República Bolivariana de Venezuela Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador Instituto Pedagógico Pe dagógico Antonio Lira Alcalá Subprograma de Maestría en Lingüística Maturín, Estado Monagas
LA METÁFORA CONCEPTUAL EN EL DISCURSO DE HUGO CHÁVEZ DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA SOCIOCOGNITIVA (Trabajo presentado como requisito parcial para optar al Grado de Magíster en Lingüística)
Autora: Profa. Elenny Véliz Tutor: Dr. Ricardo Andarcia
Maturín, octubre de 2016
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DEDICATORIA A Jehová, mi creador, por su infinito amor y por permitirme respirar, andar, amar y aprender algo nuevo cada día. A ti José Antonio, Antonio, mi hijo amado, porque eres mi fuerza, fue rza, mi estímulo y mi esperanza. A ti José Ramón, por estar siempre allí. A mi padres, mis hermanos, hermanas, sobrinos y sobrinas porque con ellos he aprendido el valor de la familia.
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AGRADECIMIENTO A mi tutor y profesor doctor Ricardo Andarcia porque sus consejos y observaciones fueron de gran utilidad en el desarrollo de este Trabajo de Investigación, por tener siempre a mano un material que me sirviera de apoyo y por su palabra alentadora en aquellos momentos en los que no quise continuar. También aprovecho estas líneas para reconocer su paciencia y dedicación en cada asesoría y darle las gracias por regalarme un poco de su tiempo, de su experiencia y de sus conocimientos que fueron muy valiosos en esta etapa de mi vida profesional. A Nancy y a Yasdani por su compañía, por su amistad y por todo lo que compartimos, reímos, sufrimos y nos apoyamos recíprocamente a lo largo de esta proceso de investigación.
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ÍNDICE GENERAL pp. ACTA DE APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR …………………………………………. ii DEDICATORIA .................................................................. ........................................................................................................... ......................................... iii AGRADECIMIENTO................................................. .................................................................................................. ................................................. iv LISTA DE CUADROS ................................................................................... .............................. ................................................................. ............ vii RESUMEN................................................. .................................................................................................... ................................................................ ............. viii INTRODUCCIÓN ....................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ................................. 1
CAPÍTULOS I. EL PROBLEMA .................................................... ...................................................................................................... .................................................. 4 Planteamiento del Problema ..................................................................................... 4 Objetivos de la Investigación ................................................................... ................................................................................... ................ 7 Objetivo General................................................ .................................................................................................. .................................................. 7 Objetivos Específicos ................................................................. .......................................................................................... ......................... 7 Justificación ................................................... ....................................................................................................... ........................................................... ....... 8 Delimitación y Alcance .................................................................... ............................................................................................ ........................ 8
II. MARCO DE REFERENCIA ............................................... .............................................................................. ............................... 10 Antecedentes de la investigación ............................................ ........................................................................... ............................... 10 Bases Teóricas ......................................................................... ........................................................................................................ ............................... 15 Evolución Histórica del Concepto de Metáfora ................................................... 16 Concepto de Metáfora .................................................... .......................................................................................... ...................................... 23 Metáforas Conceptuales ................................................. ....................................................................................... ...................................... 27 Cognición Social. ................................................. ................................................................................................. ................................................ 30 Discurso Político .................................................. .................................................................................................. ................................................ 33
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III. METODOLOGÍA............................................... ............................................................................................... ................................................ 59 Tipo de Investigación ....................................................................... ............................................................................................. ...................... 59 Naturaleza de la investigación................................................. ................................................................................ ............................... 60 Enfoque de la Investigación ............................................................... ................................................................................... .................... 61 Técnicas e Instrumentos de Recolección de Datos. ............................................... ......................... ...................... 62 Técnicas de Análisis de los Datos .................................................... .......................................................................... ...................... 63
IV. IV. ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULT RESULTADOS ................................................................. .............................................................. ... 65 La Metáfora Conceptual en el Discurso de HCF ................................................... ............................... .................... 65 Metáforas Bélicas: ................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ............ 66 Metáforas del desplazamiento: ..................................................................... .......................................................................... ..... 66 Metáforas del cuerpo: .......................................................................... ........................................................................................ .............. 67 Metáforas fluviales ...................................................................... ............................................................................................ ...................... 68 Metáforas del edificio .................................................. ........................................................................................ ...................................... 68 Metáforas de la vida y la muerte.................................................. ........................................................................ ...................... 69 Metáforas de la salud ................................................... ......................................................................................... ...................................... 69 Metáforas matemáticas: ............................................... ..................................................................................... ...................................... 69 Metáforas del juego: .............................................................................. .......................................................................................... ............ 69 Metáforas del agro: ...................................................... ............................................................................................ ...................................... 69 Metáfora e Identidad en el discurso de HCF .......................................................... 79 Metáfora, Poder e Ideología en el Discurso de HCF .............................................. 81 CONCLUSIONES ....................................................................... ...................................................................................................... ............................... 85 REFERENCIAS ................................................. ..................................................................................................... ......................................................... ..... 90 ANEXOS..................................................................................................................... 92
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LISTA DE CUADROS CUADRO N°
pp.
1.
Metáforas Bélicas................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................ 92
2.
