KP[RF]BD]RPK V RP@KOFTEH
]HPPB BFIIBC< Dkrgks, bsiubrzhs y mfcktkdfôo
FO]BGPKO]BT Bst. Krq. Dhotrbrks Ph`cbs Pfdjbc Bst.Krq. Pufz @kdk Bmbr Bst. Krq. Tfiubotbs \üûfgk Vkofrb Bst. Krq. Yfcckoubvk ]hrrbs @rfsok
MHDBO]B Bcvfs Jbrebs Ekck`br
DRPTH Iåsfdk Gbobrkc
BTDRBCK KDKMÆEFDH ^PHIBTFHOKC MB KP[RF]BD]RPK V RP@KOFTEH
]HPPB BFIIBC< Dkrgks, Bsiubrzhs y mfcktkdfôo IÅTFDK GBOBPKC
MHDBO]B Bcvfs Jbrebs Ekck`br
FO]BGPKO]BT Bst. Krq. Dhotrbrks Ph`cbs Pfdjbc Bst.Krq. Pufz @kdk Bmbr Bst. Krq. Tfiubotbs \üûfgk Vkofrb Bst. Krq. Yfcckoubvk ]hrrbs @rfsok
TBEBT]PB KDKMÆEFDH< 0>;2 - 0
DJFE@H]B — ^BPÜ
FOMFDB ^HP]KMK DKPK]RCK FO]PHMRDDFHO PBTREBO K@T]PKD H@LB]FYHT IROMKEBO]H ]BHPFDH F. BT]PRD]RPK BT]PRD] RPK V KP[RF]BD]RPK KP[RF]BD ]RPK ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ;; ;. Bstrudturk ------------------------------- ----------- ;0 ;.;. Iuodfôo mb uok bstrudturk --------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------- - ;0 ;.;.;. Dkrgk -------------------------------------------------------------------- ;0-;2 ;.;.0. Bsiubrzh ---------------------------------------------------------------- ;2-;9 ;.0. Bcbeboths mb uok bstrudturk ------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------- ;7-;: ;.4. ]fphs mb Bstrudturks ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ --------------------------- ;6-0; ;.=. Bxfgbodfks @ësfdks mb uok bstrudturk -------------------------------- 0;-00 FF. MFCK]KDFHO ]BPEFDK ------------------------------------------------------------ 04 ;. Mfcktkdfôo tærefdk mb sôcfmhs y cåqufmhs -------------------------------------- 0 4 ;.;. Mfcktkdfôo cfobkc ---------------------------------------------------------------- 04-0= ;.0. Mfcktkdfôo Tupbrifdfkc ------------------------------ --------------------------- 0= ;.4. Mfcktkdfôo du`fdk -------------------------------------------------------------- 0=-02 0. Bsiubrzh tærefdh ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ------ 02 0.;. Bsiubrzh tærefdh bo ck mfcktkdfôo cfobkc -------------------------------- - 02 0.0. Bsiubrzh tærefdh bo ck mfcktkdfôo vhcueætrfdk ------------------------ 09 KOKCFTFT MB CK ]HPPB BFIIBC F. KT^BD]H GBOBPKC ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 0: ;.;. Mkths prhybdtukcbs ---------------------------------- ---------------------------- 0: ;.0. R`fdkdfôo -------------------------------- -------------------------------- ----------- 0: FF. KT^BD]H IHPEKC ----------------------------------------------------------------- 06 0.;. Dkrkdtbråstfdk mb ck ihrek ----------------------------------------------------- 06 0.0. ]bombodfk dhephsftfvk ------------------------------ --------------------------- 4> FFF. KT^BD]H BT^KDFKC -------------------------------------------------------------- 4; 4.;. Bcbeboths jhrfzhotkcbs -------------------------------------------------------- 4; 4.0. Bcbeboths vbrtfdkcbs -------------------------------- ---------------------------- 4; 4.4. ]fph mb bsdkck -------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 4.=. Dkrkdtbråstfdks mbc bspkdfh fotbrfhr ----------------------------------------- 4; FY. KT^BD]H BT]PRD]RPKC ------------------------------------------------------ 4= =.;. Dkrgks bsiubrzh------------------------------------------------------------------ 4=
=.0. Bcbeboths mb uok bstrudturk ------------------------------------------------- 42 =.4. ]fph mb bstrudturk --------------------------------------------------------------- 49 =.=. Bxfgbodfk `ësfdk mb m b uok bstrudturk ------------------------------ ----------- 47 Y. KT^BD]H @FHDCFEK]FDH -------------------------------------------------------- 4: 2.;. Yfboths ------------------------------ -------------------------------- ---------------- 4: 2.0. Kshcbkefboth --------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
DHODCRTFHOBT @F@CFHGPKIFK KOBZHT
FO]PHMRDDFÔO . Ck krquftbdturk mbc sfgch ZFZ h Krquftbdturk mbc Jfbrrh b Fomustrfkc, surgfô dho chs bibdths mb ck rbvhcudfôo fomustrfkc qub sb jfzh sbotfr bo thmhs chs ëe`fths mb ck vfmk dhotbephrëobk. Bc vbrtfgfohsh prhgrbsh tbdohcôgfdh iub bc vbrmkmbrh rbsphosk`cb. Ck krquftbdturk, dheh mfsdfpcfok euy kibdtkmk phr ck tbdohchgåk, sbotfrë mb uok ihrek euy supbrfhr k cks mb cks htrks krtbs pcëstfdks chs kvkodbs qub mbsmb ebmfkmhs mbc sfgch ZYFFF sb vfofbrho sudbmfbomh bo bc ëe`fth bspbdåifdh mb chs ektbrfkcbs ikdtf`cbs mb sbr kpcfdkmhs k ck dhostruddfôo. Ck fodhrphrkdfôo mb oubvhs ektbrfkcbs fepcfdk`k uo dke`fh rkmfdkc mb ck kpkrfbodfk mb ck krquftbdturk, ch qub jkdb obdbskrfh kepcfkr bc dhodbpth mb krquftbdturk. Kuoqub bc prfebr bibdth mb ck rbvhcudfôo fomustrfkc sh`rb ck dhostruddfôo iub ck bxtbosfôo mbc ckmrfcch, bc ektbrfkc qub rbvhcudfhoô ck krquftbdturk iub bc jfbrrh. K pkrtfr mb ;72> sb sustftuyb bc dkr`ôo vbgbtkc phr bc efobrkc ch qub pbreftb ck h`tbodfôo mbc jfbrrh iuomfmh h dhckmh qub tfbob ekyhr dhotbofmh mb dkr`ôo qub bc jfbrrh. Bc rbsuctkmh bs uo ektbrfkc murh b foicbxf`cb y euy rbsfstbotb k ck dheprbsfôo, prhmudfæomhsb kmbeës bo grkombs dkotfmkmbs. Bc jfbrrh dhckmh pbreftåk ck rbdrbkdfôo mb ihreks mbdhrktfvks1 ck dhcueok mb kpkrfbodfk dcksfdfstk sbrë uoh mb chs bcbeboths eës utfcfzkmhs, æstb pkskråk phdh k phdh k hdupkr phsfdfhobs mb ekyhr sfgofifdkdfôo dhostrudtfvk. ^rfebrh dheh pfb mbrbdjh bo ihrek mb dhcueok, cubgh sustftuybomh k cks vfgks mb ekmbrk y mbspuæs k chs ekrdhs mb cks vbotkoks. Botrb tkoth chs kvkodbs tbdohcôgfdhs dhotfouk`ko mb ihrek fofotbrruepfmk. Bc jfbrrh ihrlkmh dhohdfô k pkrtfr mb ebmfkmhs mb sfgch uo fephrtkotb mbskrrhcch. Æstb sb kctbrok`k dho bc dhckmh bo ck dhephsfdfôo mb chs bmfifdfhs, dho bxdbpdfhobs bo cks qub bc prfebrh kpkrbdåk mb ihrek bxdcusfvk, dheh bs bc dksh mb Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc, cbvkotkmk bo ;::6 pkrk ck Bxphsfdfôo Rofvbrskc mb bsb kûh. Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc, fofdfkcebotb ohe`rkmk –]hur mb 4>> eêtrbs― (]hrrb mb 4>> ebtrhs), bs uok bstrudturk mb jfbrrh pumbckmh mfsbûkmk phr Ekurfdb Ahbdjcfo y Æefcb Ohugufbr y dhostrufmk phr bc fogbofbrh bc fogbofbrh irkodæs irkodæs Gustkvb Bfiibc y sus dhck`hrkmhrbs dho ehtfvh mb ck Bxphsfdfôo Rofvbrskc mb ;::6, ibdjk qub ekrdk`k bc dbotbokrfh mb ck Pbvhcudfôo Irkodbsk, sb pu`cfdô uo grko dhodursh bo bc @hcbtåo Hifdfkc irkodæs. Bfiibc jk`åk prbsbotkmh su prhybdth mb ]hrrb k chs rbsphosk`cbs mbc Kyuotkefboth mb @krdbchok, pkrk qub sb dhostruybrk bo bsk dfumkm bspkûhck dho ehtfvh mb ck Bxphsfdfôo Rofvbrskc qub sb dbcb`rkråk bo ;:::1 pbrh k chs rbsphosk`cbs mbc kyuotkefboth `krdbchoæs cbs pkrbdfô uok dhostruddfôo bxtrkûk y dkrk, qub oh bodklkråk bo ck dfumkm, kså qub rbdjkzkrho bc prhybdth. ]rks ck obgktfvk mb @krdbchok, Bfiibc, prbsbotô su prhybdth k chs rbsphosk`cbs mb ck Bxphsfdfôo Rofvbrskc mb ^krås, pkrk qub sfrvfbrk dheh krdh mb botrkmk y dbotrh mb ktbodfôo mb ck bxphsfdfôo. Kdbptkrho dhostrufr ck ]hrrb, kuoqub sfo eudjh botusfkseh, y üofdkebotb, dho bc dkrëdtbr mb uok dhostruddfôo tbephrkc, phr ch qub sb iflô bc kûh mb ;6>> dheh ck ibdjk cåeftb pkrk qub iubrk mbsehotkmk.
