33(23 ,0'&& =2 =-<)1 =2+-32 ')1 '* *02 =25())()5 -+ *02 >-9'52 *2F23.(,2 1<2 1(&(52).2 *- h b'$ R'/2 *02 ,0(% ,2';-3*09G b=$ ?3-%23&9 7'): 2J<(%: ')1 ,<%%&9 *02 ,0(%G P0<,: *02 .'33(23, '32 122721 *- ;'33')* (7%&(21&9 *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 ,0(%# T-3 ' >2,,2& *- =2 ,2';-3*09: (* 7<,* =2 '12J<'*2&9 2J<(%%21 +-3 *02 >-9'52 ')1 7'))21 ;(*0 ' ,<++(.(2)* )<7=23 -+ .-7%2*2)* -++(.23, ')1 .32;# P02 +'(&<32 -+ ' .-77-) .'33(23 *- 7'()*'() () ,2';-3*09 .-)1(*(-) *02 >2,,2& ()>-&>21 () (*, .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 (, ' .&2'3 =32'.0 -+ (*, 1<*9 %32,.3(=21 () I3*(.&2 !`LL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12# P0(31U @, 8'&*2F &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, <)123 *02 8(>(& 8-12i N-# P02 .0'3*2323 -+ ' >2,,2& 0', )- -=&(5'*(-) =2+-32 *3'),%-3*()5 (*, .'35- *2),<32 *0'* *02 >2,,2& (* .0'3*2321 .-7%&(21 ;(*0 '&& &25'& 32J<(3272)*,# P02 1<*9 rests upon the common carrier simply for being engaged in “public service.” The

8(>(& 8-12 127')1, 1(&(52).2 ;0(.0 (, 32J<(321 =9 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02 -=&(5'*(-) ')1 *0'* ;0(.0 .-332,%-)1, ;(*0 *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ *02 %23,-),: *02 *(72 ')1 *02 %&'.2# ]2).2: .-),(123()5 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02 -=&(5'*(-) =2*;22) 8'&*2F ')1 RP o2.*-3: *02 &('=(&(*9 ', +-<)1 =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&, (, ;(*0-<* =',(,# P02 32&'*(-),0(% =2*;22) *02 %'3*(2, () *0(, .',2 (, 5->23)21 =9 ,%2.('& &';,# c2.'<,2 -+ *02 (7%&(21 ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,,: ,0(%%23, -+ 5--1,: ;02) *3'),'.*()5 ;(*0 .-77-) .'33(23,: '32 )-* 2F%2.*ed to inquire into the vessel’s ,2';-3*0()2,,: 52)<()2)2,, -+ (*, &(.2),2, ')1 .-7%&(').2 ;(*0 '&& 7'3(*(72 &';,# P- 127')1 7-32 +3-7 ,0(%%23, ')1 0-&1 *027 &('=&2 () .',2 -+ +'(&<32 2F0(=(*, )-*0()5 =<* *02 +<*(&(*9 -+ -<3 7'3(*(72 &';, (),-+'3 ', *02 %3-*2.*(-) -+ *02 %<=&(. () 52)23'& (, .-).23)21# c9 *02 ,'72 *-/2): ;2 .'))-* 2F%2.* %',,2)523, *()J<(32 2>239 *(72 *029 =-'31 ' .-77-) .'33(23: ;02*023 *02 .'33(23 %-,,2,,2, *02

P0<,: *02 )'*<32 -+ *02 -=&(5'*(-) -+ 8'&*2F 127')1, -31()'39 1(&(52).2 &(/2 ')9 -*023 ,0(%%23 () ,0(%%()5 0(, .'35-2,#

T*+ ()*#+ .93J48L RI -)&) ,E) 3459b8 1AJMG :6; :7:a .) R) X"33"+1# I=) 0%/]/&/ &) *+,-./ .+&#/,; <)S

TI8P6U P02 ,*2'723 6<=(.: -;)21 =9 4')5.- .-&&(121 ;(*0 *02 &<).0 X<.&(1 -;)21 =9 M(&&('7,: () *02 c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c<* '.*(-), +-3 1'7'52, 32,<&*()5 +3-7 7'3(*(72 .-&&(,(-), '32 5->23)21 () *0(, Q<3(,1(.*(-) =9 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ ,2.*(-) H: *(*&2 K: c--/ @@@ -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2: ')1 '7-)5 *02,2 %3->(,(-), ;2 +()1 *02 +-&&-;()5U

necessary papers or that all the carrier’s employees are qualified.

I_P# YA`# @+ =-*0 >2,,2&, 7'9 =2 =&'721 +-3 *02 .-&&(,(-): 2'.0 -)2 ,0'&& =2 &('=&2 +-3 (*, -;) 1'7'52,: ')1 =-*0 ,0'&& =2 Q-()*&9 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, ')1 1'7'52, ,<++2321 =9 *02(3 .'35-2,#

6<.0 ' %3'.*(.2 ;-<&1 =2 ') '=,<31(*9 () ' =<,()2,, ;0232 *(72 (, '&;'9, -+ *02 2,,2).2# 8-),(123()5 *02 )'*<32 -+ *3'),%-3*'*(-) =<,()2,,: %',,2)523, ')1 ,0(%%23, '&(/2 .<,*-7'3(&9 %32,<72 *0'* .-77-) .'33(23, %-,,2,, '&& *02 &25'& 32J<(,(*2, () (*, -%23'*(-)#

8-<),2& +-3 *02 %&'()*(++: =',()5 0(, .-)*2)*(-) <%-) *02 *02-39 -+ *02 +'.*, ', .-)*2)121 +-3 =9 0(7: (),(,*21 *0'* <)123 02 1-.*3()2 -+ E*02 &',* .&2'3 .0').2:E *02 12+2)1')* ,0-<&1 =2 02&1 &('=&2 =2.'<,2: ', 02 (),(,*,: 2>2) (+ *02 -++(.23, -) =-'31

!ZH

*02 %&'()*(++S, &'<).0 ;232 )25&(52).2 () +'(&()5 *- 2F0(=(* %3-%23 &(50*, ')1 () +'(&()5 *- *'/2 *02 %3-%23 ,*2%, *- /22% -<* -+ *02 %'*0 -+ *02 12+2)1')*S, >2,,2&: )2>23*02&2,, *02 -++(.23, -) 12+2)1')*S, >2,,2&: =9 *02 2F23.(,2 -+ 1<2 %32.'<*(-), 7(50* 0'>2 '>-(121 *02 .-&&(,(-) =9 ' >239 ,(7%&2 7')<2>23# c<* (* (, ,<++(.(2)* '),;23 *- *0(, .-)*2)*(-) *- %-()* -<* *0'* *02 3<&2 -+ &('=(&(*9 () *0(, Q<3(,1(.*(-) +-3 7'3(*(72 '..(12)*, ,<.0 ', *0'* )-; <)123 .-),(123'*(-) (, .&2'3&9: 12+()(*2&9: ')1 <)2J<(>-.'&&9 &'(1 1-;) () *02 '=->2h.(*21 '3*(.&2 YA` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2G ')1 <)123 *0'* 3<&2: *02 2>(12).2 1(,.&-,()5 *0'* =-*0 >2,,2&, ;232 =&'72;-3*09: *02 -;)23, -+ 2(*023 .') ,<..2,,+<&&9 7'()*'() ') '.*(-) '5'(),* *02 -*023 +-3 *02 &-,, -3 ()Q<39 -+ 0(, >2,,2&# @66\XU M02*023 -3 )-* *02 1-.*3()2 -+ &',* .&2'3 .0').2 (, '%%&(.'=&2i ]X^VU NO# @) .',2, -+ ' 1(,',*23 '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 7<*<'& )25&(52).2 -+ *;- %'3*(2,: *02 %'3*9 ;0- 0', ' &',* .&2'3 -%%-3*<)(*9 -+ '>-(1()5 *02 '..(12)*: )-*;(*0,*')1()5 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ 0(, -%%-)2)*: (, .-),(12321 ;0-&&9 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 (* <)123 *02 .-77-)h&'; 3<&2 -+ &('=(&(*9 ', '%%&(21 () *02 .-<3*, -+ .-77-) &'; -+ *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,# c<* *0(, 3<&2 b;0(.0 (, )-* 32.-5)([21 () *02 .-<3*, -+ '17(3'&*9 () *02 \)(*21 6*'*2,: ;0232() *02 &-,, (, 1(>(121 () .',2, -+ 7<*<'& ')1 .-).<33()5 )25&(52).2: ', '&,- ;0232 *02 233-3 -+ -)2 >2,,2& 0', 2F%-,21 023 *- 1')523 -+ .-&&(,(-) ;0(.0 ;', .-),<77'*21 =9 02 +<3*023 3<&2: *0'* ;0232 *02 %32>(-<, '%%&(.'*(-) =9 *02 +<3*023 3<&2: *0'* ;0232 *02 %32>(-<, '.* -+ )25&(52).2 -+ -)2 >2,,2& 0', .32'*21 ' %-,(*(-) -+ 1')523: *02 -*023 >2,,2& (, )-* )2.2,,'3(&9 &('=&2 +-3 *02 7232 +'(&<32 *- 32.-5)([2 *02 %23(&-<, ,(*<'*(-)G ')1 (* (, -)&9 ;02) () +'.* (* 1-2, 1(,.->23 (* () *(72 *- '>-(1 *02 .',<'&*9 =9 *02 <,2 -+ -31()'39 .'32: *0'* (* =2.-72, &('=&2 +-3 *02 +'(&<32 *7'/2 <,2 -+ *0(, &',* .&2'3 -%%-3*<)(*9 *- '>-(1 *02 '..(12)*# 6-: <)123 *02 X)5&(,0 3<&2 ;0(.0 .-)+-37, >239 )2'3&9 *- *02 .-77-)h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c<* ,().2 (* 1-2, )-* '%%2'3 +3-7 *02 2>(12).2 *0'* *029 1(1: () +'.*: 1(,.->23 *02 %23(&-<, ,(*<'*(-) -+ *02 &'<).0 () *(72 *- '>-(1 *02 '..(12)* =9 *02

2F23.(,2 -+ -31()'39 .'32: (* (, >239 .&2'3 *0'* <)123 *02 '=->2 ,2* -<* &(7(*'*(-) **02 3<&2: *02 %&'()*(++ .'))-* 2,.'%2 *02 &25'& .-),2J<2).2, -+ *02 .-)*3(=<*-39 )25&(52).2 -+ 0(, &'<).0: 2>2) ;232 ;2 *- 0-&1 *0'* *02 1-.*3()2 (, '%%&(.'=&2 () *02 Q<3(,1(.*(-): <%-) ;0(.0 %-()* ;2 2F%32,,&9 32,23>2 -<3 12.(,(-) '* *0(, *(72#

#1"0$ R%33 +,] ./12+,* i2$"3"22",%#j; ",.) AKN 0/^*/ 1+&",% +,] !"&% ",#V&+,.% ./); ",.) I=) 0$% ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN .+&3/# +) -/ 0$/,- +,] ./ 4 R%&,+R%

TI8P6U @) *02 2'3&9 7-3)()5 -+ H R'9 !D`C—'* 2F'.*&9 CHLC 0-<3,: -) *02 '%%3-'.02, **02 %-3* -+ R')(&' )2'3 8'='&&- @,&')1: ' .-&&(,(-) *--/ %&'.2 =2*;22) *02 Reo E +:? );7=:3:E ') ()*23h(,&')1 >2,,2& -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 8'3&-, I# d- P0-)5 ')1 8-7%')9 bEd- P0-)5E$: ')1 *02 Re6 E l:8;9b;7H:E ' 723.0')* >2,,2& -+ B'%')2,2 325(,*39# P02 E+:? );7=:3E ;', *02) ,'(&()5 ,-<*0 =-<)1 &2'>()5 *02 %-3* -+ R')(&' +-3 82=<: ;0(&2 *02 El:8;9b;7HE ;', '%%3-'.0()5 *02 %-3* -+ R')(&': .-7()5 () +3-7 j-=2: B'%')# P02 =-; -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3E 3'7721 *02 %-3*,(12 b&2+* ,(12$ -+ *02 El:8;9b;7HE ()+&(.*()5 ' *0322 bH$ .7# 5'%()5 0-&2 -) 023 %-3*,(12 )2'3 ]'*.0 N-# H: *03-<50 ;0(.0 ,2';'*23 3<,021 () ')1 +&--121 *0'* 0'*.0 ')1 023 =-**-7 *')/,: 1'7'5()5 '&& *02 .'35- ,*-;21 *0232()# P02 .-),(5)22, -+ *02 1'7'521 .'35- 5-* %'(1 =9 *02(3 (),<3').2 .-7%')(2,# P02 (),<3').2 .-7%')(2, () *<3): 0'>()5 =22) ,<=3-5'*21 *- *02 ()*232,*, -+ *02 .-),(5)22, -+ *02 1'7'521 .'35-: .-772).21 '.*(-), '5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* d- P0-)5 +-3 1'7'52, ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 >'3(-<, ,0(%72)*, () *02 *02) 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ R')(&'# ,*

)1

P;- .(>(& .',2, b! .(>(& .',2 u T23)')12[G A .(>(& .',2 u 8<2>',$ ;232 +(&21 '5'(),* d- P0-)5: ')1 () =-*0 .',2,: *02 R')(&' 8-<3* -+ T(3,* @),*').2 02&1 *0'* *02 -++(.23, ')1 .32; -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3E 0'1 =22) )25&(52)* *0'* ,<.0 )25&(52).2 ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 .-&&(,(-) ')1 '..-31()5&9 02&1 32,%-)12)* d- P0-)5 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52, *- *02 %&'()*(++ (),<3').2 .-7%')(2,#@) *02 +(3,* .(>(& .',2: bT23)')12[$ *02 8I *03-<50 _292,: ^#c#:B '++(3721 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02 8T@ ;0(.0 ;', &'*23 -) '++(3721 =9 *02 68#P;- 92'3, &'*23: *02 8I *03-<50 6(,-): 32>23,21 *02 ruling of the CFI on the second case(Cuevas) and held that “YotaiMaru” was at fault.

]2).2: *0(, %2*(*(-)# @66\XU

!ZK

WON the CA ruling on the second case (Cuevas) to the effect that “YotaiMaru” was

)25&(52)* ;', 233-)2-<,i 68 _\^@NdU The Court ruled in the affirmative. It held that the CFI’s ruling on the case at bar

P02 +'.* *0'* ,2.-)1 7'*2 d237') ;', '&&-;21 *- =2 () .-77')1 -+ EV-) 8'3&-,E ')1 )-* *02 .0(2+ -3 *02 ,'(&()5 7'*2 () *02 '=,2).2 -+ 8'%*'() _(>23': 5(>2, 3(,2 *)- -*023 .-).&<,(-) 2F.2%* *0'* ,'(1 >2,,2& f0'1g )- .0(2+ 7'*2#62.-)1 R'*2 d237') ,(7%&9 1(1 )-* 0'>2 *02 &2>2& -+ 2F%23(2).2: Q<1572)* ')1 ,/(&& 2,,2)*('& +-3 32.-5)([()5 ')1 .-%()5 ;(*0 *02 3(,/ -+ .-&&(,(-)

(Cuevas ruling) still stands, that M/V “Don Carlos” was negligent. The Court believes

*0'* *0232 '32 *0322 bH$ %3().(%'& +'.*-3, ;0(.0 '32 .-),*(*<*(>2 -+ )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3:E ;0(.0 )25&(52).2 ;', *02 %3-F(7'*2 .'<,2 -+ *02 .-&&(,(-)#

-)&) ,E) 34a7a6c +>O>=@ :7; :755 ,+0"/,+3 ]%(%3/21%,0 ./12+,*; LH@?@?EKHJ4ALLHCCAK@; I=)0$% ./V&0 /!

P02 +(3,* -+ *02,2 +'.*-3, ;', *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3E *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 *02 32J<(3272)*, -+ _<&2 !Y b'$ -+ *02 @)*23)'*(-)'& _<&2, -+ *02 _-'1U b'$ nD6? 8C: @:C67R<7926? 26336=3 ;76 F6689?> 6?< :? : :7 ?6;7=B 6?< :?: 3: ;3 8: 9?2:=26 793I :E 5 :==939:? : 6;5D 3D;== ;=867 D67 5:H736 8: 38;7A:;7< : 3: 8D;8 6;5D F;B @;33 :? 8D6 @:78 39<6 :E 8D6 :8D67 #FFFF T-3 023 %'3*: *02 El:8;9b;7HE 1(1 .-7%&9 ;(*0 (*, -=&(5'*(-), <)123 _<&2 !Y b'$# I, *02 El:8;9b;7H E +-<)1 023,2&+ -) ') E2)1h-)E -3 ' E)2'3&9 2)1h-)E ,(*<'*(-) 293R;R293 *02 EV-) 8'3&-,: E ')1 ', *02 1(,*').2 =2*;22) *027 ;', 3'%(1&9 ,03()/()5: *02 E l:8;9b;7HE *<3)21 ,*'3=-'31 b*- (*, 3(50*$ ')1 '* *02 ,'72 *(72 5'>2 *02 32J<(321 ,(5)'& .-),(,*()5 -+ -)2 ,0-3* 0-3) =&',*# P02 E+:? );7=:3E *<3)21 *- %-3*,(12 b*- (*, &2+*$: (),*2'1 -+ *<3)()5 *,*'3=-'31 ', 127')121 =9 _<&2 !Y b'$# P02 E +:? );7=:3E '&,- >(-&'*21 _<&2 AY b.$ +-3 (* +'(&21 *- 5(>2 *02 32J<(321 ,(5)'& -+ *;- bA$ ,0-3* 0-3) =&',*, 72')()5 E@ '7 '&*23()5 79 .-<3,2 *- %-3* P02 ,2.-)1 .(3.<7,*').2 .-),*(*<*(>2 -+ )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3E ;', (*, +'(&<32 *- 0'>2 -) =-'31 *0'* )(50* ' E%3-%23 &--/h-<*E ', 32J<(321 =9 _<&2 @ bc$ \)123 _<&2 AD -+ *02 ,'72 ,2* -+ _<&2,: '&& .-),2J<2).2, '3(,()5 +3-7 *02 +'(&<32 -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3E *- /22% ' E%3-%23 &--/h-<*E 7<,* =2 =-3)2 =9 *02 E+:? );7=:3#E NOPXU I E%3-%23 &--/h-<*E (, -)2 ;0- 0', =22) *3'()21 ', ,<.0 ')1 ;0- (, 5(>2) )- -*023 1<*9 ,'>2 *- '.* ', ' &--/h-<* ')1 ;0- (, ,*'*(-)21 ;0232 02 .') ,22 ')1 02'3 =2,* ')1 7'()*'() 5--1 .-77<)(.'*(-) ;(*0 *02 -++(.23 () .0'352 -+ *02 >2,,2&: ')1 ;0- 7<,*: -+ .-<3,2: =2 >(5(&')*# P02 *0(31 +'.*-3 .-),*(*<*(>2 -+ )25&(52).2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3E 32&'*2, **02 +'.* *0'* 62.-)1 R'*2 c2)(*- d237') ;',: (7721('*2&9 =2+-32 ')1 1<3()5 *02 .-&&(,(-): () .-77')1 -+ *02 E+:? );7=:3#E

+22%+3# AKN ]%(%3/21%,0 ",#V&+,.% ` #V&%0* ./&2/&+0"/,; JH=LEKNHK@=4 ALLHCCHH=) ,E) 34a7a\7 +>O>=@ :7; :755 1+&"0"1% ./12+,* /! 0$% 2$"3"22",%#; LH@?@?EKHJ4ALLHCCAK@; I=) 0$% ./V&0 /! +22%+3# AKN ]%(%3/21%,0 ",#V&+,.% ` #V&%0* ./&2/&+0"/,; JH=LEKNHK@=4 ALLHCCHH=)

