Trabajo de Paleontologia j

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DEL ALTIPL ALTIPLANO ANO FACULT ACULTAD DE INGENIERIA INGENIE RIA GEOLOGICA Y METALURGICA METALURGICA

ESCUELA PROFESIONAL DE INGENIERIA GEOLOGICA  TEMA: INFORME CIENTIFICO TECNICO PRECAMPO CURSO: PALEONTOLOGIA

INGENIERO: ING. NEWTON MACHACA CUSILAYME

ALUMNO: JUNIOR CESAR SANCHEZ FRANCO CODIGO: 130776  

SEMESTRE: IV

A"O

#01$

GRUPO: “! “!

ÍNDICE RESUMEN%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3 INTRODUCCI&N%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 3 OJETIVOS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. ' MATERIALES%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. ' FUNDAMENTO TE&RICOLA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. ' PALEONTOLOG(A%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. ' F&SILES%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% ' FOSILIZACI&N%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. $ REGISTRO FOSIL%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% $ POTENCIAL DE FOSILIZACION%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. $ PROCESOS DE FOSILIZACION%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. $ PARTES DURAS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. $  TIPOS DE FOSILIZACI&N%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 6 ACCESIILIDAD%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. )  TEMPERATURA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. ) PRECIPITACI&N%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. * ECOLOG(A%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% * LITOLOG(A%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% * LUTITAS%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

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METODOLOG(A%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 11 PRIMERA ETAPA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%. 11 SEGUNDA ETAPA%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. 11 CONCLUCIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%.. 1#

RESUMEN: L+ ,-/++ - 2/22+4-5 -/ +5+/8 8/952+54- 8/28/- ;98 ++,+ 9- < =+8,- -/ + 282>/ 8 I/?. N8@-/ M+++ 58?92+48/8 +84-5 9/ 8B8 8592- =++ 8/8 9/+ 28+ 4+5 +4=2+ 5-8 5982- 8 =-;98 + +2- >5285. E58 ++,- 85+ +5+- /8+48/8 8/ 8 8-/-2428/- 8 >52 8/28/- 8/ 98/+ +5 -/22-/85 8 8=-522>/ 8 + 8599+.

INTRODUCCIÓN. E58 -98 8 #01$ 58 8+2+-/ 1 5+2+ 8 +4=- +,- + 282>/ 8 I/?8/28- +5 9+85 58 8+2+-/ =- -5 +88-85 8 T++- M+9- B+ =8248+ < B+ + + -5+ 8/8 --5. D8 +98- + -+2- 85+82- -/ -5 -4=+8-5 ;98 58 ;98> 8/ + +9+ + +5 6 +4 89/2/-5 8/ + =++ P8- V2+=++J92++;98 98 8 + 5+#3 <+ -/ -5 -/-2428/-5 =8B2-5 -8/2-5 8/ 8 +9+ 8 +585 =- =+8 8 I/?8/28- +5 =248+5 +585 98-/ 8>2+5 8/ 8 +9+ 8 +585 98?- 8 +8 842/+- 8 =-?+4+ -48/+4-5 -/ +5 5+2+5 8 +4=- -4- 58 2/2+ 8/ + +9+. E/ 8 =858/8 2/-48 58 4985+ 9/ +/2525 ?8->?2- 8 288/85 2=-5 8 4985+5 8-=2++5 8/ 8 +/595- 8 +5 8=822-/85 +2+ -5 288/85 +-+428/-5 ;98 58 =928-/ 8592+ 8/ +5 5+2+5 8 +4=- 8 + 4+82+ P+8-/->?2+.

OBJETIVOS   

D8842/+ 985 5-/ +5 8+428/+5 =2/2=+85 922++5 =- 8 ?8>-?- 8/ 8 +4=- =++ -/-8 59 4-- 8 95-. P-/8 8/ =2+ -5 -/-2428/-5 8>2-5 +;922-5 =++ 8-+-5 -/ +5 5+2+5 8 +4=-. R8-/-8 +5 288/85 -4+2-/85 ?8->?2+5

 

A/+2+ < 8-=2+ -5 +-5 -8/2-5 8/ 8 +4=-. A=8/8 + -8+ 922+2>/ 8 2/8=8+2>/ 8 + ++ -=-?K+.

