Tema 10 La Lengua Como Sistema (Aula de Lengua)

TEMA 10. LA LENGUA COMO SISTEMA. LA NORMA LINGÜÍSTICA. LAS VARIEDADES SOCIALES Y FUNCIONALES DE LA LENGUA. INTRODUCCIÓN................................ INTRODUCCIÓN....................................................... .............................................. .............................................. ...............................1 ........1 1.- LA LENGUA COMO SISTEMA.................................................... SISTEMA....................................................................... ............................ .........11 1.1.- CONCEPTO: EVOLUCIÓN....................................................... EVOLUCIÓN....................................................................... ......................... .........11 1.2.- LENGUAJE, LENGUA Y HABLA. SIGNO LINGÜÍSTICO.............................2 LINGÜÍSTICO............................. 2 1.3.- RELACIONES ENTRE LOS SIGNOS DEL SISTEMA..................................... SISTEMA.....................................  1.3.1.- R!"#$%&'!( (%')#*+)%$#(  #/#0%*+)%$#(. #/#0%*+)%$#(. S%'$/&'#  0%#$/&'#............... 0%#$/&'#...............  1.3.2.- O&(%$%', '!)/#"%4#$%'............................ '!)/#"%4#$%'................................................... .............................................. ............................5 .....5 1.3.3.- L# 0&6"! #/)%$"#$%' 0!" "!'*#7!.............................................................. "!'*#7!.................................................................5 ...5 1..- LOS PLANOS DEL SISTEMA: LOS NIVELES DEL LENGUAJE Y EL ESTUDIO DE LOS MISMOS....................................... MISMOS...................................................................................... ...............................................55 2.- LA NORMA LINGÜÍSTICA.................................... LINGÜÍSTICA........................................................... .............................................. ............................8 .....8 2.1.- CONCEPTO: EVOLUCIÓN....................................................... EVOLUCIÓN....................................................................... ......................... .........88 2.2.- NORMA COMO VARIEDAD EST9NDAR.......................................................  3.- VARIEDADES VARIEDADES SOCIALES Y ;UNCIONALES DE LA LENGUA.......................... LENGUA..................... ..... 3.1.- EN LA LINGÜÍSTICA CONTEMPOR9NEA. LA SOCIOLÍNGÜÍSTICA Y LA DIALECTOLOGÍA........................ DIALECTOLOGÍA............................................... .............................................. .............................................. ................................. .......... 3.2.- LAS VARIANTES SOCIALES Y ;UNCIONALES DE LA LENGUA. CONCEPTO......................... CONCEPTO................................................ .............................................. .............................................. .......................................... .................... . 3.2.1.- V#/%!0#0!( V#/%!0#0!( & 0%#/%!0#0!(. C&'$%!'$%# (&$%&"%'*?()%$#.............................=

INTRODUCCIÓN. •

E( '!$!(#/%& )!'!/ !' $!')# "&( )!+#( 2, , 8, =, 11  12, 0%>!/(#( $&//%!')!( "%'*?()%$#(  >#/%&( #)&/!( /!/!(!')#)%>&(.

1.- LA LENGUA COMO SISTEMA. 1.1.- CONCEPTO: EVOLUCIÓN. •

•

•

;/!')! # "# "%'*?()%$# $&+#/#0# 0!" @I@ ! $/!# !' "# /&*/!(%># 0!(&/*#'%4#$%' 0!(&/*#'%4#$%' 0! "#( "!'*#( 6#7& !" %'<"7& 0! "#( "!!( 0! "# <&')%$#, S#((/! 0!()#$ !" $#/$)!/ 0! "# "!'*# $&+& (%()!+# 0! (%*'&(. A #/)%/ 0! !()! /%'$%%& $&'$%6! "# '!$!(%0#0 0! '# $%!'$%# ! !()0%! "#( !$"%#/!( /!*"#( 0! &/*#'%4#$%' 0!" (%()!+#. P#/# S#((/! "# "!'*# !( ' (%()!+# 0! (%*'&( ! !/!(#' %0!#( , &/ !(&, $&+#/#6"! # "# !($/%)/#, #'! +( $&+"!7&. L# $%!'$%# ! !()0%#/# "&( (%*'&( !' *!'!/#" (!/ "# (!+%&"&*#. L# L%'*?()%$# (!/# '# #/)! 0! "# (!+%&"&*#.