TI8P6U @) '..-31').2 ;(*0 ' 727-3')1<7 '532272)* 2)*2321 ()*- =2*;22) 12+2)1')*, NV8 ')1 R8?: 12+2)1')* NV8 ', *02 +(3,* %32+23321 7-3*5'522 -+ *0322 -.2') 5-()5 >2,,2&, ().&<1()5 -)2 ;(*0 *02 )'72 SV-)' N'*(S '%%-()*21 12+2)1')* R8? ', (*, '52)* *- 7')'52 ')1 -%23'*2 ,'(1 >2,,2& +-3 ')1 () (*, =20'&+ ')1 '..-<)*# P0<,: *02 X# ?0(&(%% 8-3%-3'*(-) -+ N2; 4-3/ &-'121 -) =-'31 *02 >2,,2& EV-)' N'*(E '* 6') T3').(,.-: 8'&(+-3)(': ' *-*'& -+ !:ACC ='&2, -+ I723(.') 3'; .-**-) .-),(5)21 **02 -3123 -+ R')(&' c')/()5 8-3%-3'*(-): R')(&' ')1 *02 ?2-%&2S, c')/ ')1 P3<,* 8-7%')9 '.*()5 +-3 ')1 () =20'&+ -+ *02 ?') I,('*(. 8-7723.('& 8-7%')9: @).#: ;032%32,2)*, _(>23,(12 R(&&, 8-3%-3'*(-)# I&,- &-'121 -) *02 ,'72 >2,,2& '* P-/9-: B'%'): ;232 *02 .'35- -+ j9-/<*- c-2/<(: j'(,': ^*1#: .-),(5)21 *- *02 -3123 -+ R')(&' c')/()5 8-3%-3'*(-) .-),(,*()5 -+ ACC .'3*-), -+ ,-1(<7 &'<39& ,<&+'*2 ')1 !C .',2, -+ '&<7()<7 +-(&# X) 3-<*2 *- R')(&' *02 >2,,2& V-+(' N'*( +(5<321 () ' .-&&(,(-) '* ZUCK '#7# '* @,2 c'9: B'%') ;(*0 ' B'%')2,2 >2,,2& S66 4',<,0(7' R'323'52 6<3>29-3 ')1 !L ='&2, ;232 )-* &')121 ')1 122721 &-,* # P02 1'7'521 ')1 &-,* .'35-2, ;', ;-3*0 ?HKK:D``#YZ ;0(.0 '7-<)*: *02 %&'()*(++ ', (),<323: %'(1 *- *02 _(>23,(12 R(&&, 8-3%-3'*(-) ', 0-&123 -+ *02 )25-*('=&2 =(&&, -+ &'1()5 1<&9 2)1-3,21#

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I&,- .-),(12321 *-*'&&9 &-,* ;232 *02 '+-32,'(1 ,0(%72)* -+ j9-/<*-: c-2/<( j'(,' ^*1#: .-),(5)21 *- *02 -3123 -+ R')(&' c')/()5 8-3%-3'*(-): R')(&': '.*()5 +-3 d<(&.-): R')(&': P02 *-*'& &-,, ;', ?!D:DHY#CC ;0(.0 *02 %&'()*(++ ', (),<323 %'(1 *d<(&.-) ', 0-&123 -+ *02 1<&9 2)1-3,21 =(&& -+ &'1()5# P0<,: *02 %&'()*(++ 0'1 %'(1 ', (),<323 *02 *-*'& '7-<)* -+ ?HZK:D!L#YZ *- *02 .-),(5)22, -3 *02(3 ,<..2,,-3,h()h ()*232,*: +-3 *02 ,'(1 &-,* -3 1'7'521 .'35-2,# ]2).2: %&'()*(++ +(&21 *0(, .-7%&'()* *- 32.->23 ,'(1 '7-<)* +3-7 *02 12+2)1')*,h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bP02 7'() *03<,* -+ NV8S, '35<72)* (, *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* ,0-<&1 '%%&9 *- *02 .',2 '* ='3 ')1 )-* *02 8(>(& 8-12 -3 *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2# \)123 62.*(-) K bA$ -+ ,'(1 I.*: *02 .'33(23 (, )-* 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 &-,, -3 1'7'52 32,<&*()5 +3-7 *02 E'.*: )25&2.* -3 12+'<&* -+ *02 7',*23: 7'3()23: %(&-* -3 *02 ,23>')*, -+ *02 .'33(23 () *02 )'>(5'*(-) -3 () *02 7')'5272)* -+ *02 ,0(%#E P0<,: NV8 (),(,*, *0'* =',21 -) *02 +()1()5, -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* ;0(.0 ;232 '1-%*21 =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: =-*0 %(&-*, -+ *02 .-&&(1()5 >2,,2&, ;232 '* +'<&* ')1 )25&(52)*: NV8 ;-<&1 0'>2 =22) 32&(2>21 -+ &('=(&(*9 <)123 *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*# @),*2'1: I3*(.&2 AY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ;', '%%&(21 ')1 =-*0 NV8 ')1 R8? ;232 -312321 *- 32(7=<3,2 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 +-3 *02 '7-<)* *02 &'**23 %'(1 *- *02 .-),(5)22 ', 2'3&(23 ,*'*21#$ bR8? .-)*2)1, *0'* (* .') )-* =2 &('=&2 ,-&(1'3(*9 ;(*0 NV8 =2.'<,2 (* (, 7232&9 *02 7')'523 ')1 -%23'*-3 -+ *02 >2,,2& V-)' N'*( )-* ' ,0(% '52)*# I, *02 52)23'& 7')'5()5 '52)*: '..-31()5 *- R8?: (* .') -)&9 =2 &('=&2 (+ (* '.*21 () 2F.2,, -+ (*, '<*0-3(*9#$ @66\XU !#MON *02 8Od6I -3 *02 8(>(& 8-12e8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ,0-<&1 '%%&9 () *0(, .',2 A# MON R8? .') =2 02&1 ,-&(1'3(&9 ;(*0 NV8 ]X^VU !#8(>(& 8-12e8-12 -+ 8-7723.2#

P0(, (,,<2 0', '&32'19 =22) &'(1 *- 32,* =9 *0(, 8-<3* -+ X',*23) 60(%%()5 ^()2, @).# ># @I8 ;0232 (* ;', 02&1 <)123 ,(7(&'3 .(3.<7,*').2 E*0'* *02 &'; -+ *02 .-<)*39 *;0(.0 *02 5--1, '32 *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 5->23), *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 () .',2 -+ *02(3 &-,,: 12,*3<.*(-) -3 12*23(-3'*(-)E bI3*(.&2 !`LH: 8(>(& 8-12$# P0<,: *02 3<&2 ;', ,%2.(+(.'&&9 &'(1 1-;) *0'* +-3 .'35-2, *3'),%-3*21 +3-7 B'%') *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: *02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 .'33(23 (, 5->23)21 %3(7'3(&9 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12 ')1 () '&& 7'**23, )-* 325<&'*21 =9 ,'(1 8-12: *02 3(50*, ')1 -=&(5'*(-), -+ .-77-) .'33(23 ,0'&& =2 5->23)21 =9 *02 8-12 -+ .-7723.2 ')1 =9 &';, bI3*(.&2 !`ZZ: 8(>(& 8-12$# ]2).2: *02 8'33('52 -+ d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c'9: B'%')# @* '%%2'3,: 0-;2>23: *0'* .-&&(,(-) +'&&, '7-)5 7'**23, )-* ,%2.(+(.'&&9 325<&'*21 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12: ,- *0'* )- 32>23,(=&2 233-3 .') =2 +-<)1 () 32,%-)12)* .-<3,2, '%%&(.'*(-) *- *02 .',2 '* ='3 -+ I3*(.&2, YAZ *- YHD: c--/ P0322 -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2: ;0(.0 12'& 2F.&<,(>2&9 ;(*0 .-&&(,(-) -+ >2,,2&,# R-32 ,%2.(+(.'&&9: I3*(.&2 YAZ -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 %3->(12, *0'* ;0232 .-&&(,(-) (, (7%<*'=&2 *- *02 %23,-))2& -+ ' >2,,2&: *02 -;)23 -+ *02 >2,,2& '* +'<&*: ,0'&& ()127)(+9 *02 &-,,2, ')1 1'7'52, ().<3321 '+*23 ') 2F%23* '%%3'(,'&# c<* 7-32 () %-()* *- *02 (),*')* .',2 (, I3*(.&2 YA`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b P0232 (,: *0232+-32: )- 3--7 +-3 NV8S, ()*23%32*'*(-) *0'* *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ,0-<&1 '%%&9 -)&9 *- 1-72,*(. *3'12 ')1 )-* *- +-32(5) *3'12# I,(12 +3-7 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* 1-2, )-* ,%2.(+(.'&&9 %3->(12 +-3 *02 ,<=Q2.* -+

!ZZ

.-&&(,(-): ,'(1 I.* () )- <).23*'() *237,: 32,*3(.*, (*, '%%&(.'*(-) E*- '&& .-)*3'.*, +-3 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, =9 ,2' *- ')1 +3-7 ?0(&(%%()2 %-3*, () +-32(5) *3'12#E \)123 62.*(-) @ *0232-+: (* (, 2F%&(.(*&9 %3->(121 *0'* E)-*0()5 () *0(, I.* ,0'&& =2 .-),*3<21 ', 32%2'&()5 ')9 2F(,*()5 %3->(,(-) -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ;0(.0 (, )-; () +-3.2: -3 ', &(7(*()5 (*, '%%&(.'*(-)#E c9 ,<.0 ().-3%-3'*(-): (* (, -=>(-<, *0'* ,'(1 &'; )-* -)&9 32.-5)([2, *02 2F(,*2).2 -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2: =<* 7-32 (7%-3*')*&9 1-2, )-* 32%2'& )-3 &(7(* (*, '%%&(.'*(-)#

;V.4L6M8

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b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

b=$ T-3 *02 %<3%-,2, -+ *0(, _<&2 ')1 _<&2, !D *- AD ().&<,(>2: 2F.2%* _<&2 AC

R8?S, .&'(7 *0'* *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 .') -)&9 =2 '**3(=<*21 *- *02 %(&-* -+ *02 >2,,2& 66 4',<,0(7' R'3< ')1 )-* *- *02 B'%')2,2 8-',* %(&-* )'>(5'*()5 *02 >2,,2& V-)' N'*( )221 )-* =2 1(,.<,,21 &2)5*0(&9 ', ,'(1 .&'(7 (, )-* -)&9 '* >'3(').2 ;(*0 NV8S, %-,*<32: =<* '&,- .-)*3'39 *- *02 +'.*<'& +()1()5, -+ *02 *3('& .-<3* '++(3721 )&2,, =9 *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,: *0'* =-*0 %(&-*, ;232 '* +'<&* +-3 )-* .0')5()5 *02(3 2F.2,,(>2 ,%221 12,%(*2 *02 *0(./ +-5 -=,*3<.*()5 *02(3 >(,(=(&(*9#

K-L- M$- TTWO, ;"#"
_<&2 !Y# b'$ M02) *;- %-;23h13(>2) >2,,2&, '32 722*()5 2)1 -): -3 )2'3&9 2)1 -): ,- ', *- ()>-&>2 3(,/ -+ .-&&(,(-): 2'.0 ,0'&& '&*23 023 .-<3,2 *,*'3=-'31: ,- *0'* 2'.0 7'9 %',, -) *02 %-3* ,(12 -+ *02 -*023# P0(, _<&2 -)&9 '%%&(2, *- .',2, ;0232 >2,,2&, '32 722*()5 2)1 -) -3 )2'3&9 2)1 -): () ,<.0 ' 7'))23 ', *- ()>-&>2 3(,/ -+ .-&&(,(-): ')1 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- *;>2,,2&, ;0(.0 7<,*: (+ =-*0 /22% -) *02(3 32,%2.*(>2 .-<3,2: %',, .&2'3 -+ 2'.0 -*023# P02 -)&9 .',2, *- ;0(.0 (* 1-2, '%%&9 '32 ;02) 2'.0 -+ *;>2,,2&, (, 2)1 -): -3 )2'3&9 2)1 -): *- *02 -*023G () -*023 ;-31,: *- .',2, () ;0(.0: =9 1'9: 2'.0 >2,,2& ,22, *02 7',*, -+ *02 -*023 () ' &()2 -3 )2'3&9 () ' &()2 ;(*0 023 -;)G ')1 =9 )(50* *- .',2, () ;0(.0 2'.0 >2,,2& (, () ,<.0 ' %-,(*(-) ', *- ,22 =-*0 *02 ,(12&(50*, -+ *02 -*023# @* 1-2, )-* '%%&9: =9 1'9: *- .',2, () ;0(.0 ' >2,,2& ,22, ')-*023 '02'1 .3-,,()5 023 -;) .-<3,2G -3 =9 3(50*: *- .',2, ;0232 *02 321 &(50* -+ -)2 >2,,2& (, -%%-,21 **02 321 &(50* -+ *02 -*023 -3 ;0232 *02 5322) &(50* -+ -)2 >2,,2& (, -%%-,21 *- *02 5322) &(50* -+ *02 -*023 -3 ;0232 ' 321 &(50* ;(*0-<* ' 5322) &(50* -3 ' 5322) &(50* ;(*0-<* ' 321 &(50* (, ,22) '02'1: -3 ;0232 =-*0 5322) ')1 321 &(50*, '32 ,22) ')9;0232 =<* '02'1#

b.$ ')1 _<&2 AY: ' ,2'%&')2 -) *02 ;'*23 ,0'&& =2 122721 *- =2 ' >2,,2&: ')1 *02 2F%32,,(-) S%-;23h13(>2) >2,,2&S ,0'&& =2 .-),*3<21 '..-31()5&9#E b?0(&(%%()2 R23.0')* R'3()2 _<&2, ')1 _25<&'*(-), f%<=&(,021 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31g$#

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_<&2 !D# M02) *;-h%-;23 13(>2) >2,,2&, '32 .3-,,()5: ,- ', *- ()>-&>2 3(,/ -+ .-&&(,(-): *02 >2,,2& ;0(.0 0', *02 -*023 -) 023 -;) ,*'3=-'31 ,(12 ,0'&& /22% -<* -+ *02 ;'9 -+ *02(3 0')1# _<&2 AA# X>239 >2,,2& ;0(.0 (, 1(32.*21 =9 *02,2 _<&2, *- /22% -<* -+ *02 ;'9 -+ ')-*023 >2,,2& ,0'&&: ,- +'3 ', %-,,(=&2: *'/2 %-,(*(>2 2'3&9 '.*(-) *-

!Z`

.-7%&9 ;(*0 *0(, -=&(5'*(-): ')1 ,0'&&: (+ *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ *02 .',2 '17(*: '>-(1 .3-,,()5 '02'1 -+ *02 -*023#





_<&2 A`# @) -=29()5 ')1 .-),*3<()5 *02,2 _<&2,: 1<2 325'31 ,0'&& =2 0'1 *'&& 1')523, -+ )'>(5'*(-) ')1 .-&&(,(-): ')1 *- ')9 ,%2.('& .(3.<7,*').2,: ().&<1()5 *02 &(7(*'*(-), -+ *02 .3'+* ()>-&>21: ;0(.0 7'9 32)123 ' 12%'3*<32 +3-7 *02 '=->2 _<&2, )2.2,,'39 () -3123 *- '>-(1 (7721('*2 1')523#E _<&2 AD# N-*0()5 () *02,2 _<&2, ,0'&& 2F-)23'*2 ')9 >2,,2&: -3 *02 -;)23: 7',*23 -3 .32; *0232-+: +3-7 *02 .-),2J<2).2, -+ ')9 )25&2.* *- .'339 3(50*, -3 ,(5)'&,: -3 -+ ')9 )25&2.* *- /22% ' %3-%23 &--/h-<*: -3 -+ *02 )25&2.* -+ ')9 %32.'<*(-) ;0(.0 7'9 =2 32J<(321 =9 *02 -31()'39 %3'.*(.2 -+ ,2'72): -3 =9 *02 ,%2.('& .(3.<7,*').2, -+ *02 .',2#E b@*'&(., ,<%%&(21$ ,0-3*&9 =2+-32 *02 7-72)* -+ .-&&(,(-): ,(5)'&&21 (*, ()*2)*(-) *- 1- ,- =9 5(>()5 *;- bA$ ,0-3* =&',*, ;(*0 (*, 0-3)# P02 EV-) B<')E 5'>2 )- '),;23()5 0-3) =&',* *- ,(5)'& (*, -;) ()*2)*(-) ')1 %3-.22121 *- *<3) 0'31 *,*'3=-'31#

I* ZUAC -S.&-./ () *02 7-3)()5 -+ AA I%3(& !DYC ReP EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ' ='352h*9%2 -(& *')/23 -+ ?0(&(%%()2 325(,*39: ;(*0 ' 53-,, *-))'52 -+ !:AK!:ZY *-),: -;)21 =9 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 N'*(-)'& O(& 8-7%')9 b?NO8$ ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 ?NO8 60(%%()5 ')1 P3'),%-3* 8-3%-3'*(-) b?NO8 60(%%()5$: 0'>()5 <)&-'121 (*, .'35- -+ %2*3-&2<7 %3-1<.*,: &2+* I7&'): N253-, O..(12)*'&: ')1 02'121 *-;'31, c'*'')# I* '=-<* !UCC -S.&-./ () *02 '+*23)--) -+ *0'* ,'72 1'9: *02 Reo EV-) B<'):E ') ()*23(,&')1 >2,,2&: '&,- -+ ?0(&(%%()2 325(,*39: -+ A:HD!#H! *-), 53-,, ;2(50*: -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-#: @).# bN253-, N'>(5'*(-)$ &2+* R')(&' =-<)1 +-3 c'.-&-1 ;(*0 `LC %',,2)523, &(,*21 () (*, 7')(+2,*: ')1 ' .-7%&2*2 ,2* -+ -++(.23, ')1 .32; 727=23,# ]-;2>23: *02 823*(+(.'*2 -+ @),%2.*(-): ', %23 *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 report, shows that “Don Juan” only allowed a total of 810 passengers or YZK

%23,-),# P02 `LC %',,2)523, 2F.&<121 *02 !AZ .32; 727=23,: .0(&132) =2&-; H 9e')1 A 0'&+h%'9()5 %',,2)523, ;0(.0 0'1 =22) .-<)*21 ', -)2 '1<&* %',,2)523# P0<,: *02 *-*'& )<7=23 -+ %23,-), -) =-'31 ;', !:CCK -3 !KC %23,-), 7-32 *0') *02 7'F(7<7 )<7=2r that could be safely carried by “Don Juan.” Further, in its F;?9E638 +-3 (*, +()'& >-9'52: !AY %',,2)523, -) =-'31 0'1 )-* 2>2) =22) 2)*2321 into the “Don Juan’s” manifest. Its Certificate of Inspection also showed that she .'33(21 &(+2 =-'* ')1 &(+2 3'+* '..-77-1'*(-), E:7 :?=B YZK %23,-),: *02 7'F(7<7

23.4!