MATERIALES:          

Mochila Picota GPS Brújula Libreta Topográfico Lupa Mapa Guía Cinta métrica Sombrero Tablero

FUNDAMENTO TEÓRICO LA PALEONTOLOGÍA: El etu!io !e la "i!a en el paa!o# baán!oe en lo f$ile !e planta % animale inclu%en!o u filogenia# la relaci$n &ue e'itía entre eto % la cronología !e la hitoria !e la Tierra( La Paleontología no e una ciencia meramente !ecripti"a# i no &ue a!emá# preten!e llegar al conocimiento total !e lo ere "i"o &ue prece!ieron en el tiempo a lo actuale) !e u mo!o !e "i!a# con!icione ambientale % bi$tica en &ue e !earrollaron# caua !e u muerte o !e u !eaparici$n# % !e la poible relacione genética entre ello# e !ecir# lo &ue po!ríamo llamar u *genealogía*( Ciencia !e carácter netamente hit$rico# pue in"etiga la ucei$n en el tiempo !e lo acontecimiento relaciona!o con lo ere "i"o# bucan!o u caua % efecto ulteriore % unifican!o to!a la ciencia !e la naturale+a(

FÓSILES

C9+/- 95+4-5 8B28/2+ 8 -5 =248-5 -?+/254-5 B2B28/85 95+4-5 >5285. U/ >52 85 8 +5- - -5 85-5 8 9/ -?+/254- =858B+- 8/ + -+. L-5 85-5 - +5 98+5 8 -?+/254-5 ;98 58 +/ =858B+-5 =- =-85-5 /+9+85 8/ + -8+ 8858 + +B5 8 284=- ?8->?2-. L-5 >5285 5-/ 28/ 285 =++ 8842/+ + 8+ 8+2B+ 8 -5 85+-5 8 -+5 =8- -5 ?8>-?-5 +42/ -5 922+/ =++ 8842/+ 8 =+8-+428/8. L-5 >5285 +42/ =-B88/ 8B28/2+ 8 + 8B-92>/ 8 -5 -?+/254-5 + +B5 8 284=- ?8->?2-.

FOSILIZACION , 2/B-9+ 9/+ 5828 8 =-85-5 52-5 ;942-5 < 2->?2-5 =- -5 9+85 9/-?+/254- 9<- 852/- /-4+ 58+ + 852/8?+2>/ -4=8+ -/ =-582-2+ + + 498885 =858B+-4- >52. I4=2+ 8 =+5+,8 8 858 -?+/254- 8 + 2>58+ + + 2>58+. REGISTRO FOSIL , 2/9<8 + --5 -5 ++?-5 -948/+-5 8 >5285 < 59 -98/2+ +5-4- -5 ;98 +/ 58/ 85928-5 < 852=-5 -/8/2-5 8/ +5 -+5 58248/+2+5. E8?25- >52 85 2/-4=8-: 58 +9+ ;98 48/-5 8 10 8 +5 85=8285 +/24+85 B2B28/8528/8/ =-5222+85 8 -522+. E 8?25- 58 8/98/+ 25-52-/+- =- + 8592>/=888/2+ 8 +?9/-5 -?+/254-5 < =- 8 2=- 8 +428/8 58248/+2- 8/ 8 ;98 -92 +-522+2>/ <+ ;98 +?9/-5 +428/85 5-/ 45 =-=22-5 ;98 --5 =++ + =858B+2>/ 8 -5>5285. POTENCIAL DE FOSILIZACION: 85 9/+ ++852+ 2//58+ 8 ++ -?+/254- 8+2-/++-/ 59 =-+22+ 8 58 =858B+- 8/ 8 8?25- >52. PROCESOS DE FOSILIZACION 1. Procesos     

pre!os "# e$%err"&!e$%o

M988 D85-4=-522>/ A+;98 2->?2A+;98 ;942A+;98 52-.

'. Procesos (!")e$*%!cos

P-98/ +8+2-/85 8/ + 42-8599+ <- -4=-522>/ 8 85;988- ;98=988/ 8?+ + 8592- Q25-92>/ 825+2+2>/ /8-4-K54- 884=+- <-4+2>/ 8 4-85 < 4-85 589/+2-5 25-52>/ =- -4=++2>/58248/+2+ < 8>/2+.

