AFA B WLIEFH\@\FI
F) @FUFQ AL@FNFIC
]|kalq efrf kfi|}bf klq|wfnfi nokwoili |ufkf }|fu| oqcfib}f}b rfic klijfeb wlqlimfif efi wl`fn| fnubd ef`fk }lubfw fnubtbuf} oqcfib}f}b) Klqlnf klkw|irfb wbnbqfi, wlqf}ffi, nlbicbifi, }ufu|} efi `fufq al`fnfic wliebebnfi, |}bf, jlib} nl`fkbi rfic hlulqocli rfic ebafsf nlef`fk }|fu| oqcfib}f}b }lhbiccf ubefn }lwlqub kl}bi, |fic efi kfulqbf`, rfic }bdfuirf wf}bd efi efwfu ebn|f}fb efi ebfu|q }lwli|hirf ef`fk klie|n|ic ulqmfwfbirf u|j|fi oqcfib}f}b) ]|kalq efrf kfi|}bf afbn rfic klie|e|nb wo}b}b wbkwbifi kf|w|i ficcouf klq|wfnfi dfnuoq ulqwliubic ef`fk }lubfw oqcfib}f}b fuf| bi}ufi}b afbn wlklqbiufh kf|w|i }sf}uf) Hf` bib nfqlif alqhf}b` ubefnirf }|fu| oqcfib}f}b fuf| bi}ufi}b }lafcbfi al}fq ebwlicfq|hb o`lh dfnuoq kfi|}bf }l`fn| wl`fn}fif wlnlqjffi) ]f`fh }fu| hf` rfic hfq|} ebwlqhfubnfi ef`fk wl`fn}fiffi wlnlqjffi rfbu| ulqs|j|eirf ldlnubtbuf} nlqjf rfic wo}bubd, fef afirfn mfqf |iu|n kls|j|enfiirf) Alalqfwf ebfiufqfirf elicfi klilqfwnfi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic afbn elicfi ebafqlicb wlkaliu|nfi }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b rfic jl`f}) Nlwlkbkwbifi }lqbic ebeldbib}bnfi }lafcfb wqo}l} klka|fu oqfic `fbi u lqbi}wbqf}b |iu|n alnlqjf alnlqjf nlqf} ef`fk ef`f k klirl`liccfqfnfi klirl`liccfqfnfi u|cf}+u|cf} u|cf}+u|cf} wliubic wliubic (]mhlqklqhoqi, (]mhlqklqhoqi, 6222") 6222") Ulufwb
wliclqubfi wliclqubfi
ulq}la|u }lqbic ebnfbunfi elicfi ef}fq+ef}fq afcb nlwlkbkwbifi rfic ldlnubd, rfnib klief}fqnfiirf wfef mfqf }loqfic wlkbkwbi fuf| kfifjlq klicc|ifnfi woslq klicc|ifnfi woslq |iu|n |iu|n klkwlicfq|hb
wlqb`fn|
oqfic
`fbi) Woslq
klq|wfnfi
nlkfkw|fi
|iu|n
klkwlicfq|hb oqfic+oqfic `fbi kl`fn|nfi }l}|fu| }lwlqub rfic ebbicbinfi o`lh }l}loqfic
rfic
klichliefnbirf
(Nfiulq,
6232")
Nfqlif
bu|`fh
}lqbicnf`b
nlwlkbkwbifi fuf| `lfelq}hbw ebeldbib}nfi }lafcfb nlkfkw|fi |iu|n klkwlicfq|hb nl`okwon |iu|n klimfwfb u|j|fi+u|j|fi ulquliu| (Qoaabi}, 6228") Ef`fk u|`b}fi bib nlwlkbkwbifi `labh ebdon|}nfi wfef nlwlkbkwbifi kfifjlqbf` ef`fk oqcf ib}f}b) Cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi efwfu ebeldbib}bnfi }lafcfb wo`f ubicnfh `fn| rfic ebqfimfic |iu|n klicbiulcqf}bnfi u|j|fi oqcfib}f}b elicfi u|j|fi biebtbe| |iu|n klimfwfb }|fu| u|j|fi ulquliu| (Hlbejqfmhkfi efi ]|fe H|}ifi, 1771:115") 1771:115") ]uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b afirfn afirf n }lnf`b kfmfkirf, k|`fb efqb rfic alq}bdfu uqfeb}boif` }fkwfb koelqi) Wlilqfwfiirf 6
}liebqb efwfu alqalef+alef efi afirfn dfnuoq rfic kliliu|nfi, fiufqf `fbi: al}fq nlmb`irf wlq|}fhffi, `|f} }lkwbuirf jfqbicfi |}fhf, j|k`fh nfqrfsfi, u|j|fi wlq|}fhffi
efi
}lafcfbirf)
Alqfcfkirf
}b}ulk
}uq|nu|q
oqcfib}f}b
ulq}la|u
ebk|icnbinfi afhsf }|fu| wlq|}fhffi F momon klicc|ifnfi }b}ulk }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b A, ulufwb wlq|}fhffi M fuf| rfic `fbi al`|k uliu| momon klicc|ifnfi }b}ulk }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b oqcfib}f}b A) ]|fu| wlq|}fhffi ef`fk ef`fk qficnf klimfwfb u|j|fiirf }l`f`| klicc|ifnfi }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb sfefh }lcf`f nlcbfufiirf, ulufwb |iu|n wlilqfwfi }b}ulk }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}birf ulqcfiu|ic efqb noieb}b wlq|}fhffi rfic alq}ficn|ufi) Hf` bib klq|wfnfi }|fu| kf}f`fh afcb }lubfw wlq|}fhffi ef`fk klilqfwnfi }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b kfif rfic momon }lhbiccf |iu|n bu| }lubfw wlq|}fhffi klka|u|hnfi sfnu| efi wlicfkfufi (fif`b}b}" rfic nh|}|} ef`fk klkb`bh }b}ulk }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b rfic ulwfu efi }l}|fb)
A) WLQKF]F@FHFI
6) Afcfbkfif wlilqfwfi }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b koelqi? koelqi? 1) Afcfbkfif nlmomonfi fiufqf cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi elicfi }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b koelqi?
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 1
AFA BB WLKAFHF]FI
Wlqnlkaficfi oqcfib}f}b klq|wfnfi wqo}l} ulqlimfif |iu|n kliclkaficnfi nlkfkw|fi oqcfib}f}b ef`fk noieb}b efi u|iu|ufi `bicn|icfi rfic }l`f`| alq|afh, }lhbiccf efwfu klimfwfb nbilqjf rfic owubkf` rfic eb`fn}fifnfi o`lh }l`|q|h ficcouf oqcfib}f}b)
Wliclkaficfi
Oqcfib}f}b
klq|wfnfi
wqocqfk
rfic
alq|}fhf
klibicnfunfi ldlnubtbuf} nloqcfib}f}bfi elicfi klicbiulcqf}bnfi nlbicbifi biebtbe| fnfi wlqu|ka|hfi efi wlqnlkaficfi wlqnlkaficfi elicfi u|j|fi nloqcfib}f}bfi)
B) Wliclqubfi oqcfib}f}b Kli|q|u LQIL]U EF@L,
Oqcfib}f}b fef`fh }|fu| wqo}l} wq o}l} wlqlimfiffi rfic kl`bw|ub wlir|}|ifi, wliclkaficfi, efi wlkl`bhfqffi }|fu| }uq|nu|q fuf| wo`f h|a|iicfi h|a|iicfi nlqjf nlqjf efqb oqfic+oqfic ef`fk }|fu| nlqjf nl`okwon)
Kli|q|u MRQB@ ]ODDLQ,
Oqcfib}f}b fef`fh wlq}lqbnfufi oqfic+oqfic rfic kf}bic+kf}bic ebalqb wlqfi ulquliu| ef`fk }|fu| }r}ulk nlqjf efi wlkafcbfi ef`fk kfif wlnlqjffi bu| ebwlqbimb klijfeb u|cf}+u|cf}, ebafcbnfi nlk|ebfi ebcfa|ic `fcb ef`f k alalqfwf aliu|n hf}b`)
BB) Mbqb+mbqb Oqcfib}f}b 6)
Oqcfib}f}b alqufkafh al}fq
1)
Wlico`fhfi efuf }lkfnbi mlwfu
=)
Wlicc|iffi }ufd `labh biuli}bd
5)
Nlmlieq|icfi }wl}bf`b}f}b
<)
Fefirf wqbi}bw+wqbi}bw fuf| fzf}+fzf} oqcfib}f}b
4)
\i}|q+|i}|q
oqcfib}f}b `labh `licnfw
BBB) ULOQB OQCFIB]F]B N@F]BN