•

•

•

S#((/! $&'(%0!/# ! "# "!'*# !' $#"%!/ +&+!')& 0! ( !%()!'$%# "!$)/# (%'$/'%$#F 0!6! $&'(%0!/#/(! $&+& '# &/*#'%4#$%' &, "& ! !( "& +%(+&, $&+& (%()!+#. D!(0! "# !/(!$)%># 0! "# "!'*# $&+& (%()!+# "&( !"!+!')&( 0! "# "!'*# '& (&' /!#"%0#0!( %'0!!'0%!')!(, (%'& ! !()' !' /!"#$%' 0%/!$)# $&' "# )&)#"%0#0. H7!"+("!> $&'(%0!/# ! "# '&$%' 0! (%()!+# !( /#+!')! <&/+#"  !, !' $&'(!$!'$%#, !+&( 0! /!($%'0%/ 0! $#"%!/ $&'(%0!/#$%' <&')%$# & (!+')%$#.

1.2.- LENGUAJE, LENGUA Y HABLA. SIGNO LINGÜÍSTICO. SAUSSURE. •

•

L!'*#7! (!/# "# <#$")#0, "!'*# !" (%()!+#  #6"# "# /!#"%4#$%' #/)%$"#/ 0! "# "!'*#. L# "!'*# (! $#/#$)!/%4#/ &/ (!/: M!')#"%()#. E( (%$#  ("& (! "&$#"%4# !' !" $!/!6/&, 0&'0! "#( %+*!'!( #$()%$#( (! #(&$%#' $&' "&( $&'$!)&(. o

S&$%#". E" %'0%>%0& '& !0! $/!#/"# '% +&0%<%$#/"#. S&$%&)!+&/#". H!/!'$%# 0! '# &$# /!$!0!')! ! !" %'0%>%0& /!$%6!. I')/#"%'*?()%$#. S"& !( !(!'$%#" "# '%' 0!" (!')%0&  0! "# %+#*!' #$()%$#. E" #6"# (! $#/#$)!/%4#/ &/: E( (%$&<(%$# ! %'$"! "# <&'#$%'. o o

o

•

o

I'0%>%0#". M&+!')'!#. E( !" (& 0!" $0%*&. S#((/! $&'(%0!/# ! "!'*#  #6"# (&' %')!/0!!'0%!')!(, (%' !+6#/*& "# "%'*?()%$# ("& (! &$# 0! "# "!'*#. S%*'& "%'*?()%$& (!/ '# !')%0#0 <&/+#0# &/ (%*'%<%$#')! %+#*!' #$()%$#F  (%*'%<%$#0& $&'$!)&F, #+6&( (%$&(. L# /!"#$%' !')/! #+6&( !( #/6%)/#/%#. E" $#/$)!/ #/6%)/#/%& 0!" (%*'& !() 0%/!$)#+!')! #(&$%#0& $&' "# '&$%' 0! (%()!+#  0! >#"&/: $#0# (%*'& #%("#0#+!')! )%!'! (%*'%<%$#$%', !/& ( >#"&/ !() !' <'$%' 0!" (%()!+#. C&$%'#/  $&$!/. o o o