PARTES DURAS L+5 =+85 9+5 8 9/ -?+/254- + ;98+928+5 =- 58248/=988/ =858B+589+/8 8 =-85- 8 22K+2>/. H985-5 4+8+ -/+5 M2/8+85 58 =82=2+/ 8 +?9+ 598/8+=++ -9=+ -5 85=+2-5 B+-5 8/ 84+82+ -2?2/+. E 859+- 85 ;98 -5>5285 28/8/ + 58 45 8/5-5 ;98 84+82+ -2?2/+. E/ -+52-/85 +5 -/+5+9/;98 +/2?9+5 =988/=858B+ =+8 8 59 4+82+-2?2/+. S8 +/ 8/-/+--/+5 8 C88- Q4+5 8 6$42-/85 8 +-5 ;98 -+B+4985+/ 4+8 =8+ 84+82+ -2?2/+ 8 + -/+Q++?-/2+.

TIPOS DE FOSILIZACIÓN M+82+ -2?2/+  P842/8+2+2>/  R825+2+2>/  D25-92>/ < 884=+ C+-/2+2>/ A9+48/8 82/?92-5 85-5 +>=--5 ;98 B2B28-/ 8/ -5 4+85 9+/8 +52 300 42-/85 8 +-5 858 8 =82-- C42- +5+ 8 P42-. S9 -/?29 -52++ 858 9/ 4248- +5+ 9/ 48-. S8 -/-8 + 2+ 8 17.000 85=8285 852+5 8/ -- 8 49/- =8-+B+ ;98+/ 49+5 =- 8592. E /-48 2-285 82B+ 8 59 2B252>/ 8/ 85 >9-5 -/?292/+85: 9/ >9- 8/+ 2?8+48/8 8/ 828B8 Q8 8,8 8/+ -/ -5 >9-5 =89+85 + ++ +-. 

S9 98=- 58 -4=-/8 8 85 =+85 ;98 8 + +/82- + + =-582- 5-/: 2B22-5 8/ +8+ Q8+>/ 9/ >+ 8 +5+ 30 58?48/-5 < 9/ 859- +9+ Q=2?22-. L+ 8?2>/ +2+ 8 859- 8 + +8+ Q?+8+ 8/+ +2-5 + ++ +- < -/ 898/2+ -,-5 28/ 85+-+-5. L-5 2-285 98-/ 9/-5 8 -5 =248-5 -?+/254-5 8/ + 25-2+ 8 + B2+ 8/ 85+-+ 9/ 52584+ B259+ 49< 5-K52+- -/5292- =- -,-5

-4=985-5 5242+85 + -5 ;98 8/-/+4-5 8/ -5 2/58-5 +9+85. E/ +?9/-5 +5-5 85-5 -,-5 8+/ +/ ?+/85 ;98 85 =-=-2-/++/ 9/ +4=- B259+ 8 +52 360 ?+-5. C++ 58?48/- 8 >+ 8/+ 8842+85 =8- 5+5 ++48/8 85/ -/58B++5. L-5 2-285 =-+/ 8/-+ 5-8 5 4254-5 L-5 2-285 85+-+-/ 4929 8 -4+5 288/85. T-+5 85+5 -4+5 5-/ + 85=985+ + 59 ++=+2>/ + -5 288/85 482-5 4+2/-5 -/8 B2B28-/. A?9/+5 8 +5 8599+5 45 +4+2B+5 5-/ +5 85=2/+5 ;98 85+-+-/ 8/ -+52-/85 928/- -- 8 98=- 528/- 9/ -+- 85+?++8 =++ 49-5 8=8+-85. O-5 =-58+/ +?+5 85=2/+5 +8+85 ;98 85 58B+/ =++ +948/+ 59 59=8K28 8 +=-<5-8 -5 -/-5 +/?-5-5 -/8 B2B+/ 24=228/- +5 ;98 58 ;98++/ 58=9+-5. E258/ 2-285 858 +=8/+5 9/ 4248- +5+ +52 9/ 48- 8 -/?29. M28/+5 ;98 -5 45 =8;98-5 B2B+/ -+/- -4- =+8 8 =+/-/ 4+2/- -5 45 ?+/85 8?+-/ + 58 24=-+/85 8=8+-85 - -48-85 8 +?+5. L-5 2-285 5-/ 9/- 8 -5 >5285 45 -49/85 8 P+8--2- =++ 88 /8852++/ 884=++ =82>2+48/8 59 -++ =- -+ 8 4+<- +4+-. C++ 2/2B29- =-+ +42+ 8 +=++>/ +5+ 45 8 28 B885 8/ -+ 59 B2+ ;98 8+/ 5958=285 8 -522+/. L-5 2-285 B2B+/ 8/ B828/85 < =++-4+5 +88- 8 -5 4?8/85 -/2/8/+85 < 8/ -5 4+85 =-- =-9/-5 ;98 9+/ 8+5 8 =+/8+ ;98 -< 5-/ 4+5+5 8 28+. L+ 4+<-+ +2++/ 8/ 8 -/- +9/;98 +?9/-5 =-+/ +8 -+- - /++-: =- 8,84=- +;98-5 ;98 =-58+/ 9/-5 -,-5 49< ?+/85 -/ 9/ +4=- 8 B252>/ +4=2- -4- C+-2/2+5 =-+/ +8 52- /++-85 ;98 +2++/ 8/ +?9+5 8 59=8K28. O-5 -/ -5 -,-5 892-5 - 52/ 8-5 =882+/ +5 +?9+5 45 =-9/+5 < -59+5. M9-5 2-285 -4- O8/895 -+++/ 8 -/- 8 4+ =++ =-8?858 < 95+ +248/-. L-5 2-285 84=8+-/ 9/+ ?+/ B+28+ 8 85+8?2+5 8 +248/+2>/. M9-5 59++/ 8 +/?- 8 -/- 8 -5 4+85 < -+/-5 2/?228/- -5 58248/-5 =++ K+ + 4+82+ -?/2+. O-5 98-/ 8=8+-85 - +-8-5. L+ 4+<-+ =-+ +-=+ 9/+ =-522>/ 88/52B+ 8/-/-58 5-8 5 4254-5 8 4-- ;98 5>- 859B28+ 8=985- 8 8-85;988-.