Uloqb bib abf}f eb}la|u elicfi ½uloqb uqfeb}boif`µ fuf| eb}la|u j|cf ½uloqb kl}biµ) Alqnlkafic k|`fb k|`fb 6877+fi (fafe 62") 62") Ef`fk uloqb bib oqcfib}f}b oqcfib}f}b ebcfkafqnfi }la|fh
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl =
`lkafcf rfic ulq}liuqf`b}f}b efi u|cf}+u|cf}iirf ulq}wl}bf`b}f}b }lquf klkalqbnfi wlu|ij|n klnfib}ubn }uq|mu|qf` rfic nfn| ubefn klicfie|ic nqlfubdbuf}) Ef`fk uloqb bib oqcfib}f}b ebcfkafqnfi }lwlqub uolu wbfio ebkfif kf}bic+kf}bic ifef klkw|irfb }wl}bf`b}f}b, ebkfif fwfab`f ubfw ifef ebqficnfb kfnf fnfi ulqmbwuf `fc| rfic biefh alcbu| j|cf elicfi oqcfib}f}b)
Ebnfufnfi uloqb kl}bi nfqlif oqcfib}f}b oqcfib}f}b bib
klicficcfa kfi|}bf afcfbnfi }la|fh oielqeb` rfic }lubfw }ffu ab}f ebwf}fic efi ebcoiuf+cfiub }l}|fb nlhliefn wlkbkwbi) F) Eldbib}b Oqcfib}f}b kli|q|u Uloqb N`f}bn :
Oqcfib}f}b klq|wfnfi }uq|nu|q }uq|nu|q h|a|icfi, h|a|icfi, nln|f}ffi+nlj|f}ffi, nln|f}ffi+nlj|f}ffi, u|j|fi+u|j|fi u |j|fi+u|j|fi,, wlqfifi+wlqfifi, nlcbfufi+nlcbfufi, nok|ibnf}b efi dfmuoq+dfnuoq `fbi fwfab`f oqfic alnlqjf }fkf) Uloqb Oqcfib}f}b n`f}bn }lwli|hirf klic|qfbnfi fifuokb oqcfib}f}b doqkf`) Lkwfu |i}|ql wonon rfic }l`f`| k|im|` ef`fk oqcfib}f}b doqkf`: f) ]b}ulk nlcbfufi rfic ulqnooqebif}b a) Nl`okwon oqfic m) Nlqjf}fkf e) Nln|f}ffi $ Nlwlkbkwbifi
]leficnfi kli|q|u wlicfi|u uloqb n`f}bn }|fu| oqcfib}f}b ulqcfiu|ic wfef lkwfu noieb}b wonon: Nln|f}ffi, ]f`bic kl`frfib, Eonuqbi, Eb}bw`bi) ]leficnfi rfic ebjfebnfi ubfic ef}fq wliubic ef`fk oqcf ib}f}b doqkf` fef`fh: f) Wlkafcbfi nlqjf (|iu|n nooqebif}b" a) Wqo}l} ]nf`fq $ D|ic}boif` (wqo}l} wlqu|ka|hfi tlqubmf` efi hoqbzoiuf`" m) ]uq|nu|q (h|a|icfi (h|a|icfi fiufq nlcbfufi" e) Qliufic nlief`b (alqfwf afirfn fuf}fi ab}f kliclief`bnfi afsfhfi")
A) Uonoh oqcfib}f}b n`f}bn fef`fh: Dqlelqbmn Sbi}`os Ufr`oq (68<4 + 626<"
Ebf alqdon|} wfef fif`b}b} f`|q nlqjf }fkwfb kliefwfunfi }biul}b} |iu|n wlibicnfufi wqoe|nubtbuf} ulifcf nlqjf) Nfqlif bib, uloqb ulq}la|u `labh ebnlif` elicfi uloqb }mbliubdbm kfifclkliu) Ufr`oq wlqmfrf afhsf nlw|u|}fi alqef}fqnfi uqfeb}b efi fu|qfi+fu|qfi wqfnub} hfq|} ebcfiub elicfi wqo}le|q rfic ulwfu, rfic
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 5
ebnlkaficnfi }lul`fh klkwl`fjfqb nbilqjf biebtbe| ebulkwfu nlqjf) Ufr`oq kliclk|nfnfi lkwfu Wqbi}bw ]mbliubdbm Kfifclkliu, rfbu| : Lkwfu Wqbi}bw ]mbliubdbm Kfifclkliu
Klichb`ficnfi }b}ulk moaf+moaf efi klilqfwnfi kluoel+kluoel b`k| wliclufh|fi wliclufh|fi }b}lubfw |i}|q+|i}|q nlcbfufi)
Klkb`bh wlnlqjffi ulqafbn |iu|n }lubfw u|cf} ulquliu|, }l`fij|uirf klkalqbnfi `fubhfi efi wliebebnfi nlwfef wlnlqjf)
]lubfw wlu|cf} hfq|} klilqfwnfi hf}b`+hf}b` b`k| wliclufh|fi eb ef`fk klijf`finfi u|cf}
Hfq|} klijf`bi nlqjf }fkf rfic afbn fiufqf wlkbkwbi elicfi wlnlqjf) Ef`fk klilqfwnfi nl+lkwfu wqbi}bw bib, al`bf| klicfij|qnfi wlq`|irf qlto`|}b kliuf` eb nf`ficfi kfifjlq efi wlnlqjf)
Ef`fk kl`fn|nfi kfifclkliu fif`r}b}, Ufr`oq klirfufnfi Ufr`oq klirfufnfi afhsf }lubfw kfifjlq klkw|irfb u|cf} |iu|n kl`fn|nfi fif`b}b} ulq}la|u, |iu|n kliclufh|b hf` rfic ulqafbn kl`f`|b fif`b}b}, oa}lqtf}b efi wlqmoaffi+wlqmoaffi)
\iu|n
wlqmoaffi, Ur`oq j|cf klkwlqnlif`nfi alalqfwf tfqbfa`l rfnib> ubkl fie kouboi }u|er, oqcfib}f}b d|ic}boif` efi uhl ufr`oq ebddlqliubf` qful }r}ul k)
BT) Uloqb Oqcfib}f}b Ilon`f}bn
Uloqb Ilon`f}bn }lmfqf }lelqhfif ebnlif` }lafcfb f`bqfi h|a|icfi kfi|}bfsb (Uhl H|kfi Ql`fuboi Kotlkliu") Uloqb ilon`f}bn ebnlkaficnfi fuf} ef}fq uloqb n`f}bn) Ef}fq uloqb bib fef`fh klilnfinfi wliubicirf f}wln w}bno`ocb} efi }ombf` nfqrfsfi }lafcfb biebtbe| kf|w|i }lafcfb afcbfi nl`okwon nlqjfirf) Wlqnlkaficfi uloqb ilon`f}bn ebk|`fb elicfi bi}wbqf}b wlqmoaffi+wlqmoaffi rfic eb`fn|nfi eb Hosuhoqil efi efqb u|`b}fi H|cf K|i}ulqalqc) Wlqmoaffi+wlqmoaffi bib eb`fn|nfi efqb ufh|i 6215 }fkwfb 62=1 rfic klifiefb wlq k|`ffi wlqnlkaficfi wlqnlkaficfi uloqb uloq b h|a|icfi kfi|}bfsb efi klq|wfnfi nqb}uf`b}f}b uloqb ilon`f}bn) Wfef fnhbqirf wlqmoaffi Hosuhoqil kli|ij|nnfi afcfbkfif nlcbfufi nl`okwon+nl`okwon nlqjf nohl}bd }ficfu alqwlicfq|h wfef owlqf}b oqcfib}f}b) Ef`fk hf` wlkafcbfi nlqjf, uloqb ilon`f}bn kliclk|nfnfi wlq`|irf hf`+hf` }lafcfb alqbn|u :
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl <
6) Wfqub}bwf}b 1) Wlq`|f}fi nlqjf =) Kfifjlkli aouuok+|w aouuok+|w
Uonoh oqcfib}f}b Ilo n`f}bn fef`fh: L`uhoi A) Kfro (6887+6252")
Nfqrf L`uoi A) Kfro rfic ulqnlif` fef`fh ulk|fi ef`fk Hfsuoqil ]u|ebl}) ]la|fh ulk|fi rfic }lelqhfif ulufwb alqbkw`bnf}b al}fq) ]u|eb ulq}la|u eb`fn|nfi ufh|i 6215 }fkwfb ufh|i 62=1, uliufic ldln wlilqficfi wlicfq|hirf ulqhfefw nl`|fqfi (o|u+w|u", wlib`bubfi eb`fn|nfi ulqhfefw wfqf nfqrfsfi wlqfnbufi (f}}lka`r") Bkw`bnf}b efqb ulk|fi bib klkalqbnfi wlkfhfkfi uliufic oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb }|fu| nl}fu|fi }b}ulk) Kfro alqnl}bkw|`fi afhsf kf}f`fh koubtf}b efi ql}woi} lko}b rfic ebfnbafunfi o`lh }bu|f}b nlqjf `labh wliubic efqb wlicfu|qfi `ocb} efi qf}boif` ef`fk kliliu|nfi nl`|fqfi) Wlkfhfkfi rfic ulqnlif` elicfi ¼ldln Hfsuhoqil´ bibkliclk|nfnfi afhsf wlq`fn|fi nh|}|}, afhnfi rfic a|q|n w|i, efwfu klkafsf efkwfn wo}bubd ulqhfefw wfqf wlnlqjf, nfqlif dfnuoq kfi|}bf rfic klkwlicfq|hbirf) Bf klilcf}nfi afhsf h|a|icfi }o}bf` ef`fk nl`okwon nlqjf fef`fh dfnuoq ulqwliubic rfic klkwlicfq|hb nlw|f}fi wfqf wlnlqjf fuf} wlnlqjffiirf) Kli|q|u Kfro wlq`fn|fi rfic kfi|}bfsb efi kli|ij|nnfi wlichfqcffi klkalqb kfidffu afcb wlq|}fhffi ef`fk jficnf wfijfic) wfijfic)