Metáforas del Desplazamiento ............................................. ............................................................................ ............................... 93
3.
Metáforas del Cuerpo .................................................... .......................................................................................... ...................................... 95
4. Metáforas Fluviales .............................................. .............................................................................................. ................................................ 96 5. Metáforas del Edificio .................................................... .......................................................................................... ...................................... 97 6. Metáforas de la vida y de la Muerte ............................................... ..................................................................... ...................... 97 7. Metáforas de la Salud .................................................... .......................................................................................... ...................................... 98 8. Metáforas Matemáticas ................................................. ....................................................................................... ...................................... 98 9.
Metáforas del de l Juego ............................................................................................ ......................................................................................... ... 99
10. Metáforas del Agro: ............................................................................................. ............................................. ................................................ 99 11. Tópico: El pueblo ................................................ ................................................................................................ ................................................ 99 12. Tópico: La Revolución ...................................................................................... 100 13. Tópico: La Enfermedad ......................................................................... ...................... ............................................................... ............ 101 14. Tópico: La Patria .................................................. ................................................................................................ .............................................. 101
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República Bolivariana de Venezuela Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador Instituto Pedagógico Pe dagógico Antonio Lira Alcalá Subprograma de Maestría en Lingüística Maturín, Estado Monagas
LA METÁFORA CONCEPTUAL EN EL DISCURSO DE HUGO CHÁVEZ DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA SOCIOCOGNITIVA (Trabajo presentado como requisito para optar al Título de Magíster en Lingüística)
Autora: Profa. Elenny Elenn y Véliz Tutor: Dr. Ricardo Andarcia Fecha: Octubre 2016
RESUMEN La metáfora es un recurso expresivo que los hablantes emplean para referirse a una situación o cosa en términos de otra. Este tipo de composición no solamente se utiliza en el discurso poético con el que normalmente se le asocia, también su uso es muy recurrente en el habla cotidiana y en discursos de todo tipo. Posiblemente por esta razón los líderes políticos y todos los que persigan influir ideológicamente en las masas sociales las incorporan con frecuencia en sus pronunciamientos oficiales. Por tal motivo, en este trabajo de investigación se seleccionó como evidencia lingüística una muestra discursiva del expresidente venezolano Hugo Chávez donde se identificaron las metáforas conceptuales que fueron analizadas desde una perspectiva sociocognitiva. En el referido análisis se tomó en cuenta el perfil de su emisor y el contexto sociocultural donde fueron enunciadas. Para lograrlo, se realizó una exploración de naturaleza cualitativa por medio de un enfoque descriptivoanalítico y se revisaron una serie de teorías de diversos autores para sustentar las conclusiones respectivas. Finalmente, de acuerdo al análisis realizado se pudo
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INTRODUCCIÓN La metáfora es una herramienta del lenguaje que se emplea para explicar y comprender el mundo. Posiblemente es la única forma de explicar el mundo verbalmente ya que no existe idioma, variedad lingüística o dialecto donde los hablantes no utilicen este recurso expresivo para poner de manifiesto sus conocimientos, valores, inquietudes, pensamientos, hacer comentarios, plantear situaciones y sobre todo exteriorizar las emociones y los puntos de vista acerca del entorno donde interactúan con otras personas. Cabe destacar, que históricamente la metáfora se ha asociado con el lenguaje literario para realzar el trabajo del verbo que se emplea en estas manifestaciones artísticas. Sin embargo, los seres humanos utilizan con frecuencia este tipo de recurso en las conversaciones de la vida diaria, e inclusive, en la mayoría de los casos ni siquiera se está consciente de ello. Cada acto de habla está plasmado de metáforas, las cuales no sólo se representan una herramienta lingüística sino que también funcionan como dispositivos mentales que permiten develar el pensamiento del hablante; de esta manera dejan dejan fluir sus conocimientos del contexto donde se desenvuelve y le permiten explicar su realidad. De lo cual se deduce que hay una estrecha relación entre el pensamiento del hablante y su forma de expresarse, éstos representan una muestra de su cultura
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estudio de interés para los investigadores del tema. Ciertamente, las mismas están pendientes en todo los tipos de textos que se producen a diario; dia rio; se pueden conseguir metáforas en discursos tanto orales como escritos, en conversaciones informales y académicas, en las narraciones, al explicar una situación, al exponer una idea, una canción; e inclusive, en discursos políticos y oficiales de mandatarios presidenciales, entre otros. En ese sentido, se puede inferir que las expresiones metafóricas al estar presentes en todo tipo de texto están ligadas a la cognición del hablante; específicamente, en el contexto político venezolano, las encontramos en discursos emitidos por el expresidente Hugo Chávez. Dichos mensajes causaron gran impacto en la población y destacaron su habilidad verbal para la comunicación hacia las grandes masas de audiencia. Con ello Chávez manifestó su propuesta de gobierno y su concepto de hacer política que, según su apreciación personal, debían orientar el destino del país y de América Latina. Por tal motivo, al revisar de forma preliminar el concepto de metáfora se puede conocer que Lakoff y Johnson (1986: p.42) consideran a esta forma expresiva como “un concepto metafórico” que se elabora parcialmente en la mente teniendo como base uno anterior, tal como lo expresan los mismos autores cuando argumentan (Idem.p.39) que: “Nuestro sistema conceptual es en gran medida metafórico, la manera en que pensamos, lo que experimentamos y lo que hacemos cada día también
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En cuanto a la organización interna de este informe, el mismo se estructuró en cuatro capítulos. El CAPÍTULO I: EL PROBLEMA: Planteamiento del problema, Objetivos de la Investigación, Justificación, Delimitación y Alcance. CAPÍTULO II: MARCO DE REFERENCIA: Antecedentes de la Investigación, Bases Teóricas. CAPÍTULO III: METODOLOGÍA: Tipo de Investigación, Naturaleza de la Investigación, Enfoque de la Investigación, Técnicas e Instrumentos de Recolección de Datos, Técnicas de Análisis de los Datos. CAPÍTULO IV: Análisis de los Resultados, CONCLUSIONES, REFERENCIAS y ANEXOS.