)<7=23 -+ %23,-), ,02 ;', %237(**21 *- .'339# O) *02 2>2)()5 -+ *0'* ,'72 1'9: AA I%3(& !DYC: '* '=-<* !CUHC -S.&-./

?0(&(%%()2 N'*(-)'& O(& 8-7%')9 b?NO8$

h -;)23 -+ .'35-

EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ')1 *02 EV-) B<')E .-&&(121 '* *02 P'&=', 6*3'(* )2'3 R'2,*3' 12 O.'7%o Island in the vicinity of the island of Mindoro. “Tacloban City”

60(%%()5 ')1 P3'),%-3* 8-3%-3'*(-) b?NO8 6 0(%%()5$ h .-77-) .'33(23

was on the left, while “Don Juan” was on the right. The "Don Juan" was more than M/T “Tacloban City”

h

.'35-

>2,,2&

-+

?NO8

N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-#: @).# bN253-, N'>(5'*(-)$

h .-77-) .'33(23

ReP “Don Juan” N253-,

h %',,2)523 >2,,2& -+

b?2*(*(-)23, ]232()$ >(.*(7, -+ *02 ,<)/2)

h

32&'*(>2,

-+

*02

*;(.2 ', +',* ', *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9#E P02 EV-) B<')S,E *-% ,%221 ;', !` /)-*,G ;0(&2 *0'* -+ *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', Z#H# /)-*,#P02 EV-) B<')S,E -++(.23 -)h;'*.0 0'1 ,(50*21 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E -) 0(, 3'1'3 ,.322) ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 ;', ,*(&& K )'<*(.'& 7(&2, ';'9# o(,<'& .-)+(37'*(-) -+ 3'1'3 .-)*'.* ;', 2,*'=&(,021 =9 *02 EV-) B<')E ;0(&2 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', ,*(&& A#` 7(&2, ';'9#P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ;02) *02 A >2,,2&, ;232 C#H 7(&2 '%'3*: *<3)21 b+-3 *02 ,2.-)1 *(72$ !LC *- %-3* b&2+*$ ,(12 ;0(&2 *02 EV-) B<')E >22321 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$# P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E <%-) *<3)()5 0'31 *- %-3* ,0-3*&9 =2+-32 *02 7-72)* -+ .-&&(,(-): ,(5)'&21 (*, ()*2)*(-) *1- ,- =9 5(>()5 A ,0-3* =&',*, ;(*0 0-3)#P02 EV-) B<') E 5'>2 )- '),;23()5 0-3) =&',* *- ,(5)'& (*, -;) ()*2)*(-) ')1 %3-.22121 *- *<3) 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$#

M/T “Don Juan

!ZY

M02) *02 .-&&(,(-) -..<3321: *02 ,2' ;', .'&7: *02 ;2'*023 +'(3 ')1 >(,(=(&(*9 5--1# I, ' 32,<&* -+ *0(, .-&&(,(-): *02 Reo EV-) B<')E ,')/ ;(*0() !Ch!L 7()<*2, '+*23 ()(*('& .-)*'.* ;(*0 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9# T<3*023: 8'%*# _-523 Santisteban, the captain of the "Don Juan,” failed to to supervise his o ++(.23, ')1 .32; () *02 %3-.2,, -+ '=')1-)()5 *02 ,0(% ')1*- '>'(& -+ 72',<32, *- %32>2)* *02 *-- 3'%(1 ,()/()5 -+ 0(, >2,,2& '+*23 .-&&(,(-)# I&,-: *02 -++(.23h-)h;'*.0 () *02 EV-) B<')E '17(**21 *0'* 02 0'1 +'(&21 *- ()+-37 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=')?:8 :?=B :E 8D6 S9FF9?6?8 <;?>67 :E 5:==939:?S AH8 626? :E S8D6 ;58H;= 5:==939:? 9836=E .”

]<)1321, -+ (*, %',,2)523, %23(,021# I7-)5 *02 (&&h+'*21 %',,2)523, ;232 *02 %'32)*, -+ %2*(*(-)23,: *02 ,%-<,2, ?23+2.*- R2.2)', ')1 6-+(' R2.2)',: ;0-,2 =-1(2, ;232 )2>23 +-<)1 12,%(*2 ()*2),(>2 ,2'3.0 =9 %2*(*(-)23,#

O) AD V2.27=23 !DYC ?2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* () *02 *02) 8-<3*h -+ T(3,* @),*').2 -+ W<2[-) 8(*9'5'(),* %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, N253-, N'>(5'*(-) ')1 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=');(*0-<*: 0-;2>23: (7%&2'1()5 2(*023 ?NO8 -3 ?NO8 60(%%()5# @) *02(3 .-7%&'()*: %2*(*(-)23, '&&2521 *0'* *029 ;232 *02 ,2>2) b`$ ,<3>(>()5 &25(*(7'*2 .0(&132) -+ ?23+2.*R2.2)', ')1 6-+(' R2.2)', ')1 *0'* *02 &'**23 ,%-<,2, %23(,021 () *02 .-&&(,(-) ;0(.0 0'1 32,<&*21 +3-7 *02 )25&(52).2 -+ N253-, N'>(5'*(-) ')1 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=')# ?2*(*(-)23, %3'921 +-3 '.*<'& 1'7'52, -+ )-* &2,, *0') ?!CC:CCC#CC ', ;2&& ', 7-3'& ')1 2F27%&'39 1'7'52, () ,<.0 '7-<)* ', *02 8-<3* 7'9 1227 32',-)'=&2 *- ';'31 *- *027#

P02 +()1()5, -+ *02 _P8 (, *02 ,'72 ;(*0 *0'* -+ *02 R()(,*23 -+ N'*(-)'& V2+2),2 ;0(.0 <%02&1 *02 12.(,(-) -+ 8-77-1-32 O.0-.-: 8-77')1')* -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31: () (*, 12.(,(-) 1'*21 A R'3.0 !DY!# @* 02&1 *0'* *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', E%3(7'3(&9 ')1 ,-&2&9 f,(.g '* +'<&* ')1 32,%-),(=&2 +-3 *02 .-&&(,(-)#E ]-;2>23 -) R-*(-) +-3 _2.-),(123'*(-): 0-;2>23: *02 R()(,*23 -+ N'*(-)'& V2+2),2 32>23,21 0(7,2&+ ')1 02&1 *0'* =-*0 >2,,2&, 0'1 =22) '* +'<&*# bi j +:? aH;? ;?< !;5=:A;? )98B =2.'72 ';'32 -+ 2'.0 -*023S, %32,2).2 () *02 '32' =9 >(,<'& .-)*'.* '* ' 1(,*').2 -+ ,-72*0()5 &(/2 Z 7(&2, +3-7 2'.0 -*023# !D6B C676 EH==B ;C;76 8D;8 9E 8D6B 5:?89?H6< :? 8D697 5:H736. 8D6B C9== F668 D6;< :? # V-) B<') h steered to the right (“Starboard”); Tacloban City continued its course to

the left (“Port”). There can be no excuse for them not to realize that, with such

7')2<>23,: *029 ;(&& .-&&(12# P029 2F2.<*21 7')2<>23, ()'12J<'*2: ')1 *-- &'*2: *'>-(1 .-&&(,(-)# P0232+-32: *02 12+2)1')*, '32 2J<'&&9 )25&(52)* ')1 '32 &('=&2 +-3 1'7'52,U

'$

N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-#: @).# ')1 8'%*# _-523 6')*(,*2=') Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 *- %'9 *02 %2*(*(-)23, R2.2)',U ?KCC:CCC#CC +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ %&'()*(++,S %'32)*,: ?23+2.*- I# R2.2)', ')1 6-+(' ?# R2.2)', ?!L#CCC:CC ', ')1 +-3 '**-3)29S, +22, .-,*, -+ *02 ,<(* =$ N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8- @).# ')1 ?0(&(%%()2 N'*(-)'& O(& 8-7%')9e?NO8 60(%%()5 ')1 P3'),%-3*'*(-) 8-7%')9: *- %'9 ^(&(' 8(-.-) ?!CC:CCC#CC +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ R')<2& 8(-.-) ?!L:CCC#CC ', '**-3)29S, +22, .-,*, -+ ,<(* 

 



I)-*023 .-7%&'()*;', +(&21 () *02 ,'72 .-<3* =9 ^(&(' 8(-.-) .&'(7()5 1'7'52, '5'(),* N253-, N'>(5'*(-): ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8 60(%%()5 +-3 *02 12'*0 -+ 023 0<,=')1 R')<2& 8(-.-): ')-*023 -+ *02 &<./&2,, %',,2)523, -+ *02 EV-) B<')#E R')<2& 8(-.-)S, =-19: *--: ;', )2>23 +-<)1#

P02 *;- bA$ .',2, ;232 .-),-&(1'*21 ')1 02'31 Q-()*&9 =9 *02 _25(-)'& P3('& 8-<3* -+ W<2[-) 8(*9#

"!) fH6g:? )98B O9?<9?>3 h +65939:?

 

N253-, N'>(5'*(-): 8'%*# 6')*(,*2='): ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8 60(%%()5 '%%2'&21 *02 *3('& .-<3*S, 12.(,(-) *- *02 8-<3* -+ I%%2'&,# ]-;2>23: ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8 60(%%()5 ;(*0132; *02(3 '%%2'& .(*()5 ' .-7%3-7(,2 '532272)* 32'.021 =9 *027 ;(*0 N253-, N'>(5'*(-)#

)# +65939:?

!ZD

d3')*21 *02 7-*(-) ,<=Q2.* *- *02 32,23>'*(-) 7'12 =9 ^(&(' 8(-.-) *0'* ,02 .-<&1 )-* =2 =-<)1 =9 *02 .-7%3-7(,2 '532272)* ')1 ;-<&1 2)+-3.2 *02 ';'31 53')*21 023 =9 *02 *3('& .-<3*#

CA recognized that “Don Juan” was at least as negligent as M/T “Tacloban City.” M/S Don Juan's Master, Capt. Rogelio Santisteban, was playing mahjong

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
P0(, =20'>(-<3 *0'* (, ,(7%&9 <)'..2%*'=&2 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 7',*23 -+ ' >2,,2& *- ;0-,2 0')1, *02 &(>2, ')1 ;2&+'32 -+ '* `LC %',,2)523, 0'1 =22) 2)*3<,*21# P0232+-32: N253-, N'>(5'*(-) 8-# @).# ')1 8'%*# _-523 6')*(,*2=') '32 02&1 Q-()*&9 ')1 ,2>23'&&9 &('=&2 *- %'9 *02 %&'()*(++, *02 '7-<)* -+ ?!CC:CCC# CC ', '.*<'& ')1 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, ')1 ?!L:CCC#CC ', '**-3)29S, +22, ')1 *02 .-,* -+ *02 ,<(*# ]2).2: %2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' ?2*(*(-) +-3 _2>(2; =2+-32 *02 68#

6!!78!

!#

A#

MON N253-, N'>(5'*(-) ')1 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ;232 53-,,&9 )25&(52)* 1<3()5 *02 2>2)*, ;0(.0 .<&7()'*21 () *02 .-&&(,(-) ;(*0 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ')1 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 EV-) B<')E ')1 *02 32,<&*()5 02'>9 &-,, -+ &(>2, ()1(.'*()5 *02(3 53-,, )25&(52).2 ')1 *0<, 2)*(*&()5 *02 %2*(*(-)23, *2F27%&'39 1'7'52,# MON *02 8I 23321 () 321<.()5 *02 '.*<'& ')1 .-7%2),'*-39 1'7'52, +3-7 ?KCC:CCC *- ?!CC:CCC#

!#

4X6# d3-,, )25&(52).2 .') =2 121<.21 +3-7 *02 +-&&-;()5 .(3.<7,*').2,U

'$

P02 32.-31 1-2, ?:8 ,0-; *0'* ;', *02 +(3,* -3 -)&9 *(72 *0'* 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') 0'1 2)*23*'()21 0(7,2&+ 1<3()5 ' >-9'52 =9 %&'9()5 7'0Q-)5 ;(*0 0(, -++(.23, ')1 %',,2)523,G N253-, N'>(5'*(-) () %237(**()5: -3 () +'(&()5 *- 1(,.->23 ')1 .-332.* ,<.0 =20'>(-<3: 7<,* =2 122721 53-,,&9 )25&(52)*# =$ 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ;', '&,- +'<&*21 () *02 ?0(&(%%()2 8-',* d<'31 12.(,(-) +-3 +'(&()5 '+*23 *02 .-&&(,(-): E*- (),*(*<*2 '%%3-%3('*2 72',<32, *- 12&'9 *02 ,()/()5 -+ Reo V-) B<')#E P0(, 72'), *0'* 02 '&,- +'(&21 *- 7'()*'() *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -3 *02 ;'*23h*(50* ()*253(*9 of the “Don Juan” when sank within 10h!L 7()<*2, '+*23 ()(*('& .-)*'.* ;(*0 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9# .$ “Tacloban City” did not carry enough boats and life rafts for all the %23,-), '.*<'&&9 -) =-'31 *0'* *3'5(. )(50* -+ AA I%3(& !DYC =2.'<,2 -+ ->23&-'1()5# 1$ “Don Juan” was as twice as fast as the “Tacloban City.” The "Don B<')S,E *-% ,%221 ;', !` /)-*,G ;0(&2 *0'* -+ *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', Z#H# /)-*,# 2$ The “Don Juan” carried the full complement of officers and crew 727=23, ,%2.(+(21 +-3 ' %',,2)523 >2,,2& -+ 023 .&',,# +$ P02 EV-) B<')E ;', 2J<(%%21 ;(*0 3'1'3 ;0(.0 ;', +<).*(-)()5 *0'* )(50*# 5$ P02 EV-) B<')S,E -++(.23 -)h;'*.0 0'1 ,(50*21 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E -) 0(, 3'1'3 ,.322) ;0(&2 *02 &'**23 ;', ,*(&& +-<3 bK$ )'<*(.'& 7(&2, ';'9# o(,<'& .-)+(37'*(-) -+ 3'1'3 .-)*'.* ;', 2,*'=&(,021 =9 *02 EV-) B<')E ;0(&2 *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ;', ,*(&& A#` 7(&2, ';'9# 0$ P02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ;02) *02 A >2,,2&, ;232 C#H 7(&2 '%'3*: *<3)21 b+-3 *02 ,2.-)1 *(72$ !LC *- %-3* b&2+*$ ,(12 ;0(&2 *02 EV-) B<')E >22321 0'31 *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$ ;0(.0 (, () .-)*3'>2)*(-) ;(*0 _<&2 !Y -+ *02 @)*23)'*(-)'& _<&2, -+ *02 _-'1 32J<(3()5 A %-;23h 13(>2) >2,,2&, 722*()5 2)1 -) -3 )2'3&9 2)1 -) 2'.0 *- '&*23 023 .-<3,2 *,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$ ,- *0'* 2'.0 >2,,2& 7'9 %',, -) *02 %-3* ,(12 b&2+*$ -+ *02 -*023#

98:;

!`C

4+" n;$% Z>)%n +)G0%D 10D+*"& *+" n4)#?$F)% .0*Bn @+"% 0* @)1 1*0?? ) ?$%D @)B $AA @)1 %"D?0D"%* 0% A)0?0%D *$ *)H" ")/?B C/"G"%*0G" )#*0$% )%& 0% )??$@0%D *+" *@$ X,Y G"11"?1 *$ #$<" *$ 1>#+

P0232+-32: 8'%*# 6')*(,*2=') ')1 N253-, N'>(5'*(-) '32 %3-%23&9 02&1 &('=&2 +-3 53-,, )25&(52).2 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 *02 .-&&(,(-) -+ *02 EV-) B<')E ')1 EP'.&-=') 8(*9E ')1 *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 EV-) B<')E &2'1()5 *- *02 12'*0 -+ 0<)1321, -+ %',,2)523,# P0232 (, )- )2.2,,(*9 +-3 %',,()5 <%-) *02 125322 -+ )25&(52).2 -3 .<&%'=(&(*9 %3-%23&9 '**3(=<*'=&2 *- ?NO8 ')1 ?NO8 60(%%()5 -3 *02 7',*23 -+ *02 EP'.&-=') 8(*9:E ,().2 *029 ;232 )2>23 (7%&2'121 () *02 %2*(*(-)#

#?$1" \>)/*"/1 )1 *$ /"%&"/ *+" #$??010$% 0%"G0*)F?" @+"% *+"/" @)1 %$ %"#"110*B A$/ C)110%D 1$ %")/ *$ *+" n4)#?$F)% .0*Bn )1 *$ #/")*" *+)* +)o)/& $/ 0%"G0*)F0?0*BE A$/ *+" n;$% Z>)%n #$>?& #+$$1" 0*1 $@% &01*)%#"-,

($

4+" n4)#?$F)% .0*BEn >C$% *>/%0%D +)/& *$ C$/* 1+$/*?B F"A$/" *+" <$<"%* $A #$??010$%E 10D%)?"& 0*1 0%*"%*0$% *$ &$ 1$ FB D0G0%D , 1+$/* F?)1*1 @0*+ +$/%- 4+" n;$% Z>)% n D)G" %$ )%1@"/0%D +$/% F?)1* *$ 10D%)? 0*1 $@% 0%*"%*0$% )%& C/$#""&"& *$ *>/% +)/& *$ 1*)/F$)/& X/0D+*Y-I

2 According

to Philippine Merchant Marine Rules and Regulations [published by the Philippine Coast Guard]: (a) When two power-driven vessels are meeting end on, or nearly end on, so as to involve risk of collision, each shall alter her course to starboard, so that each may pass on the port side of the other. This Rule only applies to cases where vessels are meeting end on or nearly end on, in such a manner as to involve risk of collision, and does not apply to two vessels which must, if both keep on their respective course, pass clear of each other. The only cases to which it does apply are when each of two vessels is end on, or nearly end on, to the other; in other words, to cases in which, by day, each vessel sees the masts of the other in a line or nearly in a line with her own; and by night to cases in which each vessel is in such a position as to see both the sidelights of the other. It does not apply, by day, to cases in which a vessel sees another ahead crossing her own course; or by right, to cases where the red light of one vessel is opposed to the red light of the other or where the green light of one vessel is opposed to the green light of the other or where a red light without a green light or a green light without a red light is seen ahead, or where both green and red lights are seen anywhere but ahead. Rule 18.

(b) For the purposes of this Rule and Rules 19 to 29 inclusive, except Rule 20 (c) and Rule 28, a seaplane on the water shall be deemed to be a vessel, and the expression 'power-driven vessel' shall be construed accordingly. 3 According

to the International Rules of the Road:

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When two-power driven vessels are crossing, so as to involve risk of collision, the vessel which has the other on her own starboard side shall keep out of the way of their hand. Rule 19.

Every vessel which is directed by these Rules to keep out of the way of another vessel shall, so far as possible, take positive early action to comply with this Rule 22.

obligation, and shall, if the circumstances of the case admit, avoid crossing ahead of the other.