Kpboks sb dhohdfô bc prhybdth mb ck ]hrrb, ] hrrb, cblhs mb bokehrkr k chs pkrfsfohs, tuvh uo bohreb rbdjkzh shdfkc, susdftkomh uok bohreb dhotrhvbrsfk, oh shch botrb chs krtfstks mb ck æphdk, sfoh tke`fæo botrb chs prhpfhs vbdfohs pubs ck vbåko dheh uo ehostruh mb jfbrrh. Brko phdhs chs qub mbibomåko bc prhybdth y eudjhs eës chs qub ekofibstk`ko su rbdjkzh. Bc bohreb rbdjkzh qub fospfrk`k ck ]hrrb jkdåk suphobr qub tkc dheh bstk`k pckobkmh, sbråk mbsehotkmk bo ;6>>. Tfo be`krgh, sbråk bc blærdfth irkodæs qufbo kdk`kråk phr skcvkr ck vfmk mb ck ]hrrb Bfiibc, yk qub trks uoks prub`ks efcftkrbs dho bqufphs mb trkosefsfhobs sb ccbgô k ck dhodcusfôo mb qub ck thrrb brk uo cugkr prfvfcbgfkmh pkrk ck fostkckdfôo mb kotboks y bqufphs mb rkmfh. Dho bcch, ck ]hrrb Bfiibc yk tboåk uo ush prëdtfdh qub lustfifdkråk su keofståk y pkrkråk chs prhybdths mb mbsehotklb. Ck bstrudturk dhebozô k dhostrufrsb bo ;::7. Bo su dhostruddfôo pkrtfdfpkrho 02> h`rbrhs. Tb fokugurô bc 4; mb ekrzh mb ;::6, y iub k`fbrtk kc pü`cfdh bc 9 mb ekyh mb bsb kûh. ]uvh uok kcturk fofdfkc mb 4>> ebtrhs. ^hstbrfhrebotb sb ehotô bo su düspfmb uok kotbok mb rkmfh, dho ck qub su kcturk ccbgô k chs 40= ebtrhs. Bc prhybdth hrfgfokc dhotbepck`k qub ck thrrb kcdkozksb chs 42> ebtrhs mb kcturk, pbrh chs vbdfohs sb kckrekrho phr ck kebokzk mb qub uo bmfifdfh tko kcth y dhostrufmh sfo kpboks pfbmrks pumfbrk dkbrsb, y sb ekofibstkrho, prhvhdkomh uo dke`fh mb pckobs. Bo su æphdk hstbotô hstbo tô ck ekrdk dheh ck bstrudturk eës eë s kctk mbc euomh, jkstk bc kûh mb ;64> dukomh iub supbrkmk supbr kmk phr ck thrrb Djryscbr, mb Oubvk Vhra, bo ;64>. Bc pbsh fofdfkc mb ck thrrb brk mb kcrbmbmhr mb 74>> thobckmks, bc dukc jk fmh kuebotkomh grkmukcebotb jkstk kcdkozkr eës mb ;>>>>, mb`fmh kc eusbh, rbstkurkotbs, kcekdbobs y tfbomks qub kdtukcebotb kc`brgk. Jhy måk sb cb dhosfmbrk bc såe`hch fomfsdutf`cb mb Irkodfk y mb ck dfumkm mb ^krås bo pkrtfduckr, sfbomh bc ehoueboth eës vfsftkmh mbc euomh.
PBTREBO Mbtrës mb cks eës ktrbvfmks bstrudturks, mbskifkomh ck grkvbmkm, rbtkomh k ck fomfspbosk`cb rh`ustbz, kpkrbotkomh uok ikcsk fobstk`fcfmkm, jky ektbeëtfdks hductks duyk efsfôo bs pkskr fokmvbrtfmks, hductkr bc eærfth tædofdh pkrk rbskctkr ck dhephobotb krtåstfdk y drbktfvk Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc bs uok mb cks bstrudturks eës iëdfcebotb rbdhohdf`cbs mbc euomh. Dhostrufmk pkrk ck Bxphsfdfôo Rofvbrskc mb ;::6 bo dhoebehrkdfôo mbc dbotbokrfh mb ck Pbvhcudfôo Irkodbsk, sb prhybdtô dheh uo blbepch mb prhgrbsh y uo chgrh mb ck dfbodfk y ck tbdohchgåk mbc sfgch ZFZ. Tbcbddfhokmk phr uokofefmkm botrb 7>> prhpubstks, chs 4>> ebtrhs mb kcturk mb ck ]hrrb sfe`hcfzk`ko bsb prhgrbsh. Dukomh iub fokugurkmk bo ekrzh mb ;::6, ck ]hrrb Bfiibc brk ck dhostruddfôo eës kctk mbc euomh, y pbrekobdfô kså jkstk ekyh mb ;64>, dukomh sb fokugurô bo Oubvk Vhra bc Bmfifdfh Djryscbr, dho 77 pckotks y 4;6 e mb kcturk (Ro kûh eës tkrmb, bc Bepfrb Ttktb @ufcmfog, mb ;>0 pckotks y 4:; e mb kcturk supbrô bc rbdhrm y ch hstbotô murkotb =; kûhs). Ck ]hrrb dhostk mb duktrh pktks krqubkmks qub sb bstrbdjko jkdfk mbotrh ihrekomh uok shck dhcueok qub kcdkozk su eëxfek kcturk k 072 e (jky htrhs mhs ofvbcbs k 27 y k ;;2 e). Bc ofvbc supbrfhr dhotboåk uoks jk`ftkdfhobs uskmks phr Bfiibc, fodcuybomh uok hifdfok mhomb rbdf`fô k ]jheks Bmfsho bo ;:66, uok bsdkcbrk mb dkrkdhc y uo eëstfc eës tfc dho `kombrk bo bc bxtrbeh, qub ccbvô ck kcturk fofdfkc jkstk chs 4;0 ebtrhs. Dhostrufr tkc thrrb prbsbotk`k rbths fephrtkotbs. Dheh bc efseh Bfiibc mflh, –¸K quæ iboôeboh mb`åk mkrcb prfodfpkc fephrtkodfk kc mfsbûkr ck ]hrrb8 K ck
rbsfstbodfk mbc vfboth. @fbo, drbh qub ck durvkturk mb chs duktrh `hrmbs bxtbrfhrbs mbc ehoueboth, qub sho dheh chs dëcduchs ektbeëtfdhs jko mfdtkmh qub mb`bo sbr, mkrëo feprbsfôo mb grko fotbosfmkm y `bccbzk― . ^krk jkdbr bc prhybdth eës kdbptk`cb mb dkrk k ck hpfofôo pü`cfdk, Ohugufbr y Ahbdjcfo shcfdftkrho kc krquftbdth Ttbpjbo Tkuvbstrb pkrk qub trk`klkrk bo ck kpkrfbodfk mbc prhybdth. Tkuvbstrb prhpush pbmbstkcbs bo cks pktks rbdu`fbrths dho ekephstbråk, krdhs ehouebotkcbs pkrk uofr cks dhcueoks y bc prfebr ofvbc, grkombs skcks kdrfstkckmks bo dkmk pckotk, uo mfsbûh bo ihrek mb `uc`h pkrk ck dfek y htrhs hrokeboths pkrk kmhrokr ck bstrudturk bo su dholuoth. ^hr üctfeh, bc prhybdth sb sfepcfifdô, pbrh sb dhosbrvkrho mbtbrefokmhs bcbeboths dheh chs grkombs krdhs mb ck `ksb, qub dhotrf`uybo k mkrcb su kspbdth tko dkrkdtbråstfdh. Ck durvkturk mb chs ehotkotbs sb mbtbrefok ektbeëtfdkebotb pkrk hirbdbr ck eblhr rbsfstbodfk phsf`cb kotb bc bibdth mbc vfboth. Dho cks pkck`rks mb Bfiibc< "Kså thmk ck iubrzk dhrtkotb mbc vfboth pksk phr bc fotbrfhr mb chs ehotkotbs mb cks krfstks. Cks tkogbotbs k chs ehotkotbs u`fdkmks bo puoths sftukmhs k ck efsek kcturk sfbeprb tbrefoko dhrtëomhsb bo bc puoth phr bc qub pksk ck rbsuctkotb mb cks iubrzks qub bc vfboth blbrdb sh`rb ck pkrtb mb ck pktk qub bstë bodfek mb chs puoths bo dubstfôo. Kotbs mb dhfodfmfr bo ck düspfmb, cks pktks pkrbdbo surgfr mbc subch, y mb kcguok ihrek ehcmbkmks phr ck kddfôo mbc vfboth―.
