FILM STUDIO DESIGN Sanagaun, Lalitpur, Nepal
by
Pratik Lal Shrestha (08-223)
A report Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of Architecture
Advisor Asst. Prof. Rabin Shrestha
Department of Architecture
Nepal Engineering College Changunarayan, Bhaktapur, Nepal (March 2014)
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project entitled “FILM
STUDIO DESIGN”
submitted
by Pratik Lal Shrestha (08-223)has been examined by us and is accepted for the award of degree of Bachelor of Architecture of Pokhara University.
____________________________ …………… (External Examiner)
___________________________ …………….. (Advisor Asst. Prof. Rabin shrestha)
___________________________ Prof. Bharat Sharma
___________________________ Asst. Prof. Baburam Bhattarai
(Thesis Coordinator)
(Thesis Co- coordinator)
Date: ……………………….
DECLARATION
I declare that this dissertation has not been previously accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. I state that this dissertation is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. I hereby give consent for my dissertation, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and understand that any reference to or quotation from my thesis will receive an acknowledgement.
PRATIK LAL SHRESTHA
Date
Table of content Title
Page no
Chapter 1 – Introduction 1.1
Background
1
1.2
Introduction
1
1.3 Aims and Objective of the study
2
1.4 Project justification
2
1.5 Methodology
3
Chapter 2 – Literature review 2.1 Motion picture
5
2.2 Motion picture making process
6
2.3 Crew members involved
9
2.4 Motion picture facilities
15
2.4.1 Pre production facility
16
2.4.2 Procuction facilities workshops
22
2.4.3 Post production facility
36
2.4.4 Other facilities
47
Chapter 3 – Case study 3.1 Nepal Film Development Company Ltd, Balaju
58
3.2 Three mills studio, London
63
3.3 Studio 4, Bhainsepati
72
3.4 Red studio, Narayangopal Chowk
75
3.5 Phoenix studio, Bagdole
79
Chapter 4 – Requirement And Area Analysis 4.1 Relation between spaces regarding to users,their task and their activities
84
4.2 Finalization of area requirement
92
Chapter 5 – Site Analysis Introduction to site
96
Site potential
96
Site data
96
Accessibility and approach
97
Site topography
97
Climate
97
Landuses and architecture
97
Utilities
97
Bye – laws
98
Analysis
98
Recommendations from mahony table
104
Chapter 6 – Design concept Bibiliography Appendix I – Architectural drawings Appendix II – Photos of model Appendix III – climatic data Appendix IV – Mahoney Table Analysis of Climatic Data
107
List of figures Figure no.
Description
Page no
Chapter – 1 1.a
Study methodology
3
Chapter – 2 2-1
Dressing room adjoining sound stage
23
2-3
Process of making animation
28
2-4
Story boarding
29
2-5
Model seat
29
2-6
Modeling
30
2-7
Texturing
31
2-8
Rigging
31
2-9
Animation
31
2-10
Server room
33
2-11
Render farm
34
2-12
Sound stage
35
2-13
Recording studio
37
2-14
Home studio
37
2-15
Separate studio and control room
38
2-16
Scoring stage and control room
38
2-17
Linear editing system
42
2-18
Non linear editing system
43
2-19
photography studio typical plan
45
2-20
Duplication machine
47
2-21
Screening room
48
2-22
Maximum viewing distance
49
2-23
Maximum viewing angle,first row
49
2-24
Site line clearance
50
2-25
Gang way requirement
50
2-26
Restaurant flow diagram
51
2-27
Parking type
54
2-28
Ramp gradient
54
2-29
Lock box assembly
55
2-30
Lock box unit B,C and D
56
Chapter – 3 3-1
NFDC site plan
59
3-2
NFDC sound stage
61
3-3
NFDC backlot
62
3-4
Three mills studio site plan
63
3-5
Three mills studio zoning
64
3-6
Studio 4 site plan
73
3-7
Office space
74
3-8
Sound stage
74
3-9
Red studio editing studio room
76
3-10
Red studio control room
77
3-11
Red studio dubbing room
77
3-12
Red studio color grading room
77
3-13
Phoenix studio plan
80
3-14
Phoenix studio site plan
80
3-15
phoenix studio control room
81
3-16
Phoenix studio live room
81
Chapter-5 5-1
Site and site location
95
5-2
Temperature analysis
97
5-3
Humidity analysis
98
5-4
Rainfall analysis
99
5-5
Site zoning
100
5-6
Views from site
100
5-7
Utility supply
100
5-8
Sun and wind direction
101
5-9
Land use around site
101
5-10
Data collected for overlay technique
102
5-11
Overlay technique
103
List of Tables Table no.
Description
Page no
Chapter – 1 2.a
Floor to ceiling height according to office space
18
2.b
Rest rooms with respect to number of seats
51
2.c
Floor height of dining room with respect to floor area
52
2.d
Walk up width with respect to dining floor area
52
2.e
Proportional division of kitchen area
53
Chapter – 3 3.a
Sound stages in three mills studio
69
3.b
Rehearsel room in three mills studio
72
3.c
prop store in three mills studio
72
Chapter – 4 4.a
Spatial relationship
91
4.b
Area requirement
94
Acknowledgement Sincere appreciation and acknowledgement is due to the following person and institution for their guidance and assistance in the accomplishment of this study To Asst. Prof .Rabin Shrestha, my thesis supervisor, for his competent guidance and support To the faculty and colleagues of the Department of Architecture for providing a congenial and competitive atmosphere for the study I am very gratified to Mr. Krishna Maharjan for his technical information regarding this topic. Again I would like to express my acknowledgement to Mr. Purusottam Khadka (Red studio), Sailesh Shrestha (phoenix studio) and all the staffs members of Nepal Film Development Co Ltd and Studio 4 and my colleagues who took interests in my topic and provided their valuable suggestion.
Chapter -1
Introduction 1.1. Background
Ever first movie made 1887 need of under single roof New was felt sosince that the it would be easy forinthe filmthe makers to film makemaking films. facilities In 1893 in West Orange, Jersey Thomas Edison build first movie studio called “Black Maria”and asked circus, vaudeville, and dramatic actors to perform for the camera. He distributed these movies in different theaters and arcades. Till early 1900s movies were shot out door in sunlight although there were facilities for electric bulbs. The reason behind this was inappropriate and inadequate lighting of these electric bulbs. Till this date indoor shooting was not preferred for film making. It was only in 1920s, some good production companies like 20th Century Fox, RKO pictures etc were established and started their own studio, distribution division, theaters and contracted with performers and other film making personnel. Since then the film studio started growing technologically and in facilities too. In Nepal history on film studio is not so long. Some studios like Nepal Film Development company, Prime Broadcasting System, Birendra Aishwarya Kollyood studio etc evolved with time but they were not able to bring all the facilities necessary for film makers under one roof.
1.2. Introduction
According to Wikipedia “A film studio (also known as movie studio or simply studio) is a major Entertainment Company or Motion Picture Company that has its own privately owned studio facility or facilities that are used to make films, which is handled by the production company.” A film studio consists of all the equipments and facilities required for pre production, production and post productions plus a primer theater. Some years before film studios use to have only indoor and outdoor shooting facilities. The advancement of technology brought major changed in the field of film making. Animation techniques such as green screen technology and development of sound system had given the touch of reality. In film studio we can find all the facilities required including office spaces, residence facilities for actors and other technicians. Here in film studio one can shoot a movie in a very fast pace as one can construct different indoor and outdoor scenes quickly by using the workshop facilities available here. Workshop
1
facilities consist of wood and metal workshop, painting workshop and plastering workshop. Mostly these workshops are used for the construction of indoor sets. 1.3. Aims and Objectives of the study
Basic objective of this thesis is to provide all the facilities that will be necessary from pre production stage up to the release of the movie so that film makers will not go through any kind of problems during the process of film making. •
To design the facility that can accommodate the pre production, production, post production and release of the movie and that can also financially function on its own.
•
To provide platform for the new talents arising in the film sector
•
To facilitate film makers during the film making
•
To provide the facility of producing CDs and DVDs of the movies
•
To introduce the animation technology and facility.
1.4. Project justification
Film industry is one of the big industries in Nepal. Lots of money and talents can be seen in present context of Nepali film industry. All these money and talents are suffering in the process of making movies. Especially moviemakers like producers and directors are suffering during film making due to lack of facilities and equipment necessary. The “Film Studio” as proposed will bring all the facilities necessary from pre production to release of movie for film makers under single roof. This will facilitate each and every film makers. Other scope of this kind of film studio can be seen internationally. Recently movies from Hollywood like expendables were shot in. This kind of movies and documentaries were shot before too but Nepal could not gain economically from this due to lack of such facilities. Thus this kind of facility under one roof will not only benefit existing film maker but also benefit young talents as they don’t have to wonder around in the film making process.
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1.5. Methodology
Animation Center
Aims & Objectives
Literature Review •
Nepal film development company ltd
•
Red studio
•
Phoenix studio
Case Studies
Latest Knowledge
Program Formulation
Site Analysis
Finalization of Area Requirement
Conclusion/ Recommendation
Design decisions/Guidelines
Finalization of Functional Activities
Design concept and development
Master/Site Planning
Architectural design and detailing
Fig 1(a): Study Methodology
3
•
Literature review
Reading of various books, articles, news, videos and thesis on related subject from seniors will be referred so that it will provide information and standard data for designing. During literature review expert in related fields will be consulted so that it will help to address the problem in context of Nepal. •
Case study
Study of various existing institutions and space will be done so as to know the various functions and spaced in the real life cased and help in the design of my thesis topic “Film Studio”. •
Analysis of case study
Various aspects of case study will be compared with the standard data those were obtained from literature so that best solution would be found out for thesis program formulation •
Program formulation
From the analysis of both case study and literature review required spaces and its area for the design of “Film Studio” will be found out and project site will be finalized. •
Project site analysis
Project site will be analyzing parameters like geology, soil, topography, climate, manmade structures traffic flow patterns, acoustics, surrounding environment etc so that potential of site can be found out and spaces can be placed accordingly. •
Design concept and development
After all of the process design concept will be finalized and suitable design will be developed for “Film Studio”
4
Chapter -2
Literature Review
2.1. Motion picture Motion picture is a series of still pictures which, when shown on screen, creates the illusion of moving image. During the mid development phase, motion picture were recorded on to plastic film which was then shown on a large screen through projector. With the advancement of technology motions pictures are now filmed and stored digitally like red one camera which records captured images on the hard-disk or flash cards.
Development of motion pictures has taken place gradually to the state now it is. The credit of srcination of motion picture can be given to the early plays and dances. They use to have elements common to motion pictures like scripts, sets, costumes, direction, actors, audiences, storyboard and scores. In spite of this due to the lack of technology, plays and dances could not th be recorded for future. During mid 19 century invention of devices like pinakistoscope and zoetrope showed that a carefully designed sequence of drawings, showing phases of the changing appearance of objects in motion, would appear to show the objects actually moving if they were displayed one after the other at a sufficiently rapid rate. Limitation of these devices were that, they could show limited number of drawings usually twelve, so it could only show endlessly repeating cyclical motions. The use of sequence of photographs was limited to some numbers only due to the lack of sensitivity that shows the motions. The sensitivity was increased gradually and it was only in late 1870s Eadweard Muybridge created the first animated image sequences photographed in real-time. During 1880s invention of celluloid photographic film and motion picture camera made possible to capture an indefinitely long rapid sequence of images using only one lens due to this it became possible to record several minutes of actions in a single compact reel of film. The earliest films were simply one static shot that showed an event or action with no editing or other cinematic techniques. Around 20th century, films started stringing several scenes together to tell a story. The scenes were later broken up into multiple shots photographed from different distances and angles. Other techniques such as camera movement were developed as effective ways to tell a story with film.
5
Till this time sounds in motion pictures could not be heard and were purely visual arts. It was only in late 1920s, sound recording technologies were invented for motion pictures and incorporation of dialogue and sound effects became possible. Although the combination of sound and picture became possible motion pictures were not considered to gain its full height because motion pictures could only be viewed in black and white. The introduction of natural color in the field of motion picture brought revolution. Audiences could now see motion pictures in the color that they can see around them. In 1950s invention of black and with television brought serious problem to the motion pictures. People stopped going to theaters and cinemas to overcome this problem bigger screens were installed, widescreen processes, polarized 3D projection and stereophonic sound were introduced, and more films were made in color, which soon became the rule rather than the exception.
2.2. Motion picture making process
According to Wikipedia “
. ,
,
,
,
,
,
, . ,
,
,
,
. ,
”. Making of movie consists of complex processes with different individuals or departments working. All of these individuals and department works together under a film director and is also known captain of ship. All the processes are divided into three steps according to their execution i.e. • • • • •
Development Pre production Production Post production Distribution
6
Development • This is the first and the most important step of film making. During this step idea of film is generated. That may be an srcinal idea or may be derived from somewhere like novels, story, existing movie but old one. If the movie is derived then permission is taken from the srcinal creator. After that producer hires a writer, they work together and prepare a synopsis of the story. Here changes are made to the story if there is one. After the satisfying synopsis a step outline is prepared because synopsis is more like an abstract and step outline is a detailed
form. But step outline don’t have any kind of dialogue and is just a detail story of a film. After the satisfying step outline, a 25 to 30 page treatment is prepared. Treatment contains more stage directions and less dialogue. If felt necessary, drawings are also attached with it so that one can understand key point of the story. The next step in the development phase is to arrange the finance necessary for the movie. After the completion and approval of the treatment producer and screenwriter visits potential financers to seek the financial help for the movie. After the approval by potential financers, they sign different contracts and agreements under different financial terms and conditions. Then a screenplay for the movie is prepared by screenplay writer so that writing work for the movie is completed and film gets a full story. After this, film proceeds towards the pre production phase of film making. •
Pre production
During this phase of film making preparations are made for film making. Cast and crews are hired, location is finalized and permissions are taken and sets are built for indoor shooting of the film. To control all these activities and all other activities during film making and promotions a production office is established which controls all the activities and does all the paper work necessary during film making. After this a film is pre visualized using storyboard method for which sketch artists are hired. The process of pre visualization is done so that actors, directors, makeup artists etc responsible for film making can get the story clearly. During this phase, a budget plan is drawn up to manage the budget and cutoff the unnecessary expenditure of the film. After all this, film is ready for the production phase.
7
•
Production Work of film actually starts from this phase. During this phase, raw footage for film is recorded. More crew members like property master, script supervisor, assistant director etc are recruited.