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@) %-&(.(2, ;0232 *02 &'; ;(&& 52)23'&&9 (7%&9 ' ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,,: (* .') -)&9 =2 2F.&<121 =9 *237, () ;3(*()5 () *02 %-&(.9 () *02 .&2'32,* &')5<'52# I)1 ;0232 *02 %-&(.9 ,*(%<&'*2, *0'* *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ', =2*;22) *02 ',,<321 ')1 *02 ',,<323 (, '17(**21: *02 J<2,*(-) -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, .'))-* =2 3'(,21 =9 *02 ',,<323 ;(*0-<* ,0-;()5 .-).2'&72)* -3 7(,32%32,2)*'*(-) =9 *02 ',,<321#

?'972)* =9 *02 ',,<323 *- *02 ',,<321 -%23'*2, ', ') 2J<(*'=&2 ',,(5)72)* *- *02 ',,<323 -+ '&& *02 32721(2, ;0(.0 *02 ',,<321 7'9 0'>2 '5'(),* *02 *0(31 %'3*9 ;0-,2 )25&(52).2 -3 ;3-)5+<& '.* .'<,21 *02 &-,,# P02 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) (, )-* 12%2)12)* <%-): )-3 1-2, (* 53-; -<* -+ ')9 %3(>(*9 -+ .-)*3'.* -3 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# @* '..3<2, ,(7%&9 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# b&;? b;=;B;? ,?3H7;?56 ):7@:7;89:? 2 # ):H78 :E #@@6;=3 $

P02 &25'& =',(, +-3 ,<=3-5'*(-) (, <)123 I3*# AAC` -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12U @+ *02 %&'()*(++S, %3-%23*9 0', =22) (),<321: ')1 02 0', 32.2(>21 ()127)(*9 +3-7 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 +-3 *02 ()Q<39 -3 &-,, '3(,()5 -<* -+ *02 ;3-)5 -3 =32'.0 -+ .-)*3'.* .-7%&'()21 -+: *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 ,0'&& =2 ,<=3-5'*21 *- *02 3(50*, -+ *02 (),<321 '5'(),* *02 ;3-)51-23 -3 *02 %23,-) ;0- 0', >(-&'*21 *02 .-)*3'.*# @+ *02 '7-<)* %'(1 =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 1-2, )-* +<&&9 .->23 *02 ()Q<39 -3 &-,,: *02 '553(2>21 %'3*9 ,0'&& =2 2)*(*&21 *- 32.->23 *02 12+(.(2).9 +3-7 *02 %23,-) .'<,()5 *02 &-,, -3 ()Q<39#

O) Z B<&9 !DYH 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23, ?0(&(%%()2,: @).# b8-.'h8-&' c-**&23,$: &-'121 -) =-'31 Ebj #39=<;:E ' >2,,2& -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 32,%-)12)* T2&7') 60(%%()5 ^()2, bTX^RIN +-3 =32>(*9$: `:LCC .',2, -+ !h&(*23 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2, *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 +3-7 p'7=-')5' 8(*9 *- 82=< 8(*9 +-3 .-),(5)22 8-.'h 8-&' c-**&23, ?0(&(%%()2,: @).#: 82=<#P02 ,0(%72)* ;', (),<321 ;(*0 %2*(*(-)23 ?0(&(%%()2 I723(.') d2)23'& @),<3').2 8-#: @).# b?]@ÎRdXN +-3 =32>(*9# Ebj #39=<;E &2+* *02 %-3* -+ p'7=-')5' () +()2 ;2'*023 '* Y %#7# -+ *02 ,'72 1'9# P02 ,0(% .'%*'() ,*'*21 *0'* '3-<)1 K '#7# -+ ` B<&9 !DYH 02 ;', ';'/2)21 =9 *02 -++(.23 -) 1<*9 *- ()+-37 0(7 *0'* *02 >2,,2& 0'1 0(* ' +&-'*()5 &-5# I* *0'* *(72 02 )-*(.21 *0'* *02 ;2'*023 0'1 12*23(-3'*21 ;(*0 ,*3-)5 ,-<*02',* ;()1, ()1<.()5 =(5 ;'>2,# I* KUHC '#7#: 02 -=,23>21 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', &(,*()5 ,&(50*&9 *- ,*'3=-'31 ')1 ;-<&1 )-* .-332.* (*,2&+ 12,%(*2 *02 02'>9 3-&&()5 ')1 %(*.0()5# ]2 *02) -312321 0(, .32; *- ,0(+* *02 .'35- +3-7 ,*'3=-'31 *- %-3*,(12 <)*(& *02 >2,,2& ;', ='&').21# I* '=-<* ` '#7#: *02 7',*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& ,*-%%21 *02 2)5()2 =2.'<,2 *02 >2,,2& ;', &(,*()5 1')523-<,&9 *- %-3*,(12# ]2 -312321 0(, .32; *- ,0(+* *02 .'35- ='./ *- ,*'3=-'31 b3(50*$# P02 ,0(+*()5 -+ .'35- *--/ '=-<* ') 0-<3 '+*23;0(.0 02 3')5 *02 2)5()2 3--7 *- 32,<72 +<&& ,%221# I* '3-<)1 YUKL '#7#: *02 >2,,2& ,<112)&9 &(,*21 *- %-3*,(12 b&2+*$ ')1 =2+-32 *02 .'%*'() .-<&1 12.(12 -) 0(, )2F* 7->2: ,-72 -+ *02 .'35- -) 12./ ;232 *03-;) ->23=-'31 ')1 ,2';'*23 2)*2321 *02 2)5()2 3--7 ')1 .'35- 0-&1, -+ *02 >2,,2&# I* *0'* (),*').2: *02 7',*23 -+ *02 >2,,2& -312321 0(, .32; *- '=')1-) ,0(%# 60-3*&9 *0232'+*23: Ebj #39=<;E .'%,([21 ')1 ,')/ () *02 ;'*23, -+ p'7=-')5' 12& N-3*2 =3()5()5 1-;) 023 2)*(32 .'35- ;(*0 023 ().&<1()5 *02 ,<=Q2.* `:LCC .',2, -+ !h&(*23 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2,# ]2 ',.3(=21 *02 ,()/()5 *- *02 2)*39 -+ ,2';'*23 *03-<50 ' 0-&2 () *02 0<&& .'<,21 =9 *02 >2,,2&S, .-&&(,(-) ;(*0 ' %'3*('&&9 ,<=723521 &-5# O) !L B<&9 !DYH *02 .-),(5)22 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23, ?0(&(%%()2,: @).#: 82=< %&')*: +(&21 ' .&'(7 ;(*0 32,%-)12)* TX^RIN +-3 32.->239 -+ 1'7'52, (* ,<,*'()21 ', ' 32,<&* -+ *02 &-,, -+ (*, ,-+*13()/ =-**&2, *0'* ,')/ ;(*0 Ebj #39=<;#E _2,%-)12)* 12)(21 *02 .&'(7 *0<, %3-7%*()5 *02 .-),(5)22 *- +(&2 ') (),<3').2 .&'(7 ;(*0 ?]@ÎRdXN ;0(.0 %'(1 (*, .&'(7 -+ ?`LL:ALC#CC# 8&'(7()5 (*, 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) ?]@ÎRdXN ,-<50* 32.-<3,2 '5'(),* 32,%-)12)* TX^RIN ;0(.0 1(,.&'(721 ')9 &('=(&(*9 +-3 *02 &-,,# 8-),2J<2)*&9: -) AD N->27=23 !DYH ?]@ÎRdXN ,<21 *02 ,0(%-;)23 +-3 ,<7 -+ 7-)29 ')1 1'7'52 ,#

!`K

PHILAMGEN contended that the total loss of cargo was due to the vessel’s

<),2';-3*0()2,, ', ,02 ;', %<* *- ,2' () ') <),*'=&2 .-)1(*(-)# TX^RIN: -) *02 -*023 0')1: .-)*2)121 *0'* *0232 ;', )- 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) () +'>-3 -+ ?]@ÎRdXN ,().2 (* 0'1 '=')1-)21 '&& (*, 3(50*,: ()*232,*, ')1 -;)23,0(% ->23 *02 >2,,2& *-52*023 ;(*0 023 +32(50* ')1 '%%<3*2)').2, +-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ &(7(*()5 ')1 2F*()5<(,0()5 (*, &('=(&(*9 <)123 I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2#

The RTC dismissed PHILAMGEN’s complaint and appealed to the CA which

327')121 *02 .',2 ')1 12)(21 (*, 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-)# P02 _P8 *02) 3<&21 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', ,2';-3*09# X>2) ',,<7()5 (* ;', <),2';-3*09: ?]@ÎRdXN .-<&1 )-* ,*(&& 32.->23 +3-7 TX^RIN ,().2 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23, 0'1 =32'.021 (*, implied warranty on the vessel’s seaworthiness. On appeal, the CA ruled that the

>2,,2& ;', <),2';-3*09 +-3 =2()5 *-%h02'>9 ', A:LCC .',2, -+ 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2, ;232 (7%3-%23&9 ,*-;21 -) 12./# X>2) *0-<50 *02 >2,,2& %-,,2,,21 *02 )2.2,,'39 8-',* d<'31 .23*(+(.'*(-) ()1(.'*()5 (*, ,2';-3*0()2,, ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 ,*3<.*<32 -+ *02 ,0(% (*,2&+: (* ;', )-* ,2';-3*09 ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 .'35-# P023+-32: (* 12)(21 *02 7-)29 .&'(7 -+ ?]@ÎRdXN =2.'<,2 -+ *02 (7%&(21 =32'.0 -+ ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, =9 8-.'h8-&' c-**&23,# T<3*023: *02 +(&()5 -+ )-*(.2 -+ '=')1-)72)* 0'1 '=,-&>21 TX^RIN +3-7 &('=(&(*9 <)123 *02 & (7(*21 &('=(&(*9 3<&2#

6!!78!

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WON “bj #39=<;” was seaworthy when it left the %-3* -+ p'7=-')5'#

MON *02 &(7(*21 &('=(&(*9 <)123 I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ,0-<&1 '%%&9# MON ?]@ÎRdXN ;', %3-%23&9 ,<=3-5'*21 *- *02 3(50*, ')1 &25'& '.*(-), ;0(.0 *02 ,0(%%23 0'1 '5'(),* TX^RIN#

98:;

K#

NO# Ebj #39=<;E ;', <),2';-3*09 ;02) (* &2+* *02 %-3* -+ p'7=-')5'# @) ' Q-()* ,*'*272)*: *02 .'%*'() ', ;2&& ', *02 .0(2+ 7'*2 -+ *02 >2,,2& .-)+(3721 *0'* *02 ;2'*023 ;', +()2 ;02) *029 &2+* *02 %-3* -+ p'7=-')5'# I..-31()5 *- *027: *02 >2,,2& ;', .'339()5 `:LCC .',2, -+ !h

&(*23 8-.'h8-&' ,-+*13()/ =-**&2,: HCC ,'./, -+ ,2';221,: ACC 27%*9 8OA .9&()123, ')1 ') <)12*237()21 J<')*(*9 -+ 27%*9 =-F2, +-3 +32,0 255,# P029 &-'121 *02 27%*9 =-F2, +-3 255, ')1 '=-<* LCC .',2, -+ 8-.'h8-&' =-**&2, -) 12./# R-32->23: *02 32%-3* =9 P02 X&(*2 I1Q<,*23,: @).# )-*21 that “the vessel was 8:@RD6;2B ;0(.0 (, *- ,'9 *0'* ;0(&2 *02 >2,,2& 7'9 )-* 0'>2 =22) ->23&-'121: 92* *02 1(,*3(=<*(-) -3 ,*-;'52 -+ *02 .'35- -) =-'31 ;', 1-)2 () ,<.0 ' 7'))23 *0'* *02 >2,,2& ;', () *-%h02'>9 .-)1(*(-) '* *02 *(72 -+ 023 12%'3*<32 ')1 ;0(.0 .-)1(*(-) 32)12321 023 unstable and unseaworthy for that particular voyage.”

R-32 (7%-3*')*&9: *02 >2,,2& ;', 12,(5)21 ', ' +(,0()5 >2,,2& ')1 (* ;', )-* 12,(5)21 *- .'339 ' ,<=,*')*('& '7-<)* -3 J<')*(*9 -+ .'35- -) 12./# P0232+-32: *02 ;2(50* -+ *02 12./ .'35- ,- 12.32',21 *02 >2,,2&S, 72*'.2)*3(. 02(50* ', *- .'<,2 (* *- =2.-72 <),*'=&2# @* (, ,2**&21 *0'* .'339()5 ' 12./ .'35- 3'(,2, *02 %32,<7%*(-) -+ <),2';-3*0()2,, <)&2,, (* .') =2 ,0-;) *0'* *02 12./ .'35- ;(&& )-* ()*23+232 ;(*0 *02 %3-%23 7')'5272)* -+ *02 ,0(%# ]-;2>23: () *0(, .',2 (* ;', 2,*'=&(,021 *0'* Ebj #39=<;E ;', )-* 12,(5)21 *- .'339 ,<=,*')*('& '7-<)* -+ .'35- -) 12./# P02 ()-31()'*2 &-'1()5 -+ .'35- 12./ 32,<&*21 () *02 12.32',2 -+ *02 >2,,2&S, 72*'.2)*3(. 02(50* *0<, 7'/()5 (* <),*'=&2# P02 ,*3-)5 ;()1, ')1 ;'>2, 2).-<)*2321 =9 *02 >2,,2& '32 =<* *02 -31()'39 >(.(,,(*<12, -+ ' ,2' >-9'52 ')1 ', ,<.0 7232&9 .-)*3(=<*21 *- (*, '&32'19 <),*'=&2 ')1 <),2';-3*09 .-)1(*(-)# P0232+-32: *02 @7:G9F;86 5;H36 -+ *02 ,()/()5 -+ *02 Reo E #39=<;E ;', 023 .-)1(*(-) -+ <),2';-3*0()2,, '3(,()5 +3-7 023 0'>()5 =22) *-%h02'>9 ;02) ,02 12%'3*21 +3-7 *02 ?-3* -+ p'7=-')5'# ]23 0'>()5 .'%,([21 ')1 2>2)*<'&&9 ,<)/ ;', =-<)1 *- 0'%%2) ')1 ;', *0232+-32 () *02 .'*25-39 -+ ') ()2>(*'=&2 -..<332).2# @* (, )-*21 *0'* ,0(%, '32 %32.(,2&9 12,(5)21 *- =2 '=&2 *- )'>(5'*2 ,'+2&9 2>2) 1<3()5 02'>9 ;2'*023 ')1 0'>2 ,<..2,,+<&&9 ;2'*023()5 2).-<)*23, ;(*0 *9%0--),# I&*0-<50 *029 7'9 ,<,*'() ,-72 '7-<)* -+ 1'7'52: *02 ,()/()5 -+ ,0(% 1<3()5 02'>9 ;2'*023 (, )-* ' +32J<2)* -..<332).2 ')1 (, )-* &(/2&9 *- -..<3 <)&2,, *029 '32 ()0232)*&9 <),*'=&2 ')1 <),2';-3*09#

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4 A

NO# I3*# LY` -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 (, )-* '%%&(.'=&2 *- *02 .',2 '* ='3#P02 ,0(% '52)* (, &('=&2 +-3 *02 )25&(52)* '.*, -+ *02 .'%*'() () *02 .'32 -+ 5--1, &-'121 -) *02 >2,,2&# P0(, &('=(&(*9 0-;2>23 .') =2 &(7(*21 *03-<50 '=')1-)72)* -+ *02 >2,,2&: (*, 2J<(%72)* ')1 +32(50*'52 ', %3->(121 () I3*# LY`# N-)2*02&2,,: *0232 '32 2F.2%*(-)'& .(3.<7,*').2, ;0232() *02 ,0(% '52)* .-<&1 ,*(&& =2 02&1 '),;23'=&2 12,%(*2 *02 '=')1-)72)*: ', ;0232 *02 &-,, -3 ()Q<39 ;', 1<2 *- *02 +'<&* -+ *02 ,0(%-;)23 ')1 *02 .'%*'()#P02 ()*23)'*(-)'& 3<&2 (, *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 3(50* -+ '=')1-)72)* -+ >2,,2&,: ', ' &25'& &(7(*'*(-) -+ ' ,0(%-;)23S, &('=(&(*9: 1-2, )-* '%%&9 *- .',2, ;0232 *02 ()Q<39 -3 '>23'52 ;', -..',(-)21 =9 *02 ,0(%-;)23S, -;) +'<&*# @* 7<,* =2 ,*32,,21 '* *0(, %-()* *0'* I3*# LY` ,%2'/, -)&9 -+ ,(*<'*(-), ;0232 *02 +'<&* -3 )25&(52).2 (, .-77(**21 ,-&2&9 =9 *02 .'%*'()# M0232 *02 ,0(%-;)23 (, &(/2;(,2 *- =2 =&'721: I3*# LY` ;(&& )-* '%%&9: ')1 ,<.0 ,(*<'*(-) ;(&& =2 .->2321 =9 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -) .-77-) .'33(23#

5--1,# ]2 '&,- 0', +<&& 1(,.32*(-) () *02 .0-(.2 -+ ',,<323 *0'* ;(&& <)123;3(*2 ' %'3*(.<&'3 >2)*<32# M02) 32,%-)12)* '%%2&&'*2 .-<3* +-<)1 Ebj #39=<;E <),2';-3*09 ;(*0 32+232).2 *- *02 .'35- ')1 *0232+-32 3<&21 *0'* *0232 ;', =32'.0 -+ ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, *0'* 32)12321 *02 ',,<321 )-* 2)*(*&21 *- *02 %'972)* -+ (, .&'(7 <)123 *02 %-&(.9# ]2).2: ;02) ?]@ÎRdXN %'(1 *02 .&'(7 -+ *02 =-**&()5 +(37 *0232 ;', () 2++2.* ' E>-&<)*'39 %'972)*E ')1 )- 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) '..3<21 () (*, +'>-3# @) -*023 ;-31,: ;02) ?]@ÎRdXN %'(1 (* 1(1 ,- '* (*, -;) 3(,/#

\)123 I3* !`HH -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12: Eb.$-77-) .'33(23,: +3-7 *02 )'*<32 -+ *02(3 =<,()2,, ')1 +-3 32',-), -+ %<=&(. %-&(.9: '32 =-<)1 *-=,23>2 2F*3'-31()'39 1(&(52).2 () *02 >(5(&').2 ->23 *02 5--1, ')1 +-3 *02 ,'+2*9 -+ *02 %',,2)523, *3'),%-3*21 =9 *027: '..-31()5 *- '&& *02 .(3.<7,*').2, -+ 2'.0 .',2 # # #E @) *02 2>2)* -+ &-,, -+ 5--1,: .-77-) .'33(23, '32 %32,<721 *- 0'>2 '.*21 )25&(52)*&9# TX^RIN: *02 ,0(%-;)23: ;', )-* '=&2 *- 32=<* *0(, %32,<7%*(-)#

P02 7'3()2 %-&(.9 (,,<21 =9 ?]@ÎRdXN *- *02 8-.'h8-&' =-**&()5 +(37 () '* &2',* *;- bA$ (),*').2, 0', 1(,%2),21 ;(*0 *02 <,<'& ;'33')*9 -+ ;-3*0()2,,# ?'3'53'%0 !L -+ *02 R'3()2 O%2) ?-&(.9 N-# !CCHZ`h?Id 32'1, Eb*$02 &(=23*(2, ', %23 8-)*3'.* -+ I++32(50*72)* *02 %32,2).2 -+ *02 N25&(52).2 8&'<,2 ')1e-3 ^'*2)* V2+2.* 8&'<,2 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5 ')1e-3 80'3*23 ?'3*9 ')1e-3 8-)*3'.* -+ I++32(50*72)* ', =2*;22) *02 I,,<321 ')1 *02 8-7%')9 ,0'&& )-* %32Q<1(.2 *02 (),<3').2# P02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ', =2*;22) *02 I,,<321 ')1 *02 I,,<323, (, 0232=9 '17(**21#E

4X6# @* (, 52)23'&&9 02&1 *0'* () 2>239 7'3()2 (),<3').2 %-&(.9 *02 ',,<321 (7%&(21&9 ;'33')*, *- *02 ',,<323 *0'* *02 >2,,2& (, ,2';-3*09 ')1 ,<.0 ;'33')*9 (, ', 7<.0 ' *237 -+ *02 .-)*3'.* ', (+ 2F%32,,&9 ;3(**2) -) *02 +'.2 -+ *02 %-&(.9# P0<, 62.# !!H -+ *02 @),<3').2 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* Eb($) 2>239 7'3()2 (),<3').2 <%-) ' ,0(% -3 +32(50*: -3 +32(50*'52: -3 <%-) ')9*0()5 ;0(.0 (, *02 ,<=Q2.* -+ 7'3()2 (),<3').2: ' ;'33')*9 (, (7%&(21 *0'* *02 ,0(% (, ,2';-3*09S#E P0<, (* =2.-72, *02 -=&(5'*(-) -+ *02 .'35-;)23 *- &--/ +-3 ' 32&('=&2 .-77-) .'33(23 ;0(.0 /22%, (*, >2,,2&, () ,2';-3*09 .-)1(*(-)# ]2 7'9 0'>2 )- .-)*3-& ->23 *02 >2,,2& =<* 02 0', +<&& .-)*3-& () *02 ,2&2.*(-) -+ *02 .-77-) .'33(23 *0'* ;(&& *3'),%-3* 0(,

ship is " seaworthy when rea sonably fit to perform the service, and to encounter the ordinary perils of the voyage, contemplated by the parties to the policy." (Sec. 114, Insurance Code)

@) %-&(.(2, ;0232 *02 &'; ;(&& 52)23'&&9 (7%&9 ' ;'33')*9 -+ ,2';-3*0()2,,: (* .') -)&9 =2 2F.&<121 =9 *237, () ;3(*()5 () *02 %-&(.9 () *02 .&2'32,* &')5<'52# I)1 ;0232 *02 %-&(.9 ,*(%<&'*2, *0'* *02 ,2';-3*0()2,, -+ *02 >2,,2& ', =2*;22) *02 ',,<321 ')1 *02 ',,<323 (, '17(**21: *02 J<2,*(-) -+ ,2';-3*0()2,, .'))-* =2 3'(,21 =9 *02 ',,<323 ;(*0-<* ,0-;()5 .-).2'&72)* -3 7(,32%32,2)*'*(-) =9 *02 ',,<321#