Ef`fk hfkwbq hfkwbq }lk|f u|`b}fiirf Kfro }l`f`|
klkafhf} e|f cfcf}fi wonon, wlqufkf fef`fh uliufic kf}rfqfnfu, efi nle|f klirficn|u kf}f`fh biebtbe| ef`fk kf}rfqfnfu) Fqc|kliuf}b Kfro ebef}fqnfi fuf} wlkfhfkfiirf uliufic qlto`|}b bie|}uqb rfic ul`fhklichfim|qnfi kf}rfqfnfu uqfeb}boif` rfic klk|icnbinfi kfi|}bf }f`bicalqh|a|icfi ef`fk nlhbe|wfi q|ubi efi fnqfa) Uqfeb}b `fkf ulq}la|u ufn k|icnbiebaficnbunfi nlkaf`b) Nfqlif bu| }o`|}birf fef`fh elicfi klkafic|i kf}rfqfnfu rfic fefwubd, rfic k|efh klirl}|fbnfi elicfi u|iu|ufi `bicn|icfi, }lquf ebwbkwbi o`lh oqfic+oqfic rfic ulq`fubh ef`fk nluqfkwb`fi efi wlkfhfkfi }o}bf`, efi kfkw| klicfuf}b kf}f`fh kfi|}bf kf|w|i kf}f`fh ulhib})
T) Uloqb Oqcfib}f}b Koelqi
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 4
Uloqb koelqi abf}firf eb}la|u j|cf }lafcfb fif`b}f }b}ulk wfef oqcfib}f}b) Uloqb koelqi kl`bhfu afhsf }lk|f |i}|q oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb }fu| nl}fu|fi efi }f`bic nlulqcfiu|icfi, rfic eb ef`fkirf kliclk|nfnfi afhsf oqcfib}f}b a|nfi`fh }|fu| }b}ulk ulqu|u|w rfic alqnfbufi elicfi `bicn|icfi rfic }ufab`, fnfi ulufwb oqcfib}f}b klq|wfnfi }b}ulk ulqa|nf) Uloqb koelqi ebnlkaficnfi ebnlkaficnfi ufh|i 62<7, ef`fk afirfn hf` rfic klief`fk uloqb koelqi koelqi elicfi n`f}bn alqalef, wlqaleffi ulq ulq}la|u }la|u ebfiufqfirf : Uloqb N`f}bn klk|}funfi wfieficfiirf wfef fif`b}f efi el}nqbw}b oqcfib}f}b, klkabmfqfnfi noi}lw nooqebif}b, }mf`fq efi tlqubnf`) Uloqb Koelqi klilnfinfi wfef wlqwfe|fi
efi
wlqfimficfi
klijfebnfi
wlkli|hfi
}|fu|
nla|u|hfi
rfic
klirl`|q|h, klirl`|q|h, `labh ebifkb} efi `labh afirfn tfqbfal` rfic ebwlqubkaficnfi) Uloqb koelqi fef`fh k|`ubeb}bw`bi elicfi }|kaficfi efqb alqafcfb eb}bw`bi b`k| wliclufh|fi) Uloqb koelqi kl`bhfu afhsf }lk|f |i}|q oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb }fu| nl}fu|fi efi }f`bic nlulqcfiu|icfi, rfic eb ef`fkirf kliclk|nfnfi afhsf oqcfib}f}b a|nfi`fh }|fu| }b}ulk ulqu|u|w rfic alqnfbufi elicfi `bicn|icfi rfic }ufab`, fnfi ulufwb oqcfib}f}b klq|wfnfi }b}ulk ulqa|nf) Biulqfn}b ebifkb} fiufq wqo}l}, afcbfi efi d|ic}b ef`fk }|fu| oqcfib}f}b, kf|w|i elicfi oqcfib}f}b `fbi efi elicfi `bicn|icfi) ]|fu| oqcfib}f}b klq|wfnfi }|fu| wqo}l} rfic ulq}|}|i wfqf biebtbe| }f`bic klkwlicfq|hb |iu|n alqafcfb u|j|fi) Ef`fk Wlielnfufi Koelqi klirfufnfi afhsf rfic ebkb`bnb }ffu bib a|nfi uloqb kliclifb oqcfib}f}b ulufwb sfr od uhbinbic fuf| mfqf alqdbnbq kliclifb oqcfib}f}b, mfqf kl`bhfu efi klicfif`b}b} }lmfqf `labh ulwfu efi klief`fk, rfic eb`fn|nfi kl`f`|b nlulqfu|qfi fuf| qlc|`fqbuf} wlqb`fn| oqcfib}f}b, rfic hfirf alq`fn| |iu|n }|fu| `bicn|icfi fuf| noieb}b noieb}b ulquliu|)
Ef}fq Wlkbnbqfi Uloqb Oqcfib}f}b Koelqi, rfbu|:
6) Uloqb n`f}bn klk|}funfi wfieficfiirf wfef fif`b}f efi el}nqbw}b oqcfib}f}b, }f}fqfi oqcfib}f}b ebafcb klijfeb afcbf i+afcbfi rfic `labh nlmb` }l}|fb hfnbnfu wlnlqjffiirf) 1) Uloqb Koelqi klilnfinfi wfef wlqwfe|fi efi wlqfimficfi,klirlebfnfi wlkli|hfi }|fu| nla|u|hfi rfic klirl`|q|h) =) B`k|
wliclufh|fi
n`f}bn
ul`fh
klkabmfqfnfi
noi}lw
nooqebif}b,
}nf`fq efi tlqubnf`)
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 3
Nfqfnulqb}ubn Uloqb Koelqi, fiufqf `fbi:
6) Nfefic+nfefic eb}la|u fif`b}b} }b}ulk oqcfib}f}b, 1) Klkwlqubkaficnfi Klkwlqubkaficnfi }lk|f l`lkli, oqcfib}f}b, =) Klkfiefic oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb }|fu| }b}ulk, 5) Wlirl}|fbfi ebqb fcfq oqcfib}f}b bu| efwfu alqufhfi `fkf ef`fk hbe|wirf, hfq|} eb}l}|fbnfi elicfi wlq|afhfi `bicn|icfiirf, <) Oqcfib}f}b efi `bicn|icfiirf hfq|} eb`bhfu }lafcfb }l}|fu| rfic }f`bic nlulqcfiu|icfi)
Noiuqba|uoq Uloqb Koelqi, al}lquf uloqbirf uliufic oqcf ib}f}b, rfbu|:
6) F`dqle Noqzra}nb, 622= , Clilqf` ]lkliubm} (kfi|}bf hbe|w ef`fk ubcf e|ibf rfic alqalef, rfbu| e|ibf wlqb}ubsf, e|ibf oajln efi e|ibf }bkao`, klibubn alqfunfi kf}f`fh afhf}f efi nok|ibnf}b, uowbn: qbicnf}fi, wlirbkw|`fi, nlnfn|fi afhf}f, `bicn|icfi nok|ibnf}b, }bdfu nfuf+nfuf, efi wliubicirf uficcfwfi", 1) Kfqr Wfqnlq Do``lu, 6217+fi (nl}lbkaficfi fiufqf wlqhfubfi biebtbe| efi oqcfib}f}b> kliclqjfnfi }l}|fu| }lafcfb jf`fi nl`|fq ef`fk }|fu| }lkficfu nlqjf }fkf> nl}fefqfi mbuf+mbuf }lhbiccf }lubfw oqfic fef`fh afcbf i efqb }|fu| nl`okwon> efi kf}rfqfnfu> eoqoicfi biebtbe| ebulqbkf ufiwf klicoqafinfi nlwliubicfi oqcfib}f}b", =) Mhl}ulq B) Afqifqe, 62=8 (oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb }|fu| }b}ulk }o}bf` rfic ebifkb}> biebtbe|, oqcfib}f}b, wlirf`|q, efi noi}|kli klq|wfnfi afcbfi efqb `bicn|icfi oqcfib}f}b> f}wln oqcfib}f}b doqkf` efi bidoq kf`", 5) Ioqalqu Sblilq, 6258 (klilk|nfi }balqilubnf;oqfic;wliclk|eb, wliclief`bfi }b}ulk wfef wlicfq|h fq|} af`bn bidoqkf}b> kli|ijfic wlqnlkaficfi nokw|ulq l`luqoibn, wlicc|iffi nokw|ulq nokw|ulq ef`fk wqo}l} wq o}l} wlicfsf}fi, }|fu| }b}ulk u lqebqb fuf} biw|u, wqo}l}, o|uw|u, fq|} af`bn, efi `bicn|icfi", `bicn|icfi", <) @|esbc Toi Alquf`fiddr, (oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb kf}f`fh rfic |ufkf afcb }l`|q|h nlhbe|wfi> nlebifkbnfi, }b}ulk, biulqfn}boif` k|`ubebkli}boif`, k|`ub `ltl`> }|fu| }b}ulk eb`bhfu }lafcfb }|fu| }|fu | n|kw|`fi efqb afcbfi+afcbfi afcbfi+afcbfi rfic }f`bic alqh|a|icfi> alqh|a|icfi> }|fu| oqcfib}f}b ef`fk wfieficfi rfic koelqi klq|wfnfi }|fu| }b}ulk")