A typical day of shooting starts with the arrival of technical crew members like lighting persons, art director, dress super visors etc in a set or location as they have to prepare set/location for shooting. It may take hours and in some cases it may take days too. After this, actors arrive in the set/location at the time of their calling. Usually actors are called according to the schedule of shooting on that day. Then they go to the dressing area and put on their dress and makeup according to scene. They then rehearse with their co-actors, director, camera man and sound crew. After this when the set/location is ready for final take all the crew members arrives at the place. Assistant directors then instruct everyone to be quite. Then he informs sound and camera to be record respectively. After that director says “action” and actors acts for the final take. When the take is over the director says “cut” and sound and camera stops recording. If the director decides to take the additional take whole of the process starts again. Once the director is satisfied the crew moves to next camera angel or setup. While actors and crew members are taking final shot in one setup, another group of crew members prepares set/ location for another shot so as to save the time. When shooting is finished for the scene assistant director declares that the scene is over and crew members dismantle the set and moves on to next setup. At the end of the day director approves next day shooting schedule and a daily progress report is sent to production office. After the completion of this phase it is customary to give wrap up party by production office to the entire crew and cast for their efforts and hard work. •
•
Post production In this phase of film making final touch is given to the movie like assembly of raw footage, editing and dubbing of dialogue, visual effects etc and finally all sound elements are mixed and the movie is fully completed Distribution In this phase the movie is finally released in cinemas or occasionally to media in the form of DVD, CD, VHS, Blue ray or direct download from the internet website. The film is
duplicated and distributed to the cinemas as required. Press kits, posters, and other
8
advertising materials are published and the film is advertised and promoted. After all of these processes finally the movie enters the market. 2.3. Crew members involved
Hiring of crew members entirely depends upon the budget of the movie. If the budget of the film is low then crew members are hired on the individual basis as per necessity and if the film is of big budget then department heads are hired and they hire rest of the crew members as per the necessity of film. Key department heads are •
Director of photography
•
Production manager
•
Assistant director
•
Production designer
Following are the crew members for film making working in different phase. •
Pre production crew members Story editor The story editor supervises several story analysts who work for the studios. The analysts read screenplays, books and other literary efforts looking for potential movies. The analyst then writes a synopsis of the material. The story editor reviews the synopsis and
passes on promising prospects to the producer for possible development into a film. Writer The writer creates and shapes an srcinal story, or adapts a book, play or other work for use on the big screen. A script may go through many writers. Dialogue coach The dialogue coach helps actors learn their lines and master accents and dialects that are necessary for their roles. Location manager The location manager reads the script, decides what locations are necessary for the film, then scouts for them. The location manager visits possible locations and takes pictures to help the director find the best setting. After locations are chosen, the location manager acquires all the permits and permissions necessary for filming.
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Set designer The set designer takes direction from the art director about the look of the set, and then plans its technical construction. Art director The art director, or production designer, designs and supervises the construction of sets for a movie. This person needs to be well-versed in a variety of art and design styles, including architecture and interior design. He or she works with the cinematographer to achieve the right look for the production Costume designer The costume designer creates all the costumes worn by the cast on a production. This person contributes to the overall look of the film, as well as the style and interpretation of the film's characters. •
Production Crew Members Unit production manager The unit production manager (U.P.M.) reports the daily financial operation of a production to the production manager. Sometimes the U.P.M. will scout for locations and help the production manager with overall planning. Line producer The line producer supervises the movie's budget. This includes unique expenses like a star's salary as well as daily costs like equipment rentals. The production manager reports his or her expenses and needs to the line producer. Production manager The production manager (P.M.) makes business deals with the crew and arranges for the production's technical needs. This includes everything from obtaining the right technical equipment to renting accommodations for actors and crew. Director The director is responsible for all creative aspects of a movie. The director usually helps hire actors, decides on locations and plans the shots before filming begins. During filming the director oversees the actors and crew, sets up shots and keeps the movie on schedule and on budget. The director is usually hired by a producer, unless he or she is also producing the film. Assistant director The assistant director works to make the director more efficient. The A.D. plans a shooting schedule by breaking the script into sections that can be filmed in a single day
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and in the most efficient order. During filming the A.D. manages the set, helps line up shots for the director, calls for quiet on the set and coordinates the extras. Second assistant director The second assistant director (second A.D.) is a liaison between the production manager and the first assistant director. The second A.D. usually works with the cast and crew and handles paperwork, including call sheets (who needs to be on the set and when), actors' time sheets and production reports. This person also helps the First A.D. place extras and control crowds. Continuity person The continuity person tries to prevent embarrassing shots in the final film, such as an actor wearing a hat that mysteriously disappears in one shot then reappears in another. The continuity person logs how many times a scene was shot, how long the shot lasted, which actors were in the scene, where they were standing and any other details Cinematographer The cinematographer, or director of photography (D.P.), helps create the look of a movie. The D.P. directs the lighting for each scene, helps frame shots, chooses lenses, selects film stock and ensures that the visual look of the film conforms to the director's vision. The cinematographer usually does not operate the camera on set. Gaffer The gaffer is the chief electrician on the set, and is responsible for lighting the set according to the instructions of the cinematographer. Camera operator The camera operator is a member of the camera crew and runs the camera as instructed by the director and the cinematographer. The camera operator is responsible for keeping the action in frame, and responding quickly to the action as it unfolds. Assistant cameraman Often there is a first and second assistant cameraman. The first assistant cameraman is generally responsible for the maintenance of the camera. The first assistant cameraman also changes lenses, maintains focus during shots, marks the spots where actors will stand and measures the distance between the camera and the subject matter. The second assistant cameraman fills out camera reports and is often responsible for loading and unloading camera magazines, which contain the film. (Also see film loader.) Film loader The film loader is a member of the camera crew in charge of loading and unloading the camera's film magazines. The film loader also keeps the loading room in good, clean condition.
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Production sound mixer The production sound mixer (or recordist) records sound during filming. This person is also responsible for mixing the various soundtracks into the film's composite soundtrack, which is then put onto the film with either a magnetic or optical stripe. Boom operator The boom operator is a sound crew member who handles the microphone boom, a long pole that holds the microphone near the action but out of frame, allowing the microphone to follow the actors as they move. Key grip The key grip is the chief grip on the set. Grips create shadow effects with lights and operate camera cranes, dollies and platforms as directed by the cinematographer. Dolly grip The dolly grip places and moves the dolly track, then pushes and pulls the dolly along that track. The dolly is a cart that the camera and sometimes its crew sit on. It allows the camera to move smoothly from place to place during a shot. Best boy There are actually two separate best boy positions -- the best boy/electric and the best boy/grip, which is second in command to the gaffer and to the key grip. The best boy/grip is in charge of the rest of the grips and grip equipment. The best boy/electric is in charge of the rest of the electricians and the electrical equipment. Stunt coordinator The stunt coordinator lines up professional stunt people to take the risks that make the movies so exciting. The stunt coordinator makes sure that all safety regulations are followed and that all safety equipment is on the set and ready for action. Visual effects director The visual effects director's job varies according to the needs of the production. Sometimes the visual effects director helps with effects on the set. But he or she could also be called upon to supervise separate teams of effects technicians working away from the set. FX coordinator FX is film shorthand for special effects. The job of the FX coordinator differs from film to film. Special effects range from complicated computer animation to helping Superman fly to simple on-set logistics like making a shower work.
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Property master The property master finds, maintains and places on the set all essential props for a scene. A prop is a moveable item that is essential to a scene. Leadman The leadman answers to the set designer and heads the people who set up and take down the set and the set dressing department. Set dresser The set dresser is responsible for everything on a set except props that are essential to the scene. The set dresser selects items like drapes, artwork, bed linens, dishes and anything else, to make the set a realistic environment. Costumer The costumer, or wardrobe person, takes care of the costumes on the set, keeping them in good, clean condition, and making sure the right actor gets the right costume. Make-up artist The make-up artist is usually a licensed professional who applies any make-up to an actor above the breastbone to the top of the head and from the tips of the fingers to the elbow. Body make-up artist The body make-up artist applies any make-up below the actor's breastbone, or above the elbow. Hairdresser The hairdresser is licensed to cut color and style the hair of actors in a production. He or she also styles and cuts wigs when necessary. Usually the hairdresser provides all the necessary equipment and rents it to the production on a weekly basis. Production assistant Often called a gofer or a runner on the set, the production assistant (P.A.) performs small but essential tasks for the cast and crew. Production office coordinator The production office coordinator (P.O.C.) handles the production's office duties and stays behind when a production goes on location. He or she coordinates the crew, makes sure paperwork gets done and answers the phone. The P.O.C. also puts together new versions of the script as changes are made. Unit publicist The unit publicist makes sure the media are aware of a production by sending out press releases, arranging for interviews of cast and crew, setting up on-set visits and organizing media kits, which include publicity pictures, video and audio clips and plot summaries.
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Second unit director The second unit director heads the second unit, a separate production crew that shoots sequences not involving the main actors. These can include background shots at remote locations, shots used for special effects and scenes that are not essential to the plot. Production caterer The production caterer provides all the meals for a production, especially for on-location shoots. The caterer makes sure that the food provided meets the needs of the cast, often including special items for the star of the movie. Craft services The people responsible for coffee, beverages and snacks on the set. They also perform various small chores. Transportation coordinator The transportation coordinator makes sure that actors, crew and equipment have some way of getting to the location shoot. He or she coordinates the use of everything from limos to semis. Day player A day player is an actor hired on a daily basis. This actor only has a few lines or scenes. The day player must be notified that they are finished by the end of the day; otherwise they are automatically called back for another day of work. •
Post production Crew Members Post-Production Supervisor The post-production supervisor oversees the finishing of a film once shooting ends. He or she attends editing sessions, maintains quality control, and coordinates audio mixing, computer graphics, and all other technical needs. Editor The editor works with the director in editing the film. The director has the primary responsibility for editing decisions, but the editor often has significant input in the creative decisions involved in putting together a final cut of a movie. The editor often starts work while the film is still being shot, by assembling preliminary cuts from the daily footage. Increasingly, editors work on computerized editing consoles without touching the actual film. Color timer The color timer works with the cinematographer. He or she works in the lab to correct and balance the color of the film to the director's wishes for the look of the scene.
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Negative cutter The negative cutter takes the negative of a movie and conforms, or matches, it to the final cut of the film as decided by the director, editor, producer, studio and anyone else who may be involved. Final prints of the film are made from this conformed negative. Foley artist The foley artist creates sounds that cannot be properly recorded during the shoot. This often includes creating footsteps, thunder, creaking doors and even the sound of punches. ADR editor ADR is an acronym for automatic dialogue replacement. In this process the actors are called back during the post-production process to re-record dialogue that wasn't recorded properly during the shoot. The editor supervises this process and matches the newly recorded lines to the actor's mouth on film. Music mixer The music mixer is part of the team that prepares the final soundtrack for a movie. The music mixer carefully balances and mixes the film's musical score to integrate with the dialogue. Matte artist The matte artist is a member of the special effects department who helps create locations that never existed. He or she constructs backgrounds that integrate with the live action filmed on a set.
These are the list of crew members that works hard in a movie to make it a success. In low budget movies all of them are not hired. They are hired on the individual basis as per the need of movie but in a big budget movie almost all of these persons are hired. 2.4. Motion picture making facilities While going through the phases of film making i.e. from development phase to the distribution phase different facilities are needed like office space for establishing production office, indoor and outdoor shooting area, green studios etc. so that film can be completed in effective way. Following are the facilities needed for the completion of any motion picture and are arranged according to the phases of making motion picture.
2.4.1. Pre production facilities Office space • 2.4.2. Production facilities . Workshops • Dressing room •
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Animation studio Equipment rental Backlot • Sound stage • 2.4.3. Post production facilities Post production studio • Photography studio • Film development lab • • •
2.4.4. Other facilities Screening room • Restaurant • Parking • Post room • 2.4.1. Pre production facilities Office space • During pre production phase of making motion pictures, cast and crews are hired, location for shooting the movie is finalized, permission for the location is taken, sets are built for indoor shooting etc. To control all of these activities during the pre production phase and during all other phase an office space is required. From here producers and other members of crew controls the movie making process.
For work room the minimum area of 8.00 sqm should be allowed and free circulation space should be of minimum 1.5 sqm per employee and width of the corridor should be such that tow person can pass each other easily. Computers and screens should not be placed directly opposite to the window in work room because die to this a shadow of window is casted on the screen which will disturb our work. To know the depth of light penetration following formula can be used. D = 1.5H Here, D = depth of light penetration from window H = total height of the window Above is a general formula if there is no obstruction i.e. for normal condition and depth of light penetration can be affected by the location of building. Generally an office space contains following spaces
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Record area In this area of office all records are stored and should be placed centrally. As this space contains such important documents it should safe from water, bacteria and other thing that can harm the records. For the record area rooms in attics and basement are not suitable. Generally records like files, drawings, microfilm, document reproduction etc are stored. For the storage of such documents deep moveable filing systems are considered to be very economical and space saving. They can save space from 100% to 200%.
For the better and easy access it is necessary to arrange stored documents in a clearly label system with short circulation routes and efficient use of space. As cabinet increases, the aisle between cabinet should get wider. Following formula from neufert architect’s data can be helpful to estimate the space requirements L x W (Filing equipments) = space for furniture + ½ L x W + 0.5 = aisle space ___________________________________________________ Total requirement = space for furniture + aisle space The choice of filing system in record area can save space very effectively. So it is necessary to choose appropriate filing system. For vertical filing system ratio of floor area required for filing to the aisle space should be 100:90 and for flat filing system ratio of floor area required for filing to the aisle space should be 90:100. From above we can easily say that vertical filing system can save the space more than flat filing system and can hold files more than flat filing system. For tall office buildings it is better to move files in paternoster elevator so that files can be transported safely and easily from one floor to another. Central clerical area This area contains the facilities that are used by whole office like dictating, duplicating, printing, photocopy equipments and personals computers. These kinds of spaces should be placed such that they may be easily accessed from work spaces of other areas because this space contains such facilities that will be needed by whole office frequently. Corporate display area This area contains board rooms with moveable walls, exhibition areas, conference rooms and meeting rooms. Social facilities like cloak rooms, a kitchen, toilets, rest areas for employees, refreshment rooms, sports facilities and a dining room with kitchen. Central service area This area contains technical equipment, air conditioning and ventilation, heating, electric power, water supply, data processing, the computer center, telecommunications and cleaning and maintenance etc facilities necessary to keep office space in comfortable
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condition. Usually these kinds of spaces makes lots of noise and can disturb working areas of the office so this kind of space should be kept away from the working areas. Work stations This is the space where staffs works for the office and contains working desk along with computers. There is no such specific standard for work stations because the space requirement varies widely depending upon the nature of work.
For easy and better working in work stations it should be kept in mind that items that are used frequently should be placed within preferred field of vision and reach area. For better working conditions properties of materials like reflection, refractions etc should also be kept in mind. Items close to the user should have a 20% to 25% reflection, illumination 300 Lux to 500 Lux and glare from light must be limited. Following considerations should be done while deciding the floor to ceiling height of the office space Office space
Up to 50 sqm Over 50 sqm Over 100 sqm Over 250 and up to 2000 sqm
Floor to ceiling height 2.50m 2.75m 3.00m 3.25m
Table 2(a): Floor to ceiling height according to office space Office space arrangement according to planning approach According to the planning approach office space can be divided into three types. Modern office building falls into these three categories according to flexibility, visual and acoustic privacy and initial and lifecycle cost. Three types of office spaces according to planning concept areas follow Close plan office • Open plan office • Modified open plan office • •
Close plan office In this type of planning spaces are divided into offices by wall of full height with doors. In this type of offices generally private offices are typically located along the window wall and administrative supports are housed in workstations along with corridor or in shared room.
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•
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Open plan office In this type of planning of office space, all the workstations are located in open space without floor to ceiling divisions and doors while administrative supports are located in rooms with floor to ceiling partition with doors. These types of spaces are suitable for the staffs with high division of labor and performing routine works with low level of concentration. Modified open plan office
This type of isplanning elements of both of the inabove planning. Workstation placed inofanoffice open combines plan with the system furniture and others private offices and administrative support is also located in enclosed room. Layout of office spaces by function Generally any kind of office has following six basic functions according to which the office spaces should be allocated. Six basic functions are Management • Finance • Sale • General services • Technical services • Production • •
Management In the office buildings offices for top managements are usually arranged together in a sort
of chain of command and are frequently around edge office but according to the need of office they can also be located in the center. Top executives like chairman, managing directors etc should be allocated more space not only for their prestige but also for meeting as they have more than usual amount of visitors. •
Finance This part of the office takes care of all the financial works and decision and is one of the most important functions ofoffice. It is more important to the accounting function near where it picks up the order from sales department. The purchasing departments usually have lots of visitors and contact with vendors so it should be placed near entrance or reception. Purchasing department not only has contacts with vendors but they also work closely with accounts department like vendor’s invoice, handling requisitions etc.