P02 (),23*(-) -+ ,<.0 ;'(>23 .&'<,2, () .'35- %-&(.(2, (, () 32.-5)(*(-) -+ *02 32'&(,*(. +'.* *0'* .'35- -;)23, .'))-* .-)*3-& *02 ,*'*2 -+ *02 >2,,2&# P0<, (* .') =2 ,'(1 *0'* ;(*0 ,<.0 .'*25-3(.'& ;'(>23: ?]@ÎRdXN 0', '..2%*21 *02 3(,/ -+ <),2';-3*0()2,, ,- *0'* (+ *02 ,0(% ,0-<&1 ,()/ =9 <),2';-3*0()2,,: ', ;0'* -..<3321 () *0(, .',2: ?]@ÎRdXN (, &('=&2# ]-;2>23: 3(50* -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) (, )-* 12%2)12)* <%-): )-3 1-2, (* 53-; -<* -+ ')9 %3(>(*9 -+ .-)*3'.* -3 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7# @* '..3<2, ,(7%&9 <%-) %'972)* =9 *02 (),<3').2 .-7%')9 -+ *02 (),<3').2 .&'(7#P02 1-.*3()2 -+ ,<=3-5'*(-) 0', (*, 3--*, () 2J<(*9# @* (, 12,(5)21 *- %3-7-*2 ')1 *- '..-7%&(,0 Q<,*(.2 ')1

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TI8P6U ?2*(*(-)23 ]-)-3(- c'33(-,: .'%*'() ')1e-3 7',*23 -+ *02 Ro ]2)39 @: 32.2(>21 -3 -*023;(,2 ()*23.2%*21 ') 6#O#6# 1(,*32,, ,(5)'& =9 =&()/23, +3-7 *02 Ro I&+321-: -;)21 ')1e-3 -%23'*21 =9 32,%-)12)* 8'3&-, d- P0-)5 a 8-7%')9# P0232'+*23: 02 '&*2321 *02 .-<3,2 -+ ,'(1 >2,,2&: ')1 ,*22321 ')1 02'121 *-;'31, *02 =2./-)()5 Ro V-) I&+321-: ;0(.0 c'33(-, +-<)1 *- =2 () *3-<=&2: 1<2 *- 2)5()2 +'(&<32 ' )1 *02 &-,, -+ 023 %3-%2&&23# \%-) 52**()5 .&-,2 *- *02 Ro V-) I&+32.-: ;(*0 *02 .-),2)*

P0232 ;', )- 7'3()2 %23(& *- Q<,*(+9 ' >'&(1 ,'&>'52 .&'(7 =9 c'33(-, '5'(),* dThong. It appears that although Go Thong’s vessel in question was, on *02 )(50* -+ ! R'9 !DLY: () ' 02&%&2,, .-)1(*(-) 1<2 *- 2)5()2 +'(&<32: (* 1(1 )-* 1 3(+* *-- +'3 +3-7 *02 %&'.2 ;0232 (* ;',# P02 ;2'*023 ;', +'(3: .&2'3: ')1 5--1# P02 ;'>2, ;232 ,7'&& ')1 *-- ,&(50*: ,- 7<.0 ,-: *0'* *0232 ;232 -)&9 3(%%&2, -) *02 ,2': ;0(.0 ;', J<(*2 ,7--*0# V<3()5 *02 *-;()5 -+ *02 >2,,2& -) *02 ,'72 )(50*: *0232 ;', 7--)&(50*# I&*0-<50 ,'(1 >2,,2& ;', 13(+*()5 *-;'31, *02 -%2) ,2': *0232 ;', )1')523 -+ (*, +-<)123()5 -3 =2()5 ,*3')121: ', (* ;', +'3 +3-7 ')9 (,&')1 -3 3-./,# @) .',2 -+ 1')523 -+ ,*3')1()5: (*, ').0-3 .-<&1 =2 32&2',21: *- %32>2)* ,<.0 occurrence. There was no danger that Go Thong’s vessel would sink in view of the

,7--*0)2,, -+ *02 ,2' ')1 *02 +'(3)2,, -+ *02 ;2'*023# P0'* *0232 ;', '=,2).2 -+

!`D

1')523 (, ,0-;) =9 *02 +'.* *0'* ,'(1 >2,,2& -3 (*, .32; 1(1 )-* 2>2) +()1 (* )2.2,,'39 *- &-;23 (*, &'<).0 ')1 * ;- 7-*-3 =-'*,: () -3123 *- 2>'.<'*2 (*, passengers aboard. Neither did they find occasion to jettison the vessel’s cargo as a

,'+2*9 72',<32# N2(*023 *02 %',,2)523, )-3 *02 .'35- ;232 () 1')523 -+ %23(,0()5# All that the vessel’s crew members could not do was to move the vessel on its own

%-;23# P0'* 1(1 )-* 7'/2 *02 >2,,2& ' J<',(h1232&(.*# .$%*/)#* $A *$@)D" C"/A"#*"& "G"% @0*+$>* @/0**"% )D/""<"%* ]232(): () .-),2)ting to Barrios’ offer to tow the vessel, Go Thong (through the

.'%*'() -+ (*, >2,,2& Ro V-) I&+321-$ *0232=9 (7%&(21&9 2)*2321 ()*- ' Q<3(1(.'& relation of “towage” with the owner of the vessel MV Henry I, captained by Barrios,

*02 M(&&('7 ^()2,# V%?B $@%"/ "%*0*?"& *$ /"<>%"/)*0$% 0% *$@)D"

@+ *02 .-)*3'.* *0<, .32'*21 (, -)2 +-3 *-;'52: *02) -)&9 *02 -;)23 -+ *02 *-;()5 >2,,2&: *- *02 2F.&<,(-) -+ *02 .32; -+ *02 ,'(1 >2,,2&: 7'9 =2 2)*(*&21 *327<)23'*(-)# P02 .-<3*, 0'>2 *- 13'; ' 1(,*().* &()2 =2*;22) ,'&>'52 ')1 *-;'52G +-3 *02 32',-) *0'* ' 32;'31 -<50* ,-72*(72, *- =2 5(>2) *- *02 .32; -+ *02 ,'&>'52 >2,,2& ')1 *- -*023 %'3*(.(%')*, () ,'&>'52 ,23>(.2,: ')1 ,<.0 32;'31 ,0-<&1 )-* =2 5(>2) (+ *02 ,23>(.2, ;232 02&1 *- =2 7232&9 *-;'52# P02 7',*23 ')1 727=23, -+ *02 .32; -+ ' *<5 ;232 )-* 2)*(*&21 *- %'3*(.(%'*2 () %'972)* =9 &(=23*9 ,0(% +-3 ,23>(.2, 32)12321 =9 *<5 ;0(.0 ;232 *-;'52 ,23>(.2, ')1 )-* ,'&>'52 ,23>(.2,# P02 1(,*().*(-) =2*;22) ,'&>'52 ')1 *-;'52 (, -+ (7%-3*').2 *- *02 .32; -+ *02 ,'&>'5()5 ,0(%: +-3 *02 +-&&-;()5 32',-),U @+ *02 .-)*3'.* +-3 *-;'52 (, () +'.* *-;'52: *02) *02 .32; 1-2, )-* 0'>2 ' )9 ()*232,* -3 3(50*, () *02 327<)23'*(-) %<3,<')* *- *02 .-)*3'.*# c<* (+ *02 -;)23, -+ *02 32,%2.*(>2 >2,,2&, '32 -+ ' ,'&>'52 )'*<32: *02 .32; -+ *02 ,'&>'5()5 ,0(% (, 2)*(*&21 *- ,'&>'52: ')1 .') &--/ *- *02 ,'&>21 >2,,2& +-3 (*, ,0'32# 8\>0*B #)%%$* F" /"1$/*"& 0A *+"/" 01 )% "aC/"11 C /$G010$% $A ?)@

c'33(-, .'))-* ()>-/2 2J<(*9 () ,<%%-3* -+ 0(, .&'(7 +-3 .-7%2),'*(-) '5'(),* dP0-)5# P0232 =2()5 ') 2F%32,, %3->(,(-) -+ &'; bI3*# A!KA: 8(>(& 8-12$ '%%&(.'=&2 **02 32&'*(-),0(% .32'*21 () *02 .',2: (#2# *0'* -+ ' J<',(h.-)*3'.* -+ *-;'52 ;0232 *02 .32; (, )-* 2)*(*&21 *- .-7%2),'*(-) ,2%'3'*2 +3-7 *0'* -+ *02 >2,,2&: *0232 (, )- -..',(-) *- 32,-3* *- 2J<(*'=&2 .-),(123'*(-),# *+

23.4!5

@) V2.27=23 !DKL *02 5--1, ,%2.(+(21 () *02 c(&& -+ ^'1()5: ;232 ,0(%%21 -) *02 S6#6# 62' ]913':S -+ @,*07(') 6*2'7,0(% 8-7%')9: +3-7 N2; 4-3/ *- R')(&': ')1 ;232 32.2(>21 =9 *02 .-),(5)22 S\10'3'7 c'['3 ')1 8-#S: 2F.2%* -)2 .',2 -+ >')(,0()5 .32'7 >'&<21 '* ?!LD#`Y# P02 5--1, ;232 (),<321 '5'(),* 1'7'52 -3 &-,, =9 *02 SI*&')*(. R<*<'& @),<3').2 8-#SG q\10'3'7 c'['3 ')1 8-#S @).#: ;0- 12)(21 0'>()5 32.2(>21 *02 5--1, +-3 .<,*-19G ')1 *02 S@)*23)'*(-)'& ]'3>2,*23 8-# -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2,:S ', '52)* +-3 *02 ,0(%%()5 .-7%')9: ;0- '),;23 *0'* *02 5--1, ;232 &')121 ')1 12&(>2321 *- *02 8<,*-7, '<*0-3(*(2,# T()'&&9: S\1'0'3'7 c'['3 ')1 8-#S .&'(721 +-3 ()127)(*9 -+ *02 &-,, +3-7 *02 (),<323: SI*&')*(. R<*<'& @),<3').2 8-#S: ')1 ;', %'(1 =9 *02 &'**23S, '52)* SX# X# X&,23 @).#S *02 '7-<)* ()>-&>21: *0'* (,: ?!LD#`Y# 8IU ]2&1 *0'* %2*(*(-)23, 0'>2 '&32'19 &-,* *02(3 3(50* *- %32,, *02(3 .&'(7 '5'(),* 32,%-)12)* =2.'<,2 -+ *02(3 +'(&<32 *- ,23>2 )-*(.2 *0232-+ <%-) *02 .'33(23 ;(*0() HC 1'9, '+*23 32.2(%* -+ *02 )-*(.2 -+ &-,, -3 1'7'52 ', 32J<(321 =9 .&'<,2 !Y -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 PETITIONER’S CONTENTION: Petitioners contend that the finding of CA is

233-)2-<, () *02 &(50* -+ *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* -+ !DHZ: ;0(.0 '%%&9 *- *0(, .',2: *02 ,'72 0'>()5 =22) 7'12 ') ()*253'& %'3* -+ *02 .->2)')*, '53221 <%-) () *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5# RESPONDENT’S CONTENTION: While the United States Carriage of Goods

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d--1, =9 62' I.* ', '1-%*21 =9 -<3 5->23)72)* (, -)&9 '%%&(.'=&2 E*- '&& .-)*3'.*, +-3 *02 .'33('52 -+ 5--1, =9 ,2' *- ')1 +3-7 ?0(&(%%()2 %-3*, () E:769>? 87;<6:E ')1: *0232+-32: (* 1-2, )-* '%%&9 **02 ,0(%72)* () J<2,*(-) 6!!785 M0(.0 -+ *02,2 *;- %3->(,(-), ,0-<&1 %32>'(&i @, (* *0'* .-)*'()21 () .&'<,2

!Y -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: - 3 *0'* '%%2'3()5 () *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*i#

P ()*#+

L7:6MK5

8]I?PX_ !Z

8Od6I ,0-<&1 %32>'(&# P0'* .&'<,2 !Y 7<,* -+ )2.2,,(*9 9(2&1, *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* () >(2; -+ *02 %3->(,- .-)*'()21 ()

!#

X^6X_ @N8 o 8I

!YC

*02 ,'72 I.* ;0(.0 ,'9,U E')9 .&'<,2: .->2)')*: -3 '532272)* () ' .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 32&(2>()5 *02 .'33(23 -3 *02 ,0(% +3-7 &('=(&(*9 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 *- -3 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 *02 5--1, # # # -3 &2,,2)()5 ,<.0 &('=(&(*9 -*023;(,2 *0') ', %3->(121 () *0(, I.*: ,0'&& =2 )<&& ')1 >-(1 ')1 -+ )- 2++2.*#E b,2.*(-) H#$ P0(, 72'), *0'* ' .'33(23 .'))-* &(7(* (*, &('=(&(*9 () ' 7'))23 .-)*3'39 *- ;0'* (, %3->(121 +-3 () ,'(1 '.* ')1 ,- .&'<,2 !Y -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 7<,* -+ )2.2,,(*9 =2 )<&& ')1 >-(1# .)//0)D" $A K$$&1 FB !") 3#* $A RPIQ <)B +)G" )CC?0#)*0$% *$ *+" C/"1"%* #)1" 0* )CC")/0%D *+)* *+" C)/*0"1 +)G" "aC/"11?B )D/""& *$ <)H" )%& 0%#$/C$/)*" *+" C/$G010$%1 $A 1)0& 3#* )1 0%*"D/)? C)/* $A *+"0/ #$%*/)#* $A #)//0)D" # P0(, (, ') 2F.2%*(-) *- *02 3<&2 325'31()5 *02 '%%&(.'=(&(*9 -+ ,'(1 I.*# !D93 93 6G@7633=B 765:>?9g6< AB 36589:? M] :E 3;9< #58 ]'>()5 32'.021 *02 +-325-()5 .-).&<,(-): (* ;-<&1 '%%2'3 .&2'3 *0'* )#*0$% $A C"*0*0$%"/1 +)1 %$* B"* ?)C1"& $/ C/"1#/0F"&E )1 "//$%"$>1?B +"?& FB *+" .$>/* $A 3CC")?1 : (* '%%2'3()5 *0'* *02 %32,2)* '.*(-) @)1 F/$>D+* @0*+0% $%" B")/ '+*23 *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 ,0(%72)* ()

J<2,*(-)# ,-

3%D G- .$
T'.*,U I)5 -) 62%*27=23 AZ: !DZH: ', *02 ',, (5)22 -+ ' =(&& -+ &'1 ()5 02&1 =9 4'< 4<2 8-7723.('& c')/: ^*1# -+ ]-)5/-)5: ,<21 8-7%'y(' R'3(*(7': R'3(*(72 8-7%')9 -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2, ')1 8#^# V(-/)-# ]2 %3'921 *0'* *02 12+2)1')*, =2 -312321 *- %'9 0(7 ,-&(1'3(&9 *02 ,<7 -+ \6l!HC:LHD#ZY ;(*0 ()*232,* +3-7 T2=3<'39 D: !DZH %&<, attorney’s fees and damages. Ang alleged that 4'< 4<2 8-7723.('& c')/ '53221 *,2&& *- ]237()(- d# P2>2, <)123 .23*'() .-)1(*(-), LLD %'./'52, -+ 5'&>')([21 ,*22&: V<3[(). ,022*,# P02 723.0')1(,2 ;', &-'121 -) R'9 AL: !DZ! '* 4';'*': B'%') () *02 Re6 ^<[-): ' >2,,2& -;)21 ')1 -%23'*21 =9 *02 12+2)1')*,: *- =2 *3'),%-3*21 *- R')(&' ')1 .-),(5)21 E*- -3123E -+ * 02 ,0(%%23: P-/9- c-2/(: ^*1#: ;0(.0 ()1-3,21 *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 (,,<21 =9 8-7%'y(' R'3(*(7' *- *02 -3123 -+ 4'< 4<2 8-7723.('& c')/# I)5 +<3*023 '&&2521 *0'* *02 12+2)1')*,: =9 72'), -+ ' %237(* *- 12&(>23 (7%-3*21 '3*(.&2,: '<*0-3([21 *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- *- P2>2, ;0- -=*'()21 12&(>239 +3 -7 *02 c<32'< -+ 8<,*-7, ;(*0-<* *02 ,<332)123 -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5 ')1 () > (-&'*(-) -+ *02 *237, *0232-+# P2>2, 1(,0-)-321 *02 13'+* 13';) =9 4'< 4<2 '5'(),* 0(7# P02 ]-)5/-)5 ')1 60')50'( c')/()5 8-3%-3'*(-) 7'12 *02 .-332,%-)1()5 %3-*2, * for the draft’s dishonor and returned the bill of lading to Yau Yue. The bill of lading

;', ()1-3,21 *- I)5#

The defendants filed a motion to dismiss Ang’s complaint -) *02 53-<)1 -+ &'./ -+

.'<,2 -+ '.*(-)# I)5 -%%-,21 *02 7-*(-)# P02 *3('& .-<3* -) R'9 AA: !DZK 1(,7(,,21 *02 .-7%&'()* -) *02 53-<)1, -+ &'./ -+ .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) ')1 %32,.3(%*(-) ,().2 *02 '.*(-) ;', +(&21 =29-)1 *02 -)2h92'3 %23(-1 %3->(121 () *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*# @,,<2U V-2, *02 '.*(-) -+ I)5 '&32'19 %32,.3(=21i ]2&1U N-# @) *02 I723(.') 6*2'7,0(% I52).(2, .',2,: (* ;', 02&1 *0'* *02 '.*(-) -+ I)5 (, =',21 -) 7(,12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35- ;0(.0 ,0-<&1 =2 1(,*()5<(,021 +3-7 &-,, *0232-+# P02 -)2h92'3 %23(-1 %3->(121 +-3 () ,2.*(-) H bZ$ -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 6 2' I.* 32+23, *- &-,, -+ *02 .'35-# M0'* (, '%%&(.'=&2 (, *02 +-<3h92'3 %23(-1 -+ %32,.3(%*(-) +-3 J<',(h12&(.*, %32,.3(=21 () '3*(.&2 !!KZ bA$ -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -3 *2) 92'3, +-3 >(-&'*(-) -+ ' ;3(**2) .- )*3'.* ', %3->(121 +-3 () '3*(.&2 !!KK b!$ -+ *02 ,'72 8-12#.0')3-=&2, &'; &(=3'39 U 321 I, I)5 +(&21 *02 '.*(-) &2,, *0') *0322 92'3, +3-7 *02 1'*2 -+ *02 '&&2521 7(,12&(>239 -+ *02 .'35-: (* 0', )-* 92* %32,.3(=21# I)5: ', ()1-3,22 -+ *02 =(&& -+ &'1()5: (, ' 32'& %'3*9 () ()*232,* ;(*0 ' .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) +-3 1'7'52,# I-

;$?" J+0?0CC0%"1 G- [)/0*0<" .$- $A *+" J+0?

T'.*,U d--1U R'.0()2 %'3*, 8-),(5)22U VO^X ?0(&(%%()2, 8'33(23U R'3(*(72 8-7%')9 P02 .'35- ,<=Q2.* -+ *02 (),*')* .',2 ;', 1(,.0'3521 () V'1(')5', <)*- *02 .<,*-19 -+ *02 .-),(5)22 -) V2.27=23 !Y: !D`!G P02 .-332,%-)1()5 .&'(7 +-3 *02 1'7'52, ,<,*'()21 =9 *02 .'35- ;', +(&21 =9 *02 %&'()*(++ ;(*0 *02 12+2)1')* >2,,2& -) R'9 K: !DÀG O) B<)2 !!: !D`H *02 %&'()*(++ +(&21 ' .-7%&'()* 27=-19()5 *0322 bH$ .'<,2, -+ '.*(-) ()>-&>()5 *0322 bH$ ,2%'3'*2 ')1 1(++232)* ,0(%72)*,# P02 *0(31 .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) *0232() ()>-&>21 *02 .'35- )-; ,<=Q2.* -+ *0(, %32,2)* &(*(5'*(-)G O) V2.27=23 !!: !D`K: B<152 623'+() 8<2>', (,,<21 ') O3123 1(,7(,,()5 *02 +(3,* *;- .'<,2, -+ '.*(-) () *02 '+-32,'(1 .',2 ;(*0 %32Q<1(.2 ')1 ;(*0-<*

!Y!