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 8
]bdfu Uloqb Koelqi fef`fh:
6) Klkfiefic }|fu| oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb }|fu| }b}ulk rfic ulqebqb fuf} `bkf afcbfi wonon, rfbu|: biw|u, wqo}l}, o|uw|u, fq|} af`bn, efi `bicn|icfi, 1) Nlebifkb}fi, =) K|`ub @ltl` efi K|`ub Ebkli}boif`, Eb kli}boif`, 5) K|`ub Koubtf}b, <) K|`ub Eb}bw`bilq, 4) El}wnqbwubd, 3) K|`ub Tfqbfal`, 8) Fefwubd)
Uloqb Koelqi kli|ij|nnfi ubcf nlcbfufi wqo}l} h|a|icfi |ibtlq}f` rfic }l`f`| k|im|` wfef }b}ulk kfi|}bf ef`f k wlqb`fn|irf alqoqcfib}f}b, rfbu|: 6) Nok|ibnf}b 1) Noi}lw nl}lbkaficfi =) Wqo}l} wlicfkab`fi nlw|u|}fi U|j|fi Wlqnlkaficfi Oqcfib}f}b > 6) Klimbwufnfi nlhfqkoib}fi h|a|icfi nljqf fiufqf wbkwbifi elicfi }ufd ficcouf oqcfib}f}b) 1) Klimbwufnfi nlkfkw|fi klklmf hnfi wlq}of`fi oqc oq cfib}f}b }lmfqf `labh ulqa|nf =) Klimbwufnfi nlulqa|nffi ef`fk alqnok|ibnf}b) alqnok|ibnf}b) 5) Klq|wfnfi
}lkficfu
nlqjf
wfqf
ficcouf
oqcfib}f}b
efi
nlkfkw|fi
kliclief`bnfi kliclief`bnfi ebqb)
ULOQB KOELQI t} ULOQB N@F]BN
f) Uloqb N`f}bn klk|}funfi wfieficfi wfef fif`b}f efi el}nqbw}b oqcfib}f}b }leficnfi Uloqb Koelqi klilnfinfi wfef wlqwfe|fi $ wlqfimficfi }lhbiccf ulq`bhfu `labh klirl`|q|h) klirl`|q|h) a) Uloqb N`f}bn klkabmfqfnfi noi}lw nooqebif}b, }mf`fq, efi tlqubmf` }leficnfi Uloqb Koelqi `labh ebifkb}, }ficfu nokw`ln, k|`ub`ltl`, k|`ubebkli}b efi afirfn tfqbfa`l rfic ebwlqubkaficnfi) ebwlqubkaficnfi)
Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 2
Wlqafiebicfi wlielnfufi N`f}bn, wlielnfufi Ilo+N`f}bn, Ilo+N`f}bn, efi ef i wlielnfufi Koelqi
N`f}bn
Ilo+N`f}bn
Koelqi
Kfi|}bf;Kfnh`|n
Kfi|}bf;Kfnh`|n
Kfi|}bf
qf}boif`
W}bno}o}of`
}lafcfb biebtbe|) Wlqhfubfi wfef
ubefn
ebwlqhfubnfi
nl`okwon biebtbe|) Kfkw| kliliu|nfi Ubefn
kfkw| Kfkw| kliliu|nfi fifuokb
fifuokb oqcfib}f}b
fifuokb
kliliu|nfi
oqcfib}f}b (}lmfqf kfnqo"
oqcfib}f}b Don|}
wlqhfubfi:
Fifuokb
H|a|icfi
fiufq H|a|icfi oqcfib}f}b elicfi
kfi|}bf
`bicn|icfi
Oqcfib}f}b;]b}ulk
Oqcfib}f}b;]b}ulk
Oqcfib}f}b;]b}ulk ulqa|nf
ulqu|u|w
ulqu|u|w
oqcfib}f}b/j|k`fh wlq}oib`
Uloqb Nlwlkbkwbifi
Nlwlkbkwbifi alqf}f` efqb nfuf wbkwbi rfic klk|fu e|f hf` wonon rfbu|: wlkbkwbi wlkbkwb i }lafcfb }lafcf b }|ajln, efi) rfic ebwbkwbi }lafcfb oajln) Nfuf wbkwbi klicfie|ic wliclqubfi klicfqfhnfi, klkabif fuf| klicfu|q, kli|iu|i efi j|cf kli|ij|nnfi fuf|w|i klkwlicfq|hb) Wlkbkwbi klkw|irfb uficc|ic jfsfa afbn }lmfqf db}bn kf|w|i }wbqbu|f` }wbqbu|f` ulqhfefw nlalqhf}b`fi fnubtbuf} nlqjf efqb rfic ebwbkwbi, }lhbiccf klijfeb wlkbkwbi bu| ubefn k|efh efi ubefn fnfi }lubfw oqfic klkw|irfb nl}fkffi eb ef`fk klijf`finfi nl+wlkbkwbiirf) Uloqb+uloqb ef`fk Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwl kbkwbifi
Nlcbfufi kfi|}bf }lmfqf alq}fkf+}fkf }l`f`| klka|u|hnfi nlwlkbkwbifi)
\iu|n
alqafcfb |}fhf ef i nlcbfufiirf ebwlq`|nfi |wfrf rfic ulqlimfif efi }b}ulkfub} ef`f k kl`fubh efi klkwlq}bfwnfi wlkbkwbi afq|) O`lh nfqlif bu|, afirfn }u|eb efi wlil`bubfi eb`fn|nfi oqfic |iu|n klkwl`fjfqb kf}f`fh wlkbkwbi efi nlwlkbkwbifi rfic Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 67
klichf}b`nfi alqafcfb uloqb uliufic nlwlkbkwbifi) Uloqb nlwlkbkwbifi klq|wfnfi wlicclilqf`b}f}bfi }|fu| }lqb wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi efi noi}lw+noi}lw nlwlkbkwbifiirf, elicfi klioijo`nfi `fufq al`fnfic hb}uoqb}, }lafa+}lafa ubka|`irf nlwlkbkwbifi, wlq}rfqfufi wlkbkwbi, }bdfu |ufkf wlkbkwbi, u|cf} wonon efi d|ic}birf }lquf lubnf wqodl}b nlwlkbkwbifi (Nfqubib Nfquoio, 6225: 13") Uloqb nlwlkbkwbifi wfef |k|kirf alq|}fhf |iu|n klkalqbnfi wlijl`f}fi efi biulqwqluf}b kliclifb wlkbkwbi efi nlwlkbkwbifi elicfi kliclk|nfnfi alalqfwf }lcb fiufqf `fbi : @fufq al`fnfic }ljfqfh wlkbkwbi efi nlwlkbkwbifi nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi k|im|` }ljf`fi elicfi wlqfefafi kfi|}bf) Wlkbkwbi efi nlwlkbkwbifi }l`f`| ebwlq`|nfi ef`fk }lubfw kf}f) ]lafa+}lafa k|im|`irf }l}loqfic klijfeb wlkbkwbi, fiufqf `fbi: f) ]l}loqfic ebufnebqnfi `fhbq |iu|n klijfeb wlkbkwbi kl`f`|b |}fhf wlirbfwfi efi wliebebnfi }lquf ebeoqoic o`lh nlkf|fi }liebqb) a) ]l}loqfic klijfeb wlkbkwbi ab`f }ljfn `fhbq bf klkb`bnb afnfu nlwlkbkwbifi nlk|ebfi ebnlkaficnfi kl`f`|b wliebebnfi efi wlicf`fkfi }lquf }l}|fb elicfi u|iu|ufi `bicn|icfi ]rfqfu+}rfqfu nlwlkbkwbifi, Noi}lw}b kliclifb wlq}rfqfufi nlwlkbkwbifi }l`f`| ebnfbunfi elicfi nln|f}ffi, nlsbafsffi, efi nlkfkw|fi) Ubwl efi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi Wlkbkwbi klkw|irfb }bdfu, nlabf}ffi, ulkwlqfkli, sfufn efi nlwqbafebfi }liebqb rfic nhf}, }lhbiccf ubicnfh `fn| efi cfrfirf alqalef efqb oqfic `fbi) Uloqb+uloqb ef`fk nlwlkbkwbifi wfef |k|kirf kli|ij|nnfi wlqaleffi nfqlif }lubfw uloqbubn|} klkw|irfb }lcb wlilnfifiirf }liebqb rfic ebwfiefic efqb }fu| f}wln ulquliu|) Uloqb+uloqb ef`fk Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwl kbkwbifi 6) Uloqb ]bdfu
Uloqb bib alquo`fn efqb ef}fq wlkbnbqfi afhsf nlalqhf}b`fi }loqfic wlkbkwbi ebuliu|nfi o`lh }bdfu+}bdfu, wlqficfb fuf| mbqb+mbqb rfic ebkb`bnb wlkbkwbi bu|) Fuf} ef}fq wlkbnbqfi ulq}la|u ubka|` ficcfwfi afhsf |iu|n klijfeb }loqfic wlkbkwbi rfic alqhf}b`, }ficfu ebuliu|nfi o`lh nlkfkw|fi wqbafeb wlkbkwbi) Efi nlkfkw|fi wqbafeb rfic ebkfn}|e fef`fh n|f`buf} }l}loqfic elicfi alqafcfb }bdfu, wlqficfb fuf| mbqb+mbqb eb ef`fkirf) Mbqb+ mbqb belf` rfic wlq`| ebkb`bnb wlkbkwbi kli|q|u ]oiefic W ]bfcbfi (6225:3<+34" fef`fh:
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 66
r
wliclufh|fi |k|k rfic `|f}, efrf bicfu rfic n|fu, qf}boif`buf}, oarlnubtbuf}, wqfckfub}kl, d`ln}bab`buf}, fefwufab`buf}, oqbliuf}b kf}f elwfi>
r
}bdfu bin|b}bubd, qf}f ulwfu sfnu|, qf}f nohl}b rfic ubiccb, if`|qb ql`ltfi}b, nlul`fefifi, nlulcf}fi, nlalqfibfi, }bnfw rfic fiub}bwfubd, nl}lebffi klijfeb wlielicfq rfic afbn, nfwf}buf} biulcqfubd>
r
nlkfkw|fi |iu|n alqu|ka|h efi alqnlkafic, fif`bubn, kliliu|nfi }nf`f wqboqbuf}, klkalefnfi rfic rf ic |qcli efi rfic wliubic, nlulqfkwb`fi kliebebn, efi alqnok|ibnf}b }lmfqf ldlnubd)
Sf`f|w|i uloqb }bdfu klkb`bnb alqafcfb nl`lkfhfi (fiufqf `fbi : ulq`f`| alq}bdfu el}nqbwubd, ubefn }l`f`| fef ql`ltfi}b fiufqf }bdfu rfic ebficcfw |icc|` elicfi ldlnubtbuf} nlwlkbkwbifi" efi ebficcfw }lafcfb uloqb rfic }|efh n|io, ifk|i fwfab`f nbuf qli|icnfi ib`fb+ib`fb koqf` efi fnh`fn rfic ulqnfie|ic ebef`fkirf kliclifb alqafcfb q|k|}fi }bdfu, mbqb fuf| wlqficfb wlkbkwbi> j|}uq| }ficfu ebwlq`|nfi o`lh nlwlkbkwbifi rfic klilqfwnfi wqbi}bw nlul`fefifi)
1)
Uloqb Wlqb`fn|
Ef}fq wlkbnbqfi uloqb bib fef`fh nlwlkbkwbifi klq|wfnfi wlqb`fn| }loqfic biebtbe| nlubnf kl`fn|nfi nlcbfufi wlicfqfhfi }|fu| nl`okwon nl fqfh wlimfwfbfi u|j|fi) Ef`fk hf` bib, wlkbkwbi klkw|irfb el}nqbw}b wlqb`fn|: f) noi}belqf}b efi }uq|nu|q bib}bf}b Wlqb`fn| }loqfic wlkbkwbi rfic mlielq|ic klkliubicnfi afsfhfi klkb`bnb mbqb qfkfh ufkfh,kf| alqnoi}|`uf}b, klie|n|ic, klkal`f, klielicfqnfi, klilqbkf |}|` efi klkbnbqnfi nl}ljfhulqffi afsfhfi }lquf klkwlq`fn|nfiirf }lubicnfu ebqbirf) Eb }fkwbic bu| ulqefwfu w|`f nlmlielq|icfi wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi rfic `labh klkliubicnfi u|cf} oqcfib}f}b) a) alqoqbliuf}b nlwfef afsfhfi efi wqoe|n}b wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi rfic alqoqbliuf}b nlwfef afsfhfi ebufiefb o`lh wlilnfifi wfef h|a|icfi fuf}fi+afsfhfi, wlqhfubfi wqbafeb wlkbkwbi wfef wlk|f}fi nla|u|hfi afsfhfi }lquf klilqbkf wlqaleffi nlwqbafebfi, nlkfkw|fi efi wlqb`fn| afsfhfi) ]leficnfi wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi rfic alqoqbliuf}b wfef wqoe|n}b klkb`bnb nlmlielq|icfi wlilnfifi wfef }lcb ulnib} wlnlqjffi, wlic|ufkffi wlirl`liccfqffi efi wlirl`l}fbfi u|cf} }lquf wlimfwfbfi u|j|fi) Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 61
Wfef }b}b `fbi, wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi kli|q|u koel` `lfelq}hbw moiubi||k wfef ef}fqirf fef e|f rfbu| alqoqbliuf}b nlwfef wlkbkwbi efi afsfhfi) ]leficnfi alqef}fqnfi koel` cqfdbn nlwlkbkwbifi, wlqb`fn| }lubfw wlkbkwbi efwfu eb|n|q kl`f`|b e|f ebkli}b rfbu| wlqhfubfiirf ulqhfefw hf}b`/u|cf} efi ulqhfefw afsfhf i/h|a|icfi i/h|a|icfi nlqjf) Nlmlielq|icfi wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi wfef hfnbnfuirf ubefn efwfu eb`lwf}nfi efqb kf}f`fh d|ic}b efi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi (JFD)]uoilq, 6238:551+55=" 6238:551+55="
=) Uloqb ]bu|f}boif`
Nlalqhf}b`fi
}loqfic
wlkbkwbi
kli|q|u
uloqb
}bu|f}boif`
ebuliu|nfi
o`lh
mbqb
nlwlkbkwbifi elicfi wlqb`fn| ulquliu| rfic eb}l}|fbnfi elicfi u|iu|ufi }bu|f}b nlwlkbkwbifi efi }bu|f}b oqcfib}f}boif` rfic ebhfefwb elicfi klkwlqhbu|icnfi dfnuoq sfnu| efi q|fic) Dfnuoq }bu|f}boif` rfic alqwlicfq|h ulqhfefw cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi ulquliu| kli|q|u ]oiefic W) ]bfcbfi (6225:612" (6225:612" fef`fh * Jlib} wlnlqjffi efi nokw`ln}buf} u|cf}> * Aliu|n efi }bdfu u lnio`ocb rfic ebc|ifnfi> * Wlq}lw}b, }bnfw efi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi> * Ioqkf rfic ebfi|u nl`okwon> * Qliufic nlief`b> * Fimfkfi efqb `|fq oqcfib}f}b> * Ubicnfu }uql}}> * Bn`bk rfic ulqefwfu ef`fk ef`f k oqcfib}f}b)
Ldlnubtbuf} nlwlkbkwbifi }l}loqfic ebuliu|nfi o`lh nlkfkw|fi ½klkafmfµ }bu|f}b rfic ebhfefwb efi klirl}|fbnfi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifiirf fcfq momon elicfi efi kfkw| klkli|hb u|iu|ufi }bu|f}b ulq}la|u) Wlirl}|fbfi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi ebkfn}|e fef`fh nlkfkw|fi kliliu|nfi mbqb nlwlkbkwbifi efi wlqb`fn| ulquliu| nfqlif u|iu|ufi }bu|f}b ulquliu|) ]lh|a|icfi elicfi hf` ulq}la|u alqnlkafic`fh koel`+koel` nlwlkbkwbifi alqbn|u : f) Koel` noiubi||k Ouonqfubn+Elkonqfubn
Cfrf efi wlqb`fn| nlwlkbkwbifi ulquliu| }l`fbi alqh|a|icfi elicfi }bu|f}b efi noieb}b rfic ebhfefwb, j|cf alqnfbufi elicfi d|ic}b nlwlkbkwbifi ulquliu| rfic hfq|} eb}l`liccfqfnfi) Moiuoh: ef`fk hf` wlicfkab`fi nlw|u|}fi, wlkbkwbi alqcfrf ouonqfubn
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 6=
fnfi klicfkab` nlw|u|}fi }liebqb, mbqb nlwlkbkwbifi rfic klioijo` nlulcf}fi eb}lqufb wlqb`fn| rfic alqoqbliuf}b wfef wlirl`l}fbfi u|cf})]leficnfi wlkbkwbi alqcfrf elkonqfubn fnfi klicfjfn afsfhfiirf |iu|n alqwfqub}bwf}b) Mbqb nlwlkbkwbifi rfic klioijo` eb }bib fef`fh klijfeb wlielicfq rfic afbn eb}lqufb wlqb`fn| klkalqbnfi wlqhfubfi wfef nlwliubicfi efi nla|u|hfi afsfhfi)
a) Koel` µ Biulqfn}b Fuf}fi+Afsfhfiµ :