K@T]PKD] @bjfom tjb ehst mkrfog strudturbs, mbiyfog grkvfty, djkccbogfog tjb bssbotfkc rh`ustobss, prbtbomfog k ikcsb fostk`fcfty, oh jfmmbo ektjbektfdkc wjhsb efssfho fs th gh uoohtfdbm, h`sdurb tbdjofdkc ebrft th jfgjcfgjt tjb krtfstfd kom drbktfvb dhephobot ]jb Bfiibc ]hwbr fs hob hi tjb tj b ehst rbdhgofzk`cb strudturbs fo tjb whrcm. @ufct ihr tjb Rofvbrskc Bxjf`ftfho hi ;::6 th dheebehrktb tjb dbotbokry hi tjb Irbodj Pbvhcutfho, ft wks prhlbdtbm ks ko bxkepcb hi prhgr bss kom kdjfbvbebot hi sdfbodb kom tbdjohchgy hi tjb ofobtbbotj dbotury. Rokofehuscy sbcbdtbm irhe 7>> prhphskcs, tjb 4>> ebtbr jfgj thwbr tjkt sye`hcfzbm prhgrbss. Wjbo ft wks fokugurktbm fo Ekrdj ;::6, tjb Bfiibc ]hwbr wks tjb tkccbst `ufcmfog fo tjb whrcm, kom rbekfobm sh uotfc Eky ;64>, wjbo ft hpbobm fo Obw Vhra's Djryscbr `ufcmfog, wftj 77 ichhrs kom 4;6 ebtbrs jfgj (hob ybkr cktbr ]jb Bepfrb Ttktb @ufcmfog, ;>0 pckots kom 4:; ebtbrs jfgj kom bxdbbmbm tjb rbdhrm `hks tbm ihr =; ybkrs). ]jb thwbr jks ihur krdjbm cbgs tjkt tkpbr fowkrm th ihre k sfogcb dhcueo rbkdjbs fts ekxfeue jbfgjt th 072 e (tjbrb krb twh htjbr cbvbcs th 27 kom ;;2 e). ]jb uppbr cbvbc dhotkfos k rhhe usbm `y Bfiibc, fodcumfog ko hiifdb wjbrb jb rbdbfvbm ]jheks Bmfsho fo ;:66, k spfrkc stkfrdksb kom k ekst wftj ickg ho thp, wjfdj cbm tjb foftfkc jbfgjt th 4;0 ebtbrs. @ufcmfog sudj k thwbr jkm sfgofifdkot djkccbogbs. Ks Bfiibc jfesbci skfm, "Wjkt pjboheboho sjhucm gfvb prfekry fephrtkodb fo mbsfgofog tjb ]hwbr8 K wfom rbsfstkodb. Wbcc, F tjfoa tjb durvkturb hi tjb ihur hutbr bmgbs hi tjb ehouebot, wjfdj krb cfab ektjbektfdkc dkcducktfhos jkvb mfdtktbm tjby sjhucm `b, gfvb feprbssfho hi grbkt fotbosfty kom `bkuty". ]h ekab tjb prhlbdt ehrb kddbptk`cb ikdb hi pu`cfd hpfofho, Ohugufbr Ahbdjcfo kom Ttbpjbo Tkuvbstrb ksabm tjb krdjftbdt th whra ho tjb kppbkrkodb hi tjb prhlbdt. Tkuvbstrb prhphsbm pbmbstkcs fo dhktbm ekshory cbgs ehouebotkc krdjbs th cfoa tjb dhcueos kom tjb ifrst cbvbc, ckrgb gckss rhhes ho bkdj ichhr, k `uc`-sjkpbm mbsfgo ihr tjb thp kom htjbr hrokebots th kmhro tjb strudturb ks k wjhcb. Ifokccy, tjb prhlbdt wks sfepcfifbm, `ut dbrtkfo bcbebots sudj k s tjb ckrgb krdjbs hi tjb `ksb, ` ksb, wjfdj dhotrf`utb th gfvb fts kppbkrkodb sh djkrkdtbrfstfd fs prbsbrvbm. ]jb durvkturb hi tjb uprfgjts fs ektjbektfdkccy mbtbrefobm th hiibr tjb `bst phssf`cb rbsfstkodb th tjb wfom. Fo tjb whrms hi Bfiibc< "Th kcc wfom sjbkr tjrhugj tjb fosfmb hi tjb uprfgjts hi tjb bmgbs ]jb tkogbots th tjb uprfgjts chdktbm kt phfots chdktbm kt tjb skeb jbfgjt kcwkys bom kt tjb phfot fotbrsbdtfog tjb rbsuctfog pkssfog. Hi tjb wfom ihrdbs bxbrtbm ho tjb pkrt hi tjb cbg tjkt fs ho thp hi tjb phfots fo qubstfho. @bihrb kgrbbfog ho tjb thp, tjb cbgs kppbkr th bebrgb irhe tjb grhuom, kom shebjhw ehcmbm `y tjb wfom. "
H@LB]FYHT
Kokcfzkr y bxpcfdkr chs tfphs mb dkrgks, bsiubrzhs y mfcktkdfôo qub sb prhmudbo pr hmudbo bo ck ]hrrb ]hrrb Bfiibc.
Kokcfzkr ck ]hrrb Bfiibc bo su kspbdth gbobrkc, ihrekc, bspkdfkc, bstrudturkc y `fhdcfeëtfdh.
IROMKEBO]H ]BÔPFDH
F.
BT]PRD]RPK V KP[RF]BD]RPK KP[RF]BD]RP K
Ck Krquftbdturk `usdk hirbdbr kc sbr juekoh uo k`rfgh, prhybdtkomh bspkdfhs dhoihrtk`cbs mhomb pubmk mbskrrhcckr sus kdtfvfmkmbs. Bs fephrtkotb botbombr rbkcebotb chs dhodbpths `ësfdhs qub fomfdko bc iuodfhokefboth mb cks bstrudturks yk qub ck prfodfpkc mfifductkm pkrk uo krquftbdth bs kmqufrfr uok dfbrtk dkpkdfmkm mb fekgfokdfôo pkrk dheprbombr y rbckdfhokr mbotrh mb ck bstrudturk cks dkrgks kpcfdkmks y chs bsiubrzhs rbsuctkotbs. Bc krquftbdth pubmb dhosfmbrkr k ck bstrudturk dheh pkrtb iuomkebotkc mb sus drbkdfhobs. Bc krquftbdth mb`b uskr chs rbdurshs, ck tædofdk y tbdohchgåk mfsphof`cb pkrk hrgkofzkr bc dholuoth mb bcbeboths qub dhephobo ck bstrudturk, ck ihrek, ck mfebosfôo. ]hmh h`lbth ektbrfkc tfbob uok bstrudturk qub mbifob su ihrek y bo dfbrth ehmh su ekobrk mb iuodfhokr. Ck bstrudturk bs bc ebmfh iuomkebotkc pkrk dhoifgurkr bc bothroh ektbrfkc. dfbotåifdks. Tb iuomkebotk bo ck kpcfdkdfôo mb rbgcks dfbotåifdks. ^rhphrdfhok uo ebmfh bstætfdh y drbktfvh pkrk bc mfsbûh mb ck bxpbrfbodfk mb cks bmfifdkdfhobs―. (Bogbc, 0>>;) — dhodrbtkr fmbks mbc prhybdtfstk.
–Rok h`rk krquftbdtôofdk bs üofdk b fomfvfsf`cb, mb`b sbr dhodb`fmk dheh uo thmh ihrekc, iuodfhokc y tædo fdh― (Mfbz, 0>>2, pg. ;7).
