MAKALAH TUGAS EPIDEMIOLOGI UMUM DAN ORAL CROSS SECTIONAL DAN CONTOH
Disusun Oleh : LISA PRIHASTARI PRIHASTARI (1406505140)
PROGRAM MAGISTER ILMU KESEHATAN GIGI KOMUNITAS FAKULTAS KEDOKTERAN GIGI UNIVERSITAS INDONESIA 2014
STUDI CROSS SECTIONAL
A. PENG PENGER ERTI TIAN AN Stui Stui !"#ss !"#ss se!ti#n$ se!ti#n$ll $$l$h $$l$h stui stui e%ie&i#l e%ie&i#l#'i #'i $n' &e&%el$ &e&%el$$"i $"i %"e*$lensi+ ist"i,usi+ &$u%un hu,un'$n %en$-it $n %$%$"$n en'$n !$"$ !$"$ &en'$& &en'$&$t $tii st$tus st$tus %$%$" %$%$"$n+ $n+ %en$ %en$-it -it++ $t$u $t$u -$"$ -$"$-te -te"is "istiti- se!$ se!$"$ "$ se"ent$- %$$ ini*iu $"i %#%ul$si %$$ s$tu $-tu. /e,e"$%$ lite"$tu" e%ie&i#l#'i &ene,ut stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l se,$'$i stui %"e*$lensi. Te-ni Te-ni- su"*e %$lin' se"in' i'un$-$n i'un$-$n $l$& stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l (%#t#n' lint$n'). Stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l ti$- &en''un$-$n &et#e -linis $t$u $t$u es$in es$in e-s%e"i& e-s%e"i&ent$ ent$l. l. Stui ini &e&,e"i&e&,e"i-$n $n '$&,$"$ '$&,$"$n n %en$-it %en$-it++ -eseh$t$n+ -eseh$t$n+ &eis+ $n en#&en$ %si-#s#si$l %si-#s#si$l $n' te"$i %$$ s$tu -u"un $-tu. e"$n'-$ $-tu %$$ 2-u"un $-tu3 i$s$"$-$n %$$ -e!e%$t$n $n esien iensi %en'u&%ul$n $t$. Stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l $%$t &en'u &en'u&%u &%ull-$n $n in#" in#"&$ &$si si $n' $n' s$&$ s$&$ en'$n en'$n stui stui l#n'it l#n'itui uin$l n$l $itu $itu en'$n !$"$ &enet$%-$n s$&%el %#%ul$si $n' &ene"u%$i s$&%el stui l#n'ituin$l. Stui ini $%$t &en'-$i s$tu $t$u ,e,e"$%$ *$"i$,le se-$li'us %$$ $-tu $n' s$&$. As#si$si $n hu,un'$n $nt$" *$"i$,le $%$t en'$n &u$h i e*$lu$si $l$& stui ini. A$%un tuu$n $"i stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l se,$'$i ,e"i-ut : untu- &en'et$hui &$s$l$h -eseh$t$n &$s$"$-$t i su$tu il$$h untu- &en'et$hui &en'et$hui %"e*$lensi %"e*$lensi %en$-it te"tentu te"tentu i su$tu $e"$h $e"$h en'et$hui hu,un'$n $nt$"$ $-t#" "isi-# $n "e-uensi "e-uensi %en$-it untu- &e&%e"-i"$-$n $$n$ hu,un'$n se,$, $-i,$t ,il$ %en$-it itu &en'$l$&i %e"u,$h$n $n' el$s $n tet$% untu untu- &e&% &e&%e" e"#l #leh eh hi%# hi%#te tesi sis s s%es s%esi i- $n' $n' $-$n iu iuii &el$ &el$lu luii %eneliti$n $n$litis • • • •
•
