TEKNIK PERSILANGAN PADA TANAMAN JAGUNG ( Zea mays L.)
LAPORAN
OLEH: ARI FRADANA NST 130301108 AGROEKOTEKNOLOGII II A AGROEKOTEKNOLOG
LABORATORIUM DASAR PEMULIAAN TANAMAN PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI FAKULTAS PERTANIAN UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA 2014
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TEKNIK PERSILANGAN PADA TANAMAN JAGUNG ( Zea mays L.)
LAPORAN
OLEH: ARI FRADANA NST 130301108 AGROEKOTEKNOLOGII II A AGROEKOTEKNOLOG
Laporan Merupakan Salah Satu Syarat Untuk Melengkapi Komponen Penilaian di Laboratorium Dasar Pemuliaan Tanaman Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara Medan
LABORATORIUM DASAR PEMULIAAN TANAMAN PROGRAM STUDI AGROEKOTEKNOLOGI FAKULTAS PERTANIAN
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Judul
: Teknik Persilangan Pada Tanaman Jagung ( Zea Zea mays L.)
Nama
: Ari Fradana Nst
NIM
: 130301108
Prodi
: Agroekoteknologi
Mengetahui, Dosen Penanggung Jawab Laboratorium
(Dr. Diana Sofia Hanafiah, SP. MP.) NIP. 19740803 19740803 199903 2 002 002
Disetujui Oleh : Asisten Koordinator
( Heri Hidayat ) NIM. 090301148 090301148
Diperiksa Oleh : Asisten Korektor
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DAFTAR ISI ABSTRAK ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ ABSTACT ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .................................. ............ RIWAYAT HIDUP ............................................ .................................................................. ......................................... ................... KATA PENGANTAR...................................................... ............................................................................. ........................... .... DAFTAR ISI ............................................ .................................................................. ............................................ .............................. ........ DAFTAR TABEL .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................ DAFTAR GAMBAR............................................................ .................................................................................. ........................ DAFTAR LAMPIRAN .......................................... ................................................................ ..................................... ............... PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang ............................................ ................................................................... ...................................... ............... Tujuan Percobaan....................................................... ............................................................................. ........................ Hipotesis Percobaan ....................................................... .......................................................................... ................... Kegunaan Percobaan ............................................................. ......................................................................... ............ TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Botani Tanaman Jagung ( Zea mays L.) ........................................... ............................................. .. Syarat Tumbuh ....................................................... .............................................................................. ........................... .... Iklim ......................................... ............................................................... ............................................ ........................ .. Tanah ............................................ .................................................................. ......................................... ................... Teknik Persilangan ..................................................... ........................................................................... ........................ Syarat Tetua ............................................ .................................................................. .............................. ........ Masa Reseptif ................................................. ....................................................................... ........................ Silang Dalam dan Silang Bebas ................................................ ........................................................ ........ BAHAN DAN METODE Waktu dan Tempat Percobaan ......................................................... ........................................................... .. Bahan dan Alat ........................................ .............................................................. .......................................... .................... Prosedur Percobaan ....................................................... .......................................................................... ................... PELAKSANAAN PERCOBAAN Persiapan Lahan .......................................... ................................................................ ..................................... ............... Penanaman Benih............................
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Penyulaman ......................................... ............................................................... .................................. ............ Penjarangan ......................................... ............................................................... ................................... ............. Penyiangan .......................................... ................................................................ .................................. ............ Pengendalian Hama dan Penyakit .......................................... .......................................... Pemanenan ........................................... ................................................................. ............................................ ........................ Pengamatan Parameter .............................................................. ....................................................................... ......... Persentase Perkecambahan...................... Perkecambahan............................................ .............................. ........ Tinggi Tanaman .......................................... ................................................................. .......................... ... Jumlah Daun..................................... Daun........................................................... ..................................... ............... HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Hasil .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ Pembahasan ............................................ .................................................................. .............................. ........ ……….
KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN Kesimpulan .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ ........................ .. Saran .......................................... ................................................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ DAFTAR PUSTAKA............................................................... .................................................................................. ...................