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CAPÍTULO I EL PROBLEMA Planteamiento del Problema A lo largo de la historia el estudio de la metáfora generalmente se ha asociado con el discurso literario, especialmente con con el lenguaje poético, considerándose un recurso útil e indispensable para el embellecimiento de los poemas que representan lo connotativo y creativo del trabajo de la palabra. Es decir, frecuentemente se ha relacionado a esta forma expresiva
con composiciones lingüísticas lingüísticas de carácter
estético, como una materia sólo de poetas o como si se tratara únicamente de una manifestación de la lengua formal y no como parte del habla común donde también se manifiesta.
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y se formó a partir de la preposición “Metá” (Más allá, allá, después de) y el verbo “Phorein” (Pasar, (Pasar, llevar). Lo cual no deja muy claro su significado ya que Meta remite en este caso a un lugar, lo que se denota al emplear el adverbio “allá” y el verbo “Phorein” que implica movimiento, puede interpretarse también como desplazamiento, juntos pueden entenderse entenderse como “Pasar más allá de” o “Pasar después de.” Evidentemente el sentido etimológico no dice mucho. Por otro lado, explorando un poco más el significado literal del término, en primer lugar, citamos a Aristóteles quien habló del tema en el siglo siglo IV a.c en su célebre Poética y es uno de los antecedentes más antiguos que existen respecto al tema; quien la define como “Una transferencia transferencia del nombre de una cosa a otra; del género a la especie, de la especie al género o según analogía”. Tal definición coincide con el significado etimológico en cuanto al empleo del término “transferencia” que implica movimiento, lo cual puede entenderse como el hecho de pasar o transferir un significado de una cosa a otra por la naturaleza que las conforma o por relaciones de parecidos entre ambas.
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específicamente a la expresión poética. También se emplea frecuentemente por los hablantes en sus conversaciones de rutina para darle una explicación a las cosas asociándolas con otras de acuerdo a sus conocimientos y vivencias. Por otro lado, fuera del uso literario y cotidiano de la metáfora, es importante enfatizar en la naturaleza experiencial y la influencia cultural que la caracteriza y que son la base de su configuración, primero en la mente y después en la expresión. Así mismo se considera relevante explorar en su vinculación con el sistema conceptual del hablante e interpretar su influencia en el comportamiento del interlocutor. Por tal motivo, en este estudio no se analizó este recurso expresivo desde el punto de vista literario donde ya hay una amplia documentación, ni desde una perspectiva del uso cotidiano donde actualmente se están llevando a cabo algunas investigaciones; sino que aquí se abordó en el discurso político desde una visión mucho más particular como lo es el aspecto sociocognitivo. Para tal fin, se tomó como referencia el discurso del expresidente venezolano
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Hugo Chávez desde la perspectiva sociocognitiva. Para la cual surgen las siguientes interrogantes: ¿Cuáles son las bases epistemológicas, teóricas y legales que orientan el empleo de la metáfora en un acto comunicativo? ¿Por qué es necesario analizar las metáforas conceptuales desde el punto de vista sociocognitivo? ¿Cómo se relacionan las expresiones metafóricas empleadas por Hugo Chávez con su sistema cognitivo y con el contexto sociopolítico venezolano? ¿Para qué es necesario interpretar las expresiones metafóricas utilizadas por el expresidente Chávez en uno de sus discursos oficiales?