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Sales This section in the office has more and frequent no of visitor than other sections and requires spaces for catalogue, specification, files etc so each person working should be
provided with the extra amount of space than average. Due to their duties sales
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department needs conference hall or a multipurpose hall for training, meeting, demonstration and conference with different persons. •
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General service area This area of the office provides service for other areas and functions like central files stenographic service, duplications etc. Due to this, it should be placed centrally so that it can serve other areas effectively. In case of duplication services, they should be isolated because they make noise and produce fumes which may disturb other areas Technical service area Technical service area like engineering, drafting and designing should be placed near area which they serve. General design principle According to time saver standard for building types followings are the general design principle that should be followed for designing office spaces Work flow By the systematic study of the operation, process and procedure involved in individual task, the planner can assist management by providing workstation patterns which ensure a smooth, straight line flow of work. Straight line principle In a well planned office, paper goes from one desk to another with least amount of handling, travelling and delay, work should progress in series of straight lines with a general forward movement, avoiding crisscross motions and backflow. Work stations The following general rules are applicable in positioning desk
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Desk should face the same direction unless there is a compelling functional reason to do otherwise. The use of this technique provides for straight work flow patterns, facilities communication and creates neat and attractive appearance.
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In open areas, consideration should be given to placing desk in rows of two. This method will permit the use of bank type partitions as a divider for those activities which requires visual privacy while still obtain Maximum utilization.
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Desk should be space at a distance of 6 ft from the front of a desk to the desk behind it. This distance should be increased to 7 ft when desk are in rows of two ingress and egress
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is confined to one side of aisle or in instances where more than two desks side by side cannot be avoided.
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In private offices the desk should be positioned to afford the occupant a view of the door.
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In open work areas the supervision should be located adjacent to the receptionist or secretary. Access to supervisory work stations should not be through the work areas.
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Desk of employees having considerable visitors contact should be located near the office entrance. Conversely, desk of employees doing classified work should be away from entrance.
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Where frequent interviews with the general public are required as in personnel offices, the use of interview cubicles should be considered. Such cubicles needs only be large enough for interviewer, the applicant and a small desk or table.
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Office space housing for more than 50 persons should be sub divided either by use of file cabinets, shelving, railing or low bank type partitions.
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The following standard with regard to internal circulation will be applied in space planning survey
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Main aisle should be 60" wide Intermediate aisle should be 48" wide Aisle between rows (secondary aisle) should be approx 36" wide.
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Access to conference room should be through corridors or through reception areas.
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Guide lines for locating office spaces Those departments having the greatest no of visitors should be located so the visitors have a short, direct and convenient route from the main entrance. The sales, purchasing and employment personnel department usually have the most visitors.
Department having closest working relation should be placed closest together. When this is done work flow with minimum waste of time can be achieved. Sales and advertising department works together
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Sections and facilities that serves entire office should be centrally located and easily accessible to all who use them. Data processing, central files and cost accounting are examples.
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Certain functions of a business may be of confidential nature that requires them to be isolated from others in the office and from general public, central files , legal offices are the examples
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Conference and training room should be near to those departments that use them the most
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Departments receiving and delivering quantities of material should be located near the freight areas for the ease of handling, less time and labor and less distraction of other workers. Mail, stock room and machine department are in this category.
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When an office occupies more than one floor, elevator service will be more effective when the department with large clerical force are on the lower floor
2.4.2. Production facilities Workshops •
Workshops like metal workshop, wood workshop and painting and plastering workshop are very essential for film studio. Here sets for indoor and outdoor shooting are prepared according to the design of art director. In the case of film studio it will be economic to have compact and courtyard planning of workshops as it will be easy to make the sets sequentially Architectural consideration for workshops •
Natural light should be provided in enough quantity and through ribbon window
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Space like storage, cutting , finishing etc should be arrange according to sequence of work
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For small workshop up to 10 staffs production flow is in line or L shape and for medium workshop having more than 10 staffs production flow is in U shape, circular or square.
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Workshop should have height of 15’
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There should be enough space to make possible trial setup of an entire set without disturbing other work.
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Dressing room
Dressing room is used in a film studio for changing the dress and for hair and makeup by actors. This facility is available for actor in sound stage of film studio and for location shooting vanity van is provided for actors for changing and make up. Dressing room specially consist of wardrobe, changing space and makeup area
Fig 2-1: Dressing room adjoining sound stage
Architectural consideration for dressing room •
For wardrobe 2’ is the standard depth or 2’- 6” if a hook strip to be used
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Clothes closet width parallel to the doors should be from 3’ to 6’ per person
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Wardrobe for man’s cloth should be 5’ – 9” in height with 9” clearance at the bottom of wardrobe to cloth and 3” clearance from top of the wardrobe to hanging rod
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Wardrobe for women’s cloth should be 6’ in height with 6” clearance at the bottom of wardrobe to cloth and 3” above clearance from top of the wardrobe to hanging rod
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Wardrobe for children should be 4’- 6” in height with 6” clearance at the bottom of wardrobe to cloth and 6” above clearance from top of the wardrobe to hanging rod
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Minimum 20 sqft should be allowed per person to change the dress Minimum 22 sqft should be allowed for hair and makeup purpose
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Animation studio According to Wikipedia “Animation studio is a company producing animated media”. This company also own rights over merchandising and creative rights for characters created/held by the company like authors holding copyrights.
The idea of a studio dedicated to the cartoons was first brought by Raoul Barre by establishing Barre studio along with Bill Nolan. Sometimes after Earl Hurd working for Bray’s studio came up with the patents design for mass producing the output of the studio. This is much like the copyright system. The patents for animation system using drawings on transparent celluloid sheets and a registration system that kept steady were held under this firm. Bray also developed division of labor in animation studio still used in today’s animation studio like animators, layout artist etc.
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The biggest name in animation studios during this early time was Disney Brothers Animation Studio which we know as Walt Disney Animation Studio. They made some short animated movie but the real breakthrough was in 1973 A.D. when the studio was able to produce a full length animated feature film called Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs, which laid the foundation for the other studios Fig2-2: Animation studio to try to make full length movies. Today animation as an industry has grown to very big industry of billions of dollars and uses computers with central storage devices in networking using different kinds of software. To get an idea about the animation studio at first we should know about the animation, its types, software used by them and many other things explained below.
Animation The term animation is derived from the Latin word animatio “the act of bringing to life”. According to Wikipedia “Animation is the rapid display of a sequence of static images and/or objects to create an illusion of movement.” The sequence of change of these static images through any medium like computer, hand rendered art etc makes animation. Usually, viewing devices displays these static images rapidly i.e. from 24 to 30 frames per second.
The attempt to make animation dates back to Egyptian age when they use to make paintings on walls showing series of images. However there were no such devices which could show the images in motion. So these kinds of images cannot be called animation. For example we can take Voynich manuscript that dates back to between 1404 and 1438 which contains series of illustrations of the same subject matter and even few circles that when sinned around the center would create an illusion of a motion. With the invention of devices like pinakistoscope and zoetrope movement of static images became possible. Inspite of this they were not so good for animation and could not support sound. The invention of cinematographe brought drastic change in the field of animation and showed the direction for future.
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A French artist Emile Cohl a movie called Fantasmagorie by drawing cartoon strips which became a big hit. Following his success many artists started making movies similar to him. One of them were Winsor McCay, he along with his team made an animated movie but this time each frame was drawn on paper and was presented frame by frame as done today through computers. The production of cartoons films started much later in the film industry in 1910s and in 1955 when an animated movie called toy story was made using computers it spread throughout the world. Today animation has taken huge market throughout the world. Software used in animation Today animations are done with the help of computers and different software. Following are the most used animation software by the animation studios Houdini This is the software used by animations studios like dreamworks animations, Blue sky studios etc for animation works. It has a very strong particle and smoke system due to its powerful animation, and VFX tools and its lighting effects are also pretty decent. 3Ds max 3Ds max is a well known name in the animation and modeling. This software is commonly used in video game development. 3Ds max is also starting to be used more and more in film productions as it has powerful controls over dynamics and shading as well as realistic lighting Maya 3D Maya is very powerful tool used for making animations in animation studio and even top 3D animators continue to learn and progress their skills from using it. A great deal of work we see on our cinema and TV has been produced using Maya spider man, lord of the rings are few examples. Cinema 4D This is animation software used by animation studios for making animations and animated movie. This software gives you option and resources character tools, physic engines, hair, eyes, and an unlimited network for rendering which is very useful for render farm. Blender 3D Blender 3D is another software used by animation studios and was released in 1995 by blender foundation as a free software for animators.
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Flash This is one of the famous software mostly used for animation on the web page which was produced by macromedia. Types of animation Talking about animation, there are three different types of animation which differs from each other with respect to technique, technology and equipments Cel animation • • •
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Stop animation Computer animation
Cel animation This is a traditional way of animation and was used for creating early Mickey Mouse cartoons. For animation, cartoons are drawn on transparent sheets called cel. It used to save time and effort as artist has to draw many frames to make animated movies. After that characters are colored on the opposite side of the cel. Coloring the background may be a more difficult task than a single drawing as it covers the whole picture and requires shading and lighting and will be viewed for a longer duration. Then for final touch these drawings are photographed Stop motion animation According to Wikipedia “Stop motion is an animation technique to make a physically manipulated object appear to move on its own. The object is moved in small increments between individually photographed frames, creating the illusion of
movement when or theclay series of frames played a continuous sequence. Dolls movable joints figures are is often usedas in stop motion for their easewith of repositioning. Stop motion animation using plasticine is called clay animation or "clay-mation". Not all stop motion requires figures or models; many stop motion films can involve using humans, household appliances and other things for comedic effect. Stop motion using objects is sometimes referred to as object animation”. This is also an old technique of animations and is not used these days. •
Computer animation Computer animation is the latest technique that includes 2D and 3D animation. These not only enhance the hand drawn characters but also make them appear real as compared to above mentions animations.
2D Animation Process of making 2D animation
The processand of post making 2D animation is divided into three parts namely pre-production, production production.
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Per production Under the pre production process for animation are the script, storyboarding, audio recording, animatics, character, prop and location design, color styling and color model sheet. The pre production sets the tone for the animation production process, if it is not well conceived and done, there will be lot of retakes and correction to be done in the production process. Production Under the production process are the background layout and positing, animation, line test, digital background, cleanup in between, scaling, ink and paint, compositing and export rendering. If the artists are not good there will be lot of retakes in the clean up in between stage. Compositing also takes long time as errors are found out and corrected before the final rendering. Post production Under the post production process are the musical score, sound effects, editing and color grading. 3D Animation According to ask.com “3D Animation is a computer generated illustration that gives objects space. In 3D, the images and the graphics use three dimensions that give characters a depth, which makes them appear to be real and living. The graphic designers usually use computer software to give their pictures and image a life” Process of making 3D animation Same as motion picture animation or animated movies are made in four steps they are Development • Pre production • Production • Post production •
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Development Development is the first and important phase of making animated movies. In this phase idea for the movie is developed. The idea may be the srcinal, may be adopted from play, novels or any other sources. In case of adopted story permission is taken from the person who
holds copyright. this out producer along the with writer After works and prepares a synopsis which is an abstract form of a story. After the satisfactory output of synopsis, a step outline is prepared, which is a detail form of a story but it doesn’t contain dialogue. The step outline is then reviewed by producer and correction is done until he satisfies. After that a 20 to 30 page treatment is prepared which consist of more stage directions and less dialogue. Drawings are also attached with it so that one can understand the key point of the story. After all this process a treatment is Fig 2-3: Process of making animation presented to the potential financer who may finance the movie. If enough finance is arranged then screenplay is written by screenplay writer. After completion of this phase movie proceeds towards pre production phase.
Pre production In this phase of making animated movie preparations are done for the production phase and visualization process is carried out. Pre production phase of animated movie consists of storyboarding, layouts, model sheets and animatics. These four steps helps crew members involve in the production phase to visualize the story and carry it out exactly throughout the production phase.
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Story boarding In this step of pre production, drawings area prepared in form of comic strip i.e. story is converted into drawings. They are often accompanied by text notes describing things occurring within the scene itself, such as camera Fig 2-4: Story boarding movement. It not only helps to visualize the animation clearly but also help to communicate the idea clearly within crew members and provides a visual reminder of srcinal plan which can be referred back throughout the production phase.
Layouts After the process of story boarding it is sent to layout department. Here crewmembers of layout department work closely with director and designs location and costumes. With this done they begin to stage the scenes, showing the various characters’ positions throughout the course of each shot. Model sheets It is a precisely drawn group of pictures that shows all the expressions, positions and expression a character can take throughout the movie. They are prepared so as to accurately maintain the character detail throughout the movie because more than one animator will be working on the same mo vie during the process of production. After the preparation and approval of model sheet it is sent to modeling for the creation of 3d models of characters.
Fig 2-5: Model seat
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Animatics Shortly after the process of story boarding simplified mockups are prepared called “Animatics” so that it can give better visualization of the story to the entire crewmembers working on the animation movie. This helps director to plan how they will go in further sequence and also helps to get knowledge about how visual effects will be integrate in the final shot.
Production The main process of making movie starts here. In this phase 3d models of the characters are prepared, texture, lighting etc are added and animation is done. Production phase of a animated movie consist of layout, modeling, texturing, lighting, rigging and animation. During this phase, a final character is created and animation is done and sent for the process of final rendering.
Layouts In this phase of production of animated movie layout artists create rough animations using low resolution models or block of geometry so that can act as guide to the animators. In another way we can say that they prepare the 3d version of what storyboard artist have prepared. During this director finalize camera move, depth of field, props, dresses of character etc. after completion and approval it is passed to modeling department.
Modeling In this phase of production modelers turns 2d concept into highly detailed topologically sound 3d models by referring all the materials from above processes. Usually modelers are split into departments. First one is organic modelers. They are specialized in building the character like people, animals etc. and other free forms. Second one is hard surface modelers. They have architectural background or industrial background. They design vehicles, props, weapons, buildings etc. Once the model is approved it is then handed to rigging and texture paint department who complete the final stages in preparing the model for animation and rendering.
Fig 2-6: Modeling
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Texturing Working closely with surfacing and shading department texture artist creates texture either form the scratch or form the existing text ure to match the concept of art and design which has passed by the art department. Fig 2-7: Texturing Lighting Light artists usually add lighting to the scene but they also have to consider how to bring together all the elements that have been created by other departments. Lighting artists have a responsible and tough job. They not only have to place lights but also have to define light property, define how light interact with different types of materials and how intensity of light affects the mood and believability. They also have to arrange the reflection and refraction properties due to the light for each assigned shot ensuring that each shot fits within the continuity of a sequence, all the while aiming to fulfill the vision of the Directors, Production Designers, Art Directors and VFX Supervisors. Rigging According to www.cg.tutsplus.com “Rigging is the process of adding bone to the character or defining movement of a mechanical object, and it’s central to the animation process”. It is this step through which a character can move in animated movies. A character TD will make test Fig 2-8: Rigging animation how the 3Dcharacter will move and take a different poses during the movie. It the results are not satisfying more adjustments and corrections are done. Responsibility of rigging department does not end here. They are also responsible for cloth simulation and it is their duty to make the cloths move in the believable manner during the movie and are also responsible for the movement of characters like clenching their fist or rotating their arms etc. Animation The concept of animation is same as in 2D animations i.e. frame by frame. Animation of character takes place frame by frame. Let’s
Fig 2-9: Animation
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suppose an animation shows a character is walking and takes four steps. For this animation, in a first frame animator takes character’s first leg at the front in the second frame he takes its second leg at front and first leg to the back. In this way animation completes frame by frame.