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ABSTRAK
ARI FRADANA NST : Teknik Persilangan pada Tanaman Jagung ( Zea ( Zea mays L.) Tanaman jagung merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman pangan biji-bijian dari keluarga rumput-rumputan. Jagung Jagung dibutuhkan dibutuhkan masyarakat masyarakat Indonesia dalam jumlah besar dan terus meningkat, namun tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan produksi. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan suatu upaya peningkatan produksi jagung melalui persilangan. Diharapkan akan diperoleh hasil yang lebih unggul dari kedua tetua yang unggul juga. Percobaan ini menggunakan benih jagung dengan varietas bisma, diamati dua parameter yaitu tinggi tanaman dan jumlah daun. Percobaan ini dilakukan di Lahan Dasar Pemuliaan Tanaman Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan dengan ketinggian tempat ± 25 m dpl. Pelaksanaan percobaan ini dilakukan atau dimulai pada bulan Maret sampai dengan bulan Mei 2014. Kata kunci : Jagung ( Zea mays L.), Persilangan
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ABSTACT
ARI FRADANA NST : Technical Crosses in Maize (Zea mays L.) Corn crop is one type of crop seeds from grass family. Corn takes Indonesian people in large numbers and continues to increase, however, was not followed by an increase in production. Therefore, it is necessary for an effort to increase maize production through crossbreeding. Expected to obtain superior results
from
the
two
parents
are
superior
as
well.
These experiments using maize seed varieties bisma, observed two parameters: plant pla nt height and number of leaves. The experiment was conducted conducte d in the Basic Land Plant Breeding Program Agroecotechnology Faculty of Agriculture, University of North Sumatra, Medan altitude ± 25 m asl. Implementation of this experiment is done or started in March and ending in May 2014. Keywords: Maize (Zea mays L.), Crosses
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RIWAYAT HIDUP
Ari Fradana Nst dilahirkan di Medan pada tanggal 22 September 1994 putra dari Ayah Edi Edward Nst dan Ibu Sri Wardani. Penulis merupakan anak ketiga dari tiga bersaudara. Penulis menyelesaikan pendidikan dasar di SD Negeri 060849 Medan pada tahun 2007, melanjutkan pendidikan di SLTP Negeri 16 Medan selesai pada tahun 2010, dan melanjutkan pendidikan di SMA Dharmawangsa Medan selesai pada tahun 2013. Kemudian diterima di Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan pada tahun 2013 dengan memilih jurusan Agroekoteknologi hingga sekarang. Selama
mengikuti
perkuliahan,
penulis
mengikuti
praktikum
di
Laboratorium Dasar Agronomi dan juga peraktikum di lahan percobaan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Sumatera Utara,Medan.
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur penulis penulis ucapkan kepada Allah SWT karena atas berkat rahmat-Nya penulis dapat menyelesaikan laporan ini tepat pada waktunya. Adapun judul laporan ini adalah Jagung ( Zea mays L. )
”
penilaian di
Teknik Persilangan Pada Tanaman Teknik
“
yang merupakan salah
Laboratorium
Dasar
satu
komponen
Pemuliaan Tanaman Program Studi
Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan. Pada kesempatan ini, penulis mengucapkan terima kasih kepada Prof. Dr. Ir. Rosmayati, M.Sc., Luthfi Aziz Mahmud Siregar, S.P. M.Sc. Ph.d,, Dr. Ir. Lollie Agustina P.Putri, M.Si., Dr. Diana Sofia Hanafiah, S.P. M.P., , Ir. Revandry I.M. Damanik, M.Sc., P.hD. Ir. Emmy Harso Kardhinata, M.Sc dan Ir. Eva Sartini Bayu, M.P. selaku dosen Dasar Pemuliaan Tanaman dan abang serta kakak asisten yang telah membantu dalam penyelesaian laporan ini. Penulis
menyadari
bahwa
laporan
ini
masih
banyak
terdapat
kekurangannya. Oleh karena itu, penulis mengharapkan kritik dan saran dari para pembaca yang sifatnya sifatn ya membangun demi perbaikan laporan. Semoga laporan ini dapat bermanfaat bagi para pembaca.