Objetivos de la Investigación
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Justificación Este trabajo es importante porque se centra en la necesidad de explorar el empleo de la metáfora conceptual en el discurso político desde la óptica óptica sociocognitiva. En este caso específico se hizo en una muestra discursiva del expresidente HCF quien asumió la primera magistratura venezolana por 14 años consecutivos en el período comprendido entre el 2 de febrero de 1999 hasta la fecha de su fallecimiento el día 5 de marzo de 2013. En dicho discurso se identificaron las metáforas conceptuales más recurrentes emitidas por el exmandatario, luego se clasificaron de acuerdo a los tipos de metáforas propuestos por los autores Lakoff y Jhonson y posteriormente fueron analizadas relacionándolas con el contexto socio-cultural y el momento histórico donde se manifestaron. Para lograrlo se revisaron las teorías de la cognición social propuesta por diversos autores e investigadores pero, especialmente, se tomó en
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selección de una muestra muestra de habla emitida por el exmandatario exmandatario donde interpretaron las metáforas encontradas. Para tal fin no se tomó un corpus de sus discursos oficiales; sino específicamente el que pronunció la noche del 8 de diciembre del año 2012 en Cadena de Radio y Televisión cuando se dirigió de manera pública al pueblo venezolano antes de irse a la Habana Cuba para realizarse una delicada operación; según lo manifestó él mismo en esa oportunidad. Vale la pena señalar, que en dicha investigación, se hizo referencia al momento histórico y político venezolano durante el gobierno de HCF sólo y necesariamente
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CAPÍTULO II MARCO DE REFERENCIA En esta parte se consultaron documentos variados y recientes para lograr los objetivos propuestos. Ésto con el propósito de obtener información relacionada con la situación planteada, es decir, decir, la metáfora desde el punto de vista sociocognitivo en
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análisis argumentativo desde la perspectiva de Grize. En dicho trabajo concluyó que mediante esta metodología se puede “obtener una visión general del discurso” y también se logra examinar su percepción del tema, su ideología y las estrategias discursivas que utiliza para presentar un hecho o situación por medio del lenguaje. Dicho artículo se relaciona con este trabajo porque en el análisis interpretativo que se realizó a las metáforas en el discurso de HCF HCF también se examinaron elementos de tipo contextual e ideológicos que permitieron describir las expresiones identificadas dentro de un contexto y una circunstancia de vida del emisor. Éstos
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la Nación. Nación. También se presenta el tema del tratamiento que hacen los políticos a las metáforas en sus discursos, pero desde el punto de vista cognitivista. Para dicho estudio el autor organizó un corpus de metáforas estructurales tomadas de forma aleatoria de distintos debates de parlamentarios a las cuales categorizó según la taxonomía de Lakoff y Johnson (1986) En el análisis de las muestras extraídas, Sánchez evidenció que estos debates, aunque se manifiestan de forma oral, poseen características del discurso escrito porque ameritan de una formalidad estructural y se preparan con anticipación. En lo
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considera que están están presentes en los enunciados cotidianos y en todo tipo de discurso, ella hace posible acercarse al sistema de cognición humano y puede tener una connotación universal o específica de acuerdo al idioma con el cual se enuncien. Coincide con este trabajo debido a que las metáforas halladas en el discurso emitido por el expresidente Chávez son conceptuales y para analizarlas se debe tener en cuenta lo que significa la representación de conceptos por medio de esta figura del lenguaje. De igual modo, la propuesta teórica de Soriano parte de que este tipo de representación de la realidad influye en la mente humana tocando su dimensión
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el interno de este tipo de expresión. Manifiesta que es novedoso que así como se analizan metáforas cotidianas relacionadas con el amor; también el tratamiento de las enfermedades en el discurso periodístico se puede referir con conceptos metafóricos.
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compendio de ellos, como lo trabajó esta autora, que abarcan desde el año 1999 hasta el 2006. Sino, particularmente con su alocución del 8 de diciembre de año 2012.
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señalar la necesidad de abordar el tópico de la Cognición Social porque por medio de este sistema podemos lograr comprender lo que vemos, leemos y escuchamos. En el caso de interpretar un discurso Van Van Dijk (1994.p.58) opina que éste pasa por “Una
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cómo se ha planteado en distintos distintos momentos y escenarios de la historia historia humana. Dicha síntesis se iniciará partiendo de la época Clásica hasta la actualidad.
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considerando que no se debían tomar en cuenta porque no decían decían la verdad y también le atribuyeron básicamente una finalidad estética. En el caso de Locke, particularmente, en palabras de Lakoff y Johnson (1986.p.233 234) “Locke,
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metáfora también se manifiesta con algunos tópicos subyacentes en la muestra como ocurre en el discurso al que se hace referencia en esta sección. Otra de la expresiones que anticipan esta parte es la pronunciada por HCF en el discurso para la conformación del partido único en el año 2006, que llevaría por nombre Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV), es la siguiente: siguiente: “Nosotros aquí vamos a construir el socialismo venezolano”. Nuevamente hace uso de la metáfora del edificio proponiendo “Construir” un nuevo sistema político-económico político-económico fundamentado en el socialismo pero con particularidades específicas que lo definan como un sistema propio de la realidad venezolana. Analizando esta metáfora del edificio se puede interpretar que el exmandatario ya no la emplea para delimitar el rumbo que ha de llevar la Patria para renovarla, como lo refleja en la metáfora seleccionada del discurso de la toma de posesión del cargo de Presidente de la República en el año 1999. Aquí se asume que ya el camino esta trazado, que ya la patria ha cambiado y que ahora lo que necesita es la implantación del Socialismo que, además no es un modelo en particular copiado de otros países; sino uno que se construirá en Venezuela. También es necesario reseñar, que por lo general el discurso de Chávez, independientemente del uso de las metáforas, posee otras particularidades como el empleo frecuente de citas de escritores famosos. Por otro lado, apoya sus ideas y proyecto político en acciones e ideas de personajes de la historia como Simón Bolívar, Francisco de Miranda, Ezequiel Zamora y José Martí, por mencionar algunos. A nivel temático los mismos aluden reiteradamente a la deslegitimación de los 40 años de democracia anteriores a su gobierno a la que denominó de “Falsa democracia” así como a los políticos de la “Cuarta República” a quienes también se refirió como “Cúpulas corruptas”, “Cúpulas podridas”, “Escuálidos” y “Oligarcas”