L-5 85-5 -522+-5 8 2-285 5-/ 285 =-;98 +<9+/ + -5 28/K-5 + 85+-+ +5 85++5 8 284=- 8+2B+5 8 -5 2+5 4+2/-5 =2422B-5. Y+ ;98 -5 2-285 8B-92-/+-/ 49< =2- < 85++/ +4=2+48/8 25292-5 58 =988/ -4=++ -5 >5285 8/-/+-5 8/ +5 252/+5 +=+5 8 -+ 8 288/85 8?2-/85 =++ 8524+ + 8+ 8+2B+ 8 +5 -+5. E/ 858 +5=8- -5 >5285 8 2-285 5-/ 5-8 -- 285 =++ 85+-+ +5 85++5 84=-+85 8 + 8+ =+8--2+ 2/82-.

ACCESIBILIDAD:

RUTA

Tiempo

Distancia (km)

P-./0 1-L23C3

45 minuto

67

1-L23C30 T383C/

65 minuto

97

T383C/0 2M38-:/S

;4 minuto

<

ASPECTOS CLIM+TICOS TEMPERATURA:

El clima !e Taraco e frio# mo!era!amente llu"ioo % con amplitu! térmica mo!era!a( La me!ia anual !e temperatura má'ima % mínima =perio!o ;><5095;4? la ciu!a! !e Taraco !ecana a orilla !e Lago Titicaca % e !e clima frio % emieco( La tempora!a !e llu"ia e inicia en octubre % conclu%e en abril( La temperatura me!ia anual má'ima e !e ;<(4 C % la mínima e 09(6  C =@A ?( 8epecti"amente( El clima !e Taraco e frio % eco# atempera!o# con "ariacione bien marca!a entre el !ía % la noche# con una etaci$n llu"ioa !e 6 mee( La ele"aci$n !el altiplano hace &ue en la práctica ha%a olo !o etacione climática bien !iferencia!a( El in"ierno# &ue aborbe al otoo# !e ma%o a octubre# con noche fría# pero con !ía olea!o % !e intena luminoi!a!( La prima"era &ue e une al "erano# e la época !e llu"ia % e e'tien!e !e no"iembre a abril(

PRECIPITACIÓN: L+ =82=2+2>/ 482+ +949++ +/9+ =++ 8 =82-- 1*6'  #01$ 85 703.1 44 *#0.' 44. S8 28/8 9/+ =858/2+ 8 2+98- =-=2-5 8 + -/+ 8 92-5 598/8-5 ;98 =+5+ =- + =+8 +,+ 8 + ;98++ 58 B2- + =858/2+ 58 9/+ =8;98+ 85-8/+ ;98 +,++ -/ 42/8+85 85 595=8/52>/ >2-5 8 K8- < 599-5 4+82+85 ;98 5++ 8 + 22B2+2>/ 8/+.