%3-)-<).272)* ', *- .-,*, =2.'<,2 *02 %'3*(2, 0'1 ,2**&21 -3 .-7%3-7(,21 *02 .&'(7, ()>-&>21 *0232()# P02 *0(31 .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) ;0(.0 .->2321 *02 .'35- ,<=Q2.* -+ *0(, .',2 )-; ;', &(/2;(,2 1(,7(,,21 =<* ;(*0-<* %32Q<1(.2 ', (* ;', )-* .->2321 =9 *02 ,2**&272)*# P02 1(,7(,,'& -+ *0'* .-7%&'()* .-)*'()()5 *02 *0322 .'<,2, -+ '.*(-) ;', <%-) ' Q-()* 7-*(-) *- 1(,7(,, +(&21 =9 *02 %'3*(2,G c2.'<,2 -+ *02 1(,7(,,'& ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 *0(31 .'<,2 -+ '.*(-) ;(*0-<* %32Q<1(.2: %&'()*(++ (),*(*<*21 *0(, %32,2)* .-7%&'()* -) B')<'39 Z: !D`L# R'3(*(72 +(&21 ', ') '),;23 *02 '++(37'*(>2 12+2),2 -+ %32,.3(%*(-) <)123 *02 8Od6I b8'33('52 -+ d--1 =9 62' I.*$# R'3(*(72 +(&21 ' +-37'& 7-*(-) *- 1(,7(,, ()>-/()5 -).2 7-32 *02 53-<)1 -+ %32,.3(%*(-)# P02 7-*(-) ;', -%%-,21 =9 VO^XG 32,-&>21 () +'>-3 -+ R'3(*(72 b.-7%&'()* 1(,7(,,21$# VO^X ,-<50* R_ =<* ;', '&,12)(21: 02).2 %32,2)* '.*(-) +-3 '%%2'&# I_P !!LL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 %3->(12, *0'* %32,.3(%*(-) - + '.*(-), (, ()*233<%*21 =9 *02 7'/()5 -+ ') 2F*3'Q<1(.('& ;3(**2) 127')1 =9 *02 .321(*-3# 8Od6I: 62. H: ?'3 LU *02 .'33(23 ')1 *02 ,0(% ,0'&& =2 1(,.0'3521 +3-7 '&& &('=(&(*9 () 32,%2.* -+ &-,, -3 1'7'52 <)&2,, ,<(* (, =3-<50* ;(*0() -)2 92'3 '+*23 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, -3 *02 1'*2 ;02) *02 5--1, ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) 12&(>2321G ?3->(121: P0'*: (+ ' )-*(.2 -+ &-,, -3 1'7'52: 2(*023 '%%'32)* -3 .-).2121: (, )-* 5(>2) ', %3->(121 +-3 () *0(, ,2.*(-): *0'* +'.* ,0'&& )-* '++2.* -3 %32Q<1(.2 *02 3(50* -+ *02 , 0(%%23 *- =3()5 ,<(* ;(*0() -)2 92'3 '+*23 *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, -3 *02 1'*2 ;02) *02 5--1, ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) 12&(>2321# V-&2 .-).212, *0'* (*, '.*(-) (, ,<=Q2.* *- *02 -)2h92'3 %23(-1 -+ &(7(*'*(-) %32,.3(=2 () *02 '=->2h.(*21 %3->(,(-)# P02 ,<=,*').2 -+ (*, '35<72)* (, *0'* ,().2 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 '32: =9 2F%32,, 7')1'*2 -+ ,'(1 8-12: ,<%%&2*-39 -+ 12+(.(2).(2, () *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 ,%2.('& &';, () 7'**23, 5->23)21 =9 *02 &'**23: ')1 *0232 =2()5 Ennn ' %'*2)* 12+(.(2).9 nnn ;(*0 32,%2.* *- *02 *-&&()5 -+ *02 %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1 nnnE %3->(121 +-3 () *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*: %32,.3(%*(-) <)123 ,'(1 I.* (, ,<=Q2.* *- *02 %3->(,(-), -+ I3*(.&2 !!LL -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -) *-&&()5 ')1 =2.'<,2 V-&2S, .&' (7 +-3 &-,, -3 1'7'52 7'12 -) R'9 K : !DÀ '7-<)*21 *- ' ;3(**2) 2F*3'Q<1(.('& 127')1 ;0(.0 ;-<&1 *-&& -3 ()*233<%* %32,.3(%*(-) <)123 I3*(.&2 !!LL: (* -%23'*21 *- *-&& %32,.3(%*(-) '&,- () '.*(-), <)123 *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*# P- 7<.0 *02 ,'72 2++2.* (, *02 +<3*023 '35<72)* =',21 -) I3*(.&2 !!`Z -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 ;0(.0 % 3->(12, *0'* *02 3(50*, ')1 -=&(5'*(-), -+ .-77-) .'33(23, ,0'5 =2 5->23)21 =9 *02 8-12 -+ 8-7723.2 ')1 =9 ,%2.('& &';, () '&& 7'**23, )-* 325<&'*21 =9 *02 8(>(& 8-12# @,,<2U MON I3* !!K -+ *02 88 '%%&(2, *- '.*(-), =3-<50* <)123 *02 8Od6I

M', *02 %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1 ()*233<%*21i ]2&1U NO# P02 8-<3* 12.(121 *0'* () ' .',2 5->23)21 =9 *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*: *02 52)23'& %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8-12 -+ 8(>(& ?3-.21<32 -) %32,.3(%*(-) ,0-<&1 )-* =2 7'12 *- '%%&9# b80<' j<9 >,# X>232** 6*2'7,0(% 8-3%#: d#_# N-# ^hLLLK: R'9 A`: !DLH#$ 6(7(&'3&9: *02 8-<3* 02&1 *0'* () ,<.0 ' .',2 *02 52)23'& %3->(,(-), -+ *02 )2; 8(>(& 8-12 bI3*# !!LL$ .'))-* =2 7'12 *- '%%&9: ', ,<.0 '%%&(.'*(-) ;-<&1 0'>2 *02 2++2.* -+ 2F*2)1()5 *02 -)2h92'3 %23(-1 -+ %32,.3(%*(-) +(F21 () *02 &';# @* (, 12,(3'=&2 *0'* 7'**23, '++2.*()5 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ 5--1, =9 ,2' =2 12.(121 () ', ,0-3* ' *(72 ', %-,,(=&2G *02 '%%&(.'*(-) -+ *02 %3->(,(-), -+ I3*(.&2 !!LL -+ *02 )2; 8(>(& 8-12 ;-<&1 <))2.2,,'3(&9 2F*2)1 *02 %23(-1 ')1 %237(* 12&'9, () *02 ,2**&272)* -+ J<2,*(-), '++2.*()5 *3'),%-3*'*(-): .-)*3'39 *- *02 .&2'3 ()*2)* ')1 %<3%-,2 -+ *02 &';# R-32->23: (+ *02 .-)*2)*(-) -+ VO^X ;232 *- =2 5(>2) 723(* *0232=9 2F*2)1()5 *02 %23(-1 -+ %32,.3(%*(-): (* ,*(&& &2* *02 )2; %23(-1 &'%,2 ;(*0-<* +(&()5 ') '.*(-)# @* +(&21 (*, '.*(-) ! 7-)*0 '+*23 2F%(39 -+ ,<%%-,21 )2; %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1# V-&2S, .-)*2)*(-) *0'* *02 %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1 327'()21 *-&&21e()*233<%*21 ')1 (* +(&21 (*, '.*(-) ;2&& ;(*0() *02 -)2h92'3 %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1 () 62.# HbZ$ -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* 2J<'*2, *- *-&&()5 ;(*0 ()12+()(*2 ,<,%2),(-)# @* (, .&2'3&9 +'&&'.(-<, ')1 723(*, )- .-),(123'*(-) S-

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>,# .V7L4 V2 3JJ83:!E )%& 7M6VM 6M!7L3M.8 !V.684d V2 . 3M4VME :4;-E 32,%-)12)*,# K-L- M$- UUQUS Z>?B R,E RPPW 7M6VM 6M!7L3M.8 !V.684d V2 .3M4VME :4;-E %2*(*(-)23:

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+()1()5 *02 8]I_PX_X_: 32%32,2)*21 =9 (*, IdXNP: *- =2 & ('=&2# P02 8I__@X_ ')1 (*, IdXNP '32 '..-31()5&9 2F27%*21 +3-7 ')9 &('=(&(*9#

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P3'),.-)*()2)*'& T23*(&([23 8-7%')9 -+ ^-)1-) – 80'3*2323

Whether or not the action has prescribed against Macondray (CARRIER’S AGENT)

]-)5/-)5 @,&')1 60(%%()5 8-7%')9 – 8'33(23 I*&', T23*(&([23 8-7%')9 – 8-),(5)22

L>?0%D5

\)(-) @),<3').2 6-.(2*9 -+ 8')*-): ^*1# – @),<323

Action has prescribed against the CARRIER’S AGE NT

R'3(*(72 I52).(2, a 623>(.2,: @).# h 80'3*2323S, '52)* R'.-)13'9 8-7%')9: @).# – Carrier’s agent

P02 %23(-1 +-3 +(&()5 *02 .&'(7 (, -)2 92'3: () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.*# P0(, ;', '1-%*21 ' )1 27=-1(21 =9 -<3 &25(,&'*<32 () 8-7# I.* N-# ZL ;0(.0: ', ' ,%2.('& &';: %32>'(&, ->23 *02 52)23'& %3->(,(-), -+ *02 8(>(& 8-12 -) %32,.3(%*(-) -+ '.*(-),# 62.*(-) HbZ$ -+ *0'* I.* %3->(12, ', +-&&-;,U

P02 8]I_PX_X_ .0'3*2321 +3-7 *02 8I__@X_ *02 7-*-3 >2,,2& )'721 E]-)5/-)5 @,&')1E +-3 *02 ,0(%72)* -+ YC`H#HL RP b53-,,$ ='5521 <32' +3-7 N->-3-,,(,/: O12,,': \66_ *- *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: *02 %'3*(2, ,(5)()5 +-3 *0(, %<3%-,2 ' \)(+-37 d2)23'& 80'3*23 1'*21 I<5# D: !D`D#

O+ *02 *-*'& ,0(%72)*: L:KCC#CK RP ;', +-3 *02 '..-<)* -+ *02 8ON6@dNXX: H:KCC#CK *- =2 1(,.0'3521 () R')(&' ')1 *02 327'()()5 A:CCC RP () 82=<# P02 >2,,2& '33(>21 () R')(&' -) O.*# H ')1 <)&-'121 %'3* -+ *02 .-),(5)22S, 5--1,: *02) %3-.22121 *- 82=< -) O.*# !D *- 1(,.0'352 *02 32,* -+ *02 .'35-# O) O.*# H!: *02 CONSIGNEE filed a formal claim against CHARTERER’S AGENT, copy furnished CARRIER’S AGENT, for the C & F value of the 1,383 shortlanded bags. On Jan. 12,

!DYC: *02 8ON6@dNXX +(&21 ')-*023 +-37'& .&'(7 '5'(),* o(>' 8<,*-7, c3-/23'52 +-3 *02 >'&<2 -+ L`K ='5, -+ )2* <)32.->2321 ,%(&&'52 P02,2 .&'(7, 0'>()5 =22) 32Q2.*21: *02 8ON6@dNXX *02) ;2 )* *- *02 @N6\_X_: ;0(.0 -) 127')1 %'(1 *02 *-*'& ()127)(*9# P02 @N6\_X_ *02) +(&21 -) 62%*# !D: !DYC: ' .-7%&'()* +-3 32(7=<3,272)* '5'(),* the CARRIER, CHARTERER’S AGENT ')1 o(>'# O) I%3(& AC: !DY!: *02 .-7%&'()* ;', '72)121 *- 13-% o(>' ')1 (7%&2' 1 the CARRIER’S AGENT as a new defendant.

P02 _P8 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ *02 @N6\_X_: 7'/()5 *02 8I__@X_: (*, IdXNP: ')1 *02 CHARTERER’S AGENT liable. On appeal, the CA modified the decision of the RTC

@) ')9 2>2)*: *02 .'33(23 ')1 *02 ,0(% ,0'&& =2 1(,.0'3521 +3-7 '&& &('=(&(*9 () 32,%2.* -+ &-,, - 3 1'7'52 <)&2,, ,<(* (, =3-<50* ;(*0() -)2 92'3 '+*23 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, -3 *02 1'*2 ;02) *02 5 --1, ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) 12&(>2321G ?3->(121: *0'* (+ ' )-*(.2 -+ &-,, +-3 1'7'52G 2(*023 '%%'32)* -3 .-).2'&21: (, )-* 5(>2) ', %3->(121 +-3 () *0(, ,2.*(-): *0'* +'.* ,0'&& )-* 2++2.* -3 %32Q<1(.2 *02 3(50* -+ *02 ,0(%%23 *- =3()5 ,<(* ;(*0() -)2 92'3 '+*23 *02 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, -3 *02 1'*2 ;02) *02 5--1, ,0-<&1 0'>2 =22) 12&(>2321# P02 -)2h92'3 %23(-1 () *02 .',2, '* ='3 ,0-<&1 .-772).2 -) O.*-=23 AC: !D`D: ;02) *02 &',* (*27 ;', 12&(>2321 *- *02 .-),(5)22# \)(-)S, .-7%&'()* ;', +(&21 '5'(),* ]-)5/-)5 -) 62%*27=23 !D: !DYC: =<* *'31(&9 '5'(),* R'. -)13'9 -) I%3(& AC: !DY!# P02 .-),2J<2).2 (, *0'* *02 '.*(-) (, .-),(12321 %32,.3(=21 ', +'3 ', R'.-)13'9 (, .-).23)21 =<* )-* '5'(),* (*, %3().(%'&: ;0(.0 (, ;0'* 7'**23, ')9;'9# Q-

[3d8L !488: J6J8 .VLJ g .3

TI8P6U ]-)5/-)5 d->23)72)* 6<%%&(2, V2%'3*72)* b]-)5/-)5$ .-)*3'.*21 %2*(*(-)23 R'923 6*22& ?(%2 8-3%-3'*(-) bR'923$ *- 7')<+'.*<32 ')1 ,<%%&9 >'3(-<, ,*22& %(%2, ')1 +(**()5,# R'923 (),<321 *02 %(%2, ')1 +(**()5, '5'(),* '&& 3(,/, ;(*0 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)*, 6-<*0 62' 6<32*9 ')1 @),<3').2 8-#: @).# b6-<*0 62'$ ')1 80'3*23

!YH

@),<3').2 8-3%# b80'3*23$# R'923 a ]-)5/-)5 '&,- '%%-()*21 ' *0(31 %'3*9 (),%2.*-3 *- 2F'7()2 ;02*023 *02 %(%2, ')1 + (**()5, '32 7')<+'.*<321 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 ,%2.(+(.'*(-), () *02 .-)*3'.*: ')1 '..-31()5&9: *02 %(%2, ')1 +(**()5, ;232 %3-%23&9 .23*(+(21# ]-;2>23: <%-) 32'.0()5 ]-)5/-)5: (* ;', 1(,.->2321 *0'* ' ,<=,*')*('& %-3*(-) *0232-+ ;', 1'7'521# P02 %2*(*(-)23, +(&21 ' .',2 '5'(),* *02 %3(>'*2 respondents after the latter refused to pay the former’s demand allegedly due to

*02 (),<3').2 ,<3>29-3S, 32%-3* ;0(.0 ,0-;21 *0'* *02 1'7'52 (, ' +'.*-39 12+2.*# P02 *3('& .-<3* 3<&21 () +'>-3 -+ %2*(* (-)23, ')1 02&1 *0'* *02 1'7'52 ;', )-* 1<2 *factory defect. The CA upheld the Trial Court’s findings but dismiss ed the complaint

-) *02 53-<)1 -+ %32,.3(%*(-)# @* 02&1 *0'* *02 '.*(-) (, ='3321 <)123 62.*(-) HbZ$ -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* ,().2 (* ;', +(&21 -)&9 -) I%3(& !`: !DYZ: 7-32 *0') *;- 92'3, +3-7 *02 *(72 *02 5--1, ;232 <)&-'121 +3-7 *02 >2,,2&# 62.*(-) HbZ$ -+ *02 8'33('52 -+ d--1, =9 62' I.* %3->(12, *0'* E*02 .'33(23 ')1 *02 ,0(% ,0'&& =2 1(,.0'3521 +3-7 '&& &('=(&(*9 () 32,%2.* -+ &-,, -3 1'7'52 <)&2,, , <(* (, =3-<50* ;(*0() -)2 92'3 '+*23 12&(>239 -+ *02 5--1, -3 *02 1'*2 ;02) *02 5--1, , 0-<&1 0'>2 =22) 12&(>2321#E @66\XU MON *02 ,<(* +(&21 =9 *02 %2*(*(-)23, (, ='3321 =9 %32,.3(%*(-)i 68 _\^@NdU P02 8-<3* 3<&21 () *02 )25'*(>2# @ * 02&1 *0'* *02 %32,.3(%*(>2 %23(-1 &'(1 1-;) () 62.*(-) HbZ$ -+ *02 8Od6I 5->23), *02 32&'*(-),0(% =2*;22) *02 .'33(23 -) *02 -)2 0')1 ')1 *02 ,0(%%23: *02 .-),(5)22 ')1e-3 *02 (),<323 -) *02 -*023 0')1# @* 12+()2, *02 -=&(5'*(-), -+ *02 .'33(23 <)123 *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52# @* 1-2, )-*: 0-;2>23: '++2.* *02 32&'*(-),0(% =2*;22) *02 ,0(%%23 ')1 *02 (),<323# P02 &'**23 .',2 (, 5->23)21 =9 *02 @),<3').2 8-12# P02 &('=(&(*9 -+ *02 (),<323 (, )-* 2F*()5<(,021 =2.'<,2 *02 (),<323S, &('=(&(*9 (, =',21 )-* -) *02 .-)*3'.* -+ .'33('52 but on the contract of insurance.The CA’s reliance on the Filipino Merchants case is

233-)2-<, ,().2 () *0'* .',2: (* ;', *02 (),<323 ;0(.0 +(&21 ' .&'(7 '5'(),* *02 .'33(23 +-3 32(7=<3,272)* -+ *02 '7-<)* (* %'(1 *- *02 ,0(%%23 =29-)1 *02 %23(-1 %32,.3(=21 () 8Od6I# P0<,: *02 .-<3* 3<&21 () *0'* .',2 *0'* E*02 .->23'52 -+ *02 I.* ().&<12, *02 (),<323 -+ *02 5--1,#E @) *02 .',2 '* ='3: (* ;', *02 ,0(%%23 ;0(.0 +(&21 ' .&'(7 '5'(),* *02 (),<323

#8]I?PX_ !D

!#

^\pON 6PXoXVO_@Nd 8O#: @N8#: ')1 o@6I4IN 6PXoXVO_X P_IN6?O_PIP@ON 8O#: ?2*(*(-)23,: >,# P]X ?\c^@8 6X_o@8X 8ORR@66@ON ')1 P]X ?]@^@??@NX 6]@?OMNX_6 I66O8@IP@ON: _2,%-)12)*,#