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implantación del socialismo como “Mejor sistema de gobierno”, la constante rememoración de hechos históricos estableciendo comparaciones con la actualidad y la realización de análisis a la política Latinoamericana y mundial desde su punto de vista. Ya para finalizar, con esta semblanza de la trayectoria política de HCF, se puede sintetizar que su discurso va casi a la par con sus propósitos políticos y se apoya en las metáforas para construirlo y lograr empatía con sus interlocutores. En su breve alocución del año 1992 se refería al “rumbo” que había había que tomar para redimir la patria como algo impreciso, indefinido. inde finido. En el año a ño 1999 ya muestra mayor seguridad al decir que “el camino” que hay que recorrer está trazado y para el 2006, a 8 años de su llegada a la presidencia se puede percibir que hasta este momento él considera que ha transformado el país y que es tiempo de implantar un sistema socialista construido en Venezuela. “Además de todas esas batallas se presentó una adicional, adicion al, imprevista, repentina repentina para mí ...” (Chávez, 2012) “Hago entrega de la solicitud (...) para ir a enfrentar esta nueva batalla”(Chávez,
2012) “Hoy si tenemos Patria y es e s la tuya Bolívar, Bolívar, es la que tú comenzaste a labrar junto a millones y millones de hombres y mujeres hace doscientos años” (Chávez,2012)
A finales del año 2012, a pesar de enfrentar constantemente a una férrea oposición a nivel nacional e internacional, múltiples hechos políticos, una intensa campaña electoral que acababa de culminar y una crisis económica incipiente, HCF ya se ha consolidado en la Presidencia de la República República por más de 14 años. Además, se preparaba para asumir su nuevo período de gobierno 2012-2018 para el cual fue electo con una abrumadora mayoría de votantes el 7 de octubre de ese mismo año.
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en el país sino que como él mismo lo manifestó tenía en esos momentos una nueva “batalla” “adicional, imprevista, repentina” que librar (Chávez, 2012) Con esta metáfora HCF se refiere a un padecimiento de cáncer en la zona pélvica que le había sido diagnósticado en el año 2011 según un comunicado que el mismo emitió en cadena de radio y televisión el día 30 de junio de ese año desde la Habana, Cuba; donde textualmente manifestó “Estudios especiales especiales (...) que confirmaron la existencia de un tumor abscesado con presencia de células cancerígenas” y por el cual debió ausentarse en varias ocasiones del país para realizarse el tratamiento médico en ese mismo país donde se le hacía seguimiento a su estado de salud. Con respecto a su situación médica hubo mucho hermetismo durante los 21 meses posteriores al diagnóstico de parte de las personas más allegadas al ex-mandatario, ex -mandatario, inclusive de sus familiares; públicamente no se daban datos precisos en relación a la enfermedad, no se reveló la localización exacta de la células malignas ni se informaba con detalle de los exámenes médicos que se realizaba. Cabe destacar, que el mismo HCF en su alocución oficial del 8 de diciembre del 2012 también fue muy reservado con respecto al tema de sus salud a la cual se refirió en esa oportunidad como “un mal”, “una coyuntura” y “una situación” (Estas metáforas serán analizadas más adelante en las categorías donde corresponden) Dicha situación generó mucha especulación e incertidumbre en torno a su estado, tanto en sus seguidores como en sus adversarios debido a la falta de información oficial lo cual tuvo repercusiones en la opinión pública dentro y fuera del territorio nacional. En ese contexto, se dirige a la nación en Cadena de Radio y Televisión la noche del 8 de diciembre del 2012 y emite su último discurso público donde expresa que comenzó a sentir algunos síntomas en su organismo y por recomendación de su galeno tuvo que volver a repetir exámenes y estudios médicos en Cuba, previa
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propia afirmación, “Surge la presencia, en la misma área área afectada, de algunas células malignas nuevamente” Y que debido a estos resultados era necesario practicarse una nueva operación. Esa misma noche solicitó un nuevo permiso a Diosdado Cabello, presidente de la Asamblea Nacional en ese entonces y quien se encontraba presente, para ir a realizarse dicha intervención quirúrgica quirúrgica a la la Habana. Además, en esa oportunidad solicitó a sus seguidores que ante esta situación debían mantener “La unidad de todas las fuerzas revolucionarias” revolucionarias” y pidió desde “Su corazón” que si él no pudiera continuar al frente de la presidencia: “ustedes elijan a Nicolás Maduro como Presidente de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela”. Frente a esta imperiosa petición a sus partidarios se puede deducir que HCF estaba consciente de su delicado estado de salud en el momento de pronunciar este discurso y de cuáles podrían ser las consecuencias de esta intervención quirúrgica, por lo que esa noche noc he quiso dejar a su organización su propuesta política y su decisión “irrevocable,absoluta, total” de que así se cumpliera. También, También, pese a lo delicado del del tema desde el punto de vista extralingüístico se pudo apreciar a un HCF relajado, nostálgico, triste y con menor altivez que en otras ocasiones; dicha actitud bien pudiera reflejar la difícil situación que atravesaba en esas circunstancias. Ya finalizando con el seguimiento a la trayectoria política de HCF a través de su discurso, es importante destacar que como “No hay discurso sin contexto” (Van Dijk, 1992) en estos últimos párrafos sólo se busca asomar algunos elementos referenciales del momento socio-político en el cual surge el enunciado objeto de de estudio. También, son de mucha ayuda los datos relacionados con la personalidad, la situación de salud y la visión del expresidente HCF; si lo que se pretendió con esta investigación fue analizar las metáforas desde la perspectiva de la cognición social que es un elemento que atañe a la dimensión de la mente de las personas y revelan su
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De igual modo, se debe señalar que de ninguna manera en esta parte se pretende criticar, juzgar ni emitir un juicio de valores particular en relación a la forma o el tratamiento de la situación de enfermedad del expresidente HCF. Tampoco se busca refutar, cuestionar, apoyar o elogiar sus decisiones políticas expresadas en el cuerpo discursivo seleccionado para este proceso investigación: En primer lugar porque no es el propósito del mismo analizar asuntos de tipo político; en segundo lugar, porque lo que se pretende es abordar el uso de la metáfora en el hecho lingüístico y, y, por supuesto, sus conexiones con la dimensión cognitiva cognitiva del hablante cuyos objetivos están claramente definidos en el CAPÍTULO I.