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PENDAHULUAN Latar Belakang
Tanaman jagung merupakan salah satu jenis tanaman pangan biji-bijian dari keluarga keluarga rumput-rumputan. Berasal dari Amerika yang tersebar ke Asia dan Afrika melalui kegiatan bisnis ke-16 orang Portugal
orang-orang Eropa ke Amerika. Sekitar abad
menyebarluaskannya ke Asia termasuk Indonesia. Orang
Belanda menamakannya
mais
dan orang Inggris menamakannya
corn
(Deputi Menegeristek, 2006). Jagung ( Zea mays L.) adalah salah satu tanaman serealia penting yang tumbuh hampir di seluruh dunia dan digunakan sebagai bahan makanan baik untuk manusia maupun hewan. Jagung dibutuhkan masyarakat Indonesia dalam jumlah besar dan terus meningkat, namun tidak diikuti oleh peningkatan produksi, sehingga terjadi kekurangan sekitar 1,3 juta ton setiap tahun dan harus dipenuhi melalui import. Untuk menutupi ketersediaan jagung perlu diupayakan melalui peningkatan produksi. Perakitan varietas unggul baru, berdaya hasil dan berkualitas tinggi merupakan salah satu upaya untuk mendorong peningkatan produksi (Rofia dan Budi, Budi, 2009). Tanaman jagung merupakan salah satu komoditas tanaman pangan penting
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tetua-tetua yang berbeda secara genetik. Teknik ini banyak dimanfaatkan dalam kegiatan pemuliaan tanaman untuk merakit varietas unggul baru. Prinsip dasar dalam pemuliaan adalah adanya keragaman, terutama keragaman genetik. Apabila keragaman dalam suatu populasi tinggi, maka seleksi yang dilakukan akan lebih efektif. Keragaman tersebut bisa didapatkan dalam dari koleksi plasma nutfah, atau melalui introduksi, apabila keragaman dalam suatu populasi koleksi terbatas, maka dilakukan berbagai upaya untuk memperluas keragaman (Handayani, 2014). Persilangan tanaman bisa dibedakan menjasi persilangan sendiri(crossing) sendiri( crossing).. Selfing adalah persilangan yang dilakukan terhadap tanaman itu sendiri (tidak ada perbedaan antara genotipe kedua tanaman yang disilangkan). Sedangkan crossing adalah persilangan antara 2 individu yang berbeda genotipenya. Pada praktikum ini dilakukan persilangan pada tanaman jagung ( Zea Zea mays L.). Tanaman jagung dipilih karena penyerbukan buatan yang dapat dilakukan reative mudah. Selain itu, periode tumbuh atau masa tanam jagung juga tidak terlalu lama, sekitar lebih kurang 2 bulan lamanya (Wibowo, 2008). Tujuan Praktikum
Adapun tujuan dari praktikum ini adalah untuk mempelajari teknik persilangan pada tanaman menyerbuk sendiri dan menyerbuk menyerbuk silang.
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TINJAUAN PUSTAKA Botani Tanaman
Menurut Rukmana (1997), klasifikasi tanaman jagung (Zea mays L.) adalah seebagai berikut : Kingdom : Plantae; Divisio : Spermatophyta ; Subdivisio: Angiospermae; Class: Monocotyledoneae; Ordo:Poales; Familia: Poaceae; Genus: Zea; Spesies: Zea mays ma ys L. Akar yang tumbuh relative dangkal merupakan akar adventif dengan percabangan yang amat lebat, yang menyerap hara pada tanaman. Akar laying penyokong memberikan tambahantopangan untuk tumbuh tegak dan membantu penyerapan unsur hara. Akar laying la ying ini tumbuh di atas permukaan tanah, tumbuh rapat pada buku-buku dasar dan tidak bercabang sebelum masuk ke tanah (Rubatzky dan Yamaguchi, 1998). Batang tidak bercabang, berbentuk silinder, dan terdiri dari beberapa ruas dan buku ruas. Pada buku ruas akan muncul tunas yang berkembang menjadi
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(silk) adalah pemanjangan dari saluran stylar ovary yang matang pad atongkol. atongkol. Hampir 95% dari persariannya berasal dari serbuk sari tanaman lain, dan hanya 5% yang berasal dari serbuk sari tanamn sendiri. Karena itu disebut juga tanaman bersari bebas (cross pollinated crop) (Sunarti dkk, 2009). Buah jagung terdiri dari tongkol, biji, dan daun pembungkus. Biji jagung mempunyai bentuk, warna dan kandungan endosperm yang bervariasi, tergantung pada jenisnya. Pada umumnya, biji jagung tersusun dalam barisan yang melekat secara lurus atau berkelok-kelok dan berjumlah antara 8-20 baris biji (Rukmana,2009). Biji jagung berkeping satu (monokotil), tumbuh berderet rapi pada suatu poros yang disebut janggel. Di setiap janggel terdapat10-16 deret biji (selalu genap) dan masing-masing deret terdiri atas 200-400 200-400 butir biji. biji. Adanya kelobot memberikan mekanisme perlindungan alami bagi biji-biji jagung terhadap serangan berbagai hama di lapangan. Bentuk biji jagung ada yang membulat atau