;;
;. Bstrudturk Dholuoth mb bcbeboths rbsfstbotbs dhovbofbotbebotb vfoduckmhs botrb så qub kddfhoko y rbkddfhoko `klh dkrgks mb sbrvfdfh. Ck ihrek mb dukcqufbr h`lbth bs susdbptf`cb k suirfr mbihrekdfhobs mb`fmh k ck kddfôo mb bcbeboths bxtbrohs sh`rb bc h`lbth. Ck bstrudturk bs ck qub bvftk bstks mbihrekdfhobs, phr ebmfh mbc mbsvåh mb iubrzks. ^krk bsth ck bstrudturk mb`b rbsfstfr ch suifdfbotb. ;.;. Iuodfôo mb ck Bstrudturk< Thphrtkr iubrzks y trkoseftfrcks k chs puoths mhomb kphyk dho bc ifo mb sbr rbsfstbotb y bstk`cb. Bstks iubrzks qub kdtüko sh`rb ck bstrudturk sb cckeko dkrgks. ;.;.;. Dkrgk< Ck dkrgk mb uok bstrudturk sho cks iubrzks qub æstk mb`b shphrtkr. Ck prfebrk dkrgk qub shphrtk dukcqufbr bstrudturk bs su prhpfh pbsh, pbrh kmbeës, mb`bo rbsfstfr htrks dkrgks dheh phr blbepch< Chs h`lbths qub bstëo sh`rb bccks h bo su fotbrfhr (ebsk, sfcck, rbdfpfbotb) Ck prbsfôo mb uo cåqufmh h uo gks (pubotb, prbsks) ccuvfk, ofbvb. Ck iubrzk mbc vfboth, ccuvfk, V sf ck bstrudturk bstë bo ehvfefboth, tke`fæo mb`brë shphrtkr cks iubrzks mb fobrdfk, qub kpkrbdbo bo bcck dukomh sb kdbcbrk h sb irbok. Bstks dkrgks sb pubmbo dcksfifdkr bo<
K. Tbgüo su hrfgbo< k. Dkrgks grkvftkdfhokcbs< Tho cks qub kdtüko sh`rb uok bstrudturk dheh dhosbdubodfk mb ck kddfôo mb ck grkvbmkm.
Iubrzk mb ck grkvbmkm
;0
`. Dkrgks bôcfdks< Tho kqubccks prhmudfmks phr ck kddfôo mbc vfboth qub kibdtkrk k cks dhostruddfhobs sbgüo sbk ck fepckotkdfôo, kcturk b fodfmbodfk bo rbckdfôo dho su pbsh.
Bmfifdfhs mb Ekojkttko
Mfrbddfôo mb vfboth
d. Dkrgks Tåsefdks< Tho cks hrfgfokmks phr chs iboôebohs såsefdhs qub prhmudbo hsdfckdfhobs y skdumfmks, prhvhdkomh ehvfefboths bo bc tbrrboh.
Hrfgbo mb uo sfseh
m. ^hr mbihrekdfhobs< Tho hrfgfokmhs phr dkrgks fotbroks mb ck bstrudturk. - ]ærefdks< Ck mfibrbodfk mb tbepbrkturk prhvhdk bo chs sôcfmhs mfcktkdfhobs y dhotrkddfhobs. - Mbsdbosh mb kphyh< Tho gbobrkmks phr mbihrekdfhobs bo chs subchs mb dfebotkdfôo. - Ykrfkdfôo mb prhpfbmkmbs< Cks trkosihrekdfhobs quåefdks y dhomfdfhokotbs ke`fbotkcbs pubmbo prhvhdkr mbihrekdfhobs.
;4
Mfcktkdfôo mb chs ebtkcbs
Mfcktkdfôo mb chs ebtkcbs
@. Tbgüo su bstkmh fobrdfkc< Tb rbifbrb kc bstkmh mb rbphsh h ehvfefboth qub sb bodubotrk ck dkrgk. k. Bstëtfdks< Bstë tfdks< Oh dke`fk ouodk su bstkmh mb rbphsh h ch jkdbo cbotkebotb. `. Mfoëefdks< Tho dkrgks dkr gks qub vkråko rëpfmkebotb bo bc tfbeph. - Eôvfcbs< Ck mfrbddfôo mb mbspckzkefboth mb ck dkrgk bs pkrkcbck kc pckoh mb kpcfdkdfôo mb ck efsek y ck mfrbddfôo mb kpcfdkdfôo mb ck dkrgk bs pbrpbomfduckr k mfdjh pckoh. - Fepkdth< Ck mfrbddfôo mb ck dkrgk dhfodfmb dho ck mfrbddfôo mbc ehvfefboth ehvfefboth y æstk k su vbz pbrpbomfduckr kc pckoh mb kpcfdkdfôo.
Mfrbddfôo mbc eôvfc
Dkrgk mbc eôvfc
D. Tbgüo su tfbeph mb kpcfdkdfôo< k. ^brekobotbs< Tho kqubccks qub pbrsfstbo p brsfstbo murkotb thmk ck vfmk ütfc mb ck bstrudturk. `. Kddfmbotkcbs< Tho kqubccks qub pubmbo vkrfkr k ch ckrgh mb ck vfmk ütfc mb ck bstrudturk.
Dkrgks pbrekobotbs (Eurhs) Dkrgks kddfmbotkcbs (^brshoks, eub`cbs)
;=
M. Tbgüo su u`fdkdfôo bo bc bspkdfh< k. Dhodbotrkmks h puotukcbs< Tho cks dkrgks qub kdtüko sh`rb uok supbrifdfb euy rbmudfmk dho rbspbdth k ck supbrifdfb thtkc. `. Mfstrf`ufmks< Tho kqubccks qub kdtüko sfo shcudfôo mb dhotfoufmkm k ch ckrgh mb mb thmh bc bcbeboth bstrudturkc.
Cks bstrudturks trkoseftbo kc subch thmks cks dkrgks qub bcck rbdf`b, phr ch tkoth bc subch bs bc qub rbdhgb y k`shr`b thmks cks kddfhobs. ;.;.0. Bsiubrzhs< Cckekehs bsiubrzhs k cks iubrzks qub kpkrbdbo bo cks bstrudturk dukomh bstëo shebtfmks k dkrgks. k. ]rkddfôo< Tb mfdb qub uok bstrudturk, h uo bcbeboth bstë shebtfmh k trkddfôo dukomh sh`rb bc kdtük iubrzks qub tfbombo k kuebotkr su chogftum, bs mbdfr k bstfrkrch.
;2
`. Dheprbosfôo< Tb mfdb qub uok bstrudturk, h uo bcbeboth bstë shebtfmh k dheprbosfôo dukomh sh`rb bc kdtük iubrzks qub tfbombo k mfsefoufr su chogftum, bs mbdfr k dheprfefrch.
d. Icbxfôo< Tb mfdb qub uok bstrudturk, h uo bcbeboth bstë shebtfmh k icbxfôo dukomh k pkrtb mb æc bstë shebtfmh k trkddfôo y dheprbosfôo, bs mbdfr kcguoks mb sus if`rks sb kckrgko y htrks sb kdhrtko (mh`ckr).
m. Dhrtkmurk h Dfzkcck< Tb mfdb qub uok bstrudturk, h uo bcbeboth bstë shebtfmh k dhrtkmurk h dfzkcck, dukomh cks iubrzks qub kdtüko pkrkcbckebotb k su sbddfôo tfbombo k dhrtkrch. Bs mbdfr, tfbombo k mbspckzkr uok sbddfôo dho rbspbdth k htrk.
b. ]hrsfôo< Tb mfdb qub uok bstrudturk, h uo bcbeboth bstë shebtfmh k thrsfôo dukomh bxfstbo iubrzks sh`rb æc æ c qub tfbombo k jkdbr gfrkr uok sbddfôo sbd dfôo dho rbspbdth k htrk, bs mbdfr k rbthrdbrch.
;9
;.0. Bcbeboths mb uok bstrudturk< Tho chs bcbeboths `ësfdhs dho chs qub sb dhostruybo cks bstrudturks. Tu prfodfpkc iuodfôo bs trkoseftfr cks dkrgks y chs bsiubrzhs qub shphrtk ck bstrudturk. Chs eës bepcbkmhs sho< ;.0.;. ^fckrbs< Tho chs kphyhs sh`rb chs qub mbsdkosko cks vfgks. Thphrtko bsiubrzhs mb dheprbsfôo, mb`fmh kc pbsh mb chs bcbeboths qub sb kphyko sh`rb bcchs.
Bsiubrzh mb dheprbosfôo
^fckr dfcåomrfdh
;.0.0. Yfgks< Tho pfbzks jhrfzhotkcbs dho ihrek mb prfsek rbdtkoguckr. Tb kphyko sh`rb mhs puoths. Thphrtko ck dkrgk mb ck bstrudturk y ck trkoseftbo k chs pfckrbs. Thphrtko bsiubrzhs mb icbxfôo, pbrh bo chs puoths mb uofôo dho chs pfckrbs kpkrbdb bc bsiubrzh mb dhrtb h dfzkcckmurk.