Post production This is the final phase of making animated movie. In this phase final adjustments are done in movie to make it more attractive like editing of raw footage to cut the scene together, inserting translation effect, working with voice and sound actors for dubbing etc. Post production of a animated movie consist of composing, sound editing and video editing. a. Composing The main responsibility of composing department is to bring all the 3D images and prepare the final render images ready for the film and also includes paint fixes, rotoscoping and compositing of FX elements and general color grading. b. Sound editing During this phase sound editors adds sounds to the characters that had been recorded previously and makes sure that the sound is matching to the movement of lips. This department is also responsible for adding all other sound effects to the movie as per the direction given. c. Video editing In this phase videos are manipulated, rearranged and unwanted footage are removed so that film flows through according to requirement and makes sure that it is prepared for the final release.
Spatial requirements Animation studios today use different kinds of technology to get their job done. So spaces must be allocated according to the technological requirement of an animation studio for which the technological requirements are calculated by the expert and on the basis of that planning is done. Following are the most important spaces in animation studio without which it cannot operate •
Workstations
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Server room
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Executive offices
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Backup rooms
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Workstatio s Workstations in animation studio consist of a powerful desk top and one to two monitors depending u pon the work. These workstations are used for content
creation and editing purpose for making nimated movies. Windows nd other artificial light sources should be placed such that th ey will not produce Fig2-10:S rver room glare on s reen and necessary thing should be within the reach area of the artist. Generally workstations in animatio studio include 3Dmodeling unit, story board and development unit, art anddesign unit.
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Server roo This is the r oom where the distribution of internet, netwo king and central storage of a tudio is controlled. It can be said that this roo controls all the
technology r unning in the studio. The size of this room d epends upon the storage units used and the networking devices used. This ro om should be air tight and use of double door with lobby in between is practi ed to keep away the dust and other harmful things which can damage the st orage device and other device in the server room. This room should be plac d away from the area where isitors can easily access them as this roomcontrols all the technologyr nning in the studio.
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Executive o Executive o staffs who c same as disc
fices fices are used by executive members, super visors and other ntrols whole of the studio. Requirements andother things are ssed above in office space of preproduction fac ilities
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Backup room This is the most important part of the animation studio because during the process of making animated movies and animations processes like rendering needs continuous power backup. For this, backup room must be able to handle the backup system that can give backup to all the computers in the animation studio. As backup system makes lots of noise it should be kept away from the working areas. Render farm Render farm is a group of computer networked together, called nodes, all rendering some part of all of a frame of animation. Animation studios use render farms for rendering the final animations. Render farm uses three software first is
application software like Maya, 3ds max etc second is render engine which takes information created by animator and then renders it into cinematic, high definition or TV quality, third and last one is render manager which schedules and distributes render jobs to render nod es. Along with these software four piece of components are used •
Fig 2-11: Render farm Dispatcher – main control computer or dispatcher to distribute jobs
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Render nodes- rendering slave responsiblefor rendering job
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Network- communication between render nodes and dispatcher
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Storage- a shared location for sourced files and output files
Render farm should be placed near or if possible right next to the server room because render farm contains large no of render nodes which needed to be networked with central storage device and other computers of the studio. Size of
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the render farm depends on the no of stacks used for staking render nodes in them. To render 90 minutes animated movie 225 render nodes are necessary. These render nodes are stacked in shelve made to hold these render nodes. Each self can hold 15 render nodes and is of height 6’-6”, length is 1’8” and width is 1’6”. Height of 1 unit in shelves 5”. The space between two rowsof shelves should be 4’ so that it provides easy circulation and space if some minor adjustment is to be done. Architectural considerations for animation studio 0
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It should accommodate a drawing table for A size for layout process
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It should accommodate file cabinet
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Workstations with computer should be provided
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A good A/C system should be provided in render farm. •
Backlot
According to Wikipedia “A backlot is an area behind or adjoining a movie studio, containing permanent exterior buildings for outdoor scenes in film making or television production or space for temporary set construction”. The buildings on backlot are usually constructed with three sides and a roof, often missing the back wall and one of the side walls. All the sets on a studio backlot are built so that what looks large or as if it covers miles of ground on the big or small screen in reality only takes up a few acres of the backlot. There is no such specific requirement for backlot but it should be enough to hold sets for outdoor shooting along with camera and all the equipment. •
Sound stage
Sound stage is a building or portion of a building usually insulated from outside noise and natural light for use by the entertainment industry for the purpose of motion picture, television and commercial production. Sound stages are classified according to floor area as small, medium, large and extra large. For more requirements of big budget films Fig 2-12: Sound stage 35
super stages are also used which has area more than 1800 sqm. These are built basically for re-creating outdoor setting in feature films. Sometimes super stages are made up of block of two or three sound stages of increased ceiling height separated by sliding or roll up soundproof partitions which enable the block to be used either as two or three separate sound stage or as single stage. The basic equipment of sound stage serves to facilitate the assembling and dismantling of sets and the mechanized operation of light equipment and to supply electrical power as need. It is installed on the working ceiling, which is either suspended from or built into the roof. Architectural considerations for sound stage •
Area of small soundstage should be 400 sqm, medium should be 820 sqm, large should be 1400sqm and extra large should be 1800 sqm.
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Clear height for these categories should be proportional to diagonal length and should not be less than 0.23D
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For super stages span should be 38m to 48m and length should be 54m to 72m.
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Height should be up to 25m
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Soundproofing should be done to keep away outside noise
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A powerful and noiseless air conditioning system should be provided
2.4.3. Post production facilities
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Post production studio In this studio final works of motion picture editing is done. This studio contains recording room, control room, video editing room, mastering room and color grading room. This studio should be completely sound proof and light proof so that best quality of work can be delivered to the client. This studio have frequent visitors that are involved in film especially actors, director, producers, singers and musicians so they should be placed in a site in such a way that visitors coming here would not disturb other spaces like outdoor shooting, indoor shooting etc.
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Sound editing and recordingSound editing is anothe r part of the post production process. For this a recording studio is used. Re ording studios can be used to record musi cians, voice over artist, dubbing, etc. Acco ding to Wikipedia “A recording studio is a facility for sound
recording and mix ing. Ideally both the recording and m onitoring spaces are specially designed by an acoustician to achieve optimum acoustics properties”. Basically a recordin studio consists of, live Fig2-13:Re cording studio room where instru entalist and performs; control room where sound engineer controls and records soundsby using mixing console along with computer and special software in it; isolati on booth use to accommodate loud usical instruments like drums, electric guitar a nd silent musical instruments too. It i also used for recording vocals while performi g. In totality we can say that singer a ong with his musicians can perform together hre. Recording studio can be classified into three types according t to be recorded as follows
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Home or project studio Separate studio a d control room
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Scoring stage and control room
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music intended
Home or project studio
It is a very s all scale recording studio generally used by music persons in their home for their projects and albums. In this type of recording studio we can see small mixing console, voice recording facility with microphone and filter and a computer with software.
Fig 2- 14:
ome studio
Separate studio nd control room
It is a medi m scale recording studio which we can see generall y around us. In this type of recording studio musicians play their musical instrum ents and recorded in a storage device (generall a hard Fig 2- 15: Separate studio and control room disk of a omputer) through microph ne or transducers built in their instruments.In this type of recording studios musical instruments can be recorded in differe t time and could be mixed together afterwards through computer software. If all he musicians are playingmusicali struments at same time loud musical instrume ts like drums are played in isolati n booth so that it does not overlap with th sound of other musical instrume nts. All of these musical instruments and voc als are recorded, controlled and mi xed in the recording room. Scoring st age an
control room
This is a large scale recording studio. In this ty pe of recording studio we can see a hall for playing music b the group of musicians called s coring stage” and control roo m. In scoring stage musical i nstruments are recorded through microphone or by using transdu ers. All of the Fig 2- 16: Scoring stage an control room instruments se separate microphone. In scoring stage sometimes musicians are sep arated by using portable partitions called “gobos” but mostly it is not used beca use use of gobos cannot give better quality.
Architectural considerations for sound editing and recording studio •
Studio should be designed around the principles of room acoustics and should be light proof i.e. no light should enter the spaces in the recording so that best quality of sound and visual can be delivered.
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Minimum ceiling height should be 19’
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For visual connection between control room and recording room observation window with glass should be provided and should be of size 6’ x 9’
•
The glass panel of size 8mm thick and 12mm thick with air gap of 30cm separating them.
•
All doors in the studio contain double glass with gap between them as mention in above point with glass wool inside.
•
Ceiling should be of RCC and should be acoustically treated
•
Walls should be double leaf
•
Flooring should be of carpet with sponge of good quality to make it noise proof.
•
A constant temperature of about 18c and low humidity should be maintained inside the studio all the times
•
The working plane should be well illuminated
o
Acoustic It is very important to have acoustic consideration in recording studio for better quality of sound. For acoustic treatment and consideration various acoustic properties and treatment materials should be known. Acoustic in the building fan be controlled by controlling two kinds of noise i.e. air borne noise and structure borne noise. Air borne noise transfers from one space to another through air from source and structure borne noise travels through vibration of the structure of building due to impact of source Goals of acoustic treatment •
To prevent standing waves and acoustic interference from affecting the frequency response of recording studios and listening rooms.
•
To reduce reverberation time in large studios and auditorium
•
To absorb or diffuse sound in the room to avoid ringing and flutter echoes
•
To keep sound from leaking into or out of a room.
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Following materials can be used to keep away the air borne noise in the space so that the quality of sound inside the studio improves Acoustic plaster Acoustic plaster is available in the market in the form of which can be applied of the wall of any shape either with the help of trowel or with the help of spraying equipment. Composite or assembled unit They are made up of sound absorbing materials like rock wool, glass fiber blanket etc fasten to an acoustically transparent facing. These facings are perforated to allow the penetration of sound waves. By varying the thickness of the sound absorbing element and the spacing between the panels and the wall, come variation in the overall absorbing and the absorbing at different frequency can be obtained. Prefabricated boards and tiles They are made up of compressed cane or wood or mineral wool.hey are available in the form of fiber, building boards, acoustical tiles, composite unit and other similar materials.
Vibration isolators to treat floors so that the vibration of the floors will not affect It is very important the quality of the recorded sound. For these different kinds of vibration isolators are used. Isolation pads Isolation pads of felt, cork, neoprene impregnated fiberglass or ribbed neoprene sometimes sandwiched by steel plates usually have about a 0.5” deflection and are used in non critical or high frequency applications. Typically they are supplied in small squares, which are placed under vibrating equipment or piping. Where higher deflections are desired or where there is a need to spread the load, pads are sandwiched with thin steel plates.
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Neoprene mounts Neoprene isolators are available in the form of individual mounts which have about a 0.25” rated deflection, or as double deflection mounts having a 0.4” deflection. These products have integral steel plates, sometimes with tapped holes that allow them to be bolted to walls or floors. The double deflection isolators can be used to support floating floors in critical applications such as recording studio. Steel springs A steel spring is the most commonly used vibration isolator for large equipments internationally. Steel springs alone can be effective for low frequency isolation. However for broadband isolation they must be used in combination with neoprene pads to stop high frequencies otherwise vibration will be transmitted down the springs. Hanger isolators Hanger isolators contain a flexible element either neoprene or steel spring or a combination of both which supports equipment from above. Spring hangers like free standing springs must have a neoprene pad as part of the assembly. Hangers should allow for some misalignment between the o housing and the support rod without shorting out and be free to rotate 360
without making part contact withdevices. another object. Threaded height adjusting rods are usually of these
•
Video editing Video editing is one of the processes of preproduction. In this phase raw footage taken during production phase is assembled and final effects are added in is so that it could be distributed in the marked. There are four types of video editing systems •
Linear editing system
•
Non linear editing system
•
Offline editing
•
Online editing
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As offline and online editing systems are not related to the post production process of making motion pictures, we are discussing only about linear and nonlinear editing system.
Linear editing system
According to Wikipedia “linear video editing is a video editing post production process of selecting, arranging and modifying images and sound in a predetermined order sequence. Regardless of whether it was captured by video camera, tapeless camcorder, or recorded in a television studio on a video tape recorder the content must be accessed sequentially.” At the starting phased quadruplex video Fig 2-17: Linear editing system tapes were used were for shooting of video which can travel at the speed of 15”per second and was edited manually. Originally video was edited by visualizing the recorded track with ferrofluid and cutting it with razor blade or guillotine cutter. When two pieces of tapes to be joint they were painted with a solution a solution of extremely fine iron fillings suspended in carbon tetra chloride. After few years a computerized system was developed for linear editing system but the problem was that the audio track was prone to suffer a short buzzing sound called artifacts. Editing in linear editing system includes expensive hardware with time consuming setup and relatively long roll back times for each edit and showed misalignment as disagreeable “banding” in videos. With the passage of time linear system improved. Two machines were used in linear editing system. One was for playing the source tape and second was for copying desired portion on the second tape. In this system tape is used to record the footage as described above. The main disadvantage is that once the footage has been recorded it cannot be replaced and overwrite. This can be taken as main disadvantage of this system. Another major disadvantage is they cannot be used
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for rough cut presentation for producers due to which producers don’t have opportunity to suggests and give their opinions. Non linear editing system
According to Wikipedia “A non linear editing system (NLE) is video (NLVE) or audio editing (NLAE) digital audio workstation syst em that performs non destructive editing on source material.” In this system of editing, reels and tapes are not used as in case of linear editing system. For editing, it uses digital files due Fig 2-18: Non linear editing system to which the possibility of damage to the source has become zero. In this system of video editing we can access any frame by entering the timing of video frame in computer. Due to this it is not only reliable and safer than linear editing system; it is also faster than linear editing system. The concept could be understood by taking the example of ms word. By using ms word we can edit our documents by copying, pasting and cut. During this process there is no possibility of damaging the srcinal file. For the process of linear editing at first a raw footages are brought which are shot during the production process and digital copies of those footage are copied on the hard disk of computer or on the server of computer. After that computer software is used for editing footage. If editing software is professional one than it can record editor’s decision in an edit decision list (EDL) that is exportable to other editing tools. With this EDL tool editor can work on low resolution copies of video. This feature is useful especially with those computers which have low configuration on them. Since the videos are stored either in server or any other storage device, editing system can use one of the following method to access the material to be edited
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•
•
Direct access The video server records feeds with a codec readable by the editing system, has an Ethernet connection and allows direct editing. The editor previews material directly on the server and edits directly on the server without transferring Shared storage The server transfers feed to and from shared storage that is accessible by all
editors. Media in the appropriate codec on the server need only transferred. If recorded with a different codec, media must be transcoded during transfer. In some cases, files on shared storage can be edited even before the transfer is finished. •
Importing The editor downloads the material and edits it locally. This method can be used with the previous methods.
Architectural considerations for video editing studio •
A seal light proof room should be used for video editing
•
For ventilation and to throw the heat generated by equipment proper design and installation of air conditioning system should be done
•
Editing room should be of minimum size 13’ x 19’
•
Video editing studio should accommodate a sitting space for editor a working table with monitors and editing panel
•
This room should have racks on which to arrange unused film and film being edited can be placed
•
Provision should be made so that it can be dust free Mastering studio
According to Wikipedia “Mastering, a form of audio post production is the process of preparing and transferring recorded audio from a source containing the final mix to a data storage device (the master) ”. Mastering can be done electro mechanically or digital. Due to the advancement in the technology digital mastering has overcome electromechanical system of mastering. In digital system audio are stored in hard disks and then transferred to CD.
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Color grading studio
According to Wikipedia “Color grading is the process of altering and enhancing the color of a motion picture, video image, or still image either electronically, photo-chemically or digitally”. During this process of post production different kinds of equipments area used including like color grading panel along with desktop computer with color grading software. For color grading special monitor is required which can show color accurately. For more accuracy this monitor is taken to different movie halls and is matched with their color settings. For easiness in work color correction is done shot by shot and not frame by frame. Architectural considerations for mastering and color grading studio •
A seal light proof room should be used.