P$$ stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l+ su,e- %eneliti$n i-l$si-$si-$n &en$i su,e- $n' te"-en$ $n ti$- te"-en$ te"-en$ -el$in$n $t$u s$-it $n ti$- s$-it se"t$ te"%$%$" $n ti$- te"%$%$" #leh $-t#" $n' -e&ui$n $-$n iteliti %$$ %$$ $-t $-tu u $n' $n' ,e"s ,e"s$& $&$$ $$n. n. e&u e&ui$ i$n n il$ il$-u-$ u-$n %en' %en'uu-u" u"$ $n %"e*$lensin$ &e&,$nin'-$n $nt$"$ &e"e-$ $n' te"%$%$" $n ti$te"%$%$" $-t#" $n' iteliti te"h$$% te"h$$% -el$in$n -el$in$n $n' iteliti. i-$ i$,$"i $,$"-$n $n $l$& ,entu- t$,el &$-$ se,$'$i ,e"i-ut :
SAKIT (DISEASE SEHAT +) (DISEASE -) TERPAPAR (EXPOSURE +) TIDAK TERPAPAR (EXPOSURE -) TOTAL
TOTAL
A
/
(A7/)
8
D
(87D)
$-$ -e&un'-in$n $n' $%$t te"$i $"i t$,el hu,un'$n %en$-it $n %$%$"$n %$$ stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l i$t$s $$l$h : 1. D7E7 $itu $itu te"$%$ te"$%$tt su,e- $n' $n' &en'$l$&i &en'$l$&i -el$in -el$in$n $n $t$u %en$-it %en$-it $n te"-en$ %$%$"$n $n' iteliti 9. D7E+$i D7E+$itu tu te"$%$t te"$%$t su,esu,e- $n' &en'$l$&i &en'$l$&i -el$in$n -el$in$n $t$u %en$-it %en$-it++ n$&un ti$- te"-en$ %$%$"$n $n' iteliti ;. DE7+ DE7+ $itu su,esu,e- ti$- &en'$l$& &en'$l$&ii -el$in$n -el$in$n $t$u $t$u %en$-it+ %en$-it+ &es-i%un &es-i%un i$ te"-en$ %$%$"$n 4. DE+ DE+ $itu $itu su,esu,e- ti$ti$- &en'$l$ &en'$l$&i &i -el$i$n el$i$n $t$u $t$u %en$ %en$-it -it $n u'$ ti$- te"-en$ %$%$"$n D$"i stui !"#ss !"#ss se!ti#n$ se!ti#n$ll ini $%$t $%$t &en$$ &en$$, , %e"t$n$ %e"t$n$$n $n se,e"$%$ se,e"$%$ se"in' $t$u su$tu -el$in$n ite&u-$n $n $%$-$h %$%$"$n ( exposure) $n disease s$lin' ,e"hu,un'$n $t$u ti$-. es-i%un untu- &en'u-u" $$ ti$-n$ hu,un'$n $t$u $s#si$si ini ti$- &u$h -$"en$ %eneliti h$"us &en'et$hui $n &e&$sti-$n &e&$sti-$n $%$-$h $-t#" %$%$"$n &en$hului $t$u $t$u &en'i &en'i-u -uti ti $-i,$ $-i,$t. t. 8"#ss 8"#ss se!ti# se!ti#n$l n$l u'$ u'$ ti$ti$- $%$t $%$t i'un$ i'un$-$ -$n n untu untu- &en' &en'et et$h $hui ui nil$ nil$ii insi insie ens ns %en %en$$-it it $n $n in# in#"& "&$s $sii $%$$%$-$h $h %ene,$, &en$hului $-i,$t. An$lisis %$$ stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l $$l$h en'$n &e&,$nin'-$n %#int %"e*$lens $nt$"$ -el#&%#- e<%#se $n une<%#se. An$lisis ini &en'$su&si-$n ,$h$ $t$ ,e"$s$l $"i !$se !#nt"#l stu $n &en'i-uti -$i$h $n$lisis $l$& !$se !#nt"#l. i-$ $"i $t$ i-et$hui e<%#su"e &en$hului %ene,$,+ &$-$ $t$ $"i !"#ss !"#ss se!ti#n$ se!ti#n$ll $%$t $%$t i,e"l$i,e"l$-u-$ u-$n n se%e"ti se%e"ti $t$ $$n' i$%$t i$%$t $"i !