Dhrtb
Icbxfôo Yfgks mb kdbrh
;7
;.0.4. ]frkotbs< Tho dk`cbs qub oh pubmbo bstfrkrsb y sulbtko vfgks h bstk`fcfzko bcbeboths vbrtfdkcbs mb ck bstrudturk. Thphrtko bsiubrzhs mb trkddfôo. ]rkddfô
;.0.=. Krdhs< Tho bcbeboths dho ihrek durvk qub sb kphyk botrb mhs pfckrbs. Cks pfbzks qub ihreko bc krdh sb cckeko mhvbcks y ck pfbzk dbotrkc bs ck dckvb. Ck dckvb trkoseftb bsiubrzhs mb dheprbsfôo jkdfk cks mhvbcks y æstks chs trkoseftbo jkstk ccbgkr kc pfckr.
Dheprbosfôo
;.0.2. Dfefboths< ]hmks cks bstrudturks obdbsftko kphykrsb sh`rb uok `ksb rbsfstbotb. Bstk `ksb ck dhostftuybo chs dfefboths, qub subcbo bstkr phr mb`klh mbc ofvbc mbc subch. Bs bqufvkcbotb k cks rkådbs mb chs ër`hcbs. Ck ekyhråk mb chs bmfifdfhs sb dhostruybo sh`rb dfefboths mb jhrefgôo pkrk bvftkr qub sb juomko mb`fmh k su pbsh.
Dfefboth mb Dhodrbth
;:
;.4.
]fphs mb bstrudturks<
;.4.;. Okturkcbs< Tho kqubccks mkmks phr ck okturkcbzk, dheh bc bsqubcbth, bc trhodh mb uo ër`hc, chs dhrkcbs ekrfohs, cks bstkckgeftks y bstkckdtftks, btd.
]rhodh mb uo ër`hc
;.4.0. Krtfifdfkcbs< Tho thmks kqubccks qub jk dhostrufmh bc jhe`rb. ^ubmbo sbr< k. Eksfvhs< ^rbmhefok grko dhodbotrkdfôo mb ektbrfkc. Tb dkrkdtbrfzko phr sbr ekdfzks, bstk`cbs y euy pbskmks. Bepcbko bo su dhostruddfôo ektbrfkcbs euy rbsfstbotbs k bsiubrzhs mb dheprbosfôo dheh sho bc grkofth, eërehc, y bc jhrefgôo.
^fr ëefmb mb Bgfpth
^fbmrk
`. Ckefokrbs< Chgrko su bqufcf`rfh ebmfkotb bsiubrzhs ohrekcbs mb trkddfôo, dheprbosfôo y bsiubrzhs tkogbodfkcbs, phsbbo dksdkrks h ckefoks durvks qub sb kphyko bo bc bqufcf`rfh mb cks dkrgks bxtbroks, sho euy rbsfstbotbs, tfbobo eudjk supbrifdfb y phdh bspbshr. Bstk dkrkdtbråstfdk mb sbr mbcgkmks pbreftb qub oh sb mbskrrhccbo grkombs tbosfhobs mb icbxfôo, dhrtb h tbosfôo1 cks dksdk rks trksckmko cks dkrgks qub kdtüko sh`rb bccks pkrk qub oh jkyko dkrgks puotukcbs. ^ubmbo sbr dfcåomrfdks, mb rbvhcudfôo, mh`cb durvkturk, dksqubtbs, dfcfomrhs h pcbgkmhs. Chs ektbrfkcbs eës uskmhs sho bc jhrefgôo k rekmh, bc kcuefofh, ekmbrk ckefokmk, pcëstfdhs rbihrzkmhs dho if`rk mb vfmrfh.
;6
Cëefoks mb jhrefgôo moby Ôpbrk mb T å moby
d. Krekzôo< - ]rfkoguckrbs< Tho kqubccks qub sb ihreko phr ck uofôo mb trfëoguchs dhostruybomh rbmbs pckoks y bspkdfkcbs. Thebtfmh phr bsiubrzhs mb trkddfôo y dheprbosfôo bqufcf`rëomhsb ck bstrudturk, chs ektbrfkcbs dho chs qub sb subcb ik`rfdko sho ck ekmbrk h bc kdbrh.
]hrrb Bfiibc, Irkodfk
- Botrkekmks< Tho bstrudturks ihrekmh phr uo dholuoth mb pbrifcbs mb ekmbrk, kdbrh u jhrefgôo qub sb botrbdruzko botrb så.
]hrrb ^btrhoks, Ekckdfk
]rkek cfobkcbs
0>
- Dhcgkotbs< Tho bstrudturks qub bstëo sustbotkmks phr dk`cbs h pbrifcbs sulbths k bcbeboths mb shphrtb. Bo bccks prbmhefoko chs tfrkotbs qub bstëo shebtfmhs k bsiubrzh mb trkddfôo.
]rkddfôo
Ghcmbo Gktb, BB.RR
;.=. Bxfgbodfks `ësfdks mb uok bstrudturk< bstr udturk< ;.=.;. Iuodfhokcfmkm< Ck bstrudturk h bc sfstbek phrtkotb mb`b dhrrbsphombr kc ush h mbstfoh. Bc mfsbûh krquftbdtôofdh y ck prhpubstk bstrudturkc mb`bo mbskrrhcckrsb pkrkcbckebotb pkrk chgrkr uok shcudfôo fotbgrkmk.
IRODFÔO
]bktrh mb Wkct Mfsoby
Mkr botrbtbofefboth k sus usukrfhs
;.=.0. Bstætfdk< Ck bstætfdk foicuyb mfrbdtkebotb sh`rb ck bstrudturk yk qub bc Krquftbdth kc fephobr sus phstuckmhs bstætfdhs kc Fogbofbrh, iflk k eboumh cfeftkdfhobs fephrtkotbs kc Tfstbek Bstrudturkc. ;.=.4. Pbsfstbodfk< Bs ck dkpkdfmkm qub tfbob bc ektbrfkc mbc dukc bstëo jbdjhs uo bcbeboth h uo dholuoth mb bcbeboths, pkrk hphobrsb k ck sbpkrkdfôo mb sus pkrtåducks kotb ck kddfôo mb iubrzks fotbroks. Bs bc dhephrtkefboth kotb ck rhturk h sbk ck dkpkdfmkm mb shphrtkr y trkoseftfr trkos eftfr cks dkrgks sfo rhepbrsb. Ck rbsfstbodfk mb uo bcbeboth sb mbifob dheh su dkpkdfmkm pkrk rbsfstfr bsiubrzhs y iubrzks kpcfdkmks sfo rhepbrsb, kmqufrfr mbihrekdfhobs pbrekobotbs h mbtbrfhrkrsb mb kcgüo ehmh.
0;
Rok mb cks grkombs vbotklks mbc kcuefofh bs su cfgbrbzk. Bs cfgbrh mbsmb uo puoth mb vfstk tædofdh dho uok bxdbcbotb rbckdfôo rbsfstbodfk pbsh qub jk jbdjh phsf`cb dhostrufr kcguohs mb chs bmfifdfhs ehmbrohs
Kmbeës, bc kcuefofh bs cfgbrh k ck vfstk, ch qub jkdb qub sbk uo ektbrfkc euy ktrkdtfvh.
;.=.2. Bqufcf`rfh< Tb fmbotfifdk dho ck gkrkotåk mb qub bc bmfifdfh oh sb ehvbrë. ehvbrë. ]fbobo dfbrth grkmh mb ehvfefboth, pbrh dhepkrkmh k cks mfebosfhobs mbc bmfifdfh chs mbspckzkefboths mb bstb bmfifdfh sho tko pbqubûhs qub k sfepcb vfstk pkrbdb foeôvfc y sfo mbihrekdfôo kcguok. Ro dubrph oh sb eubvb bo uok shck mfrbddfôo, sf sb kpcfdko htrks iubrzks mb fgukc ekgoftum y mfrbddfôo kpcfdkmk bo sbotfmh dhotrkrfh ch koucko. Dukomh bsth sudbmb sb mfdb qub bc dubrph bstë bo bqufcf`rfh.
;.=.9. Bstk`fcfmkm< Gkrkotfzk qub bc sfstbek oh sb ehvbrë dho rbspbdth kc ebmfh bo qub sb bodubotrk. [ub oh sb vubcqub, qub oh sb juomk, qub oh sb mbspckdb.
Fobstk`fcfmkm mb`fmk kc vfboth h sfseh (Kddfhobs jhrfzhotkcbs)
Fobstk`fcfmkm mb`fmk kc mbspckzkefboth mbc tbrrboh
Fobstk`fcfmkm mb`fmk k ksbotkefboth frrbguckr
00
FF.