•
For ventilation and to throw the heat generated by equipment proper design and installation of air conditioning system should be done.
•
Room should be of minimum 13’ x 19’
•
Studio should accommodate a sitting space for editor a working table with monitors and equipment panel.
•
Ceiling height should be minimum 10’.
•
Distance of monitor in color grading studio can be calculated by (3/2)* monitor size
•
Photography studio
According to Wikipedia “Photography is the art, science, and practice of creating durable images by recording light or other electromagnetic radiation, either chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as photographic film, or electronically by means of an image sensor”. There are four basic functions of photography studio i.e. taking a photo, developing a photo, printing a photo and duplicating a photo. To accomplish these works photography studio needs following Fig 2-19: Photography studio typical plan
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spaces •
Camera room
•
Makeup and dressing room
•
Display room
•
Photo printing lab
•
Store Camera room Camera room in a photography studio is a room or a space where photographer take photo of a subject using different kinds of lights and backgrounds. . The camera room should be white, gray or neutral in color. This helps to avoid unintentional reflections in the studio. The most important thing is that, only shooting should be done in camera room and everything else should happen somewhere else. Makeup and dressing room Generally a photography studio photographing models provide such facility to the clients as they will either need to make portfolio or shoot for the products and other activities. A dressing room should at least offer a small chair and table as well as hooks to hang clothing along with the privacy of users.
Architectural considerations for photography studio •
Camera room should be light proof
•
Air condition should be used in the studio
•
For portrait photography camera room should be at least 10’ x 12’
•
For full length photography camera room should be at least 14’ x 12’
•
Ceiling height of camera room should be more than 9’
•
Makeup and dressing room should be at least 5’ x 5’
•
Makeup and dressing room should get enough natural light but privacy should be maintained.
•
Film processing lab
After all the above processes film is released in cinema halls and CDs and DVDs are produced. The production of CDs and DVDs are done in film processing labs and can be done by duplication process and replication process
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Duplication process Duplication is the process of burning information on to a blank CD or DVD and is similar to burning CD or DVD on our personal computer. A CD or DVD duplicator extracts data from the master disc and writes it to blank disc. The difference between burning multiple CD or DVD at duplication facility and burning one on computer desktop is that the duplication facility burns hundreds at a time on tower that are linked together. Each tower contains several CD or DVD trays so that many copies can be created simultaneously. After all the data has been written unto the blank CD or DVD Fig 2-20: Duplication machine the information is verified with the master copy and the process is complete. Replication process The method of adding information in CD or DVD during the manufacturing process is called replication. Replication is done by using big machines and plants in a big factory. In other words media like CD or DVD does not exist before the process starts. Before the process of replication, data provided by client is evaluated for data corruption. Then, a glass master containing relevant data from client supplied master is created. Replication begins when a flawless glass master is assured. The glass master is used to develop a stamper. The stamper n turn is loaded into an injection molding machine that creates CD or DVD replicated. The quality of CD or DVD replication hinges upon the quality of the glass master’s data. Through each step, quality and accuracy is consistently monitored to insure each disc in an exact replica or the srcinal. A layer of micro thin aluminum is applied to the polycarbonate disc. It is then subjected to additional protecting and printed before packing.
Replication plant needs huge equipments and plants and more cost which is not favorable for Nepal so we are discussing architectural consideration for duplication plant Architectural consideration for film processing lab Processing lab should be dust proof • Processing lab should have adequate natural light to work in day and artificial light for • nights Room should be of minimum 10’ x 12’ and ceiling height should be of minimum 9’ • 2.4.4. Other facilities
Following are the some of the additional facilities that will help film studio to be more efficient in terms of facility and operation.
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Screening room
According to Wikipedia “Screening room is a room in which films are shown on a large screen for a small private audience”. Usually screening room is used by the film making team to see whether the final quality of movie has been accomplished according to vision of director producer and other creative staffs and is used in between to see the quality of work. Beside this screening room in film studio is also Fig 2-21: Screening room used for primer of movies where no of guests are called along with the film making team. During primer of movies film making team along with actors attends primer program in screening room where red carpet is laid from a certain distance of entrance where they are dropped from the car. After entrance at certain point they give short interview to the press who are called to the primer of the movie. Then all of the guests and film making team walks towards the screening room.
Architectural consideration for screening room •
Main room o The maximum viewing distance should not be greater than twice the width of the
widest picture to be projected.
o
The width of the seating pattern should vary from 1 times the widest projected picture of the first row to 1.3 times at the row farthest from the screen
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Fig 2-23: Maximum viewing an le, first row
o
,Fig 2-22: M aximum view i ng distance
The viewing ang le from the first row of the seats to the cent r of the picture o
screen should not exceed 30 . 2
o
Area of 0.5m per person for seating arrangement.
o
It should not ha e natural light walls and ceiling should bemade up of non reflective material
o
The viewing ang l from first row of seat to the center of the p icture should not o
exceed 30
o
o
Elevation of she ting
Floor grad ient is achieved by an inclination of up to 10%
For seatin raiser should be 6” and tread should be 3’- 9”
Sightline learance should not be less than 5”
Screen
o
Center of projected beam should not deviate more than5 horizontal or vertically from the center of screen and it should be deflected via a deflection mirror
Minimum distance of projection screen from wall should e 3’-9”
Lower ed e of projection screen should be at least 3’-9” bove the floor
Largepro ection screens are curved with a radius center ed at last row of seats
o
Gangway
Maximum no. of seats in one way gangway :11 seats Maximum no. of seats in two way gangway: 22 seats
Here should be minimum 1 gang way after 15 rows
Width of central longitudinal gangway≥ 4’
Width of side longitudinal gangway≥ 3’ Width of cross gangway should be≥ 4’
Fig 2-26: Gang way requirement o
Fig 2-25: Site line clearance
Projection room
Projection window should be at least 7’ high from the last row floor
Height of projection room should be at least 9’
Projection room can vary from 9’- 8” to 14’- 7” depending on site circumstances
o
Rest rooms
Rest rooms should be provided in screening room according to following guidelines
Capacity
Up to 400 seats
Men
Women
1 Basin
1 Basin
1 Toilet
2 Toilet
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1 Urinals
400 to 600 seats
2 Basin
2 Basin
2 Toilet
3 Toilet
2 Urinal
600 to 1000 seats
2 Basin
2 Basin
2 Toilet
4 Toilet
3 Urinals Table 2(b): Rest rooms with respect to no of seats Restaurant
In film studio a restaurant is needed for meals during the day for staffs and film makers. It may also be needed during night if film production continues at night time too. Sometimes it is also used as party venue by film makers during the premier of their movie.
Fig 2-27: Restaurant flow diagram
Architectural consideration for restaurant •
Dining room o To be able to eat comfortably one person requires a table area around 1’- 9” wide and 1’- 3” deep. An additional space of 7” in the center dishes is sometimes desirable. o The kitchen, store rooms, delivery points, toilet and other service areas should be grouped around the dining room o Aisle widths should be ; main aisle 6’ – 5”, intermediate aisle 2’ – 9” and side aisle 3’ – 9” o Ceiling height of dining room should be considered according to following
Floor area 538 ≤ sqft
> 538 sqft
Height 8’ – 2”
9’
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1076 sqft ≥
10’
Table 2(c): Floor height of dining room with respect to floor area •
Space required for dining area can be calculated by following formula
SD = SP x N SD = Space required for dining area SP = No of sqft per person N = No of person at one time •
Walk way width should be considered according to following Dinning floor area (Sqft) Walk way width (ft) Up to 1076 ≥ 3’ – 6” Up to 2690 ≥ 4’ – 3” Up to 5381 ≥ 5’ – 4” Up to 10763 ≥ 5’ – 9” Over 10763 ≥ 6’ - 8” Table 2(d): walk way width with respect to dining floor area
•
Kitchen o o
o
Area for kitchen = ½ x Area of dinning The server for a restaurant kitchen with a counter or bar serving point is best located between the preparation area and dining room About 10% to 15% area of the kitchen area should be reserved for offices and staff rooms.
Area Goods deliveries including inspection and waste storage Storage in deep freeze, cold and dry room Daily store Vegetable and salad preparation kitchen Cold meals, desserts Cake shop Meat preparation Cooking area
Proportion in % 10 20
Washing area Walk ways
10 17
2 8 8 2 8
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Staff rooms and office Total Table 2(e): Proportional division of kitchen area o
o o o
15 100
The server for a restaurant kitchen with a counter or bar serving point is best located between the preparation area and dining room Kitchen staffs must be provided with changing rooms, washroom and toilets If more than 10 staffs are employed rest and break rooms are required More than 64 sqft should be provided for the changing room with 4 to 6 air changing per hour as well as visual screening.
Parking
Correct and accurate parking facility is must in the film studio so that it will help to do all other works easily and faster. Parking should be provided so that actors should not have to walk more distance for backlot and sound stage and staffs should not have to walk more for their respective office spaces. For the shooting in outdoor location outside film studio a vanity van is needed and should be stored in parking area like underground parking areas until and unless they are needed.
Architectural consideration for parking •
Parking space are should be outlined by 5” to 7” wide yellow or white lines. When parking facing a wall, these lines should be painted at a height of up to 3’ for better visibility.
•
Parking types o Parallel parking o o 30 parking o o 45 parking o o 60 parking o o 90 parking
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Fig 2-28Parking types •
For car, parking unit should be 16’- 4” long and 7’- 5” wide but parking space for disable should be more than 11’ wide
•
Circulation space for car parking should be minimum 11’ wide
•
Garages o Small garages are those with≤ 1076 sqft effective area o Medium garages are those with 1076 sqft to 10763 sqft effective area o Large garages are those with≥ 10763 sqft effective area o
o
o
Separate entrance and exit should be provided for large garages Should have clear head room of at least 8’ The gradient of ramp should not exceed 15% or in case of small garages 20%
Fig 2-29: Ramp gradient
Post room
According to Wikipedia “A mail room or post room is a room in which incoming and outgoing mail is processed and stored”. A person who works in a mailroom is known as a mailroom clerk or mail boy and the head person is called postmaster. The postmaster manages the department, clerks assist them and mail boy deliver mail for other employees in different departments using a mail cart. The mail room is responsible for a company’s incoming and outgoing mail and allows more efficient deliveries of mails. The size of the mail room is determined by the no of
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units to serve, size of lock box and type of lock box assemblies. Lockbox assembly is a privately owned group of mailboxes designed to receive mail for all occupants of the building and constructed so that each tenant has an individual compartment that is securely locked. For the deliveries of mail to the individual boxes access is provided to the front or rear of the boxes Following things should be kept in mind while installing lockbox assembly
Fig 2-30: Lock box assembly
•
Lockbox assembly should not be higher than 5’- 6” and should not be lower than 1’- 4” from the finished floor
•
An enclosed room at rear of the assembly having working space of at least 4’ in width should be provided
•
It should be kept at the safe place where inspection can be done by the person working in post room
Lock box assemblies can be divided into two types according to their mechanism
Front loading lockbox assemblies
In front loading lockbox assemblies, access for the delivery personnel is provided through a master door or similar access feature. This permits the delivery personnel to use the same floor space as the customer, thus reducing the overall space required. Two major types of front loading boxes are Drop front lockbox assembly
The drop front lockbox assembly consist of a nu mber vertically oriented mailboxes banked to form a unit that, when unlocked b y delivery personnel, tilt out at the top to permit the mail to be deposit through the open box tops. Customer access is provided by aside hinged, individually locked customer compartment. This assembly does not hold parcel sized boxes.
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Master door lockbox assembly
With this style of lockbox assembly, the delivery personnel are provided access to multiple boxes by opening a master door on the front of the assembly. Customer access is provided by a hinged, individually locked customer compartment door. Rear loading lockbox assembly
A rear loading lockbox assembly consists of boxes that are opened from inside a mailroom located directly behind the assembly. The boxes form part of wall with the front facing the building lobby to provide customer access. The rear of the assembly faces the mailroom where delivery personnel deposit mail into the open back of the boxes. Lock box sizes
Lockboxes can be found in three sizes namely B, C and D. B is small size and is used for individual homes for letters and magazines. Sizes C and D are large sizes and used for parcels and other items of similar nature in offices. B size
Dimension 5” x 4” x 1’ Used for personal compartments in residential and small business application C size
Dimension 5” x 1’ x 1’ Used for large main receivers in business buildings. These may also be used as optional parcel compartments if space is available. D size
Dimension 1’ x 1’x 1’ Used for large business application as well as optional parcel compartments Fig 2-31: Lock box units B, C and D
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Users in film studio
User
Film studio staffs
Film makers
Administration staff Accounting staff Technical staff Post production staff
Producer Director Actors Technical staffs
Recording studio staff Pre production staff Video editing staff Production staff Mastering staff Color grading staff Animation studio staff Pre production staff Production staff Work shop staff Wood workshop staff Metal workshop staff Painting and plastering worksho staff Wardrobe staffs Dress designer Tailors Equipment rental staff, prop store staff, restaurant staff Guard, ost room staff, screenin room staff, librar staff
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Chapter -3
Case Studies Purpose of case study • •
•
•
•
To the spaces thatnecessary are necessary for easy work To know know about about the therelationship equipmentsbetween and working method for film studio thatflow will make difference while planning film studio To know about the structural requirements of different spaces that is necessary for best quality of work. To know about the lighting requirement of different spaces necessary for best quality of work. To know about the technological aspect of film studio that affects entire film making process.
3.1 Case study1: Nepal Film Development Company Ltd (NFDC)
Objective of case study To know about the functional and spatial requirement of indoor and outdoor shooting • facilities in film studio •
To know about the structural requirements of indoor and outdoor shooting facilities
Introduction Nepal Film Development Company limited (NFDC) is located in balaju within the premises of balaju industrial area and is on lease. It covers the area of 26 ropani and was designed by ER K.L. kayastha in 1971 A.D. Fourteen staff member working in this company in different posts with different responsibilities. Talking about the electricity it has got its own transformer for electric supply within the premises and generator of 75KV for back up. Recently it has bought some cameras that will be rented to the film makers. Facilities provided Indoor shooting facilities • Outdoor shooting facilities • Film processing lab • Wood and metal workshops •
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Architectural styles of surrounding No particular architectural style can be seen around • Buildings around contains mixed styles • No contextual continuity in the style in surrounding building. • Design parameters Site planning NFDC is located in balaju industrial and is surrounded by industry on one side school on another side and ring road and approach road on other side as shown on figure. NFDC contains following elements in the site • • •
• •
•
Guard house Temple Administration block with film processing lab and postproduction unit Garden for landscaping and outdoor shooting Indoor shooting studio at southwest of administration block Canteen at northwest of administration block.
The entrance of the building is through 12’ wide gate at the end of the site in east direction as shown in figure. On the right hand side guard post can be seen and on the left hand side a small temple of lord ganesh is placed. The admin block in design in a modern approach placed near to the entrance and can be seen immediately after the entry in the premises of Fig 3-1: NFDC site plan NFDC. Parking for all the users are provided at the front of the main block. Other facilities like sound stage, canteen, workshop and back lot are placed at the back of the main block. For the approach, circulation routes are provided from two sides i.e. right and left side of the main block. If we take right side route, we can see canteen block after passing the main block which is placed at the corner of the site as shown in figure. The canteen block is placed at some height according to the terrain of land. If we take left hand route we can see backlot area in front of us which is raised about 1’ from the ground and is placed in between sound stage 2 and main block. Passing through backlot we can reach to sound state 2 and workshop which are adjacent to one another. Another backlot can be seen in at the back of the sound stage 2.