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CAPÍTULO III METODOLOGÍA En este capítulo se hace referencia a los métodos que se emplearon en la realización de esta investigación y que permitieron desarrollar el estudio del tema de manera organizada siguiendo los procedimientos que se mencionan a continuación: Tipo de investigación, Naturaleza de la Investigación, Enfoque de la Investigación, las Técnicas e Instrumentos de Recolección de Datos y, por último, la Técnica de Análisis de los datos.
Tipo de Investigación El tipo de investigación que se empleó en este trabajo es un procedimiento de naturaleza documental ya que se obtuvieron los datos objeto de análisis de una muestra discursiva impresa correspondiente a una alocución oficial del expresidente venezolano HCF. En consecuencia, se hizo una revisión de las diferentes teorías concernientes al análisis del discurso, la metáfora y su interpretación desde la cognición social. Ello con la finalidad de comprender el uso que hace este personaje de la política venezolana actual cuando empleó las expresiones metafóricas de
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conceptualizaciones, reflexiones, conclusiones, recomendaciones y, en general, en el pensamiento del autor. (p.15) Por otra parte, Ávila Ávila (2007.p.51) la define como: “Una técnica que permite obtener documentos nuevos en los que es posible describir, explicar, analizar, comparar, criticar entre otras actividades intelectuales, un tema o asunto mediante un análisis de fuentes de información” De acuerdo a lo que esta metodología sugiere, la selección de la información se debe realizar tomando en cuenta los estudios de diferentes autores y la revisión de diversas fuentes relacionadas con el tema, tanto de tipo bibliográfico como de otra naturaleza. Su finalidad es analizar una gama de conceptualizaciones que permitan obtener una idea amplia del objeto de estudio y que éstas puedan fundamentar las conclusiones a las que llegue el investigador desde diferentes perspectivas.
Naturaleza de la investigación La investigación que se llevó a cabo en este trabajo es de naturaleza cualitativa ya que lo que se analizó fue una manifestación de tipo lingüística para interpretarla y comprenderla en su contexto social y desde la perspectiva cognitiva y no cuantificar datos numéricos de las veces o las formas en las que se produjeron. Es decir, esta búsqueda se enfoca enfoc a en las cualidades del fenómeno de estudio y no en la cantidad ca ntidad o el conteo de veces o situaciones en las que se emiten. En relación a este método, Taylor
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Enfoque de la Investigación En esta parte se señala el grado o tratamiento con que se realizará el análisis de la información recabada durante el proceso investigativo y se indica el proceso o método que se va a emplear. Para Arias (2006): En esta sección se indica el tipo de investigación según el nivel o grado de profundidad con el que q ue se realizará el estudio. En ese sentido, la investigación podrá ser se r explorativa, descriptiva o explicativa. En cualquiera de los casos es recomendable justificar el nivel adoptado. (p.23) Para este caso en particular, el enfoque que orientó esta investigación es de tipo descriptivo porque con él se pudo interpretar el fenómeno según su naturaleza e incorporar un conjunto de informaciones relacionadas con el tema de estudio, las cuales sirvieron para generar y argumentar la elaboración de nuevas interpretaciones del hecho lingüístico. Sin embargo, es necesario acotar, que esta investigación no quedó sólo en lo meramente descriptivo sino que, además, se dio lugar a la interpretación y análisis intersubjetivo del elemento comunicativo, ya que en este trabajo se trata acerca de la metáfora desde la óptica sociocognitiva teniendo como muestra para el proceso hermenéutico el discurso del expresidente HCF. Tomando en cuenta que este recurso expresivo no es sólo un proceso lingüístico sino que también es un proceso conceptual que ocurre en la mente y luego se exterioriza a través de la palabra. Es necesario resaltar que este hecho de la lengua tiene como finalidad expresar una o varias ideas desde la perspectiva de la
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del fenómeno o fenómenos a investigar”. Es decir, al emplear este esquema, el problema, situación o fenómeno f enómeno que se estudia se abordará desde diferentes ámbitos a manera de evaluarlo desde una perspectiva científica y a la vez reflexiva. Por esta razón, la investigación que tuvo lugar en este trabajo, se hizo de una forma interpretativa, considerando que el investigador realiza varios procesos mentales en este tipo de acción y es muy difícil que se desprenda de su parte subjetiva, subjetiva, sobre todo si posee algún vínculo afectivo con el tema que seleccionó así como un conjunto de conocimientos previos al respecto.