#h#"t stui. /. ele,ih$n ele,ih$n $n ee-u"$n u"$n'$n '$n Stui 8"#ss 8"#ss Se!ti#n$ Se!ti#n$ll Se,elu& %eneliti &e&ilih untu- &en''un$-$n stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l+ i$ h$"us &e&$h$&i te"le,ih $hulu -ele,ih$n $n -e-u"$n'$n stui %eneliti$n ini. ele,ih$n stui 8"#ss se!ti#n$l $$l$h se,$'$i ,e"i-ut : 1. Le,ih Le,ih &u"$h &u"$h $n &u$h=%"$ &u$h=%"$-tis -tis untuuntu- il$-s$n$ il$-s$n$-$n -$n 9. H$sil H$sil se'e" se'e"$ $ i%e" i%e"#le #leh h ;. D$%$t D$%$t &enel$s-$n &enel$s-$n hu,un'$n hu,un'$n $nt$"$ $nt$"$ en#&en$ en#&en$ -eseh$t$ -eseh$t$n n $n' iteliti iteliti en'$n $-t#"$-t#" te"-$it (te"ut$&$ -$"$-te"isti- $n' &enet$%) 4. e"u e"u%$ %$-$ -$n n stu stuii $$l $$l $"i $"i su$ su$tu "$n! "$n!$n $n'$ '$n n stu stuii -$sus sus-#nt" #nt"# #l &$u%un -#h#"t 5. D$%$t &e&%el$$"i &e&%el$$"i ,e,e"$%$ e-s%#su"e e-s%#su"e $n #ut!#&e %$$ $-tu $-tu $n' ,e"s$&$$n 6. en$%$t nil$i %"e*$lensi %"e*$lensi $n %e"-i"$$n %e"-i"$$n "el$ti*e "el$ti*e %"e*$lensi %"e*$lensi
>. i-$ ,e"$s$ ,e"$s$"-$ "-$n n s$&%el $"i %#%ul$si %#%ul$si u&u&+ tin'-$t tin'-$t 'ene"$lis$ 'ene"$lis$si si h$sil s$n'$t ,$i-. Te"ut$&$ su"*e 8"#ss se!ti#n$l $n' il$-u-$n N$ti#n$l 8ent"e #" He$lth St$tisti!s = /PS i In#nesi$. emporall inferen inference ce %"#,le& ?. Tempora %"#,le& $%$t $%$t ihin$"i ihin$"i i-$ i-$ -$"$-t -$"$-te"is e"istiti- $n' ti$- ,e"u,$h se%e"ti &is$l si$t si$t 'eneti'eneti- &en$i &en$i #-us #-us $"i $"i %eneliti$n %eneliti$n . @. e&ili e&ili-i -i s$tu s$tu -ele,ih ele,ih$n $n %#-# %#-#-+ -+ $itu $itu ,$h$ ,$h$ stui i$s i$s$" $"-$ -$n n %$$ %$$ s$&%el %#%ul$si ut$&$ $n' $$ ($l$&i) $n ti$- ,e"'$ntun' %$$ ini*iu $n' &en'$u-$n &en'$u-$n i"i untu- &en$%$t-$n &en$%$t-$n %e"l$-u$n &eis 10.Ti$10.Ti$- &e&$ &e&$-s$ -s$ su,esu,e- &en'$l$ &en'$l$&i &i $-t#" $-t#" $n' ,e"si$t ,e"si$t &e"u'i&e"u'i-$n $n -ese -eseh$t h$t$n $n ($-t# ($-t#"" "isi"isi-#) #) + $n ti$ti$- $$ $$ su,esu,e- $n' $n' -ehil$ ehil$n'$ n'$n n -ese&%$t$n &e&%e"#leh te"$%i $n' i%e"-i"$-$n ,e"&$n$$t. 11. A'$" $%$t &en''$&,$"-$n -$"$-te" %#%ul$si en'$n $-u"$t+ &$-$ su,e- %$$ stui 8"#ss Se!ti#n$l h$"us i$&,il en'$n %"#seu" %en'$&,il$n s$&%el s$&%el see&i-i$n "u%$ ($!$-) sehin''$ i%e"#leh i%e"#leh s$&%el $n' "e%"esent$ti =&e$-ili %#%ul$si s$s$"$n. A$%un e-u"$n'$n stui 8"#ss se!ti#n$l $$l$h se,$'$i ,e"i-ut : 1. H$n$ -$sus -$sus %"e*$lens %"e*$lens $n=$t$u $n=$t$u $n' $n' ti$- te"-en$ te"-en$ $&%$- te"tentu te"tentu $n' iteliti 9. Ti$Ti$- !#!#!#!