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The most appreciable thing about the planning of NFDC is that terrains of the site has given due consideration while designing and has not been disturbed much. Orientation Talking about the orientation, all the buildings are not oriented in same directions. • Site is east oriented • Main block which containing administration function, post production and sound stage is • oriented towards east Canteen is oriented towards south, sound stage2 is oriented towards north and workshop • is oriented towards east Landscaping Pebbled path way to access canteen, backlot, sound stage 2 and workshop at the back of • main block Pebbled at the front of main block • Green grasses on the backlot • Circulation Tow pathway running from side of main block each of 8’ wide • Left side pathway leads to backlot directly and right one to back of the main block • Right side pathway leads to canteen , backlot and sound stage and is a formal type • Main block The main block is design modern approach and has brick exposure and is made of RCC • • •
• • •
• • • • • • • • •
frame structure It consist post production studio, administration and film processing lab More emphasis is given to natural lighting through ribbon window and full height window at each floor Granite on the floor and walls are painted with white paint Floors have been designed in split level Main block contains following spaces in main block Ground floor Entrance + lobby Reception Waiting Public relation officer Film development lab Chemical testing lab Quality control room
Optical printingroom room Sound printing
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• • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • •
• •
Film blowup room Color grading studio Film editing and mixing lab Film negative store Chemical room Telecine room Winding room Ladies and gents toilet First floor Account section Waiting Final print packing room Final print editing room Store room Electric room General manager room Deputy general manager room PA room Staff room Dubbing room Projector room Film patching room Ladies and gents toilet
Digital editing room Digital dubbing and mixing room Third floor Administration room Projection room Store Cement floor in the indoor shooting studio Truss in the indoor studio made up of metal pipes and CGI sheets Wooden floor in lab Perforated gypsum board panel in studio and dubbing room Indoor shooting facilities NFDC has two indoor shooting studio namely
studio 1 and studio 2. Dimension of studio 1 is 70’ x 50’ (L x B) and 24’ in height. It is placed in Fig 3-2: NFDC sound stage 61
administration block itself and is provided with makeup room and dressing room of dimension 7’ x 8’, toilets. In this studio provision for natural light has not been done. The second one is studio 2. It is constructed separately adjacent to outdoor shooting facility at the back of administrative block. The dimension of this block is 80’ x 52’-5” (L x B) and 24’ in height. This studio 2 is provided with dressing rooms, makeup rooms and toilet facilities. Unlike the studio 1, natural light has been provided in this studio.
Outdoor shooting facilities Talking about outdoor shooting facilities of NFDC, it has got backlot at the back of the main block which acts as landscape element and outdoor shooting facility both. Grasses are growing on the back lot and shooting of many films have been done. For easiness sound stage 2 having makeup room and dressing rooms are close to backlot as we can see above figure. Due to this it will be very easy to shoot on the backlot. Film processing lab Fig 3-3: NFDC backlot NFDC has film processing facility for the final touch to release in the market. This facility has been placed in ground floor at the left side of the stair leading first floor. But this facility for tape systems only which has become out of date these days and cinema halls uses digital technology for showing movies. Due to this reason processing labs has been closed. Wood and metal workshop In NFDC wood and metal workshop facilities are provided for indoor scene construction and are placed near to the studio 2 due to this time could be saved to carry sets from workshop to sound stage2. But sound stage 1 which is in main block and work shop is at some distance which shows that sound stage 1 is not used frequently than sound stage2 and is given less priority. Construction materials Bricks for internal and external partition • Tiles on the floor • Plaster on the internal walls • Wooden doors and windows • Good points Good use of natural and artificial lighting • Use of duct to control all the pipes and wires between floors •
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• • •
Clear demarcation of public, semi public and private zone. Good use of catwalk in the indoor shooting studio. Zoning is done according to topography
Bad points Maintenance of spaces and outdoor shooting area is neglected • In appropriate shape of fire exit stairs • No use of outdoor area having greater potential • • •
Insufficient supplylight and and air conditioning No provisionwater of natural ventilation in the lab area.
Lesson learnt Indoor shooting area should not have natural light because that will disturb the lighting • during the shooting Proper management of catwalk is necessary. • Fire escapes should be properly managed for the case of emergency • Artificial ventilation should be provided for the spaces like indoor shooting studio. • Workshops should be at minimum distance from indoor shooting studio. • Landscape should be properly managed as it will enhance the beauty of the place if good • care is taken Administration area should be near to entrance. •
3.2 Case study 2: Three Mills studio, London Objective of case study To know about the • functional and spatial requirement of indoor and outdoor shooting facilities in film studio To know about the structural • requirements of indoor and outdoor shooting facilities To know about the • international trend and styles of film studio. Introduction Three mills studio is London’s one
of the miles largestfrom studiocentral and isLondon. located seven
Fig 3-4: Three mills studio site p lan
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This studio has provided service to famous film makers and T.V. shows like Ben 10 etc. it has got 11 sound stages, 10 rehearsal rooms more than 170 production offices, prison exterior and cell set and ample parking. It provides all sorts of facilities for film making and T.V. production. In other words one enters with the script and leaves with a complete movie. Facilities provided • • • • • • •
Sound stages with makeup and dressing room Exterior and location filming Prison exterior and cell Production offices Rehearsal rooms Screening room Workshop and prop stores
Design parameters Site planning
Three mills studio can be approached through two roads namely sugar house lane and three mills lane. The whole studio is divided into two piece of land by three mills Wall river. First piece is at west direction and second piece is at east direction. The piece of land in east direction has also got huge backlot area as shown in figure. Sugar house lane is separated for vehicular entrance which leads to piece of land in west direction of studio. Immediately after the entrance, we can see parking on the right side and warehouse on the left side. This piece of land consist mostly ware house and workshops. Sound stage also can be seen but in few numbers. Fig 3-5: Three mills studio zoning Second piece of land in east direction mostly consist of sound stages and other facilities like prop store, rehearsal room necessary for production phases. Planning Seeing broadly we can see that piece of land in west direction is separated for supportive facility for production facility and east piece of land is for production facility. Supportive facility consists of warehouse, workshop, parking and rehearsal room.
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Production facility consist of sound stage, rehearsal room, prop store, production office and restaurant. Production offices and sound stages are placed very close to each other in eastern part. Prop stores are at the back of the sound stages and back access is provided for them. Parking space is provided at front of sound stages which will be coming from western part of the studio across the river. Workshops and warehouse are placed away from the sound stage and production offices as they can disturb the shooting process. Parking space is provided at the western part of the studio immediately after the entry. Circulation Sugar house lane approach for west piece of land i.e. supportive facility for production • facilities Three mill lane approach for east piece of land i.e. production facilities • Back access for storage facilities • Fire exit provisions between sound stage as they are close to each other. • Bridge connects two piece of land divided by three mills wall river • Landscaping Landscaping is very well done & very attractive and decorative that enhances the site • Black top road running throughout the studio • Paving in front of production offices • Materials used Steel structure for foundation and super structure • • • • • • •
Brick walls with truss roof Sound absorbing panels on in thesound walls stage of sound stage Concrete flooring with wooden overlay in sound stage Pitched roof with roof PCC on parking Wood flooring on rehearsal room with truss on the roof
Sound stage Three mills studio has got 11 sound stages of areas 3200 sqft to 13500 sqft. Walls and ceiling of the sound stages are covered with sound proof materials so that shooting can be done in a quality environment. For electric supply in sound stage, power sockets of 100amp, 32amp and 13amp are provided. The floors are concrete floors with wooden overlay and water sprinkle and smoke detectors are used for fire protection. Following table shows the description of sound stages
65
Sound stage
Area (sqft)
Floor type
1
3945
wooden
2
3219
wooden
4
6034
Concrete with wooden overlay
5
10437
Concrete with wooden overlay
Plan
66
6
8046
Concrete with wooden overlay
7
13483
Concrete
8
3802
Concrete with wooden overlay
67
9
8949
Concrete
11
8128
Concrete
12
7834
Concrete
68
15
5320
wooden
Table 3(a): Sound stages in three mills studio Rehearsal rooms Three mills studio has 10 rehearsal rooms sizing from 280 sqft to 2500 sqft which are hired by dance, theater and Opera Company. Spaces in the rehearsal rooms are enough for artist to practice with orchestra and arial works. Rehearsal rooms here are neither sound proof nor have air conditions in them. Following table shows the description of rehearsal rooms
Rehearsal room
Area (sqft)
Floor type
1
767.5
Wooden, raised floor
Plan
69
2
870.8
Wooden, raised floor
3
280.9
Wooden, raised floor
4
587.7
Wooden, raised floor
70
5
1693.93
Wooden, raised floor
6
2507
Wooden, raised floor
7
1124.6 (G.F)
Wooden, raised floor
739.5 (mezzanine)
A
1970
Wooden, raised floor
B
947
Wooden, raised floor
71
C
1970
Wooden, raised floor
Table 3(b): Rehearsal rooms in three mills studio Prop store
Three production facilities as workshop prop stage stores.6 These mills spacesstudios can beoffer used complementary for set construction, prop and model such making. The lobbyand outside and 7 is a large common area which is used for storage, workshop or set construction when shooting is on the adjacent stage. Prop store sizes from 712 sqft to 1205 sqft. Following table shows the description of prop stores Prop store 1 2 3 4
Area (sqft) 734 741 1205 712 Table 3(c): Prop store in three mills
Floor type Concrete Concrete Concrete Concrete studio
Lesson learnt Zoning should be done so that design will be effective • Sound stage and production should be very close to each other • • •
Workshop and production office should be placed far. Separate parking should be provided at sound stage and administrative area
3.3 Case study 3: Studio 4, Bhainsepati, Lalitpur Objective of case study To know about the sound stage and facilities needed for sound stage • To know about the working method in sound stage • To know how sets are prepared for shooting in sound stage • Introduction Studio 4 is located in bhainsepati lalitpur in the residential area. Stu dio 4 is a private film shooting studio and has its own building with two sound stages. Studio 4 has 16 staffs working from administration to technical staffs. This is more oriented to indoor shooting for film and T. V. shows and has got control room for the purpose of shooting for T.V. shows. Facilities provided
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• • •
Indoor shooting Changing and makeup room Set construction
Architectural style of surrounding No particular architectural style can be seen around • Buildings around contains mixed styles • •
No contextual continuity in the style in surrounding building
Design parameters Site planning Studio 4 is located in bhainsepati lalitpur near civil homes. It is surrounded by residential houses. Although being constructed shooting purpose it has only sound stage facility a nd no backlot facility. Studio 4 contains following elements in the site. Parking • Office space • Staff quarter • Sound stage • Store rooms • Although having all these elements in site, office
space, in staff quarter,building makeup and and sound changing roomare is place a single stages close to office space as shown in figure
Fig 3-6: Studio 4 site plan
Entrance in the studio is through 10’ wide gate and is oriented towards south. Immediately after entering the main gate parking space can be seen. On the left hand side of the gate at level of – 33”. Makeup and dressing rooms are at adjoining office space. Above office space staff quarter is provided which is linked to sound stage 1 through control room. The sound stage 2 is adjoining sound stage1 and of same size. Sound stages are also at same level as office space. Toilet is provided just in front of sound stage 1 and adjoining sound stage 2. Above toile store and water tank room is constructed which can be accessed from metal stairs at compound. Orientation Site is oriented to south direction • The building is constructed in L shape so, office space and sound stage 1 is oriented • towards east, sound stage 2 is oriented towards south and toilets are oriented towards west
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Landscaping Parking area is paved with interlocking blocks • No other landscaping elements • Circulation Entrance gate leads directly to parking • Office space along with rest areas for actors is at left side • • •
Sound directly Toilets stages in parking areain front of parking area
Office space Office space has not been planned well. To get into one room we have to get through another room. After going down the steps reception can be seen at the front and makeup and dressing room at right side. Going through reception we can enter to the room which has been
separated for actors to take rest. Going Fig 3-7: Office space through that room we can enter the kitchen. Floors of the office space have been cemented and walls are painted with white color. Sound stage
Adjoining the office space we can see sound stage 1 which is 40’ x 50’ and 20’in height. Sound stage 2 adjoining sound stage 1 which has same dimension as sound stage 1 as shown in figure. Sound stages have plastered floors and sound proof materials are used in the ceiling to keep away noises coming through the ceiling. For lighting almost every time artificial lights are used but ribbon windows are placed at the top of the walls so that natural light can help working on catwalks. Nothing is used on the walls and doors of the sound stage to make them sound proof.
Fig 3-8: Sound stage
Ground floor Reception • Rest area for actors • • •
Kitchen Makeup room
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• • •
Dressing room Sound stage Toilets
First floor Staff quarter • Control room • Store • •
Water tank room
Construction materials RCC construction for office space, toile and store • Truss for sound stage and brick wall • Plastered facade • Cemented floor • White colors on the walls • Good points Good construction and well managed sound stage • Control room at good place in sound stages • Good technique of natural lighting in sound stage • Bad points No enough parking space • • • • • •
Facades of theroom studio have been neglected No generator To get into one room one has to go through another room Toilets are faced towards parking. No backlot facility
Lesson learnt Landscaping plays important role in adding beauty of place • Natural lights can be provided in catwalks without effecting whole sound stage • Sound stage and control room can be linked from inside •
3.4 Case study 4: Red studio, Narayangopal chowk, Maharajgunj Objective of case study • •
To way of post production process To know know about about the the practical working environment necessary for post production
75
•
To know about equipments used and their spatial requirement.
Introduction Red studio is a post production studio located at Narayangopal chowk, Maharajgunj. The studio space has been rented by the studio. This company provides post production facilities like video editing, sound editing and dubbing, color grading, mastering and subtitling and provided equipments on hire too. Red studio operates totally digitally throughout the process of postproduction. Facilities provided Video editing • Sound editing • Dubbing • Color grading • Mastering • Subtitling • Equipment rental •
Data storage All data are stored in hard disk but in this case hard disk is not fitted inside the computer. Hard disk is carried from one room to another and read through hard disk duct. This is similar to USB port but is used for hard disk.
Video editing Video editing is one of the processes of post production. During this process they accept the footage from film makers which is initially storage in magazine which is a storage device like hard disk and memory card. They retrieve that footage from magazine and stored in hard disk. After retrieving data video footages are converted into proxy file which reduces the size of footage and makes easy for video editor to edit footage. Those footages are then assembled and unnecessary portions of video are thrown away through the software called final cut pro. To make the work easy and smooth and EDL Fig 3-9: Red studio editing room facility in software is used which helps technicians throughout the process of post production.
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Sound editing For editing of sound a sound editing room is used containing 5.1 sound systems. This room is made sound proof by using sound absorbing materials on the wall, sound proofing system on the door and no windows in the sound editing room. For ventilation in the rooms AC are used. Sound editing is Fig 3-10: Red studio control room also done by using computer software called protools-le8. During this all the sound and dialogues are mixed in the final footage after color grading. Dubbing For dubbing two rooms are used. One is sound booth used by artists which contains a camera to monitor the activity of artists, microphone along with filter for dubbing the sound, headphone to communicate with technical person in control room and a monitor for visual communication between control room and sound booth. This sound booth is also a sound proof room which is made sound proof by using perforated sound panels on the walls and ceiling. And sound proofing materials on the doors. It doesn’t have windows and AC is used for ventilation purpose.
Second is control room which contains monitor for visual communication between sound booth and control room, microphone for vocal communication between Fig 3-11: Red studio dubbing room control room and sound booth, controlling equipments, computers with sound editing software called protools-le8, sitting space for six persons and speakers. Here in this room along with technical person director and other people related to film can stay and help technician during the process of dubbing. Color grading Color grading is the process of editing color and lights in the footage. For this, a computer
with software called software is used and for scratch control Fig 3-12: Red studio Color grading room 77
the activity equipment called color grading panel is used. Color grading of the footage is done shot by shot with the software. For the process of color grading a normal monitor or television cannot be used because it cannot show the exact output that software has give. For this a special monitors are ordered and then it is calibrated with the resolution of different cinema halls as output of the picture during this process will be the final output that will be seen on cinema hall by audience. While color grading a room should be completely dark so that natural and artificial lights will not affect the quality of work. Mastering Here mastering work are done for promos only because different cinema halls have different encoding . Subtitling For subtitling same control room is used with same equipments for dubbing but this time vocal booth is not used. Equipment rental Red studio provides cameras in rent for film makers with the fix amount of charge.