ECOLOGÍA: H+2+ 8 =,+-5 -4- +5 B+9/-5 -B2/-5 +=2/-5. L-5 B8?8+85 8 =2/2=+ 85 =+,+ +B+ < =8;98-5 =+52+85 -/ =858/2+ 8 +/24+85 =8;98-5 -4- 8=285 98/+ -/ 9/+ 5828 8 +2+/85 8 9/+ +524+ 2B852+ 8->?2+ 858 8 +2=+/- +5+ + 58B+ 59 8 P8. E/ + 858B+ /+2-/+ 8 T22++ -5 --+85 -/529<8/ 8 895- 4+5 24=-+/8 =84228/- 42=85 8/8K2-5 + 8-52584+ 2/9<8 8+5 8 B8?8+2>/ +958 < 2;98+ 8 +9/+ + 858B+ +8?+ 8 8/+5 8 85=8285 8 +B85 =885 4+48-5 8=285 +/K2-5 8 2/B88+-5.

LITOLOGÍA:

C28/2+ ;98 8592+ 8 -2?8/ 8B-92>/ < +52K+2>/ 8 +5 -+5. S8 =-+ -/528+ -4- 9/ 52/>/24- 8 =8--?+. E/ + 2--?+ 58 8/98/+ 92+5 -+5 8 ?+/- 482- ?+/- K/-.

LUTITAS: F-4++5 =- 42/8+85 8 +2+5 8 ?+/- K/- 42/8+>?2+48/8 85/ -4++5 =- 522+-5 + 94/2- 2++-5 8 8599+ +42/+ < 85 8 859+- 8 +5+8+2-/85 8 -+5 -+5 =88258/85 2+5 8/ 42/8+85 + 94/2+5. A?9/+5 B885 82- + + =8;988 8+5 =+9+5 58 8/98/+/ 8/ 85+- --/2+.

METODOLOGÍA

PRIMERA ETAPA RECOPILACI&N Y RECUPERACI&N DE FUENTES DE INFORMACI&N E/ 85+ 8+=+ 58 + 8-=2+- -+ + 22-?++ 8 -82/85 8525 8 2/-4+2>/ -/8/28/8 + + -/+ 8 8592- 98?- 98-/ 8B25+-5 < +/+2+-5 =++ 8 95- 8/ 8 =858/8 ++,(

Tr","-o (e c"&po E/ 85+ 8+=+ 58 8+2- + -58B+2>/ 8-/-2428/- < 852=2>/ 8 8848/-5 < ++885 ?8->?2-5 + +B5 8 +-?K- -+5 +5 8599+5 ?8->?2+5 +5+- 8/ + -58B+2>/ 8 2/8=8+2>/ 8 -5 +5=8-5 2->?2-5 85+2?K-5 8599+. D8 +98- -/ 8 ++,- 8 +4=- 58 8+2- 8/ 9/2>/ + 4+=8- -/ -5 52?928/85 4+82+85: +58 -=-?K- 8 8+ ,9+ GPS =2-+ 4++ -=-?K+ 9=+ 2/+ 8. SEGUNDA ETAPA  TRAAJO EN GAINETE E/ 85+ 8+=+ 58 8+2- 8 =-82428/- < +9-4+2+2>/ 8 + 2/-4+2>/ -8/2+ 9+/8 + 8+=+ 8 +4=- 8+-+2>/ 8 =+/-5 582-/85 ?8->?2-5 2/8=8+2-/85 < 8B+9+2-/85 8 4985+. ANXLISIS Y EPOSICI&N DE RESULTADOS L-5 ++,-5 8+2+-5 8/ + -/+ 84985+/ + 24=-+/2+ ;98 8258 -5 >5285 ;98 =988/ 58 285 8 2/2+-85 8 + 8+ - 8+ + + ;98 =88/82> 2+ -/+ + 8592+ + 48---?+ + 8+2+ 8/ 858 +98 8 +8 9/ 8-2- 8+2+/- 9/ 8B+/+428/- -=-?K95+/- 2/22-5 8 85-5 8 >5285 Q2-285 8 9+ /-5 58B2 =++ /985- 4985+2- < =++ /985- 8592- - +/2525 8 85-5. U/+ B8 8?+- + 522- -85=-/28/8 58 84=8> + 95+ -5 >5285 ;98 +52 248/8 /- 58 +=82++ + 2/22- =8- -/-48 58 2+ 8-28/- =924-5 +4+ 49+5 4985+5 +5 9+85 + 4+<-+  TRILOITES. 5;98+ 8 >5285 58 8592- + -/+ < 8+2+/- 9/ 8-2-. C--8/++5 UTM .orte 7@5@;6@