#- untuuntu- -$sus -$sus $n' $n' $"$n' $"$n' te"$i te"$i ;. e&,utuh-$n e&,utuh-$n s-e&$ s-e&$ s$&%lin' s$&%lin' $n' $n' te"en!$n$ te"en!$n$ ,$i- sehin''$ sehin''$ $%$t $%$t &e&,e"i-$n -ese&%$t$n $n' s$&$ -e%$$ seti$% #"$n' untute"%ilih 4. Pen'u-u"$n Pen'u-u"$n %"e*$lens %"e*$lens e<%#su"e e<%#su"e $n hu,un'$nn$ en'$n %"e*$lens %"e*$lens %en$-it $l$& !"#ssse!ti#n$l stuies ti$- $%$t &enel$s-$n temporal sequence $nt$"$ e<%#su"e $n %en$-it. 5. Ti$- te%$t i'un$-$n i'un$-$n untu- &en'$n$lisis &en'$n$lisis hu,un'$n -$us$l -$us$l e-s%#su" e-s%#su"e e $n %en$-it. 6. Ti$- $%$t $%$t iel$s-$n+ iel$s-$n+ &$n$ &$n$ $n' le,ih ulu+ e<%#su" e<%#su"e e $t$u ise$se. H$l ini te"$i i-$ e<%#su" e<%#su"e e $n' iteliti &e&ili-i -$"$-te" -$"$-te"istiisti- $n' $%$t ,e"u,$h se%e"ti te&%$t tin''$l+ $t$u $t$u -e,i$s$$n -e,i$s$$n se%e"ti &e"#-#-. >. Ti$- $%$t &enentu-$n &enentu-$n te&%#"$l seuen!e $nt$"$ e<%#su"e e<%#su"e $n ise$se i-$ e<%#su"e &e"u%$-$n -$"$-te"isti- $n' $%$t ,e"u,$h ?. ele&$h$n ele&$h$n l$in l$in $"i !"#ssse!ti#n$l !"#ssse!ti#n$l $$l$h $$l$h stui stui ini &en'ienti-$ &en'ienti-$si si %"#%#"si $n' tin''i $"i -$sus $n' se"in' en'$n u"$si l$&$. O"$n' $n' !e%$t !e%$t &enin''$l se'e"$ setel$h setel$h ii$'n#s$ ii$'n#s$ $t$u !e%$t se&,uh sulit -e!il -e!il -e&un'-in$nn$ untu- iienti-$si iienti -$si se,$'$i ise$se. H$l ini $-$n &ene,$,-$n ,i$s h$sil i-$ l$&$ %en$-it =u"$si %en$-it ihu,un'-$n en'$n e<%#su"e $n' iteliti. @. Ti$- ,is$ &en$%$t-$ &en$%$t-$n n esti&$si esti&$si insiens "$te $n $n "el$ti*e "el$ti*e "is"is8. enisenis enisenis Stui Stui 8"# 8"#ss ss Se!ti#n$ Se!ti#n$ll 1. Stui 8"#ssS 8"#ssSe!ti# e!ti#n$l n$l Des-"i%t Des-"i%ti i B$itu B$itu enis stui 8"#ss 8"#ss se!ti#n$l $n' ,e"tuu$n &eneliti %"e*$lensi %"e*$lensi %en %en$$-it+ it+ $t$u $t$u P$%$" $%$"$n $n $t$u $t$u -eu$ eu$n n$. $. P"e*$l e*$len ensi si $$l $$l$h $h su$t su$tu u P"#% P"#%#"s #"sii $sus $sus (Ini* (Ini*iu iuin ini* i*iu iu /e"%en /e"%en$ $-it -it)) $t$u $t$u u&l$h u&l$h -$sus -$sus %en$ %en$-it -it++ #"$n' #"$n' $n' $n' te"in te"inee-si+ si+ $t$u $t$u -#ni -#nisi+ si+ $n' $n' $$ %$$ %$$ s$tu s$tu $-tu te"tentu+ ihu,un'-$n en'$n ,es$" %#%ul$si $"i&$n -$sus itu