TI8P6U _2,%-)12)*, '32 .-3%-3'*(-), 7'()&9 2)5'521 () *02 ,*2>21-3()5 -3 &(50*23'52 ')1 0'3=-3 *-;'52 =<,()2,,# I* *02 ,'72 *(72: *029 '32 2)5'521 () ()*23(,&')1 ,23>(.2 ;0(.0 .-),(,*, -+ 0'<&()5 .'35-2, ,<.0 ', ,<5'3: -(&: +23*(&([23 ')1 -*023 .-7723.('& .-77-1(*(2, ;0(.0 '32 &-'121 () *02(3 ='352, ')1 *-;21 =9 *02(3 *<5=-'*, +3-7 R')(&' *- >'3(-<, %-()*, () *02 o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o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b=$ -+ *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 ^'; b8-77-);2'&*0 I.* N-# !KZ$ 12+()2, %<=&(. ,23>(.2 *0<,U EP02 *237 S%<=&(. ,23>(.2S ().&<12, 2>239 %23,-) *0'* )-; -3 0232'+*23 7'9 -;): -%23'*2: 7')'52: -3 .-)*3-& () *02 ?0(&(%%()2,: +-3 0(32 -3 .-7%2),'*(-): ;(*0 52)23'& -3 &(7(*21 .&(2)*2&2: ;02*023 %237')2)*: -..',(-)'& -3 '..(12)*'&: ')1 1-)2 +-3 52)23'& =<,()2,, %<3%-,2, ')9 .-77-) .'33(23: 3'(&3-'1: ,*322* 3'(&;'9: *3'.*(-)

!YK

3'(&;'9: ,<=;'9: 7-*-3 >20(.&2: 2(*023 +-3 +32 (50* -3 %',,2)523: -3 =-*0: ;(*0 -3 ;(*0-<* +(F21 3-<*2 ')1 ;0'*2>23 7'9 =2 (*, .&',,(+(.'*(-): +32(50* -3 .'33(23 ,23>(.2 -+ ')9 .&',,: 2F%32,, ,23>(.2: ,*2'7=-'*: -3 ,*2'7,0(% &()2: %-)*()2,: +233(2,: ')1 ,7'&& ;'*23 .3'+*: 2)5'521 () *02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) -+ %',,2)523, ')1 +32(50*: ,0(%9'31: 7'3()2 3'(&;'9: 7'3()2 32%'(3 ,0-%: ;'320-<,2: ;0'3+ -3 1-./: (.2 %&')*: (.2h 32+3(5232*(-) %&')*: .')'&: (33(5'*(-) ,9,*27: ,2;23'52: 5',: 2&2.*3(. &(50*: 02'* ')1 %-;23: ;'*23 ,<%%&9 ')1 %-;23: %2*3-&2<7: ,2;23'52 ,9,*27: *2&2%0-)2: ;(32 -3 ;(32&2,, *2&253'%0 ,9,*27 ')1 =3-'1.',*()5 3'1(- ,*'*(-),#E @* (, )-* )2.2,,'39: <)123 *0(, 12+()(*(-): *0'* -)2 0-&1, 0(7,2&+ -<* ', ,23>()5 -3 ;(&&()5 *- ,23>2 *02 %<=&(. () -3123 *- =2 .-),(12321 %<=&(. ,23>(.2# @) ^<[-) c3-/23'52 8-7%')9 >,# ?<=&(. 623>(.2 8-77(,,(-) bKC O++# d'[#: `*0 6<%%&272)*: %# A`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

<*(&(*9# O) *02 -*023 0')1: .',<'& -3 ().(12)*'& ,23>(.2 12>-(1 -+ %<=&(. .0'3'.*23 ')1 ()*232,*: (* 7<,* =2 '17(**21: (, )-* =3-<50* ;(*0() *02 .'*25-39 -+ %<=&(. <*(&(*9# P02 127'3/'*(-) &()2 (, )-* ,<,.2%*(=&2 -+ 2F'.* 12,.3(%*(-) -3 12+()(*(-),: 2'.0 .',2 =2()5 5->23)21 =9 (*, %2.<&('3 .(3.<7,*').2,# P02 *3'),%-3*'*(-) ,23>(.2 ;0(.0 ;', *02 ,<=Q2.* -+ .-7%&'()* ;', )-* .',<'& -3 ().(12)*'&# @* 0'1 =22) .'33(21 -) 325<&'3&9 +-3 92'3, '* '&7-,* <)(+-37 3'*2, -+ .0'352,# I&*0-<50 *02 )<7=23 -+ *02 %2*(*( -)23,S .<,*-723, ;', &(7(*21: *02 >'&<2 -+ 5--1, *3'),%-3*21 ;', )-* ().-),(123'=&2# ?2*(*(-)23, 1(1 )-* 0'>2 *02 ,'72 .<,*-723, '&& *02 *(72 27=3'.21 () *02 .-7%&'()*: ')1 *0232 ;', )- 32',-) *=2&(2>2 *0'* *029 ;-<&1 )-* '..2%*: ')1 *0232 ;', )-*0()5 *- %32>2)* *027 +3-7 '..2%*()5: )2; .<,*-723, *0'* 7(50* =2 ;(&&()5 *- '>'(& -+ *02(3 ,23>(.2 *- *02 2F*2)* -+ *02(3 .'%'.(*9# \%-) *02 ;2&&h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

!)% J)F?$ G- J)%*/)%#$ E K-L- M$- :NQRSQRE ,R 3>D>1* RPTU

2)#*15 P02 ?')*3').- 6-<*0 XF%32,,: @).#: 0232()'+*23 32+23321 *- ', ?INP_IN8O (, '

1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-) 2)5'521 () *02 &')1 *3'),%-3*'*(-) =<,()2,, ;(*0 ?\c ,23>(.2 +-3 %',,2)523, ')1 +32(50* ')1 >'3(-<, .23*(+(.'*2, +-3 %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2, b8?8$ *-%23'*2 %',,2)523 =<,2, +3-7 R2*3- R')(&' *- c(.-& _25(-) ')1 X',*23) 6'7'3# O) R'3.0 A`:!DYC ?INP_IN8O *03-<50 (*, .-<),2& ;3-*2 *- R'3(*(72 @)1<,*39 I<*0-3(*9 bRI_@NI$ 32J<2,*()5 '<*0-3(*9 *- &2',2e%<3.0',2 ' >2,,2& )'721 RN Ec&'./ V-<=&2E E*- =2 <,21 +-3 (*, %3-Q2.* *- -%23'*2 ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 +3-7 R'*)-5: 6-3,-5-) ')1 I&&2): 6'7'3 *0'* ;(&& %3->(12 ,23>(.2 *- .-7%')9 =<,2, ')1

!YL

+32(50* *3<./, *0'* 0'>2 *- .3-,, 6') c23)'31- 6*3'(*# @) ' 32%&9 -+ I%3(& AD:!DY! ?INP_IN8O ;', ()+-3721 =9 RI_@NI *0'* (* .'))-* 5(>2 1<2 .-<3,2 *- *02 32J<2,*#

?INP_IN8O )2>23*02&2,, '.J<(321 *02 >2,,2& RN Ec&'./ V-<=&2E -) R'9 A`: !DY! +-3 ?H R(&&(-) %2,-,# @* ;3-*2 *02 80'(37') -+ *02 c-'31 -+ P3'),%-3*'*(-) bcOP$ *03-<50 (*, .-<),2&: *0'* (* %3-%-,2, *- -%23'*2 ' +2339 ,23>(.2 *- .'339 (*, %',,2)523 =<,2, ')1 +32(50* *3<./, =2*;22) I&&2) ')1 R'*)-5 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 (*, *3(%, *- P'.&-=') 8(*9# ?INP_IN8O .&'(7, *0'* (* .') -%23'*2 ' +2339 ,23>(.2 () .-))2.*(-) ;(*0 (*, +3').0(,2 +-3 =<, -%23'*(-) () *02 0(50;'9 +3-7 ?','9 8(*9 *P'.&-=') 8(*9 E+-3 *02 %<3%-,2 -+ .-)*()<()5 *02 0(50;'9: ;0(.0 (, ()*233<%*21 =9 ' ,7'&& =-19 -+ ;'*23: *02 ,'(1 %3-%-,21 +2339 -%23'*(-) (, 7232&9 ' )2.2,,'39 ')1 ().(12)*'& ,23>(.2 *- (*, 7'() ,23>(.2 ')1 -=&(5'*(-) -+ *3'),%-3*()5 (*, %',,2)523, +3-7 ?','9 8(*9 *- P'.&-=') 8(*9# 6<.0 =2()5 *02 .',2 *0232 (, )- )221 *- -=*'() ' ,2%'3'*2 .23*(+(.'*2 +-3 %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 *- -%23'*2 ' +2339 ,23>(.2 =2*;22) I&&2) ')1 R'*)-5 *- .'*23 2F.&<,(>2&9 *- (*, %',,2)523 =<,2, ')1 +32(50* *3<./,# M(*0-<* ';'(*()5 '.*(-) -) (*, 32J<2,* ?INP_IN8O ,*'3*21 *- -%23'*2 ,'(1 +2339 ,23>(.2# I.*()5 80'(37') B-,2 8# 8'7%-,: B3# -+ cOP -312321 ?INP_IN8O )-* *- -%23'*2 (*, >2,,2& <)*(& *02 '%%&(.'*(-) +-3 02'3()5 -) O.*# !: !DY!# @) ')-*023 -3123 cOP 2)Q-()21 ?INP_IN8O +3-7 -%23'*()5 *02 RN Ec&'./ V-<=&2E -*023;(,2 (* ;(&& =2 .(*21 *- ,0-; .'<,2 ;09 (*, 8?8 ,0-<&1 )-* =2 ,<,%2)121 -3 *02 %2)1()5 '%%&(.'*(-) 12)(21# X%(*'.(- 6') ?'=&- b)-; 32%32,2)*21 =9 0(, 02(3,$ ')1 8'31()'& 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ;0- '32 +3').0(,2 0-&123, -+ *02 +2339 ,23>(.2 () *0(, '32' ()*23%-,21 *02(3 -%%-,(*(-)# P029 .&'(7 *029 '12J<'*2&9 ,23>(.2 *02 ?INP_IN8O =9 +2339()5 (*, =<,2,: *3<./, ')1 %',,2)523,# (V4 *+"% )1H"& *+" ?"D)? $C0%0$% A/$< *+" [0%01*"/ $A Z>1*0#" @+"*+"/ $/ %$* ) F>1 #$0/"& *$ 1"#>/" )%$*+"/ #"/*0A0#)*" 0% $/&"/ *$ $C"/)*" ) A"//B 1"/G0#" F"*@""% *@$ *"/<0%)?1 $A ) 1<)?? F$&B $A @)*"/- V% V#*$F"/ ,WE RPTR *+"% [0%01*"/ $A Z>1*0#" L0#)/&$ J>%$ /"%&"/"& )% $C0%0$% *$ *+" "AA"#* *+)* *+"/" 01 %$ %""& A$/ F>1 $C"/)*$/1 *$ 1"#>/" ) 1"C)/)*" .J. *$ $C"/)*" ) A"//BF$)* 1"/G0#"-

P0<, -) O.*-=23 AH: !DY! *02 cOP 32)12321 (*, 12.(,(-) 0-&1()5 *0'* *02 +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 (, %'3* -+ (*, 8?8 *- -%23'*2 +3-7 ?','9 *- 6'7'3e^29*2 =9 '72)1()5 ?INP_IN8OS, 8?8 ,- ', *- 32+&2.* *02 ,'72#

8'31()'& 60(%%()5 8-3%-3'*(-) ')1 *02 02(3, -+ 6') ?'=&- +(&21 ,2%'3'*2 7-*(-), +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) -+ ,'(1 12.(,(-) ')1 6') ?'=&- +(&21 ' ,<%%&272)*'& 7-*(-) +-3 32.-),(123'*(-) *0'* ;232 12)(21 =9 *02 cOP -) B<&9 A!: !DY!# ]2).2: 6') ?'=&- +(&21 *02 0232() %2*(*(-) +-3 32>(2; -) .23*(-3'3( ;(*0 %3'923 +-3 %32&(7()'39 ()Q<).*(-) ,22/()5 *02 32>-.'*(-) -+ ,'(1 12.(,(-): ')1 %2)1()5 .-),(123'*(-) -+ *02 %2*(*(-) *02 (,,<').2 -+ ' 32,*3'()()5 -3123 -3 %32&(7()'39 ()Q<).*(-) '5'(),* *02 -%23'*(-) =9 ?INP_IN8O -+ ,'(1 +2339 ,23>(.2

611>"5 M02*023 -3 )-* 32,%-)12)* ,0-<&1 ,2.<32 ' ,2%'3'*2 8?8#

d8!- 8-),(123()5 *02 2)>(3-)72)*'& .(3.<7,*').2, -+ *02 .',2: *02 .-)>29').2 -+ %',,2)523,: *3<./, ')1 .'35- +3-7 R'*)-5 *- I&&2) (, .23*'()&9 )-* ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 =<* ' .-',*;(,2 -3 ()*23(,&')1 ,0(%%()5 ,23>(.2# \)123 ).(3.<7,*').2 .') *02 ,2' =2*;22) R'*)-5 ')1 I&&2) =2 .-),(12321 ' .-)*()<'*(-) -+ *02 0(50;'9# M0(&2 ' +2339=-'* ,23>(.2 0', =22) .-),(12321 ', ' .-)*()<'*(-) -+ *02 0(50;'9 ;02) .3-,,()5 3(>23, -3 2>2) &'/2,: ;0(.0 '32 ,7'&& =-19 -+ ;'*23, ,2%'3'*()5 *02 &')1: 0-;2>23: ;02) ', () *0(, .',2 *02 *;- *237()'&,: R'*)-5 ')1 I&&2) '32 ,2%'3'*21 =9 ') -%2) ,2' (* .'))-* =2 .-),(12321 ', ' .-)*()<'*(-) -+ *02 0(50;'9# 9"?&5

M0'* '%%2'3, .&2'3 +3-7 *02 32.-31 (, *0'* '* *02 =25())()5 ?INP_IN8O %&'))21 *- -%23'*2 ,<.0 +2339 =-'* ,23>(.2 =2*;22) R'*)-5 ')1 I&(2) ', ' .-77-) .'33(23 ,- (* 32J<2,*21 '<*0-3(*9 +3-7 RI_@NI *- %<3.0',2 *02 >2,,2& Reo Ec&'./ V-<=&2 () '..-31').2 ;(*0 *02 %3-.21<32 %3->(121 +-3 =9 &'; +-3 ,<.0 '%%&(.'*(-) +-3 ' .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2# ]-;2>23 ;02) (*, 32J<2,* ;', 12)(21 ', *02 ,'(1 3-<*2, E'32 '12J<'*2&9 ,23>(.21 =9 2F(,*()5e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c',21 -) *0(, 32%32,2)*'*(-): )- &2,, *0') *02 62.32*'39 -+ B<,*(.2 ;', &21 *- 32)123 ') '++(37'*(>2 -%()(-) -) O.*-=23 AC: !DY!: AZ +-&&-;21 ' +2; 1'9, &'*23 =9 *02 J<2,*(-)21 12.(,(-) -+ %<=&(. 32,%-)12)* -+ O.*-=23 AH: !DY!# A` 823*'()&9 *02 8-<3* .'))-* 5(>2 (*, (7%3(7'*<3 *- ,<.0 ' ,(*<'*(-)#

!YZ

P0<, *02 8-<3* 0-&1, *0'* *02 ;'*23 *3'),%-3* ,23>(.2 =2*;22) R'*)-5 ')1 I&&2) (, )-* ' +2339 =-'* ,23>(.2 =<* ' .-',*;(,2 -3 ()*23(,&')1 ,0(%%()5 ,23>(.2# c2+-32 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* 7'9 =2 (,,<21 ' +3').0(,2 -3 8?8 +-3 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ *02 ,'(1 ,23>(.2 ', ' .-77-) .'33(23: (* 7<,* .-7%&9 ;(*0 *02 <,<'& 32J<(3272)*, -+ +(&()5 ') '%%&(.'*(-): %'972)* -+ *02 +22,: %<=&(.'*(-): '11<.()5 2>(12).2 '* ' 02'3()5 ')1 '++-31()5 *02 -%%-,(*-3, *02 -%%-3*<)(*9 *- =2 02'31: '7-)5 -*023,: ', %3->(121 =9 &';#

I-

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P02 .',2 ,*27721 +3-7 *02 '++(1'>(* -+ R'<3- I# I<,2Q-: ;(*0 *02 8-7%&'()*: @)>2,*(5'*(-) ')1 X)+-3.272)* O++(.2 b8@XO$ -+ *0 2 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 8-77(,,(-) )'33'*()5 ' 0-&1 <% ().(12)* -) R'3.0 !H: !DZZ# @) *0(, '++(1'>(*: 02 (7%&(.'*21 ' *'F(.'= <)(* ;0-,2 %&'*2 )<7=23 ;', ,'(1 *- =2 EZ!CCE ')1 ;0(.0 ;', '&&2521&9 =-'3121 =9 *0322 bH$ 3-==23, ', *029 2,.'%21 +3-7 _-F', c-<&2>'31 () + 3-)* -+ *02 ^ a 6 c<(&1()5 '* '=-<* ZUCC '#7# -+ R'3.0 !H: !DZZ: '+*23 '++(')* ') 1 ' .-7%')(-): R3# B-,2 8'='&&2, ;232 '..-,*21 ')1 02&1h<%# O) *02 =',(, -+ *0(, '++(1'>(*: 32,%-)12)* 8-77(,,(-) (,,<21 ' E60-;h8'<,2 O3123E 1'*21 R'9 A L: !DZZ <%-) %2*(*(-)23: *- ;(*U ### 32,%-)12)* b?2*(*(-)23 R')[')'&$ (, 0232=9 -312321 *- '%%2'& =2+-32 *0(, 8-77(,,(-): -) *0(, AK*0 1'9 -+ B<)2: !DZZ: '* DUCC -S.&-./ () *02 7-3)()5 *- ,0-; .'<,2 ;09 023 .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 (,,<21 <)123 8',2 N-# ZAhKLCH ,0-<&1 )-* =2 .').2&&21 +-3 )-* 32)123()5 ,'+2: '12J<'*2 ')1 %3-%23 ,23>(.2 =9 27%&-9()5 ' 1 3(>23 ;(*0 .3(7()'& *2)12).(2,: () >(-&'*(-) -+ 62.*(-) !D b'$ -+ *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 ^'; ')1 62.*(-) K` -+ *02 _2>(,21 O3123 N-# ! -+ *0(, 8-77(,,(-)# T'(&<32 -) *02 %'3* -+ *02 32,%-)12)* *- '%%2'3 '* *02 02'3()5 ,2* ;(&& =2 .-),(12321 ', ' ;'(>23 -+ 023 3(50* *- =2 02'31 ')1 *0(, 8-77(,,(-) ;(&& 12.(12 *02 .',2 -) (*, 723(*, I* *02 *3('&: R3# 8'='&&2, *2,*(+(21 *0'* *02 *'F( ;', 321 () *02 2)*(32 =-19 ;0(&2 %3(>'*2 32,%-)12)* I<,2Q- ,'(1 *0'* *02 *'F( ;', 321 ')1 (* 0'1 %'3*, %'()*21 =&<2# c-*0 0-;2>23 ,'(1 *0'* *02 %&'*2 .-&-3 ;', -3')52# O) *02 %'3* -+ %2*(*(-)23: R')[')'&: ,02 ,<=7(**21 1-.<72)*, 1(,%<*()5 *02 %-,,(=(&(*9 *0'* *02 *'F(.'= () J<2,*(-) ;', 023,# 602 ,<=7(**21 *02 12.(,(-) -+ *02