Ete @>@4;5

Cota 65A7

CONCLUCIONES  RECOMENDACIONES CONCLUSIONES.  

L98?- 8 +8 8B+- + + 5+2+ 8 +4=- =+/2K+- 8/ 8 958 P+8-/--?+ =-84-5 48/2-/+ +5 52?928/85 -/952-/85:



L+5 =2+5 8 +4=- 5-/ 49< /885+2+5 =++ + -/5-2+2>/ 8 -5 -/-2428/-5 +;922-5 8 -4+ 8>2+.



A=8/24-5 + 922+ 8 -4+ +89++ -5 2/5948/-5 ?8->?2-5. L+5 8+428/+5 =2/2=+85 922++5 8/ + 8=-+2>/ ?8->?2+ 98-/: M+2- ?8->?2- ++ -=-?K+ ,9+ ?8->?2+ GPS 9=+ 28+ 8 +4=- 4++-85 9/+5 =++ 8-?8 4985+5.



I8/2K+4-5 +5 288/85 -4+2-/85 ?8->?2+5 ;98 8258/ 8/ -5 9?+85 B252+-5. C++ 9/+ =858/++ 288/85 =-=28+85 2->?2+5 -4- 8/ 59 -4=-522>/ <+ 58+ 42/8+>?2+ -/8/2-528- 8/ 8 +4+- 8 -5 85+-5 =+8- +428/85 8.



A=8/24-5 + +/+2+ 2/8=8+ < 922+ 8 4+/8+ =2+ 4+=+5 -=-?K-5 4254-5 ;98 B+2/-/-5 8 + 92+2>/ -8/2+ =- 8 GPS /-5 92+4-5 -/ + 4+<- =8252>/ 8/ -5 =9/-5 8 +5 252/+5 85+2-/85 B252++5.



E 95- 8 + ,9+ 85 9/+48/+ 8/ 9/+ 8=-+2>/ ?8->?2+. U/+ 8 +5 +=2+2-/85 +845 8 + -28/+2>/ 85 ;98 52B8 =++ + 4822>/ 8 R94- < 9+428/-.



L+ 4822>/ 8 94- < 9+428/- ;98 224-5 8/ + 4+<-+ 8 85+2-/85 =-B88/ 8 +-5 24=-+/85 + + -+ 8 +/+2+ +5 252/+5 ++852+5 8 +5 -4+2-/85 ?8->?2+5.



L+ 8-82>/ 8 4985+5 8 ++ 9/+ 8 +5 -4+2-/85 52B8/ 8 49- + + -+ 8 =-85+ +-5 <+ ;98 /-5 52B8/ 8 ?9+ + + -+ 8 85+88 595 ++852+5.

RECOMENDACIONES. 

P9/9+2+ + + -+ 8 5+2 8/ +5 =2+5 8 +4=- =++ +=-B8+ + 424- 8 284=- 8/ ++ 85+2>/.



C-/+ -/ -- 8 8;92=- /885+2- +/85 8 5+2 + +4=-.



P8+92>/ + + -+ 8 85+ 8-?28/- 4985+5 8 -/+5 =82?-5+5 < 84=2/++5.

  T8/8

92+- -/ 8 /52- 8 -5 B89-5 8/ +5 +88+5 9+/- 58 85 -58B+/- -5 +-+428/-5.



M++ -8+48/8 +5 4985+5 -8/2+5 8 +5 -4+2-/85.



L8B+ + + 4+/- 5284=8 + 28+ 8 +4=- =++ + 8-=2+2>/ 8 +-5.



A/-+ 5284=8 + 92+2>/ 8 =9/- B+2/-/-5 8 GPS.



A K/+2+ ++ =2+ =-85+ + 2/-4+2>/.