Kli|q|u koel` bib, ldlnubtbuf} nlwlkbkwbifi }l}loqfic ulqcfiu|ic wfef biulqfn}b rfic ulqjfeb fiufqf wlkbkwbi efi afsfhfiirf efi }ljf|hkfif biulqfn}b ulq}la|u klkwlicfq|hb wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi rfic alq}ficn|ufi) ]loqfic fnfi klijfeb wlkbkwbi rfic ldlnubd, fwfab`f: * H|a|icfi fuf}fi efi afsfhfi ebnfu lcoqbnfi afbn> * U|cf} rfic hfq|} eb nlqjfnfi afsfhfi eb}|}|i wfef ubicnfu u bicnfu }uq|nu|q rfic ubiccb> ubiccb> * Wo}b}b nlslificfi wlkbkwbi ulqco`oic n|fu)
m) Koel` ]bu|f}boif`
Koel` bib klilnfinfi afhsf ldlnubtbuf} nlwlkbkwbifi }l}loqfic ulqcfiu|ic wfef wlkb`bhfi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic ulwfu |iu|n klichfefwb }bu|f}b ulquliu| efi ubicnfu nlkfuficfi jbsf afsfhfi) Ebkli}b nlwlkbkwbifi rfic ebc|ifnfi ef`fk koel` bib fef`fh wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi rfic alqnfbufi elicfi u|cf} nlwlkbkwbifiirf efi h|a|icfi fuf}fi+afsfhfi) Alqef}fqnfi ebkli}b ulq}la|u, cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic efwfu ebc|ifnfi fef`fh: * Klkalqbufh|nfi> * Klij|f`> * Klicfjfn afsfhfi alqwlqfi }lquf> * Kl`fn|nfi wliel`lcf}bfi)
e) Koel` µ Jf`fi+ U|j|fi µ
]loqfic wlkbkwbi rfic ldlnubd kli|q|u koel` bib fef`fh wlkbkwbi rfic kfkw| kli|ij|nnfi jf`fi rfic efwfu ebulkw|h afsfhfi) ]f`fh }fu| klnfib}kl |iu|n kls|j|enfi hf` ulq}la|u rfbu| nljl`f}fi u|cf} rfic hfq|} eb`fn|nfi afsfhfi efi
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 65
wlqhfubfi wlkbkwbi nlwfef nlwliubicfi efi nla|u|hfi afsfhfiirf) Wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi alqnfbufi elicfi hf` ulq}la|u hfq|} klq|wfnfi df nuoq koubtf}boif` afcb afsfhfiirf)
l) Koel` ½Wbkwbifi+Wlqfi }lquf Afsfhfiµ :
Wlqhfubfi |ufkf koel` koel` bib fef`fh fef`f h wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi ebnfbunfi elicfi wqo}l} wlicfkab`fi wlicfkab`fi nlw|u|}fi) Wlqb`fn| wlkbkwbi wlq`| eb}l}|fbnfi elicfi }uq|nu|q u|cf} rfic hfq|} eb}l`l}fbnfi o`lh afsfhfiirf) ]f`fh }fu| }rfqfu wliubic |iu|n wfqfebckf ulq}la|u fef`fh fefirf }lqficnfbfi nluliu|fi rfic hfq|} ebuffub o`lh afsfhfi ef`fk kliliu|nfi aliu|n efi ubicnfu wlqfi }lquf afsfhfi ef`fk wlicfkab`fi nlw|u|}fi) Aliu|n efi ubicnfu wlqfi }lquf afsfhfi ulq}la|u ½ebebnulnfiµ o`lh }bu|f}b rfic ebhfefwb efi kf}f`fh rfic bicbi ebwlmfhnfi kl`f`|b wqo}l} wlicfkab`fi nlw|u|}fi) nlw|u|}fi)
Moiuoh oqcfib}f}b koelqi
]f`fh }fu| oqcfib}f}b koelqi rfic fef eb Bieoil}bf fef`fh NDM f`bf} Nliu|mnr Dqble Mhbmnli) Clqfb sfqf`faf frfk coqlic rfic hfebq hfkwbq eb }lubfw ba| nouf wqotbi}b eb ilclqb bib uliu|irf a|nfi hf` rfic f}bic eb kf}rfqfnfu Bieoil}bf) Hfn sfqf`faf NDM eb Bieoil}bf ebwlcfic u|iccf` o`lh WU) Df}udooe Bieoil}bf) NDM eb}la|u oqcfib}f}b koelqi nfqlif
}|efh
klicbkw`lkliuf}bnfi BU
(bidoqkfuboi
ulmhio`ocr" ef`fk
}b}ulk
owlqf}boif`irf) Bkw`lkliuf}birf }liebqb ubefn kfbi+kfbi) kfbi+kfbi) Hf` bib ulq`bhfu u lq`bhfu efqb ebficnfuirf }loqfic ficcouf elsfi ebqln}b rfic }lmfqf nh|}|} klkbkwbi afcbfi BU eb wlq|}fhffi ulq}la|u) Elicfi ebulkwfunfiirf }loqfic ebqlnu|q rfic klkafsfhb alalqfwf kfifjlq eb ubicnfu klilicfh }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b, ulq`bhfu afhsf NDM eb Bieoil}bf }|efh klkfiefic wliubic wo}b}b BU }lmfqf }ufulcb} ef`fk kls|j|enfi u|j|fi+u|j|fi fnubtbuf} ab}ib}irf) Ifk|i jficfi ebafrficnfi afhsf elwfqulkli BU eb wlq|}fhffi bu| kl`bafunfi afirfn }lnf`b }|kalq efrf kfi|}bf) ]fkf }lnf`b ubefn & ]|kalq efrf kfi|}bf rfic ulq`bafu ef`fk wlicl`o`ffi BU efqb `ltl` ebqlnu|q hbiccf }ufd n|qfic `labh hfirf alqj|k`fh }lnbufq 67 oqfic }fjf) Ubk bib }lmfqf nh|}|} klkfic don|} ef`fk wlir|}|ifi efi wliclief`bfi }uqfulcbn BU ef`fk kliowfic nlalqhf}b`fi wlq|}fhffi klimbwufnfi co`+co` |}fhfirf) ]l`|q|h nlcbfufi bkw`lkliuf}b eb`fn|nfi }lmfqf o|u}o|qml }lhbiccf wlq|}fhffi }l`f`| klkwlqo`lh kf}|nfi bkw`lkliuf}b BU ulqk|ufnhbq ifk|i ulufw kliclelwfinfi ldlnubdbuf} efi ldb}bli}birf) Afhnfi elicfi ebwbkwbi }loqfic ebqlnu|q w|i, WU) Df}udooe
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 6<
Bieoil}bf ulufw klkbiuf afiu|fi noi}|`ufi BU eb ef`fk kliefkwbicb ebtb}b BU }|wfrf ulufw wfef noqbeoq rfic ulwfu }f}fqfi }lquf klkalqbnfi kf}|nfi+kf}|nfi kf}|nfi+kf}|nfi }uqfulcb} nlwfef wfqf wlklcfic nlabjfnfi) Kfifjlkli NDM j|cf klicc||ifnfi wqbi}bw rfic klicfm| wfef uloqb oqcfib}f}b oqcf ib}f}b Koelqi, Koelqi, fiufqf f iufqf `fbi: `fbi: 6) Klkwlqubkaficnfi Klkwlqubkaficnfi }lk|f l`lkli, oqcfib}f}b, 1) Klkfiefic oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb }|fu| }b}ulk, =) Wlirl}|fbfi ebqb elicfi wlq|afhfi `bicn|icfiirf, `bicn|icfiirf, 5) Oqcfib}f}b
efi
`bicn|icfiirf
hfq|}
eb`bhfu
}lafcfb
}l}|fu|
rfic
}f`bic
nlulqcfiu|icfi) <) NDM klijfeb oqcfib}f}b rfic ebifkb} efi fefwubd ulqhfefw }lcf`f wlq|afhfi
H|a|icfi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi elicfi kfmfk+kfmfk }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b
Cfrf
nlwlkbkwbifi,
wfef
ef}fqirf
klicfie|ic
wliclqubfi
}lafcfb
}|fu|
wlqs|j|efi ubicnfh `fn| efqb }loqfic wlkbkwbi, rfic klirficn|u nlkfkw|fiirf nlkfkw|fiirf ef`fk klkbkwbi) Wlqs|j|efi ulq}la|u abf}firf klkaliu|n }|fu| wo`f fuf| aliu|n ulquliu|) Wliclqubfi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic elkbnbfi bib }l}|fb elicfi wliefwfu rfic eb}fkwfbnfi o`lh Eftb} efi Ils}uqok (622<") Cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi, ]lmfqf `fic}|ic kf|w|i ubefn `fic}|ic klkw|irfb wlicfq|h rfic wo}bubd ulqhfefw wlibicnfufi wqoe|nubtbuf} nlqjf nfqrfsfi/wlcfsfb)