•

•

•

HJELMSLEV. •

•

•

•

T/#)# 0! 0!+&()/#/ ! "# 0!<%'%$%' (#((/%#'# 0! "!'*# $&+& (%()!+# 0! (%*'&(, 0!(0! ' ')& 0! >%()# %')!/'& !( %'#0!$#0#. E' "# *"&(!+)%$# (! (()%)! (%*'%<%$#')!  (%*'%<%$#0& &/ !/!(%'  $&')!'%0&, ! (!/#' "&( <')%>&( ! $&')/#!' "# <'$%' (%*'&, $&+& %')!/0!!'0!'$%# !' !" /&$!(&. L# <'$%' (%*'& (!/#, &/ )#')&, '%>!/(#",  ( !7!$$%', 0%()%')# !' <'$%' 0! "# "!'*#, (!/ "& ! >#/!. E' !" "#'& 0!" $&')!'%0& # ! 0%()%'*%/ '# +#)!/%# "# %0!# %'0!!'0%!')!+!')! 0! ( <&/+#F 0! "# +#'%
$#0# "!'*# 0! +#'!/# #/)%$"#/, &/ /!"#$%&'!( & <'$%&'!( #/)%$"#/!(. D%()%'*%/#+&(: 1. U'# <&/+# 0!" $&')!'%0&: "#( /!"#$%&'!( ! &/*#'%4#' "# +#)!/%# !' $#0# "!'*#, ! !( $&'()#')! !' $#0# '#. 2. U'# (()#'$%# 0!" $&')!'%0&: "# +#)!/%# &/0!'#0# &/ "#( 0%>%(%&'!( ! %+&'! "# <&/+#. •

•

•

•

•

T#')& !' !" "#'& 0!" $&')!'%0& $&+& !' !" 0! "# !/!(%' "# <&/+# !()#/# 0!)!/+%'#0# &/ "# (()#'$%#. P!0! (!/ !" $#(& 0! "&( "/#"!(. L# "%'*?()%$# # 0! !()0%#/ ("& "# <&/+#K "#( (()#'$%#( 0!" $&')!'%0&  0! "# !/!(%' (!/' !()0%#0#( &/ "# (!+')%$#  "# <&')%$#. C&'(%0!/# "# G"&(!+)%$# ! !" #'"%(%( 0!" (%*'& '& # 0! 0!)!'!/(! !' "#  #"#6/# &/! !()# '& !( !" (%*'& +'%+&: +#"0#0 !( '# $#0!'# 0! 0&( (%*'&(, $&+!()&( # ( >!4 &/ <%*/#(, !()& !(, &/ '& (%*'&(. M#"-  -0#0 (&' (%*'&(K +-#-"-0 (&' <%*/#(, 0! '+!/& /!()/%'*%0&  ! <&/+#' "&( (%*'&(F C&'$"! #<%/+#'0& ! "# "!'*#, &/ (( <'$%&'!( %')!/'#(, !( ' (%()!+# 0! <%*/#( ! (! (#' #/# $&'()/%/ (%*'&(K &/ (( <'$%&'!( !)!/'#(, !( ' (%()!+# 0! (%*'&(. H7!+("!> ""#+# esquema # "# "!'*# $&'(%0!/#0# $&+& <&/+#K norma # "# (()#'$%# <&/+#0# !/& $&'(%0!/#0# %'0!!'0%!')!+!')! 0! "# +#'%
COSERIU. •

• •

•

D%()%'*!  $#/#$)!/%4# >#/%&( '%>!"!( 0!" "!'*#7!, $&'(%0!/#'0& ! ()! !( '# #$)%>%0#0 +#'# '%>!/(#" /!#"%4#0# %'0%>%0#"+!')!, !/& (%!+/! (!*' )$'%$#( %()/%$#+!')! 0!)!/+%'#0#( "!'*#(F L&( '%>!"!( 0!" "!'*#7! (!/#': '%>!/(#", %()/%$& ! %'0%>%0#". E" "!'*#7! (! /!#"%4# 0! #$!/0& $&' ' (#6!/ #0%/%0&, #/!'0%0&, !/& (!  /!(!')# $&+& #$)%>%0#0 $/!#0&/#. P&0!+&( !()0%#/ "&( )/!( '%>!"!( 0!" "!'*#7! 6%!' $&+& #$)%>%0#0, 6%!' $&+& (#6!/, 6%!' $&+& /&0$)&.