Técnicas e Instrumentos de Recolección de Datos. En esta etapa el investigador precisa los recursos utilizados en la recopilación de los datos informativos relacionados con el tema de análisis. Para tal fin, se seleccionó una muestra de un discurso oficial del exmandatario HCF donde se identificaron y analizaron las expresiones metafóricas empleadas por este líder político y también se emplearon otras técnicas de uso muy frecuente en los trabajos de tipo documental como lo son el fichaje y la ficha las cual permitieron organizar y guardar información concerniente al tópico de interés. El fichaje es un recurso que se emplea para registrar los datos de forma ordenada y práctica, el cual utilizan la mayoría de las instituciones educativas para organizar las fuentes informativas de sus bibliotecas y ofrecer al investigador una manera más fácil de ubicar los datos referentes a textos, autores y contenidos relacionados con su
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que se consultaron diversidad de fuentes que fue necesario almacenar para no perder datos importantes que se emplearon en el desarrollo del proyecto y posteriormente pudieron ser revisados y analizados ana lizados más detenidamente en la realización del trabajo como tal. Otro de los recursos que fueron de utilidad en la trayectoria de esta investigación para el registro y almacenamiento de la información fue la ficha. En ella se recogieron apuntes que pudieron utilizarse a corto, mediano o largo plazo mientras se ejecutan los diferentes momentos de la investigación. Respecto al uso de la ficha, Balestrini (2002.p.32) la define como: Un recurso de mucha utilidad, cuando se necesita desarrollar un trabajo intelectual, en ella se hará las correspondientes anotaciones como lo son los comentarios, algunas ideas de interés, conceptos, datos, etc; que permitirán acumular la información que serán fuentes de apoyo para la redacción del trabajo. (p.88) Tomando en cuenta la opinión de esta autora, se puede deducir que la ficha es una herramienta muy útil en este tipo de investigación ya que sirvió para tomar apuntes de una serie de elementos relacionados con el tema de análisis que se fueron incorporando en la medida que ésta avanzaba. Respecto al estudio en cuestión, fue necesaria la utilidad del referido recurso por la cantidad de citas, fragmentos de textos, datos de autores, títulos, fechas y comentarios que se debieron extraer de las diferentes fuentes de información que se revisaron para la conformación de este trabajo. Dichos apuntes, fueron incorporados en la medida que lo permitió la
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referido al Análisis de la Metáfora en el Discurso de HCF desde la Perspectiva Sociocognitiva. De esta forma se obtuvieron conceptos y teorías de diferentes autores que sustentan la hermenéutica de los datos y las conclusiones a las que se llegó con este trabajo. En ese sentido, las citas seleccionadas sirvieron como base a los argumentos expuestos y como marco para contrastar, contrastar, sustentar opiniones.
y comparar
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CAPÍTULO IV ANÁLISIS DE LOS RESULTADOS En este capítulo se identifican y se analizarán las metáforas empleadas por el ex presidente HCF en su discurso del 8 de diciembre de 2012 con la finalidad de dar respuesta a los objetivos planteados en esta investigación. Las expresiones metafóricas halladas se organizarán tomando en cuenta la categorización de las metáforas conceptuales propuestas por Lakoff y Johnson y el análisis de las mismas se desarrolla en tres apartados que son: La La Metáfora Conceptual en el Discurso de HCF donde se clasifican las metáforas encontradas y se explica la manera como se se expresan en el discurso. El segundo apartado se titula: Metáfora e identidad en el discurso de HCF en el
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Metáforas Bélicas: 1.Hemos venido dando además de todas la batallas políticas, económicas y sociales, esta batalla histórica (...) que nos tocó. 2.Hemos enfrentado además manipulaciones 3.Tuvimos una recaída que fue enfrentada con éxito 4.Dígame la campaña para las elecciones de gobernadores, andan desplegados nuestros líderes, nuestros cuadros, hombres y mujeres con gran fervor patrio... 5.Enfrentamos la inundaciones de Cumanacoa 6.Hago entrega de la solicitud, señor Presidente, para ir a enfrentar esta nueva batalla. 7.Con el favor de Dios, como en las ocasiones anteriores, saldremos victoriosos, saldremos adelante.