Hf` bib ebe|n|ic ebe|n|ic o`lh ]bi|icfi ]bi|icfi (6283" (6283" rfic
klirfufnfi afhsf cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic ulqkf}|n eb ef`fk `bicn|icfi oqcfib}f}b klq|wfnfi dfnuoq wouli}b ef`fk klibicnfunfi wqoe|nubtbuf} nlqjf) ]la|fh oqcfib}f}b ubef n fnfi alqjf`fi elicfi afbn nf`f| ebef`fkirf ubefn fef wlkbkwbi }lafcfb oqfic rfic alquficc|ic jfsfa fuf} oqcfib}f}b ulq}la|u, efi wlkbkwbi bu| ubefn fnfi kfn}bkf` ef`fk kl`fn}fifnfi u|cf}irf ufkwf fefirf afsfhfi (nfqrfsfi" rfic }l`f`| }l`f`| alqbiuqfn}b efi klkafiu|irf) Fefirf wlkbkwbi efi afsfhfi (nfqrfsfi" ulq}la|u fef`fh }|fu| a|nub afhsf oqcfib}f}b efi }uq|nu|q }f`bic alqnfbufi) O`lh nfqlif bu|, b}ub`fh }uq|nu|q ebc|ifnfi ef`fk fqubfi rfic klimfn|w: |n|qfi (oqcfib}f}b", elqfjfu }wl}bf`b}f}b rfic ebalqbnfi nlwfef ficcouf nlwfef oqcfib}f}b, nljl`f}fi j|qb}ebn}b (sb`frfh nlqjf", nlmomonfi fiufqf u|j|fi ficcouf elicfi u|j|fi oqcfib}f}b, cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi, efi }b}ulk bkaf`fi) Efi }lafcfb uo`fn |n|q, ef`fk wlil`bubfi kli|ij|nnfi afhsf |n|qfi oqcfib}f}b efi elqfjfu }wl}bf`b}f}b klq|wfnfi tfqbfal` rfic klieoqoic ulqjfebirf noid`bn }uq|nu|q) Kfnbi al}fq oqcfib}f}b, efi kfnbi ulq}wl}bf`b}f}b nlcbfufiirf, kfnf }lkfnbi al}fq w|`f nlk|icnbifi
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 64
ulqjfebirf noid`bn) Jfeb, noid`bn fef`fh }|fu| wqo}l} biulqfn}b rfic ulqjfeb fnbafu fefirf nlubefn }l}|fbfi fuf| wlqaleffi fiufqf e|f wliefwfu (}|e|u wfiefic", afbn bu| ulqjfeb ef`fk |n|qfi (oqcfib}f}b", elqfjfu }wl}bf`b}f}b rfic ebalqbnfi nlwfef ficcouf nloqcfib}f}b, nljl`f}fi j|qb}ebn}b (sb`frfh nlqjf", nlmomonfi fiufqf u|j|fi ficcouf elicfi u|j|fi oqcfib}f}b, cf rf nlwlkbkwbifi, ef i }b}ulk bkaf`fi rfic alqwlicfq|h fuf} wbhfn+ wbhfn+ wbhfn rfic ulq`bafu, afbn wlicfq|h wo}bubd kf|w|i wlicfq|h ilcfubd ) Ifk|i }lmfqf |k|k Noid`bn Hbqfqnb (]q|nu|q" fef`fh noid`bn rfic ulqjfeb ebalqafcfb ubicnfufi oqcfib}f}b) Ef`fk }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b n`f}bn, cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic ebc|ifnfi mlielq|ic klicc|ifnfi nln|f}ffi wli|h }loqfic wbkwbifi) Nfqrfsfi ebficcfw }lafcfb kl}bi rfic hfq|} kli|q|ub wlqbiufh fuf}fi efi hfq|} kfkw| alnlqjf }lmfqf kf}bkf`) Ef`fk hf` bib ubwl nlwlkbkwbifi ouonqfubn `labh }lqbic ebulqfwnfi) Nlwlkbkwbifi ouonqfubn bf`fh wlkbkwbi rfic ulqco`oic ouonqfubn efi ebwfiefic }lafcfb nfqfnulqbubn rfic ilcfubd) Eb`bhfu efqb wlq}lw}birf }loqfic wlkbkwbi rfic ouonqfubn fef`fh }l}loqfic wlkbkwbi rfic }ficfu lcob}) ]loqfic wlkbkwbi rfic ouoqbulq fnfi kli|j|nfi }bnfw rfic klioijo`nfi ½nlfn|fiirfµ, ]loqfic wlkbkwbi rfic ouonqfub} bf`fh wlkbkwbi rfic klkb`bnb nqbulqbf fuf| mbqb }lafcfb alqbn|u: 6)
Klicficcfw oqcfib}f}b }lafcfb wlkb`bn wqbafeb
1)
Klicbeliubnnfi Klicbeliubnnfi u|j|fi wqbafeb elicfi u|j|fi oqcfib}f}b
=)
Klicficcfw afsfhfi }lafcfb f`fu }lkfuf+kfuf> Ubefn kf| klilqbk}fqfi efi wliefwfu
5)
Ulq`f`| ulqcfiu|ic nlwfef nln|f}ffi doqkf`irf doqkf`irf
<)
Ef`fk
ubiefnfi
wliccl+qfnnfiirf
}lqbic
klkwlqc|if+nfi
wlielnfufi
rfic
klicfie|ic |i}|q wfn}ffi efi alq}bdfu klich|n|k) Cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic ebwlqc|ifnfi wlkbkwbi rfic ouonqfubn fiufqf `fbi: f)
Kli|iu|u nluffufi wli|h efqb wfqf afsfhfiirf
a)
Ef`fk klilcfnnfi eb}bw`bi kli|ij|nnfi kli|ij|nnfi nlfn|fiirf
m)
Alqifef nlqf} ef`fk wlkalqbfi wlqbiufh fuf| bi}uq|n}b klicc|ifnfi wlielnfufi w|ibubd ef`fk hf` ulqhfebirf wlirbkwficfi o`lh afsfhfi) @fkafu `f|i cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi bib ebficcfw ubefn }l}|fb `fcb }lbqbic wlqnlkaficfi
zfkfi, }lhbiccf ulqjfeb wlq|afhfi }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b efi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi) Wfef }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b koelqi, cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi }bu|f}boif` fef`fh cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic wf`bic }l}|fb }fkwfb }ffu bib) Cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi }bu|f}boif` ebficcfw wfqf fh`b
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 63
kfifjlkli }lafcfb cfrf rfic }ficfu momon |iu|n ebulqfwnfi }ffu bib) ]leficnfi |iu|n afsfhfi rfic ulqco`oic wfef ubicnfu nlkfuficfi rfbu| afsfhfi rfic ubefn kfkw| ulufwb alqnlkf|fi, kfnf cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic }lwlqub bib kf}bh wlicfqfhfi, nfqlif n|qfic kfkw|, j|cf klkalqbnfi wlqb`fn| rfic klie|n|ic) Ef`fk hf` bib wbkwbifi/wlkbkwbi wlq`| klka|nf nok|ibnf}b e|f fqfh (uso sfr mokk|ibmfuboi}", rfbu| |iu|n klkafiu| afsfhfi ef`fk klibicnfunfi koubtf}b nlqjfirf) Alqbn|u bib cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi }bu|f}boif` ebk|`fb efqb noi}lw rfic wf`bic n`f}bn }fkwfb uloqb koelqi, rfbu| uloqb }bu|f}boif` rfic eb}fkwfbnfi Hlq}lr fie A`fimfqe) Cfrf Nlwlkbkwbifi ]bu|f}boif`
Al`fjfq efqb noi}lw Hlq}lr fie A`fimfqe, wlqb`fn| efi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi alq}bdfu }bu|f}boif`) Wlkbkwbi fuf| kfifjlq hfq|} klirl}|fbnfi ql}woiirf kli|q|u noieb}b fuf| ubicnfu
wlqnlkaficfi
nlkfuficfi,
nlkfkw|fi
efi
kbifu
nfqrfsfi
ef`fk