Niveles o !"#os $e vis#%.

A&#ivi$%$

S%'e(

)(o$!&#o

U'%>!/(#"

H#6"#/ !' *!'!/#"

S#6!/ !"&$$%&'#"

T&)#"%0#0 0! "& #6"#0&.

H%()/%$&

L!'*# $&'$/!)#

S#6!/ %0%&+)%$&

"!'*# #6()/#$)#F

I'0%>%0#"

D%($/(&

S#6!/ !/!(%>&

)!)&

•

•

L# 0%()%'$%' !')/! !()&( '%>!"!( 0! "!'*#7! # 0! #$!/(! #/# )&0#( "#( 0%($%"%'#( #/$%#"!( ! !()0%#' !" "!'*#7!. E( ' #(!$)& <'0#+!')#" 0!" "!'*#7! ! (! +#'%<%!()! $&+& "!'*#, !/& !+&( 0! +#)%4#/ !()! $&'$!)& !()& ! (!*' C&(!/% !( "# +#'%
CHOMS*Y. •

•

•

•

I0!')%<%$# "# */#+)%$# $&' "# !()/$)/# 0!" "!'*#7! ! %'(%()! !' ! "# */#+)%$# /!<"!7#  !"%$# "# <#$")#0 0!" "!'*#7!. L!'*#7! (!/# !" $&'7')& 0! &/#$%&'!( <%'%)#( !' !)!'(%' $&'()/%0#( $&+& ' $&'7')& <%'%)& 0! !"!+!')&( L# */#+)%$# !( ' +!$#'%(+& #/# *!'!/#/ "#( &/#$%&'!( 0! '# "!'*#,  "# (%')#%(, !" $&'7')& 0! /%'$%%&(  /&$!(&( #/# "# $&'()/$$%' 0! &/#$%&'!(. R!"#$%&'# "&( $&'$!)&( "!'*#7!, "!'*#  #6"# $&' $&+!)!'$%#  #$)#$%'.

1.3.- RELACIONES ENTRE LOS SIGNOS DEL SISTEMA. 1.3.1.- Relaciones sintagmticas ! "a#a$igmticas. Sinc#on%a ! $iac#on%a. •

S#((/! $&'(%0!/# ! "#( /!"#$%&'!( ! (! !()#6"!$!' !')/! "&( (%*'&( !0!' 0#/(! !' 0&( "#'&(: A. R!"#$%&'!( %' /#!(!')%#. E')/! "&( (%*'&( 0! ' (%')#*+#. B. R!"#$%&'!( %' #6(!')%#. E')/! ' (%*'& !'(#0&  &)/&( (%*'&( 0! "# +%(+# "!'*#.

•

• •

•

•

•

E' )/+%'&( *!'!/#"!( (! $/!! ! "#( /!"#$%&'!( !' "# "!'*# (! !()#6"!$!' !' 0&( "#'&(: !" (%')#*+)%$& ! &/0!'# "# ($!(%' !' "# $#0!'# #6"#0#K  !"  #/#0%*+)%$& ! $&//!(&'0! # "#( $"#(!( <'$%&'#"!(  +#)!/%#"!( 0! "# "!'*# 0!')/& 0! "#( $#"!( (! !"%*! "# '%0#0 #0!$#0# #/# "& ! (! %!/! !/!(#/. S%')#*+# !( )&0# $&+6%'#$%' 0! (%*'&( 0! (%*'%<%$#0& /&%&  $&!/!')!. E' )&0& (%')#*+# #6/# '# /!"#$%' (%')#*+)%$#  !')/! "&( #/#0%*+#( '#  #/#0%*+)%$#. C#0# (%')#*+# !0! (!/ +%!+6/& 0! ' (%')#*+# (!/%&/K !"  #/#0%*+# !0! (!/ +%!+6/& 0! #/#0%*+#( (!/%&/!(. L#( <'$%&'!( (%')#*+)%$#( '& (&', $&+& )#"!(, &&(%)%>#(: "#( &&(%$%&'!( 0%%$!>!/(#. L# &&(%$%' (! 0# !')/! !" (%')#*+# /!*%(  &)/&( #'"&*&( $&+& /!, /!*%. L&( )/+%'&( ! (! $&+6%'#' !' ' 0!)!/+%'#0& )%& 0! (%')#*+#( $&'()%)!' $"#(!( (%')#*+)%$#(. H#6"#/#+&( &/ !7!+"& 0! "# $"#(! (%')#*+)%$# 0! "#( 0!(%'!'$%#(. L# /!"#$%' (%')#*+)%$# '& !( 0! #0%$%' (%'& ! # '# /!"#$%' 0! /!$$%' !' ' (!')%0&,  0! 0!)!/+%'#$%', !' &)/&: '# '%0#0 /%*! # "# &)/#  ()# 0!)!/+%'# # "# /%+!/#, 0! "# ! 0!!'0!. S#((/! 0%()%'*! !')/! 0%#$/&'#  (%'$/&'# 0! "# (%*%!')! <&/+#:

SINCRONÍA

DIACRONÍA

R!"#$%' !')/! !$&( (%+")'!&(

S()%)$%' 0! ' !"!+!')& &/ &)/& !' !" )%!+&.

S( )/+%'&( (&' $&!%()!')!(  <&/+#' ' S( )/+%'&( (&' ($!(%>&(  (! (%()!+#. /!!+"#4#' '&( # &)/&( (%' <&/+#/ (%()!+# !')/! (. L&( !$&( (%'$/'%$&( (&' (%()!+)%$&(.

•

L&( !$&( 0%#$/'%$&( (&' #/)%$"#/!(, !)!/&*'!&(  #0!+( !)!/%&/!( #" (%()!+#. A !(#/ 0! "# #')!/%&/ 0%()%'$%' S#((/! /!$&'&$! ! "# 0%#$/&'# /!!/$)! !' !" (%()!+# # ! )&0& $#+6%& )%!'! /!!/$(%' !' )&0& !" (%()!+#. N& #0+%)! 0!!'0!'$%#( !' !" (!')%0& $&')/#/%& # ! "&( $#+6%&( (&'
1.3.&.- O"osici'n( ne)t#ali*aci'n. • • • •

L#( '%0#0!( <'$%&'#"!( !%()!' */#$%#( # "#( &&(%$%&'!( !' ! #/)%$%#'. L# '%0#0 <'$%&'#" +'%+# "# 0!'&+%'#+&( /#(*& 0%()%')%>&. L#( &&(%$%&'!( (! 0#' !' )&0&( "&( "#'&( 0! "# "!'*#. E" $&'$!)& 0! '!)/#"%4#$%', %')/&0$%0& &/ !" !()/$)/#"%(+&, /!()/%'*! !" $&'$!)& 0! &&(%$%' !( $&'(%0!/# ! ()#( '& (&' (%!+/! &!/#)%>#( !( !' #"*'&( $&')!)&( (! '!)/#"%4#'. P&/ !7.: "# &&(%$%' !')/! /  // ("& (! 0# !' &(%$%' %')!/>&$"%$#K !' "#( /!()#')!( &(%$%&'!( (! '!)/#"%4#.

1.3.3.- La $o+le a#tic)laci'n $el leng)a,e. •

C&'$!)& 0!6%0& # M#/)%'!) (! 6#(# !' "& (%*%!')!: A. L# "!'*# !( ' $0%*& $&+"!7& ! !/+%)! !/!(#/ ' '+!/& %'<%'%)& 0! +!'(#7!(. B. E""& ($!0! &/ "# 0&6"! #/)%$"#$%' 0!" "!'*#7!. E() %')!*/#0& &/ 0&( )%&( 0! '%0#0!( ! (! #/)%$"#' !' 0&( '%>!"!(: o

o

U'%0#0!( 0! "# 1 #/)%$"#$%' $&' (*0&F: +&'!+#(. U'%0#0!( 0! "# 2 #/)%$"#$%' (%' (*0&F: <&'!+#( ! (&' ' %'>!')#/%& $!//#0&, !$&'+%$&  ! !/+%)! <&/+#/ +&'!+#(.