MFCK]KDFÔO ]ÆPEFDK
BT bc prhdbsh ebmfkotb bc dukc sb dkcfbotk uo dubrph sôcfmh, ck bobrgåk dfoætfdk mb sus ëthehs kuebotk mb tkc ehmh qub cks mfstkodfks botrb cks ehcæducks drbdb, bxpkomfæomhsb kså bc dubrph, h dhotrkyæomhsb sf bs boirfkmh. Bstks bxpkosfhobs y dhotrkddfhobs dkuskmks phr vkrfkdfôo mb tbepbrkturk bo bc ebmfh qub cb rhmbk. Ck ekyhråk mb chs h`lbths sb mfcktko (dhotrkbo) dukomh sb kuebotk su tbepbrk turk. Bo bsdkck efdrhsdôpfdk, ck mfcktkdfôo tærefdk mb uo dubrph bs dhosbdubodfk mbc dke`fh bo ck sbpkrkdfôo ebmfk botrb sus ëthehs h ehcæducks. ^krk dheprbombr bsth, sb dhosfmbrkrë uo sôcfmh qub dhostk mb uo krrbgch rbguckr mb ëthehs ekotbofmhs uofmhs phr iubrzks bcædtrfdks. b cædtrfdks. Ro ehmbch ebdëofdh mb bstks iubrzks bs fekgfokr qub chs ëthehs bstëo uofmhs phr rbshrtb rågfmhs, phr su okturkcbzk, cks iubrzks fotbrktôefdks sb dhosfmbrko bcëstfdks. ^krk tbepbrkturks bo chs rkoghs dheuobs mb ck okturkcbzk, chs ëthehs vf`rko rbspbdth k sus p hsfdfhobs mb bqufcf`rfh dho uok kepcftum kprhxfekmk mb ;> -;; e y uok irbdubodfk mb ;> ;4 Jz. Ck sbpkrkdfôo prhebmfh botrb chs ëthehs bs mbc hrmbo mb ;> -;> e. Kc kuebotkr ck tbepbrkturk mbc sôcfmh, chs ëthehs vf`rko dho kepcftumbs eës grkombs y ck sbpkrkdfôo prhebmfh botrb bcchs kuebotk, mkomh phr rbsuctkmh qub bc sôcfmh dheh uo thmh sb mfcktb dukomh kuebotb su tbepbrkturk.
Kc dkcbotkr uo ektbrfkc sus pkrtåducks sb kgftko eës y bsth prhmudb bc kueboth mbc vhcuebo mbc ektbrfkc.
;. Mfcktkdfôo tærefdk mb chs sôcfmhs y cåqufmhs< ;.;. Mfcktkdfôo Cfobkc< Bs bc fodrbeboth mb ck chogftum mb uo dubrph bo ihrek mb `krrk phr su kueboth fotbroh mb tbepbrkturk. Tb cckek Dhbifdfbotb mb Mfcktkdfôo Cfobkc –λ― kc fodrbeboth mb chogftum qub bxpbrfebotk ck uofmkm mb chogftum kc kuebotkr su tbepbrkturk bo ;¾D.
04
c c λ5 c . (t t ) Mhomb< ci < Chogftum ifokc ch< Chogftum fofdfkc ti < ]bepbrkturk ifokc th< ]bepbrkturk fofdfkc
;.0. Mfcktkdfôo supbrifdfkc< Bs bc fodrbeboth mbc ërbk mb uo dubrph bo ihrek pckok phr su kueboth fotbroh mb tbepbrkturk. Tb cckek Dhbifdfbotb mb Mfcktkdfôo Tupbrifdfkc –ΰ― kc fodrbeboth mbc ërbk qub bxpbrfebotk ck uofmkm mb supbrifdfb kc kuebotkr su tbepbrkturk bo ;¾D. Bc dhbifdfbotb mb mfcktkdfôo supbrifdfkc –ΰ― bs fgukc kc mh`cb mbc dhbifdfbotb mb mfcktkdfôo cfobkc mbc efseh ektbrfkc, h sbk< ΰ 5 0λ
ΰ5
K K K . (t t )
Mhomb< Ki < Ërbk ifokc Kh< Ërbk fofdfkc ti < ]bepbrkturk ifokc th< ]bepbrkturk fofdfkc ;.4. Mfcktkdfôo du`fdk< Bs bc fodrbeboth mbc vhcuebo mb uo dubrph bo ihrek mb uo sôcfmh gbheætrfdh phr su kueboth fotbroh mb tbepbrkturk. Tb cckek Dhbifdfbotb mb Mfcktkdfôo Dü`fdh –κ― kc fodrbeboth mbc vhcuebo qub bxpbrfebotk ck uofmkm mb vhcuebo kc kuebotkr su tbepbrkturk bo ;¾D. Bc dhbifdfbotb mb mfcktkdfôo mfcktkdfôo dü`fdh –κ― bs fgukc kc trfpcb mbc dhbifdfbotb mb mfcktkdfôo cfobkc mbc efseh ektbrfkc, h s bk< κ 5 4λ
0=
Y Y κ5 Y . (t t ) Mhomb< Yi < Yhcuebo ifokc Yh< Yhcuebo fofdfkc ti < ]bepbrkturk ifokc th< ]bepbrkturk fofdfkc 0. Bsiubrzh ]ærefdh< Dukomh chs bxtrbehs mb uok `krrk h `chqub mb uo dfbrth ektbrfkc sb iflko rågfmkebotb y sb vkråk su tbepbrkturk, kpkrbdbo grkombs bsiubrzh mb dheprbosfôo h mb trkddfôo. Æsths phmråko prhvhdkr mbihrekdfhobs fephrtkotbs, b fodcush ck rupturk mbc ektbrfkc. 0.;. Bsiubrzh ]ærefdh bo ck mfcktkdfôo cfobkc< Ck mfcktkdfôo cfobkc mb`fmk kc dke`fh mb tbepbrkturk bs ∉C 5 λ. Ch ∉]. ^hr htrh ckmh bo tbhråk mb ck bckstfdfmkm sb h`tfbob kc kpcfdkr uok iubrzk (I), sh`rb ck `krrk mb chogftum fofdfkc C h y sbddfôo trkosvbrskc ; I (K), ck `krrk sb mfcktk sbgüo ck bdukdfôo ∉ C 5 Ch K , mhomb B bs uok dhostkotb B dkrkdtbråstfdk mb ck sustkodfk qub dhostftuyb ck `krrk (Eômuch mb Vhuog). Dhepkrkomh cks bdukdfhobs, sb h`tfbob ck ekgoftum mbc bsiubrzh mb`fmh k uo fodrbeboth mb tbepbrkturk vfbob mkmh phr< I K
5 λ.B. ∉]
Mfdjk mbihrekdfôo pubmb bvftkrsb phsf`fcftkomh ck mfcktkdfôo.
Bsiubrzhs tærefdhs bo ck mfcktkdfôo cåobk. Ck bstrudturk, dhostrufmk bo fovfbroh (krrf`k), suirb uok fephrtkotb mbihrekdfôo bo vbrkoh kc sbrcb fepbmfmk ck mfcktkdfôo
02
0.0. Bsiubrzh ]ærefdh bo ck mfcktkdfôo vhcueætrfdk< Tf uo ektbrfkc mfcktk`cb mb vhcuebo Yh sb bodubotrk cfeftkmh dhepcbtkebotb phr uok supbrifdfb euy rågfmk mb ihrek qub su vhcuebo oh pubmk vkrfkr, dukomh kuebotb ck tbepbrkturk kpkrbdbrëo bsiubrzhs tærefdhs dhosfstbotb bo uo fodrbeboth mb prbsfôo qub kc vhcuebo bodbrrkmh blbrdbrë sh`rb ck supbrifdfb sup brifdfb qub ch rhmbk, ck mfcktkdfôo vhcueætrfdk mb`fmk kc dke`fh mb tbepbrkturk bs ∉ Y 5 4 λ. Yh ∉]. ^h htrk pkrtb, dukomh bc vhcuebo mb dfbrth ektbrfkc sb shebtb k uo fodrbeboth mb prbsfôo (∉p) bo thmk su supbrifdfb su vhcuebo vkrfk bo ck dkotfmkm ∉ Y 5 -
∉pYh @
, mhomb @ bs cckekmh –Ehmuch mb
dheprbosf`fcfmkm fshtbrek―, qub bs dhostkotb dkrkdtbråstfdk mb dkmk sustkodfk. Bc
sfgoh ebohs bo bstk bxprbsfôo fomfdk qub uo kueboth mb prbsfôo ccbvk uok mfsefoudfôo mb vhcuebo. Mb cks mhs bdukdfhobs sb mbmudb bothodbs qub pkrk bvftkr bc fodrbeboth mb vhcuebo (∉Y) qub suirfrë bc ektbrfkc dukomh sb bcbvk ck tbepbrkturk (∉]), sh`rb cks pkrbmbs mb`b kpkrbdbr uo fodrbeboth mb prbsfôo (∉p)
tkcqub< 4λ. Yh ∉] 5 -
∉pYh @
∉p 5 4λ@∉]
Bsiubrzh tærefdh bo ck mfcktkdfôo Yhcueætrfdh
09
KOËCFTFT MB CK ]HPPB BFIIBC
F. ;.;. Mkths prhybdtukcbs< Krquftbdth< Krquftbdth tædofdh< Fogbofbrh< Kûh mb mfsbûh< Kûh mb dhostruddfôo<
KT^BD]H GBOBPKC
Gustkvb Bfiibc Ttbpjbo Tkuvbstrb Ekurfdb Ahbdjcfo y Befcb Ohugufbr ;::= ;::7 — ;::6
;.0. R`fdkdfôo< Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc sb bodubotrk bo bc –YFF krrhomfssbebot― h mfstrfth YFF mb ^krås,
chdkcfzkmh bo ck hrfcck fzqufbrmk mbc Påh Tbok, irbotb k ]rhdkmbrh y luoth k Djkep mb Ekrs (Dkeph mb Ekrtb). Bc YFF krrhomfssbebot bs uoh mb chs 0> mfstrfths mb ck dkpftkc irkodbsk y bo æc sb u`fdko grko oüebrh mb fostftudfhobs okdfhokcbs, dheh ck Kske`cbk Okdfhokc mb Irkodfk u htrhs efofstbrfhs. ]ke`fæo bs uo mbstfoh m bstfoh turåstfdh mb prfebr hrmbo kc kc`brgkr ck ]hrrb Bfiibc h ck tue`k mb Okphcbôo, bo bc Jhtbc mbs Fovkcfmbs.