Spatial planning Ground floor Reception + waiting • Store • Managers office • Mastering studio • Color grading studio • Electrical backup room • First floor Video editing studio • Dubbing room • Control room • Construction technology Talking about the construction technology of the building, studio building is made up of RCC frame structure i.e. column, beam and slab. External and partition walls are made up of bricks but external walls are plastered with cement but internal walls consist of soundproof materials on it. No of windows are limited in working spaces because it will affect work quality and work should be done in complete darkness.
78
Construction materials Brick with cement mortar on the external face of wall • Carpets on the working rooms • Carpet flooring on the lobby • Perforated sound absorbing material on the wall and ceiling • Wooden door with sound proofing arrangements on it. • Good points • •
• • • •
It is centrally located is good for a commercial production studio Structural aspects likeand sound proofing, limiting thepost amount of natural lights in working space has been done with careful consideration. Careful arrangement of electrical requirements for working rooms. Good technical equipments including software. Experience staffs. Friendly working environments
Bad points As it is an adopted building, spaces don’t corresponds to the work flow • It can handle less no of people at a time. • Lesson learnt Workspace in the studio excluding staff facilities and reception should be sound proof. • For best quality output, works should be done in complete darkness so natural lights in • the working spaces are undesirable and unnecessary. • •
•
Technology and equipments effects in context planning Artificial ventilation is necessary as greatly the spaces will beofsound proofand andworking. light proof which will also affect natural ventilation. Electrical backup for emergency cases is must because studio is based totally on electricity from ventilation to lighting.
3.5 Case study 5: Phoenix Studio, Bagdole Objective of case study To know about the spatial requirement of recording studio • To know about the treatments necessary for the recording studio • To know about the workflow and work system of studio. • Introduction Phoenix studio is a popular recording studio in Bagdole, lalitpur. This recording studio is especially dedicated to songs recording and music video production. This studio is relatively
small in area and is adopted residential building.
79
Facilities provided Songs recording • Music video production • Music CD production • Architectural style of surrounding No particular architectural style can be seen around • Buildings around contains mixed styles • •
No contextual continuity in the style in surrounding building
Orientation The building is north oriented and faces towards the main road but the main entry is in east direction and the studio entrance also faces towards east. But the studio is on the first floor and is established in a flat only. Fig 3-13: Phoenix studio plan Circulation Entrance through a side with 6’ door • Building entrance through east direction as shown on • figure. 3’- 6” wide stairs leads to the studio at first floor. •
Planning This recording studio in place in an adopted residential building and is established in a flat on the first floor. It contains following spaces Reception • Control room • Live room • Fig 3-14: Phoenix studio site plan Kitchen cum dinning • Toilet •
•
•
Reception Here reception is used for inquire purpose only and rest of the work is done with personal contacts and lies at the left side of the entry to the studio. The size of reception is 10’ x 12’ and four persons can be accommodated excluding receptionist Control room
80
This room consists of the equipments like mixture, personal computer, speaker etc necessary for controlling purpose and lies at the right side of the studio entry. Excluding technician four persons can sit together so that they can help technicians in making their music albums and is of dimension 11’ x 15’. This room is treated acoustically by using fiberglass boards on the walls by projecting some of them outside by certain inches than other and windows has been covered by using timber boards with vertical stripes on them. Door in this room has been made air tight by using double layer of glass on them with air gap in between the glasses. Floor has been carpeted so Fig 3-15: Phoenix studio control room that floor vibration and tapping sound will not affect the work and room will be fully sound proof. This room is sometimes used for recording the musical instruments as all the instruments including drums are recorded using transducers. •
Live room Considerations has been done regarding to acoustical treatments for live room too. Floor has been carted with the layer of sponge between floor slab and carpet so that floor vibrations and taping sound of floor cannot disturb the live room. Walls of the live room are constructed parallel so to make it acoustically better fiberglass boards and wooden boards has been used to make the walls non parallel. Ceilings are also treated with fiber
glassdoors boards makeup them non parallel with floor. These rooms have any window but aretomade of wooden frame with double glass and don’t air gap between them. Dimension of this room is 15’ x 20’.
Construction technology The building in which it has been established is constructed in RCC frame structure with internal and external wall is constructed with brick. Floor has been carpeted so that tapping sound on the floor will not disturb the recording process and shoes are not allowed in the recording studio. Walls are parallel to each other which is not good for the recording studio so fiber glass boards has been used to make them non parallel. Same is done for the ceiling. Walls are treated with fiber
glass some them moresound than othersboards so thatprojecting it can help to ofgive better
Fig 3-16: Phoenix studio live room
81
quality. Curve windows are treated with wooden boards having vertical stripes on them and doors and windows are made sound proof by using double glass with air gap between them. Visual connection has been established between control room and live room through a viewing window having double glass with air gap between them. Construction materials RCC frame structures • Walls are made up of bricks with plaster on external surface. • Wooden doors having double glass with air gap between them • Carpet finish on the floor with sponge layer between carpet and floor slab. • Windows are covered with wooden board with vertical stripes on them. • Walls and ceiling are treated with fiberglass boards. •
Good points Good acoustical treatment on walls, floors and ceiling • Reconfiguration of walls and ceiling by using fiber glass boards to make them suitable • for recording purpose Doors has been made sound poof by using double glass in them with air gap in between • the glasses. Recording studio is totally sound proof • Whole recording studio has been made interesting by using artificial lights. • Bad points • • •
All the facilities forperforms recording booth, Control room also as like live isolation room some timelive rooms etc are not provided No good waiting space
Lesson learnt Recording studio should be sound proof • Curve and parallel surfaces are harmful for recording studio so they must be treated well • Treatments on the walls should be done such that they can act as sound diffuser which • improves the sound quality. Workspaces can be made interesting by using artificial lights. •
82
Chapter -4
Requirement and Area Analysis
4.1 Relation between spaces regarding to users, their task and their activities In the following table links between the spaces are shown according to the users, their activity and task involved in various phases Users
Tasks involved Activities Result Pre production Frequent visit to • Office should be • office by actor placed near to site Signing contract • with film studio and crew entrance member Hiring cast and Meeting space should • • crews be provided at easily Meeting of artist, • creative staffs accessible place by and other crew visitors in office member with Permission is • producer taken for outdoor Film studio •
location •
Pre visualization of film
•
Budget made
•
Sets for indoor shooting is built
•
Equipment
Film maker Producer • Director •
hired Production
plan
•
Communication between film studio administration and post production office
•
Preparation of set
administration and post production office should be close to each other
is
is •
Sound stage, backlot
83
•
Recording of raw footages
•
Hiring crews
of
more
by technical crew members. •
•
Shooting starts.
Post production Visit of post production studio
•
•
•
Actors
Pre production Signing • contract producer director
Makeup, rehearsal, changing costume and shooting
Watching finalized version in screening room
Meeting director producer
Office, backlot and sound stage should be at fair distance
•
Set preparation workshop and office should be far from each other
•
Post production studio and office should be close to each other and should be linked internally
•
Post production studio and screening
with and
•
•
Discussion script
on
•
•
From parking to shooting area (indoor or outdoor)
•
•
Puts on costumes
•
•
•
Daily progress report to production office. Supervision of voice over and songs
•
of with and
Production Arrival of actors in set
•
Distribution of next day schedule end of day.at the
•
and set preparation workshop should be at fair distance
and make up
room should be at fair distance Office should be placed near to site entrance Meeting space should be provided at easily accessible place by visitors in office Parking and shooting area (indoor or outdoor) should be at fair distance Space to take rest should be provided in the sound stage for
84
actors
Pre production Contract signing with director and producer
•
Rehearsal of shot
•
Final crew
Technical making)
staffs
Story editing and finishing
•
Costume and set
design (film Production Preparation of set • for shooting •
Assisting actors during rehearsal
•
Shooting of final footage
•
Preparation of next set while being shot in one
Frequent visit with director and producer
•
Clothes for costume designing are purchased and design is finalized
•
Parts of set are brought in shooting area from workshop
•
Lighting and other equipments necessary for shooting are brought from equipment rental store
•
Actors for
•
Makeup room, wardrobe and rehearsal room should be provide in sound stage
•
Makeup, wardrobe and rehearsal facility should be at fair distance in case of backlot Space for technical staffs should be provided near the production office and should be internally linked
with
•
•
•
shot
rehearse sometime
before final shot
•
•
•
Separate route should be provided from entrance to stores Workshop should be at fair distance from shooting area
•
Equipment rental store and prop store should be close to shooting area
•
Rehearsal space should be provided in case of sound stage
•
Store should be provided in sound stage and should be near to backlot
85
•
Post production studio staffs Control room •
staffs
•
•
•
•
•
Video editor
Color grading
•
•
Recording voices
of
•
Recording music Mixing of voices and music with video
Editing of raw footage from shooting
Editing color and light in the footage edited by video editor
Assembly of next set in shooting area by technical staffs brought from workshop Taking the help of producer and director while recording and music
voices
•
Communicating with artist and musician while recording voices and music
•
Taking help of music director while mixing the music
•
Video received
•
Editing is done with the help of director and producer
•
Some space should be provided for directors and producers
•
Control room should be placed in such a place inside post production studio, where visitors coming here will not disturb other working area
•
Live room, vocal booth and dubbing room should be adjacent to control room.
•
Provision for visual
•
•
•
Receive edited footage from video editor
•
•
Editing color and
•
light in it
connection should be made between live room, vocal booth and dubbing room Should have space for director and producer along with editor. Should be placed so that other a spaces will not be effected It should be placed close to video editing room Encoding
room
should be centrally
placed
86
•
•
Story boarding
•
Design location and costume for
Animation studio staffs •
Pre staffs
production
•
•
characters •
Model sheets
•
Animatics •
•
•
Production staffs
•
Creation of character
3D
•
Adding necessary details
•
Animating
•
Footage passed to encoding room (control room) Drawings are prepared in form of comic strips Meeting with production staffs, producer and director Picture of character in different pose is prepared Simplified 3D version of storyboard is created Referring of story board and model
•
Meeting room should be close to story boarding unit and layout unit
•
Consistent natural light should be provided for pre production area
•
Layout area should contain space for short meetings
•
Story boarding unit, layout unit and model sheet unit should be close to each other Production studio should contain
•
sheets for creation of 3D character.
workstation computers
with
•
Works on computer for creating character and adding details
•
Story board unit and model sheet unit should be close to production unit
•
Final render using render farm
•
•
Passed on to post production studio for final touch
Render farm should be close if possible adjacent to production unit
•
Post production studio should be internally linked with animation studio.
87
Wood workshop, metal workshop, painting and plastering workshop
•
Preparation of set for shooting
•
Goods from outside to store
•
Preparation of set
•
Kept in store
•
Transfer
•
•
Equipment rental staffs and prop store staffs
•
Releasing goods
•
Getting goods
•
back
•
Post room
•
Receiving letters from outside
•
Distributing letters respective department
to
•
•
to
the
shooting area Meeting with technicians for releasing and getting back goods Goods received from vendor Arranging received letters from outside Distribution letters by room staffs
Alternative route should be provided from site entrance to store Alternative route should be from store to shooting area
•
It should be near to shooting area
•
Alternative route should be provided from site entrance to store
•
Should be placed near entrance
•
Separate space to receive letter by users
•
Lockbox
of post
assembly
should be provided •
Letter ranging room should be placed adjacent to lockbox assembly
88
`.
Screening room
•
Review of final touch l by film makers
•
Primer of movie
•
Talking to press and media by actors makers and
Restaurant staffs
•
•
film
Film makers enters screening room directly from entrance or from shooting area Invited
guest
•
Should be separated from other facilities
•
Should be placed near to entrance
•
Parking space should be separated for VIP
in
primer show room enter to screening directly •
Actors and film makers gives interview to press and media.
and others •
Conference room should be near to screening room
•
Providing every day
lunch
•
•
•
Providing meals in morning or night according to
Loading of goods to the respective store that came from outside
Separate route should be provided for in coming goods to restaurant
•
Preparation
of
•
Storage space should
Serving food to indoor and outdoor dining
•
Food serving area should be in intermediate space between indoor dining, outdoor dining and kitchen
•
Changing should be kitchen
•
Should be at intermediate distance from all the facilities
situation.
foods •
be near to back route
room near to
89
Conclusion Site planning
• • •
• •
• • •
•
• • •
• • • • • •
Office space should be placed near to site entrance Office, backlot and sound stage should be at fair distance Sound stage, backlot and set preparation workshop should be at fair distance Set preparation workshop and office should be far from each other Post production studio and office should be close to each other and should be linked internally Post production studio and screening room should be at fair distance Parking and shooting area (indoor or outdoor) should be at fair distance Makeup, wardrobe and rehearsal facility should be at fair distance in case of backlot Space for technical staffs should be provided near the production office and should be internally linked Separate route should be provided from entrance to stores Equipment rental store and prop store should be close to shooting area Post production studio should be internally linked with animation studio. Alternative route should be from workshop store to shooting area Post room should be placed near entrance Screening room should be placed near to entrance Screening should be separated from other facilities Restaurant should be at intermediate from all the facilities Separate route should be provided for in coming goods to restaurant
Office space Meeting space should beprovided at easily accessible place by visitors in office Film studio administration and post production office should be close • to each other General service area should be placed centrally • Central clerical area should be placed such that they may be easily • accessed for workspaces Central service area should be placed away from working area • Finance department should be placed near office entrance or reception. • Accounts should be near to finance and department • Sales department should be placed near to meeting space • Store should be near to back entrance of office • •
Internal planning
Sound stage •
Makeup room, wardrobe sound stage
and rehearsal room should be provide in
90
• • •
Space to take rest should be provided in the sound stage Rehearsal space should be provided in sound stage Store should be provided in sound stage
Post production studio Some space should be given to film makers in control room to assist technician Control room should be placed in such a place where visitors will not • •
•
•
•
• •
disturb other working area Live room, vocal booth and dubbing room should be adjacent to control room. Video editing studio should have space for film maker along with editor Provision for visual connection should be made between live room, vocal booth and dubbing room Color grading studio should be placed near to video editing studio Encoding room should be placed centrally
Animation studio Meeting room should be close to story boarding unit and layout unit Layout area should contain space for short meetings • Story boarding unit, layout unit and model sheet unit should be close to • each other Story board unit and model sheet unit should be close to production • unit Render farm should be close if possible adjacent to production unit • •
Restaurant Storage space should be near to back route Food serving area should be in intermediate space between indoor • dining, outdoor dining and kitchen Changing room should be near to kitchen • •
Post room Lockbox assembly should be provided to users to receive letters Letters arranging room should be adjacent to lockbox assembly room • •
4( )
91
4.2 Finalization of area requirement
After literature, case studies and analysis of these both following areas has been finalized for my thesis project on “Film Studio”. These areas are not final but an approximation and can be changed during design if necessary.
161 322 645 645 322 322 322 400 129 43
161 645 322 322 322
(3 (3 (3 (3 (3
) ) ) ) )
322 161 100 400
(3 (3 (3 (3
) ) ) )
(2 (3 (10
) ) )
(10 (5 (5
) ) )
16145 4305 129 129 129 129 215 734 500
92
1722 1076 688 1076 1076 1076 400
322 107 322 107 107 107
398 129 43 150
(3
)
(21
)
861 6458 645
100 100
538
430 215 215
93
4144
(2
)
1100
(6
)
861 129 56769
Table 4(b): Area requirements
94
Chapter -5
Site Analysis Introduction to site
The proposed siteis for the7construction of “Film Studio” located at Sanogaun known as Siddhipur which about km from Gwarko, lalitpur. Theissite is 1110051.51 sqft also i.e. 202 ropani 11aana 1paisa 2.30 dam in area accessed through 20’ wide road. The shape of the site is roughly rectangular with plain topography. Talking about the surroundings, it is surrounded be agricultural land on three side and access road on another side.