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Curah hujan yang dikehendaki adalah antara 1000-2500 mm/tahun, atau idealnya sekitar 85-200 mm/bulan, dengan penyinaran matahari penuh. Suhu Suhu udara yang dikehendaki optimum
tanaman
antara 21-34 oC, tetapi jagung
menghendaki
untuk suhu
pertumbuhan
antara
23-27 oC
(Redaksi Ciptawidiya Swara, 2008). Tanaman jagung membutuhkan air sekitar 100-140 mm/bulan oleh karena
itu
waktu
penanaman
harus
memperhatikan
curah
hujan
dan
penyebarannya. Penanaman dimulai bila curah hujan sudah mencapai 100 mm/bulan. Untuk mengetahui itu perlu dilakukan pengamatan curah hujan dan pola distribusinya selama 10 tahun ke belakang agar waktu tanam dapat ditentukan dengan baik dan tepat (Murni dan Arif, 2008). Tanah
Tanaman jagung dapat tumbu padaa ketinggian 50-1800 m dpl. Tetapi ketinggian optimal adalah 50-600 m dpl. Untuk berproduksi secara optimal
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Jenis tanah yang dapat ditanami jagung antara lain Andosol, Latosol dan Grumosol. Tanah bertekstur lempung atau liat berdebu (Latosol) merupakan jenis tanah yang terbaik untuk pertumbuhan tanaman jagung. Tanaman jagung akan tumbuh baik pada tanah yang subur, gembur, kaya humus (Zakariah, 2012). Teknik Persilangan Jagung ( Zea Zea mays L.)
Jagung ( Zea mays L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang dapat melakukan penyerbukan silang tetapi juga dapat melakukan penyerbukan sendiri. Penyerbukan sendiri pada jagung akan menghasilkan produksi yang rendah dan tanaman tidak dapat tumbuh tinggi, padahal penyerbukan sendiri memiliki vigor yang normal (Sinnot, 1998). Persilangn adalah suatu teknik mengawinkan bunga dengan meletakkan pollen atau serbuk sari pada stigma (lubang atau rongga yang dangkal berisi cairan kental agak lengket sebagai tempat meletakkan pollen dan masuknya
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meningkatkan kadar protein biji jagung adalah dengan memanfaatkan efek xenia. Persilangan buatan dilakukan dengan cara menyerbuki tongkol tanaman sesuai dengan perlakuan tertentu yang sudah ditentukan. Kemudian tongkol yang telah di serbuki ditutup dengan kantong khusus untuk melindungi dari penyerbukan oleh tepung sari bunga lain (Wijaya, 2007). Syarat Tetua
Pemilihan tetua menjadi salah satu tahap yang krusial dalam proses pemuliaan melalui persilangan. Keberhasilan Keberhasil an persilangan persil angan akan meningkat apabila tetua yang digunakan dan kombinasi persilangannya tepat, sehingga dengan jumlah kombinasi persilangan yang sedikit, s edikit, efisiensi pemuliaan akan meningkat. Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan dalam menentukan tetua antara lain: 1) Salah satu tetua memiliki dan membawa karakter unggul atau karakter yang menjadi target pemuliaan; 2) Salah satu atau kedua tetua memiliki adaptasi dan penampilan agronomis yang baik, dan 3) Kedua tetua sebaiknya memiliki jarak
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(viable) dalam 4-16 jam sesudah terlepas (shedding). Penyerbukan selesai dalam 24-36 jam dan biji mulai terbentuk sesudah 10-15 hari. Setelah penyerbukan, warna
rambut
(Subekti dkk ).
tongkol berubah menjadi coklat
dan
kemudian
kering
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BAHAN DAN METODE Waktu dan Tempat Percobaan
Percobaan ini dilakukan di Lahan Dasar Pemuliaan Tanaman Program Studi Agroekoteknologi Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan dengan ketinggian tempat ± 25 m dpl. Pelaksanaan percobaan ini dilakukan atau dimulai pada bulan Maret sampai dengan bulan Mei 2014. Bahan dan Alat
Bahan yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah benih jagung ( Zea Zea mays L.) dengan varietas Bisma berfungsi sebagai bahan percobaan, Top soil
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