1..- LOS PLANOS DEL SISTEMA: LOS NIVELES DEL LENGUAJE Y EL ESTUDIO DE LOS MISMOS. •

•

S#((/! /!$#4# "# 0%()%'$%' )/#0%$%&'#" ! 0%()%'*# )/!( "#'&( 0! "# "!'*#  $&'(%0!/# ! "# */#+)%$# ("& !0! 6#(#/(! !' "#( /!"#$%&'!( (%')#*+)%$#(  #/#0%*+)%$#(. M#)!(%( '& /!$#4# "# 0%()%'$%' )/#0%$%&'#" !' <&'&"&*#, +&/<&"&*#  (%')#%(, !/& )#+&$& /!$#4# "# 0%()%'$%' (#((/!#'#  #(:

)ARADIGM+TICA FONOLOGÍA

I'>!')#/%& 0! <&'!+#(  /#(*&( 0%()%')%>&(

MORFOLOGÍA  I'>!')#/%& 0! !')%0#0!(

SINTA,IS

•

•

I'>!')#/%& 0! "#( &&(%$%&'!( (%')$)%$#(  ( /!#"%4#$%' &/ &&(%$%&'!( +&/<&"*%$#(

SINTAGM+TICA C&+6%'#$%&'!( 0! <&'!+#(.

S!$!'$%#( 0! "#( #"#6/#(  (( /!*"#( 0! &/*#'%4#$%' E()0%& 0! "#( $&+6%'#$%&'!( 0! &/#$%&'!(.

C&+& $#0# "#'& /!#"%4# #" %'+!0%#)& (!/%&/  !( /!#"%4#0& &/ !" %'+!0%#)& %'#/%!0#0 0! %')!//!)#$%&'!( ' $#0/& +( & +!'&( #$!)#0& 0! "&( '%>!"!( 0! "!'*# (!/# !" ! (%*!.

A- Nivel /"i&o. •

•

• •

S( '%0#0!( 6(%$#( (&' "&( <&'!+#(, '%0#0!( +'%+#( #6()/#$)#( (!+')%$#+!')! 0%()%')%>#(, ! $&'<&/+#' !" (%()!+# <&'&"*%$& 0! '# "!'*#. L&( <&'!+#( (! 0!<%'!' &/ ( /!"#$%' $&' "&( /!()#')!( !"!+!')&( 0!" (%()!+#  (! $#/#$)!/%4#' &/ (( /#(*&( 0%()%')%>&(. C#0# "!'*# )%!'! (( /&%&( /#(*&( 0%()%')%>&(. L&( <&'!+#( (&' !()0%#0&( &/ "# ;&'&"&*#.

- Nivel o(osi"#2&#i&o. •

•

E' !" '%>!" +&/<&"*%$& (! !()0%#' "#( '%0#0!( 0&)#0#( 0! (%*'%<%$#0& 0!(0! !"  ')& 0! >%()# 0! "# <&/+#. S&' !()0%#0&( &/ "# M&/<&"&*#. E' !" '%>!" (%')$)%$& (! #'#"%4#' !()#( '%0#0!( !' $&+6%'#$%'.

C- Nivel l34i&o. •

S( '%0#0!( +'%+#( (&' "&( "!!+#(

•

L# "!%$&"&*# !()0%# "&( "!!+#(, "# (!+')%$# (( (%*'%<%$#0&(.