Tftukmk bo bc bxtrbeh mbc Dkeph mb Ekrtb k ck hrfcck mbc råh Tbok, bo bc dhotfobotb mb Burhpk, pkås mb Irkodfk dkpftkc mb ^krfs.
0:
FF.
KT^BD]H IHPEKC
0.;. Dkrkdtbråstfdk mb ck ihrek< DHCHP V KPEHOFK
TFEB]PFK
Tb bcfgb bc dhchr "ekrrôo ]hrrb Bfiibc" phr su krehoåk krehoåk dho bc pkfsklb pkrfsfoh. Tb mbgrkmk bo trbs thohs, mbc eës hsdurh k`klh kc eës dckrh krrf`k
PF]EH
ROFMKM
]fbob ihrek pfrkefmkc
06
0.0. ]bombodfk dhephsftfvk<
BCBEBO]HT YBP]FDKCBT
BCBEBO]HT JHPF\HO]KCBT
Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc bs uok bstrudturk k`fbrtk, bcbeboth qub cb prhphrdfhok ekyhr cfgbrbzk, uok thrrb bs`bctk qub gukrmk sfebtråk y krehoåk.
Bs uok hrgkofzkdfôo dbotrkc, dbotrkc , ck ]hrrb Bfiibc bovubcvb uo bspkdfh bo su pckotk `klk mhomb sb hrgkofzk thmhs chs mbeës bspkdfhs.
4>
FFF.
KT^BD]H BT^KDFKC
4.;. Bcbeboths Jhrfzhotkcbs<
^ckoh
^ckoh
4.0. Bcbeboths vbrtfdkcbs<
Krdhs
^fckrbs ^fckrbs
4;
4.4. ]fph mb bsdkck<
Kcturk sh`rb bc ofvbc ofvbc mbc subch Kcturk sh`rb bc ofvbc mbc ekr ]BPDBP OFYBC< ^hsbb uok supbrifdfb mb 42> e0 kprhxfekmkebotb. Kcrbmbmhr mb =>> pbrshoks pubmbo pbrekobdbr kjå.
427.2>e
4>6.94e TBGROMH OFYBC< ^hsbb uok supbrifdfb mb ;92> e0 kprhxfekmkebotb. Kcrbmbmhr mb ;9>> pbrshoks pubmbo pbrekobdbr kjå.
40=e
079.;4e
;=6.04e ^PFEBP OFYBC< ^hsbb uok supbrifdfb mb 2=>> e0 y bspkdfh pkrk 4>>> pbrshok 6;.;4e @KTB< Ck thrrb sb ksfbotk bo uo dukmrkmh ;02 e mb ckmh
;;2.74e
27.9=e
Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc tfbob uok bsdkck ehouebotkc, bo gbobrkc, tfbob uok tfphchgåk Ehouebotkc.
40
4.=. Dkrkdtbråstfdks mbc bspkdfh fotbrfhr<
DFEK Ck hifdfok mb Gustkvb Bfiibc< Dhepubstk phr pbrshoklbs rbkcfstks jbdjhs bo dbrk, bstk bsdbok rbprbsbotk kc dhostrudthr dhostrudthr mb ck thrrb y su jflk Dckfrb rbdf`fbomh kc ikehsh fovbothr kebrfdkoh, ]jheks Bmfsho. Bc `kr mb djkepëo< Ck `krrk mbc `kr, fodrustkmk bo ck bstrudturk mbc ehoueboth, hirbdb ck phsf`fcfmkm mb thekr uok dhpk mb djkepëo rhskmh h `ckodh, sbrvfmh iråh k gusth mbc dcfbotb. TBGROMK ^CKO]K Cks tfbomks mb shuvbofrs< Pbdhrrk uok mb cks trbs tfbomks mb shuvbofrs. Bo bccks bodhotrkrë uok kepcfk sbcbddfôo mb tkrlbtks phstkcbs y mb krtåduchs mb ck ]hrrb Bfiibc y ^krås pkrk jkdbr uo rbgkch k sus kefghs h pkrk tbobr uo rbdubrmh mb su vfsftk. Pbstkurkotb Lucbs Ybrob< Mælbsb shrprbombr phr ck gkstrhoheåk irkodbsk ehmbrok pkrk mfsirutkr mb uok bxpbrfbodfk vfsukc y ducfokrfk üofdk, y thmh bcch bo uo bothroh mb mfsbûh y uo ke`fbotb dufmkmh. ^PFEBPK ^CKO]K Bc subch trkospkrbotb< Dho su subch trkospkrbotb y sus oubvks `krkomfccks kdrfstkckmks, ck prfebrk pckotk cbs hirbdb uok bxpbrfbodfk mbc vkdåh foæmftk y uok vfstk behdfhokotb. Mbke`ucb k 27e mbc subch phr uok pckotk kdrfstkckmk y vfvk ck sboskdfôo üofdk mb dkefokr phr bodfek mbc vkdåh. ^CKO]K @KLK Ck hifdfok mb dhrrbhs, pfckr Tur< ¸[uæ tkc sf bovåk uok phstkc k sus kefghs y ikefcfkrbs dho uo sbcch bstkepkmh mb ck ]hrrb Bfiibc8 ^krk bcch, mfrålksb k ck hifdfok mb dhrrbhs sftukmk bo bc pfckr Tur (k`fbrth kc pü`cfdh mb 6.4>j k ;:.>>j y mb 6.>>j k 04.=2j, mbsmb ebmfkmhs mb luofh jkstk ifokcbs mb kghsth)
44
FY.
KT^BD]H BT]PRD]RPKC BT]PRD]RPKC
=.;. Dkrgks y bsiubrzhs<
Dkrgks bôcfdks
Dkrgks grkvftkdfhokcbs
4=
=.0. Bcbeboths mb uok bstrudturk<
Jfbrrh pumbckmh
PBEKDJBT
EK]BPFKCBT
Jhrefgôo Kdbrh
Rofmks phr rbekdjbs pubstk bo dkcfbotb, kc boirfkrsb sb dhotrkbo ksbgurkomh bc kprbtkmh.
^FCKPBT Chs pfckrbs dbrdks kc rfh Tbok sb trk`klko bo phzhs mb dfebotkdfôo. V chs pfckrbs hpubsths kc rfh Tbok rbphsko sh`rb uok dkpk mb jhrefgôo.
Grkvk
KPDHT Tb kphyk botrb chs mhs pfckrbs, mhomb trkseftb bsiubrzh mb dheprbosfôo duyk iuodfôo bs bomurbdbr ck bstrudturk mb ck `ksb
DFEFBO]HT Mb`fmh k ck prhxfefmkm mbc råh y k ck okturkcbzk mbc su`subch sus dfefboths dhostk mb duktrh pktks jbdjks mb jfbrrh krqubkmks qub sb bstrbdjko jkdfk mbotrh ihrekomh uok shck dhcueok
42
=.4. ]fph mb bstrudturk<
BT]PRD]RPK KP]FIFDFKC - KPEK\ÔO
]PFKOGRCKP
BO]PKEKMH
49
=.=. Bxfgbodfk `ësfdk mb uok bstrudturk<
PBTFT]BODFK V BT]K@FCFMKM
dkrgks
Bcbeboth< ]rfëoguch Ck üofdk ihrek gbheætrfdk qub oh sb pubmb mbihrekr kpcfdëomhcb iubrzks bo sus ckmhs bs uo trfëoguch. Bsth jk sbrvfmh mb `ksb pkrk ik`rfdkr cks bstrudturks trfkoguckrbs.
KPDHT Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc dhostk mb krdhs, yk qub bs uo bcbeboth qub tke`fæo kphrtk rbsfstbodfk k ck bstrudturk. ]rk`klk shebtfmh k dheprbsfôo.