?68 () 8',2 N-# ZLhA!KD ;0232 (* '%%2'3, *0'* * 02 .-7723.('& )'72 -+ *02 *'F( (, 83(,7') P'F( ')1 *0'* *02 .-&-3 (, E321 *-% ; (*0 2723'&1 5322) =-19E ')1 *;.23*(+(.'*(-), *- *02 2++2.* *0'* *02 .-&-3 -+ *02 %&'*2 () !DZL ;', ;0(*2 ;(*0 7'3--) ='./53-<)1# O) B<)2 HC: !DZ`: *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 8-77(,,(-)23 X)3(J<2 R21()' (, ,<21 ') -3123 12%&-3()5 *02 +'.* *0'* *02 32,%-)12)* 1(1 )-* +(&2 ' +-37'& '),;23 -3 2F%&')'*(-)# P02 8-77(,,(-) +-<)1 *0'* b'$ *0232 ;', )- 7-*(>2 -) *02 %'3* -+ * 02 ,'(1 ;(*)2,,2, +-3 *02 .-7%&'()')* *- *2,*(+9 '5'(),* *02 -%23'*-3 -3 '5'(),* *02 13(>23 -+ *'F( ;(*0 ?&'*2 N-# Z! CCG b=$ *02 '**2)*(-) -+ *02 ;(*)2,,2, ;', .-).2)*3'*21 -) *02 )<7=23 -+ *02 325(,*3'*(-) %&'*2 ')1 (* (, <)123,*')1'=&2 *0'* *029 %'(1 &(**&2 -3 )- '**2)*(-) '* '&& *- *02 .-&-3,G ')1 b.$ *02 .-)1<.* -+ *02 -%23'*-3 5'>2 *02 (7%32,,(-) *0'* (),*2'1 -+ '%%&9()5 ' ,*3-)5 '37 '5'(),* *02 233()5 13(>23: ,02 0', *3(21 *- %3-*2.* ')1 ,0(2&1 0(7# I..-31()5&9: 32,%-)12)* 8-77(,,(-) .-),(12321 *02 .0'352, %3->2) ,().2 *02 0-&1h <% ().(12)* ;', 1<&9 2,*'=&(,021 ')1 -312321 *02 .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 (,,<21 () 8',2 N-# ZAhKLCH: +-3 +(>2 <)(*, 32>-/21 ')1 .').2&&21# 6!!785 MeN *02 .').2&&'*(-) -+ 8?8 (, >'&(1# 98:;5 NO#

X>2) -) *02 ',,<7%*(-) *0'* (* ;', %2*(*(-)23S, *'F(.'= *0'* ;', <,21 =9 *02 2,.'%()5 0-&1h<%%23,: *0232 (, )- 2>(12).2 *0'* *02 13(>23 (, ' .-h.-),%(3'*-3 () *02 .-77(,,(-) -+ *02 -++2),2 -+ 3-==239# 8-),%(3'.9 7<,* =2 %3->21 =9 .&2'3 ')1 .-)>().()5 2>(12).2# P02 7232 .&'(7 *0'* *02 *'F(.'= ;', *0232 ')1 %3-='=&9 ;'(*()5 (, )-* %3--+ -+ .-),%(3'.9 () *0(, .',2 ', (* ,0-<&1 =2 32.'&&21 *0'* *0232 ;232 '=-<* *;2&>2 >20(.&2, *0'* ,*-%%21 *- >(2; *02 ,%2.*'.&2# T<3*023: (* (, %-,,(=&2 *0'* *02 13(>23 1(1 )-* '.* >-&<)*'3(&9 ', )- %23,-) () 0(, 3(50* ,2),2, ;-<&1 12+9 *02 ;(,02, -+ '3721 %',,2)523,# X>2) -) *02 ',,<7%*(-) *0'* *02 13(>23 0'1 %'3*(.(%'*21 >-&<)*'3(&9 () *02 ().(12)*: 0(, .<&%'=(&(*9 ,0-<&1 )-* =2 7'12 ' 53-<)1 +-3 *02 .').2&&'*(-) -+ *02 .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %2*(*(-)23# M0(&2 ') 27%&-923 7'9 =2 ,<=,(1('3(&9 &('=&2 +-3 *02 27%&-922S, .(>(& &('=(&(*9 () ' .3(7()'& '.*(-): ,<=,(1('39 &('=(&(*9 %32,<%%-,2, *0'* *0232 ;', ' .3(7()'& '.*(-)# c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

!Y`

2)*3<,*21 *- 0(7# R-32->23: *02 '.*(-) =2+-32 32,%-)12)* 8-77(,,(-) (, )2(*023 ' .3(7()'& %3-,2.<*(-) )-3 ') '.*(-) +-3 J<',(h12&(.*# ]2).2: *0232 (, '=,-&<*2&9 )53-<)1 *- 0-&1 %2*(*(-)23 &('=&2 +-3 *02 13(>23S, '.*# T()'&&9: <)123 62.*(-) !Z b)$ -+ *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 I.*: *02 %-;23 -+ *02 8-77(,,(-) *- ,<,%2)1 -3 32>-/2 ')9 .23*(+(.'*2 32.2(>21 <)123 *02 %3->(,(-), -+ *02 I.* 7'9 -)&9 =2 2F23.(,21 ;02)2>23 *02 0-&123 *0232-+ 0', >(-&'*21 -3 ;(&&+<&&9 ')1 .-)*<7'.(-<,&9 32+<,21 *- .-7%&9 ;(*0 ')9 -3123: 3<&2 -3 325<&'*(-) -+ *02 8-77(,,(-) -3 ')9 %3->(,(-) -+ *02 I.*# @) *02 '=,2).2 -+ ,0-;()5 *0'* *0232 (, ;(&&+<& ')1 .-)*<7'.(-<, >(-&'*(-) -) *02 %'3* -+ %2*(*(-)23: )- .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 7'9 =2 >'&(1&9 32>-/21# P02 +-&&-;()5 '32 ,-72 (),*').2, ;0232 *02 .').2&&'*(-) -+ ' .23*(+(.'*2 -+ %<=&(. .-)>2)(2).2 ;0232 02&1 >'&(1U b!$ ;0232 *02 0-&123 (, ' 7232 1<779 b?2.,-) >,# ?2.,-): `Y ?0(&# LAA$G bA$ ;0232 *02 -%23'*-3 .2',21 -%23'*(-) ')1 %&'.21 0(, =<,2, -) ,*-3'52 b?'3'12, >,# ?<=&(. 623>(.2 8-77(,,(-): ^h`!!!: R'9 HC: !DLL$G ')1 bH$ ;0232 *02 -%23'*-3 '=')1-),: *-*'&&9 *02 ,23>(.2 b8-&&2.*-3 >,# c<'): ^h!!KHY: B<&9 H!: !DLYG _25-1-) >,# ?<=&(. 623>(.2 8-77(,,(-): ^h!!YDD: 62%*# AH: !DLYG ?'2[ >,# R'3.2&-: ^h!LHC: R'3.0 HC: !DZA$# N-)2 -+ *02 ;(&&+<& '.*, () %'*2)* >(-&'*(-) -+ *02 ?<=&(. 623>(.2 ^'; .') =2 '**3(=<*21 *- %2*(*(-)23 0232()#

^<)5,-1 8-3% (,,<21 ' 32,-&<*(-) '1-%*()5 ' c')123'S 69,*27 <)123 ;0(.0 ' 727=23 -+ *02 .--%23'*(>2 (, %237(**21 *- J<2<2 +-3 %',,2)523 '* *02 1(,%<*21 %'*0;'9 () 2F.0')52 +-3 *02 *(./2* ;-3*0 ?AC: *02 %3-.221, -+ ;0(.0 ,0'&& =2 <*(&([21 +-3 803(,*7', %3-53'7, -+ *02 13(>23, ')1 -*023 =2)2+(*,: ')1 -) *02 ,*32)5*0 -+ 12+2)1')*,S 325(,*3'*(-) ', ' .-&&2.*(>2 =-19 ;(*0 *02 6X8# N-* 0'%%9 '=-<* *02 32,-&<*(-): *02 I,,-.('*(-) 12.(121 *- +-37 ' 0<7') ='33(.'12 ')1 ',,<721 *02 1(,%'*.0()5 -+ %',,2)523 Q22%)29,#

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PIPIV >,# dI_8@I

d#_# N-# !!KAAA I%3(& Z: !DDL T_IN8@68O 6# PIPIV: BO]N ]# O6RXNI ')1 _OVO^TO d# c@IpON >,# ]ON# BX6\6 c# dI_8@I: B_#: () 0(, .'%'.(*9 ', *02 62.32*'39 -+ *02 V2%'3*72)* -+ P3'),%-3*'*(-) ')1 8-77<)(.'*(-),: ')1 XV6I ^_P 8O_?O_IP@ON: ^PV# W\@I6ON: B#U TI8P6U VOP8 %&'))21 *- .-),*3<.* ' &(50* 3'(&;'9 *3'),(* b ^_P$ &()2 '&-)5 XV6I 32+2 3321 *', XV6I ^(50* _'(& P3'),(* @@@ bXV6I ^_P @@@$# X&( ^2>() X)*23%3(,2,: @).#: 32%32,2)*21 =9 X&(Q'0< ^2>() *- VOP8 62.32*'39 O,.'3 O3=-,: ,2)* ' &2**23 %3-%-,()5 *- .-),*3<.* *02 XV6I ^_P @@@ -) ' c<(&1hO%23'*2hP3'),+23 bcOP$ =',(,# _I ZDL` 2)*(*&21 EI) I.* I<*0-3([()5 *02 T()').()5: 8-),*3<.*(-): O%23'*(-) ')1 R'()*2)').2 -+ @)+3',*3<.*<32 ?3-Q2.*, =9 *02 ?3(>'*2 62.*-3: ')1 T-3 O*023 ?<3%-,2,:E -3 *02 c<(&1hO%23'*2hP3'),+23 bcOP$ ^'; ;', ,(5)21 ()*- &';# @* %3->(12, *;- ,.0272, +-3 *02 +()').()5: .-),*3<.*(-) ')1 -%23'*(-) -+ 5->23)72)* %3-Q2.*, *03-<50 %3(>'*2 ()(*('*(>2 ')1 ()>2,*72)*U c<(&1hO%23'*2hP3'),+23 bcOP$ -3 c<(&1h P3'),+23 bcP$#

?<3,<')* *- _I ZDL`: *02 ?32J<'&(+(.'*(-) c(1, ')1 I;' 31, 8-77(**22 b?cI8$ ')1 *02 P2.0)(.'& 8-77(**22 ;232 .32'*21# T(>2 53-<%, 32,%-)121 *- *02 ()>(*'*(-) )'72&9: Icc P3'[(-)2 -+ @*'&9: ]-%2;2&& ]-&1()5, ^*1# -+ ]-)5/-)5: R'),*22& @)*23)'*(-)'& -+ R')1'<2: 82=<: R(*,<( a 8-#: ^*1# -+ B'%'): ')1 XV6I ^_P 8-),-3*(<7: .-7%-,21 -+ *2) +-32(5) ')1 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-),U )'72&9: j'(,23 X)5()223, @)*23)'*(-)'&: @).#: I8X_ 8-),<&*')*, bT'3 X',*$ ^*1# ')1 T3227') T-F: P3'12()>2,*e8jV P'*3' -+ *02 8[2.0 ')1 6&->'/ T2123'& _2%<=&(.,: P8d@ X)5()223()5 I&& I,(' 8'%(*'& ')1 ^2',()5 8-3%-3'*(-): P02 6'&(7 d3-<% -+ B'/'3*': X# ^# X)*23%3(,2,: @).#: I#R# O32*' a 8-# 8'%(*-& @)1<,*3('& 8-),*3<.*(-) d3-<%: @).: ')1 T# T# 83<[ a .-#: @).# I+*23 2>'&<'*()5 *02 %32J<'&(+(.'*(-): =(1,: *02 ?cI8 (,,<21 ' _2,-&<*(-) 12.&'3()5 *0'* -+ *02 +(>2 '%%&(.')*,: -)&9 *02 XV6I ^_P 8-),-3*(<7 E72* *02 32J<(3272)*, -+ 5'3)23()5 '* &2',* A! %-()*, %23 .3(*23(': 2F.2%* +-3 ^25'& I,%2.*,: ')1 -=*'()()5 ') ->23h'&& %',,()5 7'3/ -+ '* &2',* YA % -()*,E# P02 XV6I ^_P 8-),-3*(<7 ,<=7(**21 (*, =(1 %3-%-,'& *- VOP8# T-3 .-7%&(').2 -+ 32J<(3272)*, : VOP8 ')1 XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1#: () ,<=,*(*<*(-) -+ *02 XV6I ^_P 8-),-3*(<7: 2)*2321 ()*- ') EI532272)* *- c<(&1: ^2',2 ')1 P3'),+23 ' ^(50* _'(& P3'),(* 69,*27 +-3 XV6IE < )123 *02 *237, -+ *02 cOP ^';# 62.32*'39 ?3'1-: *0232'+*23: 32J<2,*21 %32,(12)*('& '%%3->'& -+ *02 .-)*3'.*# ]-;2>23: XF2.<*(>2 62.32*'39 T3')/&() V3(&-): ;0- 32%&'.21 XF2.<*(>2 62.32*'39 O3=-,: ()+-3721 62.32*'39 ?3'1- *0'* *02 ?32,(12)* .-<&1 )-* 53')* *02 32J<2,*21 '%%3->'&# P02 %'3*(2, 2)*2321 ()*- ' E_2>(,21 ')1 _2,*'*21 I532272)* *- c<(&1: ^2',2 ')1 P3'),+23 ' ^(50* _'(& P3'),(* 69,*27 +-3 XV6IE# VOP8: 32%32,2)*21 =9 62.32*'39 B2,<, d'3.(' >(.2 62.32*'39 ?3'1-: ')1 XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# 2)*2321 ()*- ' E6<%%&272)*'& I532272)* *- *02 AA I%3(& !DDA _2>(,21 ')1 _2,*'*21 I532272)* *- c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

!YD

XV6I ^_P @@@# I+*23 AL 92'3, ') 1 VOP8 ,0'&& 0'>2 .-7%&2*21 %'972)* -+ *02 32)*'&,: -;)23,0(% -+ *02 %3-Q2.* ,0'&& =2 *3'),+23321 *- *02 &'**23 +-3 ' .-),(123'*(-) -+ -)&9 \#6# l!#CC# b8ONP_I8P OT ^XI6X$ _I ``!Y: ') EI.* I72)1()5 823*'() 62.*(-), -+ _2%<=&(. I.* N-# ZDL`: X)*(*&21 EI) I.* I<*0-3([()5 *02 T()').()5: 8-),*3<.*(-): O%23'*(-) ')1 R'()*2)').2 -+ @)+3',*3<.*<32 ?3-Q2.*, =9 *02 ?3(>'*2 62.*-3: ' )1 +-3 O*023 ?<3%-,2,E ;', ,(5)21 ()*- &'; =9 *02 ?32,(12)*# @* 2F%32,,&9 32.-5)([2, c^P ,.0272 ')1 '&&-;, 1(32.* )25-*('*(-) -+ c^P .-)*3'.*,# P'*'1: O,72)' ')1 c('[-): ,<()5 ', 62)'*-3, ')1 *'F%'923,: ',,23*21 *0'* *02 _2>(,21 ')1 _2,*'*21 I532272)* -+ I%3(& AA: !DDA ')1 *02 6<%%&272)*'& I532272)* -+ R'9 Z: !DDH '32 <).-),*(*<*(-)'& ')1 ()>'&(1: '7-)5 -*023,: +-3 *0(, 32',-)U *02 XV6I ^_P @@@ (, ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9: ')1 *02 -;)23,0(% ')1 -%23'*(-) *0232-+ (, &(7(*21 =9 *02 8-),*(*<*(-) *- T(&(%()- .(*([2), ')1 1-72,*(. .-3%-3'*(-),: )-*

<)123 *02 &';, -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2, '* &2',* ,(F*9 %23 .2)*<7 -+ ;0-,2 .'%(*'& (, -;)21 =9 ,<.0 .(*([2),: )-3 ,0'&& ,<.0 +3').0(,2: .23*(+(.'*2 -3 '<*0-3(['*(-) =2 2F.&<,(>2 .0'3'.*23 -3 +-3 ' &-)523 %23(-1 *0') +(+*9 92'3, # # # b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i ]X^VU 4X6: XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# .') -;) XV6I ^_P @@@#

0'>2 )- 3(50* *- 127')1 ')9 ,23>(.2, +3-7 (*# nXV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# 7232&9 -;), *02 +'.(&(*(2, )2.2,,'39 *- -%23'*2 XV6I ^_P @@@#

M0'* XV6I ^_P 8-3%-3'*(-): ^*1# -;), '32 *02 3'(& *3'./,: 3-&&()5 ,*-./, &(/2 *02 .-'.02,: 3'(& ,*'*(-),: *237()'&, ')1 *02 %-;23 %&')*: )-* ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9# M0(&2 ' +3').0(,2 (, )22121 *- -%23'*2 *02,2 +'.(&(*(2, *- ,23>2 *02 %<=&(.: *029 1- )-* =9 *027,2&>2, .-),*(*<*2 ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9# M0'* .-),*(*<*2, ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 (, )-* *02(3 -;)23,0(% =<* *02(3 <,2 *- ,23>2 * 02 %<=&(. b@&-(&- @.2 a 8-&1 6*-3'52 8-# ># ?<=&(. 623>(.2 c-'31: KK ?0(&# LL!: LL` LLY f!DAHg$# P02 8-),*(*<*(-): () )- <).23*'() *237,: 32J<(32, ' +3').0(,2 +-3 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9# ]-;2>23: (* 1-2, )-* 32J<(32 ' +3').0(,2 =2+-32 -)2 .') -;) *02 +'.(&(*(2, )22121 *- -%23'*2 ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 ,- &-)5 ', (* 1-2, )-* -%23'*2 *027 *,23>2 *02 %<=&(.# 62.*(-) !! -+ I3*(.&2 m@@ -+ *02 8-),*(*<*(-) %3->(12,U N- +3').0(,2: .23*(+(.'*2 -3 ')9 -*023 +-37 -+ '<*0-3(['*(-) +-3 *02 -%23'*(-) -+ ' %<=&(. <*(&(*9 ,0'&& =2 53')*21 2F.2%* *- .(*([2), -+ *02 ?0(&(%%()2, -3 *- .-3%-3'*(-), -3 ',,-.('*(-), -35')([21

`#

?0(&(%%()2 I(3&()2,: @).# >,# 8(>(& I23-)'<*(., c-'31

T'.*,U d3')1 I(3 '%%&(21 +-3 ' 823*(+(.'*2 -+ ?<=&(. 8-)>2)(2).2 ')1 N2.2,,(*9 ;(*0 *02 8(>(& I23-)'<*(., c-'31 b8Ic$# P02 80(2+ ]2'3()5 O++(.23 (,,<21 ' )-*(.2 -+ 02'3()5 1(32.*()5 d3')1 I(3 *- ,23>2 ' .-%9 -+ *02 '%%&(.'*(-) ')1 )-*(.2 *- '&& ,.021<&21 ?0(&(%%()2 V-72,*(. -%23'*-3,# d3')1 I(3 +(&21 (*, .-7%&(').2 ')1 32J<2,*21 +-3 ' P27%-3'39 O%23'*()5 ?237(* bPO?$# ?I^ +(&21 ') -%%-,(*(-) *- *02 '%%&(.'*(-) -) *02 53-<)1 *0'* *02 8Ic 0'1 )- Q<3(,1(.*(-) *- 02'3 *02 '%%&(.'*(-) <)*(& d3')1 I(3 +(3,* -=*'(), ' +3').0(,2 *- -%23'*2 +3-7 8-)532,,# P02 80(2+ ]2'3()5 O++(.23 12)(21 *02 -%%-,(*(-) ')1 *02 8Ic '%%3->21 *02 (,,<').2 -+ *02 PO? +-3 ' %23(-1 -+ H 7-)*0,# P02 -%%-,(*(-) +-3 *02 PO? ;', &(/2;(,2 12)(21# P02 CAB justified its assumption of jurisdiction over Grand Air’s application on the basis

-+ _2%<=&(. I.* ``Z ;0(.0 5(>2, (* *02 ,%2.(+(. %-;23 *- (,,<2 ')9 PO? -3 823*(+(.'*2 -+ ?<=&(. 8-)>2)(2).2 ')1 N2.2,,(*9#

!DC

Transpo Case Digest 2nd 9th Batch

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