&.- LA NORMA LINGSTICA. 2.1.- CONCEPTO: EVOLUCIÓN. •

•

•

T/#0%$%&'#"+!')! (! # %0!')%<%$#0& $&' 6!' (& !/&, # #/)%/ 0!" @I@, (! 0# '# (!#/#$%' +#&/ !')/! !" $&'&$%+%!')& $%!')<%$& 0! '# "!'*#  "# 0!)!/+%'#$%' 0! ( '&/+#. C&(!/% $&'(%0!/# "# '&/+# $&+& '# #6()/#$$%' !' /!"#$%' $&' !" (&. E()& #$! ! "# '&/+# $&')!'*# )&0& #!""& )/#0%$%&'#", #'! '& (!# <'$%&'#". L# '&/+# $&')!'0/# "# /!#"%4#$%' )/#0%$%&'#", !" (%()!+# ("& "#( &&(%$%&'!( <'$%&'#"!(. L# '&/+# (!/#, !' $&'(!$!'$%#  &/ )/+%'& *!'!/#", +( #+"%# ! "# "!'*#K #&/# 6%!', 0!(0! !" ')& 0! >%()# 0! ! !" (%()!+# $&')%!'! !$&( '& /!#"%4#0&( !' "# "!'*#, !/& &(%6"!(, ()! (!/# +( #+"%& ! "# '&/+#. E(#$%&( >#$&( !' !" (%()!+# <&'&"*%$&.

2.2.- NORMA COMO VARIEDAD EST!NDAR. •

L# (&$%&"%'*?()%$# 0!<%'! "# '&/+# $&+& "# >#/%!0#0 !()'0#/ ! /!/!(!')# !" $&'7')& 0! '&/+#  0! (&( #$!)#0&( &/ "&( #6"#')!( $&+& !" 6!' (&. E' *!'!/#" (!"! $&%'$%0%/ $&' !" (& /!$&+!'0#0& &/ "# RAE.

 3.- /ARIEDADES SOCIALES 0 UNCIONALES DE LA LENGUA. 3.1.- EN LA LINGÜÍSTICA CONTEMPOR!NEA. LA SOCIOLÍNGÜÍSTICA Y LA DIALECTOLOGÍA. •

•

%""%#+ B/%*), 6#('0&(! !' !()0%&( #')!/%&/!( 0! M!%""!), %'#*/ "# S&$%&"%'*?()%$#. S /&(%)& !/# !()0%#/ "# 0%>!/(%0#0 "%'*?()%$# !' !" $&')!)& (&$%#"K #/# !""& )!'# !' $&'(%0!/#$%' 0%>!/(&( <#$)&/!( (&$%#"!(. E()# $%!'$%# '& )%!'! '#0# ! >!/ $&' "# 0%#"!$)&"&*#, !()& ! !()# !/)!'!$! # "# "%'*?()%$# %')!/'#  '& 0!7# 0! (!/ '# >#/%#')! 0%#)%$# ! !/)!'!$! #" !()0%& 0! "# L%'*?()%$#.

3.2.- LAS VARIANTES SOCIALES Y "UNCIONALES DE LA LENGUA. CONCEPTO. •

•

S!*' C&(!/% )&0# "!'*# &#/%#')!( 0%#)%$#( & *!&*/<%$#(, 0%#()/)%$#( & $")/#"!(  0%#<(%$#( & !' <'$%' 0! "# +&0#"%0#0 !/!(%>#. E()#( >#/%#')!( (!/#' "&( 0%#"!$)&(, "&( '%>!"!( 0! "!'*#  "&( !()%"&( 0! "!'*# /!(!$)%>#+!')!. E' !()! (!')%0& (! !0! 0!$%/ ! '# "!'*# '& !( ("& ' (%()!+#, (%'& ' 0%#(%()!+# & $&'7')& +( & +!'&( $&+"!7& 0! 0%#"!$)&(, '%>!"!(  !()%"&( 0! "!'*#.