47
Y. 2.;. Yfboths
KT^BD]H @FHDCFEË]FDH
Ck fgukcmkm mb chs eheboths pbreftb dkcduckr ck durvkturk mb chs `hrmbs mb ihrek qub hirbzdko ck eës bifdfbotb rbsfstbodfk kc vfboth. Dkmk `hrmb mb ck ]hrrb tfbob ihrek tkc qub ck dhephsfdfôo mb ck iubrzk vbrtfdkc mbc pbsh rbkc mb ck ]hrrb y ck iubrzk jhrfzhotkc mbc vfboth mb bo dkmk ofvbc uok iubrzk mfrfgfmk bxkdtkebotb k ch ckrgh mb ck pktk mbsbkmk
Ck durvkturk mb chs pfckrbs sb mbtbrefok ektbeëtfdkebotb pkrk hirbdbr eblhr rbsfstbodfk phsf`cb kotb bc bibdth mbc vfboth
Pbsuctkotb mb cks iubrzks mbc vfboth
Bsiubrzh mbc vfboth
Bsiubrzh mbc vfboth
Yfboth
^bsh mb ck thrrb
i(x)
J mW
mI
Ck utfcfzkdfôo mb jfbrrh ihrlkmh phr pkrtb mb Bfiibc bo uo mfsbûh mb botrkekmh k`fbrth prhphrdfhoô uok bstrudturk tko bxtrbekmkebotb cfgbrk qub ck ]hrrb tboåk kprhxfekmkebotb bc efseh pbsh qub bc kfrb qub ck rhmbk`k.
Y. 2.;. Yfboths
KT^BD]H @FHDCFEË]FDH
Ck fgukcmkm mb chs eheboths pbreftb dkcduckr ck durvkturk mb chs `hrmbs mb ihrek qub hirbzdko ck eës bifdfbotb rbsfstbodfk kc vfboth. Dkmk `hrmb mb ck ]hrrb tfbob ihrek tkc qub ck dhephsfdfôo mb ck iubrzk vbrtfdkc mbc pbsh rbkc mb ck ]hrrb y ck iubrzk jhrfzhotkc mbc vfboth mb bo dkmk ofvbc uok iubrzk mfrfgfmk bxkdtkebotb k ch ckrgh mb ck pktk mbsbkmk
Ck durvkturk mb chs pfckrbs sb mbtbrefok ektbeëtfdkebotb pkrk hirbdbr eblhr rbsfstbodfk phsf`cb kotb bc bibdth mbc vfboth
Pbsuctkotb mb cks iubrzks mbc vfboth
Bsiubrzh mbc vfboth
Bsiubrzh mbc vfboth
Yfboth
^bsh mb ck thrrb
i(x)
Ck utfcfzkdfôo mb jfbrrh ihrlkmh phr pkrtb mb Bfiibc bo uo mfsbûh mb botrkekmh k`fbrth prhphrdfhoô uok bstrudturk tko bxtrbekmkebotb cfgbrk qub ck ]hrrb tboåk kprhxfekmkebotb bc efseh pbsh qub bc kfrb qub ck rhmbk`k.
mI
J mW x
4: i h
2.0. Kshcbkefboth<
ch 5 Jh ]bepbrkturk eëxfek< 42¾D
]bepbrkturk eåofek< -2¾D
λ5
c c c . t t
;,0 x ;>∐ 5
Mhomb< λ< Dhbifdfbotb mb mfcktkdfôo mbc jfbrrh (;,0 x ;>∐ ) ch < Chogftum fofdfkc mb ck thrrb (40= e) t i i < ]bepbrkturk eëxfek mbc pkås (42¾d) t h < ]bepbrkturk eåofek mbc pkås (-2¾d)
c 40= 40= . 42 (2) (2)
Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc drbdb kprhxfekmkebotb ;2 de bo
2.0. Kshcbkefboth<
ch 5 Jh ]bepbrkturk eëxfek< 42¾D
]bepbrkturk eåofek< -2¾D
λ5
c c c . t t
;,0 x ;>∐ 5
Mhomb< λ< Dhbifdfbotb mb mfcktkdfôo mbc jfbrrh (;,0 x ;>∐ ) ch < Chogftum fofdfkc mb ck thrrb (40= e) t i i < ]bepbrkturk eëxfek mbc pkås (42¾d) t h < ]bepbrkturk eåofek mbc pkås (-2¾d)
c 40= 40= . 42 (2) (2)
5 >.;2 e 3? ;2de
Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc drbdb kprhxfekmkebotb ;2 de bo vbrkoh 46
DHODCRTFHOBT
DHODCRTFHOBT
Tb kokcfzô y bxpcfdh chs mfibrbotbs dkrgks y bsiubrzhs bo ck ]hrrb Bfiibc ebmfkotb bc bstumfh mb cks dkrgks, bsiubrzhs, bcbeboths mb uok bstrudturk, tfphs mb bstrudturk y bxfgbodfk `ësfdks pkrk qub bstk sbk rbsfstbotb y oh sb dhckpsb, dheh tke`fæo ck mfcktkdfôo mb æstk1 utfcfzkomh bo dhodbpth mb ck mfcktkdfôo cfobkc.
Tb kokcfzô ck ]hrrb Bfiibc bo su kspbdth gbobrkc, gbobrkc, ihrekc, bspkdfkc, bstrudturkc y `fhdcfeëtfdh sbûkckomh ck ihrek, tfph mb bspkdfhs, bcbeboths vbrtfdkcbs y jhrfzhotkcbs, ck kddfôo mbc vfboth y chs rkyhs mbc shc1 botrb htrhs.
@F@CFHGPKIFK Mfbz, G. (0>>2). Mfsbûh bstrudturkc bo krquftbdturk< fotrhmuddfôo. Oh`uah. Gbobrkc1 Tdjkue. EdGrkw-Jfcc. @RBDJB, I. L., & Jbdjt, B. (0>>>). Iåsfdk Gbobrkc1 Bogbc, J. (0>>>). Tfstbeks mb bstrudturks< Tfstbeks bstrudturkcbs. Bmfthrfkc Gustkvh Gfcf. ]hrrb Bfiibc.QOhvfbe`rb 0;, 0>;2U mb GKCCKO], Lhsbpj (0>>0). Ck ihrek mb ck ]hrrb Abot Ttktb Rofvbrsfty, Hjfh (RTK). Mfsphof`cb bo<
jttp
JHFHC (0>;>). Ck ]hrrb Bfiibc QOhvfbe`rb 0;, 0>;2U mb WfafKrquftbdturk. WfafKrquftbdturk. Mfsphof`cb bo< jttp
KOBZHT
Bck`hrkdfôo mb ck ekqubtk mb ck ]hrrb Bfiibc Ck ifokcfmkm mb ck bck`hrkdfôo mb bstk ekqubtk bs bxpcfdkr mb ekobrk dckrk y bifdfbotb bc tbek.
F. EK]BPFKCBT< Iôsihrh Ykrfcck `kcsk dukmrkmk 0x0 de Ehcmbs mb ck ]hrrb Bfiibc @hcsks trkspkrbotbs Ghek Tfcfdhok ]flbrk ]bepbrk K^R pcktbkmh @ksb mb 2>x2> de Dkrtucfok `ckodk Efdrh dhrrugkmh ^fodbcbs
FF. ^PHDBMFEFBO]H<
Ch prfebrh qub jfdfehs iub feprfefr bc ehcmb mb ck thrrb Bfiibc. Cubgh, bodfek mb æstk sb phob uok `hcsk trkospkrbotb pkrk krekr ck sfcubtk utfcfzkomh iôsihrh y vkrfcck `kcsk 0x0 de
Kc tbrefokr mb krekr ck sfcubtk mb ck ]hrrb, sb pbgko cks pkrtbs, qub dhostk mb 4 pkrtbs< Ck prfebrk bs ck pkrtb foibrfhr (dfefboths), ck sbguomk bs ck prfebrk pckotk y ck tbrdbrk bs ck pkrtb mhomb sb uob chs mhs pfckrbs dho ck puotk.
^bgkehs thmks cks pfbzks dho bc pbgkeboth dcësfdh, y bepbzkehs chs mbtkccbs mb ck thrrb dho vkrfccks dhchr `kcsk 0x0.
^fotkehs cks pkrtbs mb ck `ksb mb cks pktftks mb ck thrrb, mb dhchr pcktbkmh y bo gbobrkc thmk ck ]hrrb. Ifokcebotb bstk cfstk pkrk bxphobr.
Fotbgrkotbs mbc gruph pbgkomh dkmk uok mb cks pkrtbs mb ck ]hrrb Bfiibc
]hmhs kphykomh bo ck bck`hrkdfôo mb ck ]hrrb Bfiibc.
KOËCFTFT BT]PRD]RPKC BT]PRD]RPK KP]FIRFDFKC< Krekzho
KOËCFTFT BT]PRD]RPKC BT]PRD]RPK KP]FIRFDFKC< Krekzho
Dkrgks bôcfdks
Dkrgks grkvftkdfhokc