Fig 5- 1: Site and site location Site potential
The site lies at the distance of 7 km from the lalitpur and is about 20 to 25 minutes drive. Site is located in the outskirt of the Kathmandu valley and as we all know that Kathmandu has fast and rapidly growing film industry in it and can attract existing and other potential film makers in the film studio. Due to this reason it not only generate income for itself but also help in increasing job and other opportunities for the betterment of economic condition of the place. Not only that the film studio in this site also can contribute to increase the quality of movies. Site data
For collecting data from the site, site visit was done and data were collected by noting down the observations, photographs and by making figures. Details of collected data are as follows
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Accessibility and approach
Talking about the approach and accessibility to the site, site is accessible from one side only i.e. from east side which is only road approach to the site and is of 15ft wide with blacktop. Being surrounded by the agricultural land and brick factories tractors and other heavy vehicles only go through this road Site topography
Talking about the topography of the site, the site has got flat land throughout with no terrain and slope. Climate
To know about the climate climatic data should be collected for certain years and then processed further for getting some conclusion. I have collected climatic data for my site and analyzed through Mahoney table and some analysis has been done by me too. Following are some of the data presented in general which occurred. o
o
Temperature 32 c maximum and 2 c minimum. Relative humidity 96 maximum and 51 minimum Rainfall 385mm maximum and 6mm minimum Landuses and architecture
Talking about the land use and in and around the site, my site is surrounded by agricultural land from all the side but at some distance we can see the residential area and brick factories around the site. In the society where I have chosen the site we can see vernacular architecture but as time is passing those vernacular buildings are changing into modern RCC building slowly. Utilities
Utility connections like sanitary and sewer connections, electric connection, water supply connection etc are necessary for any project and should be easily available. All the utilities necessary for the site can be brought in from the west side of the site where we can see remarkable no of residential buildings and brick factories using all of the utility supply necessary.
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Bye-laws •
Ground coverage 40%
•
Floor area ration (FAR) 1.50
•
Set back
Analysis
For suitable design in the site, analysis of above collected data is necessary. For the analysis of above collected data different methods are used like figures, comparisons, tables etc so that it will help us in designing the suitable buildings in the site Climatic analysis
Climatic analysis is one of the most important steps in the process of design as a building is sure to be subjected to the weather or climate in that area. Climatic analysis of that place helps us to design a building that will sustain in that climate and provide a comfortable condition inside the building for the users. For this project following analysis has been done as the climatic analysis. Temperature
To maintain comfortable condition inside the building it is necessary to control temperature inside the building we are trying to design. For this here we are trying to analyze the condition of temperature at the site. Here we are trying to analyze the temperature condition using figures along side. The first picture shows variation in temperature for twelve months and second figure shows the amount of high and low temperature at the site throughout the year. First figure shows that most of the times in Fig 5-2: Temperature analysis o the year temperature remains around 30C o and lowest temperature also remains above 15C and fells below it for few months of the
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year. This can be seen clearly from second picture, which shows the pie chart of the temperatures of the site. From the figures we also can see that July, august and September are the hottest months in the year as their higher and lower temperature don’t have much o differences. Here we can see great variation in temperature, the highest is 32C and 0 lowest is 2.5 C. We can say that most of the times site remains hot. From above analysis we can get the following ideas about the building design: •
As the variation of the temperature is high throughout the year, walls should be such that they will be able to resist the outside temperature
•
The orientation of the building should be such that there would be minimum effect of temperature in the building due to orientation.
•
Openings should be placed in the building in such a way that moving air helps to cool the building as most of the times of the year temperature remains high
Humidity
To maintain the comfortable condition inside the building it is necessary to analyze the humidity of the site so that it could be controlled inside the building. The figure alongside shows the variation in humidity at its maximum and minimum. Form the chart we can say that humidity Fig 5-3: Humidity analysis remains between 60% to 85% for most of the time in the year and fluctuate up and down for few months in the year. Analysis of temperature and humidity indicates that the climate at the site remains hot humid for most of the times in the year and humidity drops down for few months in the year From above analysis we can get the following ideas about the building design: •
Air movement in the building should be good.
•
Ventilation should be done well in the building
•
Placement of the window should be done so that the air movement inside the building is maximum.
•
Other provisions should be done for dehumidification if necessary.
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Rain fall
Another factor to be onsidered to maintain comfortable co ndition inside the house is rainfall. Pro ection should be provided from rainfallso that rooms and other spaces inside the building will not be affected by ra in water. The picture alongside shows the analysis of rainfall for t elve months. From the figure we an say that rainfall increases rapidly from the month of May and co ntinues to its Fig 5-4: Rainfall nalysis maximum amount up to he month of July. After the month of July the ainfall gradually decreases. From this we can say that at least 5 months a year buildin gs and the space inside the building shou ld be protected from the rainwater. If we ta ke a look at the rainfall data the maximu rainfall is 385.84 mm and the least is 6.78 m in the month of July and December respe ctively. From above analysis we an get the following ideas about the building dsign: •
Shading devicesor f protection from rain is necessary
•
Adequate rainwat er drainage facility should be provided in the b
ildings
Overlay technique
For the better and suitabl design for my thesis topic “Film Studio” in th purposed at Sanagaun, lalitpur, Nepalabove data are collected and analysis are done.Besides this overlay technique has be n used so that suitable design solution can be fund. For the analysis through verlay technique following drawings are prepa •
Zoning
•
Views from site
•
Utility supply
•
Sun and wind
•
Land use
red and overlaid
Zoning
For this I have visited the site and took notes about the zones like quite zone, noisy zone, semi-quite zone, semi-noisy zone. These data are then converted into drawing from as shown in the figure. Main purpose of collecting data about zoning is to know where can the buildings be placed suitably in the site.
Fig 5-5: Site zoning
Views from the site
For this I have visited the site and took notes about the views that can be seen from the site i.e. good and bad views. Main purpose of collecting data about the views from the site is to places the spaces that need best views in the project. These data are then converted into drawing as shown in figure. From figure we can see that good views can be seen from three sides and bad views from two sides of the site.
Fig 5- 6: Views from site
Utility supply
For this site visit has been done and notes has been taken about the probable places that can supply utilities to our site like electricity, sewage, water supply etc. the site has two potential areas that can help us with utility supply i.e. west and south side. Since utility supply from the south side is not so economic as it is bit far so the most Fig 5-7: Utility supply
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suitable one is from the west. These data are then converted into drawings
Sun and wind direction
For this site visit has been done and notes has been taken about the wind and sun directions. This is most important of all because it helps to create the comfortable condition to work and stay inside the building. From climatic analysis we have come to conclusion that our site has hot humid climate for most of the year so this data will help us to reduce that condition. These data are then converted into drawings as shown.
Fig 5-8: Sun and wind direction
Land use
For this site visit has been done and notes has been taken about the land use around the site. Knowing about this will help us to place our facilities in side film studio according to land use around it. Talking about the land use around the site, site is surrounded by agricultural land from all the sides but at west site we can see residential area as well
Fig 5-9: Land use around site
Following are the blowup images of the drawings for overlay technique
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Fig 5-10: Data Collected for Overlay Technique 102
Fig 5-11: Overlay Technique 103
Recommendations from Mahony table
List of recommended specification Layout Spacing Air movement Openings Walls Roofs Rain protection
Orientation north and south (long axis east-west) Open spacing for breeze penetration, but protection from hot and cold wind Room single banked, permanent provision for air movement Very small openings, 10%-20% Heavy external and internal walls Light, insulated roofs protection from heavy rains
List of detail recommendations Size of opening Position of openings Protection of openings Walls and floors Roofs External features
Medium: 25%-40% In north and south walls at body height on windward side Exclude direct sunlight Heavy, over 8h time lag Light, well insulated Adequate rainwater drainage
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Chapter -6
Design Concept As we know most of the potential of movie making is concentrated in Kathmandu valley more than other part of the Nepal. So the site is chosen near to the Kathmandu. There are many ways from where the concept may evolve for example from form of some natural or artificial things etc. But my concept has evolved step wise which goes through site analysis. At first the literature and case study is done on the topic and separate analysis are prepared from them. Then they are brought together in the table from for the analysis purpose as done in the chapter four. From the analysis table a conclusions are drawn in two different topics .They are conclusions regarding site planning and conclusions regarding internal planning of the buildings. Conclusions regarding the site planning gave further picture about how and where the buildings should be placed like where should be sound stage with respect to administration block and where should be dining facilities with respect to other facilities etc. it also gave further vision about the circulation pattern of people and vehicles. Conclusion regarding internal planning gave knowledge and vision about how the internal spaces should be placed with respect to each other like where the meeting room should be placed and where the machine room should me placed with respect to other spaces etc. On further analysis on these two it gave me the vision about which facilities should be grouped together in the same building and which facilities can be placed in separate building. After finalizing requirements it was realized that a huge amount of site is needed for the fulfillment of the project. Along with this I also realized the necessity of proper planning system so that the conclusion drawn for the thesis project can be successfully executed. For that a grid iron pattern of planning was chosen in which streets cross each other perpendicularly and different pockets were created .In one pocket film production facilities were placed in another pocket, residential facilities for film makers and staffs were placed and in another pocket staff quarter was placed.
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For placing all of these buildings in the pockets mentioned above overlay technique of site analysis was used as shown in above chapter.
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Bibliography Books 1. Chiara, Joshep De. and Callender, John Hancock “Time Saver Standards for Building Types ” 2. Marshall Long “Architectural acoustic” 3. Bousmaha Baiche, Nicholas Walliman “Neufert Architect’s Data” Websites
4. www.Wikipedia.org 5. www.3mills.com Thesis Report 6. Film city – Prashamsha Malla – 2004 7. Nitesh Shrestha – Audio Visual Studio Nepal - 2004
Table 1 Location Longitude Latitude Altitude
Air temperature:
8522 2742 1337
°C Jan Feb Mar
Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
High
AMT
Monthly mean max.
19.6
22.2
25.9
31.9
29.2
29.4
28.6
32.0
31.2
31.7
23.9
20.5
32.0
17.3
Monthly mean min. Monthly mean range
2.5
5.1
8.6
15.8
16.1
19.3
20.3
20.1
18.8
13.4
8.4
4.1
2.5 29.5 Low AMR
17.1 17.1 17.3 16.1 13.1 10.1 8.3 11.9 12.4 18.3 15.5 16.4
Relative humidity: % Monthly mean max.a .m.
96.4
Monthlym eanm in.p .m.
64.6 57.7 52.1
Average
93
81 71.5 74.8 80.8 86.2 83.7 87.4 52 62.2 72.6 81.1 81.5
89 92.6 95.9
80 73.2 71.5 69.2
80.5 75.3 66.6 61.7 68.5 76.7 83.6 82.6 83.7 81.1 82.1 82.6
Humidity group
4
4
Humiditygroup:
3
1
3
3
4
4
IfaverageRH:
4
4
below
4
4
4
30%
2
- 3050 %
3 4
- 5070 % above 70 %
Rain and Wind Rainfall, mm
15
22
34
61
127
258
386
356
206
40
9
7
Wind, prevailing wind, secondary Jan Feb Mar
Apr May Jun
AMTover20°C
Comfort limits Humidity group:
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
AMT15-20°C
AMTbelow15°C
Day
Night
Day
Night
Day
Night
1
26-34
17-25
23-32
14-23
21-30
12-21
2
25-31
17-24
22-30
14-22
20-27
12-20
3 4
23-29
17-23
21-28
14-21
19-26
12-19
22-27
17-21
20-25
14-20
18-24
12-18
1522
Total
AMT over 20°C
Comfort limits
Day
Humidity group:
AMT 15-20°C
Night
Day
AMT below 15°C
Night
Day
Night
1
26
34 17
25
23
32
14
23
21
30
12
21
2
25
31 17
24
22
30
14
22
20
27
12
20
3 4
23
29 17
23
21
28
14
21
19
26
12
19
22
27 17
21
20
25
14
20
18
24
12
18
Table 2 Diagnosis:°C
Jan FebM ar Apr MayJ un Jul AugS ep Oct NovD ec
Monthly mean max.
19.6 22.2 25.9 31.9 29.2 29.4 28.6 32.0 31.2 31.7 23.9 20.5
Daycomfort:
25 25 28 28 28 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 20 20 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
upper lower
Monthly mean min.
2.5
Nightcomfory:
20 20 21 21 21 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14
upper lower
Thermal stress:day night
C
5.1
8.6 15.8 16.1 19.3 20.3 20.1 18.8 13.4 8.4
O O H H CCCOOOHHOC
H
H
H
H
H
O
17.3 AMT
4.1
O CC
Indicators Humid:
H1
a
H2
a
a
5 Totals
a a
H3 Arid:
a
a a
A1
a
a
a
a
a
3 4
a
3
a
A2
0
A3
1
a
Applicable when: Meaning:
Indicator
Thermal Stress Day
Night
Rainfall
HumidityGroup
Air movement essential
H1
H
4
H
2,3
Air movement desirable
H2
O
4
Rain protection necessary
H3
Thermal capacity necessary
A1
Out-door sleeping desirable
A2
Protection from cold
A3
MonthlymeanRange
Less than 10
Over 200 mm 1,2,3 H C
H
1,2
O
1,2
More than 10 More than 10
Indicator totals from table 2 H1 H2 H3 A1 A2
Table 3 Recommended specifications
A3
534301 Layout0-10 5-12 0-4
11,12
a
1
Orientation north and south (long axis east-west)
2
Compact courtyard planning Spacing-
11,12 2-10 0,1
a
3
Open spacing for breeze penetration
4 5
As3, but protection from hot and cold wind Compact lay-out of estates Air movement-
3-12 0-5
1,2 0
a
6-12 2-12 0,1
6
Rooms single banked, permanent provision for air movement
7
Double banked rooms, temporary provision for air movement
8
No air movement requirement Openings-
0,1 11,12 Anyotherconditions
0 0,1
a
9 Large openings, 40-80 % 10 Very small openings, 10-20 % 11 Medium openings, 20-40 % Walls-
0-2 3-12
a
12 Light walls, short time-lag 13 Heavy external and internal walls Roofs-
0-5 6-12
a
14 Light, insulated roofs 15 Heavy roofs, over 8 h time-lag Out-door sleeping-
2-12
16 Space for out-door sleeping required Rain protection-
3-12
a
17 Protection from heavy rain necessary
Indicators totals from table 2 H1 H2 H3 A1 A2 A3
Table 4 Detail recommendations
534301 Size of opening0
0,1
1-12
2-5
1 Large: a
6-10 0-3 4-12
11,12
40-80 %
2 Medium:
25-40 %
3 Small:
15-25 %
4 Very Small: 10-20 % 5 Medium: 25-40 % Position of openings-
3-12
0
a
0-5
1-2
6-12
6 In north and south walls at body height on windward side 7 As above, openings also in internal walls
2-12
Protection of openings0-2
a
2-12
8 Exclude direct sunlight 9 Provide protection from rain Walls and floors-
0-2 3-12
a
10 Light, low thermal capacity 11 Heavy, over 8 h time-lag Roofs-
0-2
10-12
12 Light, reflective surface, cavity
3-12
a
0-5
0-9
6-12
13 Light, well insulated 14 Heavy, over 8 h time-lag External features-
1-12 1-12
a
15 Space for out-door sleeping 16 Adequate rainwater drainage