•

•

•

D!')/& 0! $#0# 0%#"!$)& !%()%/#' #0!+( >#/%#')!( 0%#()/)%$#(  0%#<(%$#(. D!')/& 0! $#0# '%>!" >#/%#')!( 0%#)%$#(  0%#<(%$#(  0!')/& 0! $#0# !()%"& >#/%#')!( 0%#)%$#(  0%#()/)%$#(. E()# 0%>!/(%0#0 #'"#, (!*' C&(!/%, "# %0!# 0! ! "# "!'*# !( ' (%()!+# "%'*?()%$& $&' '# !()/$)/# '%)#/%#  &+&*'!#. E%()%/# '& '# "!'*# (%'& '# "!'*# <'$%&'#". D!')/& 0! !""# &0/#+&( !()0%#/ ' 0%#"!$)& !' ' '%>!"  ' !()%"& 0! "!'*#.

3.&.1.- /a#ie$a$es o $i2e#encias $iat'"icas. Dialectos. Regionalismos. Localismos. •

P!/)!'!$!' #" $#+& 0! "# 0%#"!$)&"&*#  "# 0%
3.&.&.- /a#ie$es $iast#ticas. Sociolectos. C'$igos ela+o#a$os ! #est#ingi$os. •

•

E()0%#0#( &/ "# S&$%&"%'*?()%$#, (! $!')/# (&6/! )&0& !' "#( $#(#( 0! "# !()/#)%<%$#$%' (&$%#" 0! "# "!'*#. T&+# !' $&'(%0!/#$%': I. II. III. IV. V. VI.

•

•

N%>!" (&$%&$")/#". L# (!#/#$%' (&$%#" #+!')# "#( 0%%&'!( +%*/#)&/%&(. H6%)#). E" "!'*#7! /6#'& )%!'! +( )!'0!'$%# #" $#+6%& ! !" //#".

L#( 7!/*#( /&#/%#')!( 0%#<(%$#(, (!*' #"*'&( "%'*?%()#(. S "%$& (! !'/%!$! # +!0%0# ! (! 0#' #>#'$!( $%!')<%$&(. D!()#$#/ "#( 7!/*#( 0! "&( 0!"%'$!')!( &/! (&' $/)%$#( &/ '!$!(%0#0  $&' '# /&<'0# $##$%0#0 0! $#+6%&.

3.&.3.- /a#ie$a$es o $i2e#encias $ia2sicas. Los estilos. Los #egist#os. •

•

L# >#/%#$%' 0%#<(%$# ># 0!(0! "#( <&/+#( +( <&/+#"!( # "#( +( !(&')'!#(K )&0& !() !' <'$%' 0! "# #/)%$%#$%' 0! "# $&'$%!'$%# "%'*?()%$# !' !" +&+!')& 0! #6"#/. L&( <#$)&/!( ! %')!/>%!'!' !' "#( >#/%#')!( 0%#<(%$#( (&' 0%>!/(&(  !')/! !""&( 0!()#$#': !" /!$!)&/  "# (%)#$%' $&+'%$#)%>#, !" $#'#" !+"!#0& &/#" & !($/%)&F, !" )!+#, "# !/(&'#"%0#0 0!" #6"#')!.

•

E" %0%&"!$)& & <&/+# !$"%#/ 0! #6"#/ 0! $#0# #6"#')! &0/ 0!<%'%/(! !' >%/)0 0! +$&( <#$)&/!(, %'$"%0# "# $##$%0#0 0! +&>%"%0#0  0!("#4#+%!')& 0! ' /!*%()/& # &)/&.

3.&..- Relaciones ent#e 4a#ie$a$es. Conciencia socioling5%stica. •

A'! !%()!' 0%<%$")#0!( #/# 0!<%'%/ '%>!"!( 0! (& "%'*?()%$& &0!+&( &6(!/>#/ !: I. II. III.

A +#&/ '%>!" 0%#()/)%$&, +!'&/!( 0%!" 0%#()/)%$&, +!'&( &(%6%"%0#0!( 0! +#'!7& 0! $0%*& /!()/%'*%0&. A +#&/ '%>!" 0%#()/)%$&, +#&/ $&'$%!'$%# (&$%&"%'*?()%$#   &(%6%"%0#0!( 0! !"!$$%'.