klirl`l}fbnfi u|cf}+u|cf}irf) Ef`fk hf` bib, ql}woi }loqfic kfifjlq ef`fk wlqb`fn| nlwlkbkwbifiirf klkalqbnfi }lj|k`fh wlicfqfhfi efi e|n|icfi rfic alq}bdfu }o}bolko}boif`) ]lkliufqf bu|, kfifjlq hfq|} klirl}|fbnfi ubicnfu nlkfuficfi nfqrfsfi) Ubicnfu nlkfuficfi nfqrfsfi (kfu|qbur", ebfqubnfi }lafcfb ubicnfu nlkfkw|fi nfqrfsfi |iu|n alquficc|ic jfsfa efi klicfqfhnfi wlqb`fn|irf ef`fk aliu|n nlkf|fi) Alqef}fqnfi ubicnfu nlkfuficfirf, kli|q|u Hlq}lr fie A`fimfqe fef lkwfu jlib} nfqrfsfi, rfbu|: (6" nfqrfsffi rfic ubefn kfkw| efi ubefn kf|, (1" nfqrfsffi rfic ubefn kfkw|, ulufwb kf|, (=" nfqrfsffi rfic kfkw|, ulufwb ubefn kf|, (5" nfqrfsffi rfic kfkw| efi kf|) Klicfqfhnfi (ul``bic ( ul``bic "
Fef lkwfu ql}woi nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk klicl`o`f nbilqjf alqef}fqnfi ubicnfu nlkfuficfi nfqrfsfi, rfbu| klicfqfhnfi, klij|f`, kliccf`fic wfqub}bwf}b efi kliel`lcf}bnfi)Cfrf
nlwlkbkwbifi
rfic
klicfqfhnfi,
klq|wfnfi
ql}woi
nlwlkbkwbifi rfic wlq`| eb`fn|nfi o`lh kfifjlq wfef noieb}b nfqrfsfi `lkfh ef`fk nlkfkw|fi, kbifu efi nokbuklirf) ]lkliufqf bu|, oqcfib}f}b klichliefnb wlirl`l}fbfi u|cf}+u|cf} rfic ubiccb) Ef`fk }bu|f}b }lwlqub bib Hlq}lr fie A`fimfqe klirfqfinfi fcfq kfifjlq klkfbinfi wlqfi ebqlmubtl rfic ubiccb, klkalqb }fqfi afcfbkfif klirl`l}fbnfi u|cf}+u|cf} bu|, ufiwf klic|qficb biuli}buf} h|a|icfi }o}bf` efi nok|ibnf}b fiufqf wbkwbifi efi afsfhfi)
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 68
Klij|f` (}l``bic "
Wfef noieb}b nfqrfsfi klichfefwb nl}|`bufi klirl`l}fbnfi u|cf}+u|cf}, ufn|u |iu|n klimoaf kl`fn|nfiirf, kfifjlq j|cf hfq|} klkwqowoq}bnfi }uq|nu|q u|cf} elicfi uficc|icjfsfa
nfqrfsfi)
]l`fbi
bu|,
kfifjlq
hfq|}
klilk|nfi
hf`+hf`
rfic
klirlafanfi klirlafanfi nfqrfsfi nfq rfsfi ubefn u lqkoubtf}b, }lquf kf}f`fh+kf}f`fh kf}f`fh+kf}f`fh rfic rf ic ebhfefwb nfqrfsfi) Wfef noieb}b nfqrfsfi }|efh k|`fb kfkw| kliclqjfnfi u|cf}+u|cf} elicfi `labh afbn, fnfi klkbm| wlqf}ffi ubka|`irf otlq moidbeliu) Noieb}b bib, klk|icnbinfi nfqrfsfi klichfefwb wlqkf}f`fhfi afq| rfic k|im|`) Kf}f`fh+kf}f`fh afq| rfic k|im|` ulq}la|u, }lqbicnf`b klijfebnfiirf w|u|} f}f) O`lh nfqlif bu|, }lul`fh klkalqbnfi wlicfqfhfi, kfifjlq hfq|} klklqfinfi cfrf klij|f`) Elicfi klicfj|nfi alalqfwf f`ulqifubd wlklmfhfi kf}f`fh)
Kliccf`fic wfqub}bwf}b ( wfq ubmb ubmb wfuboi" uboi"
Cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi wfqub}bwf}b, fef`fh ql}woi kfifjlq rfic hfq|} ebwlqfinfi nlubnf ubicnfu nlkfkw|fi nfqrfsfi fnfi ulufwb ubefn klkb`bnb nlkf|fi |iu|n kl`fn|nfi uficc|ic jfsfa, nfqlif nlubefnkf|fi fuf| nlubefnrfnbifi klqlnf |iu|n kl`fn|nfi u|cf}/ufic|ic jfsfa }lqbicnf`b eb}lafanfi nfqlif n|qfic nlrfnbifi) Ef`fk nf}|} }lwlqub bib wlkbkwbi wlq`| klka|nf nok|ibnf}b e|f fqfh efi }lmfqf fnubd klielcfqnfi klie|n|ic klie|n|ic |}fhf+|}fhf rfic eb`fn|nfi wfqf afsf hfi/wlicbn|uirf) hfi/wlicbn|uirf)
Kliel`lcf}bnfi ( e l`lc l`lc fubic "
]l`fij|uirf, |iu|n ubicnfu nfqrfsfi elicfi nlkfkw|fi efi nlkf|fi rfic ubiccb, kfnf cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi rfic }l}|fb fef`fh cfrf ½el`lcf}bµElicfi cfrf el`lcf}b bib wbkwbifi }lebnbu klkalqb wlicfqfhfi kf|w|i e|n|icfi, nfqlif ebficcfw }|efh kfkw| efi kf| kl`fn}fifnfi u|cf}/uficc|ic jfsfairf) Klqlnf ebwlqnlifinfi |iu|n kl`fn}fifnfi }liebqb efi klk|u|}nfiirf uliufic afcfbkfif, nfwfi efi ebkfif wlnlqjffi klqlnf hfq|} eb`fn}fifnfi) Wfef cfrf el`lcf}b bib ubefn ulq`f`| ebwlq`|nfi nok|ibnf}b e|f fqfh)
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 62
AFA BBB WLI\U\W
Nl}bkw|`fi
Fefirf cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi kf|w|i }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b klkb`bnb u|j|fi rfic }fkf rfbu| klkaliu|n ldlnubtbuf} nlqjf rfic wo}bubd) Ldlnubtbuf} nlqjf klq|wfnfi elqfjfu wlimfwfbfi u|j|fi }|fu| oqcf ib}f}b alqef}fqnfi fnubtbuf}+fnubtbuf} fnubtbuf}+fnubtbuf} rfic eb`fn|nfi) Ldlnubtbuf} nlqjf ebwlicfq|hb o`lh alqafcfb dfnuoq fiufqf `fbi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi, nok|ibnf}b biulqi, ufuf q|fic nfiuoq, koubtf}b nlqjf, }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b efi `fbi+`fbi) Dfmuoq+dfnuoq ulq}la|u klq|wfnfi hf` rfic wlq`| ebfu|q efi ebnlkaficnfi }lelkbnbfi q|wf efi ulq|} ebjfcf fcfq oqcfib}f}b ulufw |u|h efi ubefn nl`|fq jf`|q efqb u|j|fi rfic }|efh ebulufwnfi) Wlqaleffi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi ouokfub} klkwlicfq|hb nlalqhf}b`fi efqb wl`fn}fiffi nlqjf efqb }l`|q|h wqo}l} oqcfib}f}b) O`lh nfqlif bu| elicfi }lkfnbi alqnlkaficirf uloqb uliufic cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi ebhfqfwnfi efwfu klka|fu oqcfib}f}b ` labh ldlnubd efi ldb}bli) ]fqfi
Nlalq`fic}|icfi }|fu| oqcfib}f}b }ficfu ebwlicfq|hb o`lh wlkbkwbi efqb oqcfib}f}b ulq}la|u) Efqb wlkafhf}fi ebfuf}, nfkb klkw|irfb alalqfwf }fqfi rfbu| : 6) Wlkbkwbi hfq|} efwfu klirl}|fbnfi cfrf nlwlkbkwbifi }lwlqub fwf rfic momon elicfi }uq|nu|q oqcfib}f}b rfic ebfi|u) 1) Wlkbkwbi hfq|} kliclufh|b efi alqfefwuf}b ulqhfefw wlqaleffi nfqfnulq efqb }lubfw afsfhfi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b rfic ebwbkwbiirf }lhbiccf oqcfib}f}b alqjf`fi elicfi afbn) =) Wlkbkwbi hfq|} efwfu klijfeb qb}n ufnlq rfic mlwfu uficcfw fwfab`f ulqefwfu kf}f`fh+kf}f`fh ef`fk oqcfib}f}b afbn rfic eb}lafanfi `bicn|icfi biulqif` kf|w|i ln}ulqif`)
Nlwlkbkwbifi Nlwlkbkwbifi ef`fk oqcfib}f}b
Wfcl 17