,e"$s$l+ &is$ln$ u&l$h -$sus !$&%$- $l$& se,u$h %#%ul$si %$$ $$l $$l uli. uli. i-$ i-$ insie insiens ns &e&$s &e&$su-u--$n $n u&l$h u&l$h -$sus -$sus ,$"u ,$"u se&ent se&ent$" $"$ $ %"e*$ %"e*$len lensi si ti$ti$-.. Pen'uen'u-u"$ u"$n n $n' $n' i'un$ i'un$-$ -$n n &en'' &en''un$ un$-$ -$n n Point Prevalence (Pen'u-u"$n s$tu s$$t). Point Prevalence Prevalence $$l$h $$l$h u&l$h u&l$h -$sus -$sus ini*i ini*iu u $n' $n' &en'$l &en'$l$& $&ii %en$-it+ -#nisi+ $t$u -es$-it$n %$$ s$tu titi- $-tu $n' s%esei-. Point Prevalence &en'u-u" -e,e"$$$n su$tu %en$-it+ -#nisi %$$ s$tu titi- $-tu $n' sin'-$t. Ru&usn$ $$l$h se,$'$i ,e"i-ut : P#int P"e*$lensi C u&l$h $sus %en$-it $n' $$ 1000 P#%ul$si P#%ul$s i T#t$l
8#nt#h : P"e*$lensi SARIAAN i$nt$"$ el.Te"%$%$" (ORTHODONTI) $n el. T$- Te"%$%$" (Ti$- ORTHODONTI)
Per!"# $r"%$&$#"' Or"%$&$#"' (EXPOSURE +) TIDAK $r"%$&$#"' (EXPOSURE -) TOTAL
Sr'!# (DISEASE +)
T'& r'!# (DISEASE -)
TOTAL
50
900
950
50
>00
>50
100
@00
1000
P"e*$lens 1
C $ = ($7,) C 50 = 950 C 90F $$l$h %"#%#"si SARIAAN SARIAAN i$nt$"$ #"$n'#"$n' $n' i"$$t #"th##nti P"e*$lens 9 C ! = (!7) C 50 = >50 C 6+>F $$l$h %"#%#"si SARIAAN i$nt$"$ #"$n'#"$n' $n' ti$- i"$$t #"th# 9. Stui 8"#ssSe 8"#ssSe!ti# !ti#n$l n$l An$litiAn$liti-
B$itu B$itu stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l $n' ,e"tuu$n untu- &el$-u-$n &el$-u-$n #%e",$ #%e",$nin nin'$n '$n %e",e %e",e$$ $$n% n%e" e",e ,e$$ $$n n %en$ %en$-it -it $nt$" $nt$"$ $ -el#&%# el#&%#te"%$%$" $n -el#&%- ti$- te"%$%$". Sel$in itu u'$ $%$t i'un$-$n untu untu- &ene &eneli liti ti hu,u hu,un' n'$n $n $nt$ $nt$"$ "$ %$%$ %$%$"$ "$n n $n $n %en %en$$-it. it. Se"t Se"t$ $ &e&,$ni &e&,$nin'-$ n'-$n n %"#%#"s %"#%#"sii #"$n'9 #"$n'9 te"%$%$" te"%$%$" &en'$l$ &en'$l$&i &i %en$-it %en$-it ($= ($7,)) en'$n %"#%#"si #"$n'9 ti$- te"%$%$" ' &en'$l$&i %en$-it ( !=(!7)) %"e*$len!e -el#&%#- te"%$%$" (P#) C $= $7, P"e*$len!e -el#&%#- ti$- te"%$%$" (P1) C != !7 R$si# P"e*$len!e C P# = P1 D. LANGAHLANGAH LANGAHLANGAH ELASANAAN ELASANAAN STDI 8ROSS SE8TIONAL 1. e&,u$t Ru&us$n $s$l$h $s$l$h $n Tuu$n Tuu$n Peneliti$n Peneliti$n L$n'-$h %e"t$&$ $n' h$"us il-$-u-$n #leh %eneliti s$$t &el$-u-$n stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l $$l$h &enentu-$n &$s$l$h -esehet$n $n' $-$n iteliti+ -e&ui$n &en!$"i $-t#"$-t#" $%$ s$$ $n' &enu-un' $n &e&%en'$ &e&%en'$"uhi "uhi &$s$l$h &$s$l$h te"se,ut+ te"se,ut+ &en'-l$" &en'-l$"i-$ i-$si si hu,un'$n hu,un'$n $nt$"$ $nt$"$ $-t $-t#" #"$ $-t -t#" #" te"s te"se, e,ut ut en' en'$n $n &$s$ &$s$l$ l$h h -eseh eseh$t $t$n $n sel$ sel$n nut utn n$ $ &enet$%-$n &enet$%-$n tuu$ntuu$n %eneliti$n. 9. e&ili e&ilih h %#%ul$ %#%ul$si si $n $n s$&%e s$&%ell T$"'et T$"'et $"i stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l %$$ u&u&n$ ,e"u%$ su$tu %#%ul$si $t$u $t$u -#&unit -#&unit$s. $s. P#%ul$si P#%ul$si i,$'i i,$'i &en$i &en$i u$ &$!