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3.Bueno, también me ha dado mucho gusto, me gustó verificar y constatar como marcha, como estamos cerrando ciclos 4.Como marchan los proyectos fundamentales del gobierno (...) todo eso marcha, y marcha a buen paso 5.Solicité la autorización para ausentarme del país, a la hermana República de Cuba, donde se me ha venido siguiendo todo el proceso para seguir el tratamiento hiperbárico. 6.El ALBA, La CELAC, son estas cosas que han ocurrido (...) paso a paso 7.Después de tantos años, de tantos ires y venires 8.En este nuevo trance- diría un llanero por allá 9.Garantizar la marcha de la Revolución 10.Rumbo a lo que está allí en el horizonte, la gran victoria del 16 de diciembre (Se
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7.La llevo en el alma (Alude al Himno del Batallón “Bravos de Apure”: Patria Querida) 8.Rodilla en tierra 9.Los que sentimos la Patria hasta en la vísceras (Citando a Augusto Mijares)
Metáforas fluviales 1.Hemos confluido, pues, distintas corrientes (Alude a corrientes civiles y militares) terminando el siglo y comenzando este siglo. 2.De esta gran corriente bolivariana que aquí se desató 3.La última avalancha de Sabaneta a Miraflores 4.El diluvio que nos cayó aquí en las siete avenidas 5.O seis más (Avenidas) que se desbordaron de Patria
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Metáforas de la vida y la muerte 1.Uno siempre ha vivido de milagro en milagro, siempre he dicho yo. 2.¿Cuánto costó recuperarla? Revivirla ( Se refiere a la Patria) 3.La Patria más viva que nunca 4,Aquí había un continente dormido,un pueblo dormido, como muerto y llegó el Lázaro colectivo y se levantó
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desplazamiento, del cuerpo, fluviales, del edificio, de la vida y la muerte, de la salud,de las matemáticas, del juego, del agro. Las metáforas bélicas: son las más numerosas en la evidencia lingüística de HCF y las utiliza para referirse a situaciones difíciles que que se le presentan “Hemos venido dando además de todas la batallas políticas, económicas y sociales, esta batalla histórica (...) que nos tocó.” Representa su trayectoria política como una permanente guerra donde cada uno de los momentos trascendentales de su gobierno son definidos como “Batallas” que tiene que librar.
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Otras de la metáforas bélicas que emplea en esta muestra es la del enfrentamiento “Enfrentamos las inundaciones de Cumanacoa” Para HCF cualquier situación de emergencia o desastre natural como la que se expresa aquí es una especie de campo de batalla donde se encuentra un enemigo, en este caso es la naturaleza , a la que hay que hacerle frente. “Hemos enfrentado manipulaciones”, es decir, que entre otras vicisitudes como la batalla por su salud y los fenómenos naturales también “las manipulaciones” son un enemigo que ha enfrentado a lo largo de su carrera política. Como en cada “Batalla” o “Enfrentamiento” siempre hay un enemigo que vencer y alcanzar el triunfo, la representa en las siguientes figuras “Con el favor de Dios (...)
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que han tenido que sufrir los pueblos ancestrales a lo largo largo de la historia, que en su concepto es una “lucha” Cabe destacar, que el uso recurrente de las metáforas bélicas en el discurso de Chávez puede obedecer al hecho de su condición de militar y toma préstamos de este argot para asociar situaciones de naturaleza política, económica, social y hasta para referirse a una enfermedad. Esta forma de construir metáforas empleando los términos “Batalla”, “Enfrentamiento”, “Victoria” “Victoria” y “Lucha” demuestran la manera como un hablante puede mostrar sus modelos mentales (Van Dijk, 1994), su sistema de valores acerca de la vida y de las cosas a través del lenguaje.
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Otra de las metáforas del movimiento localizadas en el texto de HCF, en lo que respecta a esta tipología, son “Rumbo a lo que está allí en el horizonte...”(Se refiere a las elecciones de gobernadores, próximas a realizarse) realizarse) y “Un hombre (A Nicolás Maduro) de gran experiencia (...) para la conducción de grupos, para manejar las situaciones más difíciles.” En el primer ejemplo se construye la metáfora con la palabra “Rumbo” pero ésta ya no n o se refiere a un rumbo indefinido como se percibe en metáforas extraídas de discursos anteriores “Rumbo a la con construcción strucción de la Venezuela nueva” (Chávez, 1999) sino que se refiere a situaciones más específicas como las elecciones que se realizarían en posos meses.
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Otras metáforas del cuerpo mencionadas en el discurso de HCF como “Rodilla en tierra” aluden a una actitud o postura frente a un hecho o situación donde se tiene toda la disposición de intervenir, es decir, de estar dispuesto, en este caso se puede
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que se enfocan comúnmente a argumentar en relación a lo que considera que se debería realizar “en cualquier circunstancia nosotros debemos garantizar la marcha de la Revolución Bolivariana (...) construyendo la democracia nueva” “Construyendo
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En 1992 para Hugo Chávez el país debía “Enrumbarse hacia un futuro mejor” Es decir, que según su apreciación la Patria en aquel momento no tenía un buen rumbo. Para 1999 expresa que se dirige “Rumbo a la construcción de la Venezuela nueva”,
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En ambas se refiere a la enfermedad que padece en esos momentos con términos muy distintos cuyo significado literal ni ni siquiera se asemeja. En la primera la representa representa como un “mal” sin dar especificaciones al respecto y en la segunda una
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filas y advierte que de no estar pendiente de su movimiento político político no multiplicarán los votos, sino que por el contrario, el enemigo aprovechará cualquier “coyuntura” para acabar con la Patria y con la Revolución. Re volución.
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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The world's largest digital library
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