$&+ &$!$&+ $itu $itu %#%ul$si %#%ul$si t$"'et+ t$"'et+ $$l$h $$l$h %#%ul$si %#%ul$si $n' i,$t$si i,$t$si -"ite"i$ -"ite"i$ -linis -linis $n e'"$ e'"$s+ s+ $n' -eu$ %#%ul$si te"$n'-$u+ $$l$h %#%ul$si t$"'et $n' i,$t$si te&%$t te&%$t $n $n $-tu $-tu . A$% A$%un un su$tu su$tu s$&%e s$&%ell %#%ul %#%ul$s $sii h$"us h$"us &e&ili &e&ili-i -i -"ite" -"ite"i$ i$ untuuntu- &en$ &en$i i s$s$ s$s$"$n "$n %eneli %eneliti$ ti$n+ n+ $$ u$ &$!$ &$!$& & !"ite !"ite"i$ "i$ s$&%el $itu -"ite"i$ in-lusi $n -"ite"i$ e-s-lusi. "ite"i$ "ite"i$ in-lusi in-lusi $$l$h $$l$h seu&l$h seu&l$h -"ite"i$ -"ite"i$ untu- &en$%$ &en$%$t-$ t-$n n %#%ul$si %#%ul$si t$"'et t$"'et $n' $n' &u$h &u$h i$n' i$n'-$ -$u u $n sesu$ sesu$ii en'$ en'$n n tuu$n tuu$n %eneli %eneliti$ ti$n+ n+ &is$ln$ 1) -$"$-te"isti- -linis (i$'n#sti-+ %"#'n#sti-) 9) -$"$-te"isti- e'"$- (usi$+ se-s) ;) -$"$-te"isti- 'e#'"$ (l#-$si) 4) -$"$-te"isti- $-tu (l$&$ %eneliti$n) Se$n'-$n Se$n'-$n -"ite"i$ e-s-lusi $$l$h seu&l$h -"ite"i$ s$&%el $n' ti$$%$t ii-ut se"t$-$n $l$& %eneliti$n+ &is$ln$ 1) #nt"$ini-$si untu- %en'u-u"$n 9) $s$l$h eti- (,$i+ $n$-+ ll) ;) Pe"l$-u$n -husus (l$nsi$+ ll) 4) Ti$- ,e"sei$ ,e"%$"tisi%$si
A$%un A$%un ,e,e"$%$ ,e,e"$%$ lite"$tu" lite"$tu" &en$&,$h &en$&,$h-$n -$n -"ite"i$ -"ite"i$ l$in $itu $itu -"ite"i$ -"ite"i$ "#%#ut $itu s$&%el $n' Ti$- $%$t &el$nut-$n %eneliti$n -$"en$: 1) &enin''$l uni$+ %ul$n' %$-s$+ ti$- $%$t ihu,un'i $t$u &en#l$&el$nut-$n &el$nut-$n %eneliti$n 9) &en'$l$&i %e",u"u-$n un'si #"'$n tu,uh $t$u $$ -#&%li-$si l$in ;) ti$- -##%e"$ti sel$&$ %eneliti$n ntu- &et#e s$&%lin lin' $l$& l$& stui &en''un$-$n "u&us se,$'$i ,e"i-ut :
!"#ss
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Ru&us ,es$" s$&%el se,$'$i ,e"i-ut :
i &$n$
n
C ,es$" s$&%el &ini&u&
1α=9
C nil$i ist"i,usi ist"i, usi n#"&$l ,$-u (t$,el ) %$$ α te"tentu
1β
C nil$i ist"i,usi ist"i, usi n#"&$l ,$-u (t$,el ) %$$ β te"tentu
P1
C %e"-i"$$n %"#%#"si %$$ %#%ul$si 1
P9
C %e"-i"$$n %"#%#"si %$$ %#%ul$si 9
P
C (P1 7 P9)=9
ntu- &en'et$hui %"#%#"si -el$in$n i %#%ul$si: J (1 K)9 % (1%)M = 9
ntu- &en'et$hui "e"$t$ %$"$&ete" *$"i$,el i %#%ul$si: J (1K)9 9M = 9
ntuntu- &e&,$ &e&,$ni nin'n'-$n $n %"#% %"#%#" #"si si -el#&%# el#&%#- su,esu,e- en'$n en'$n %#%ul$sin$: J (1 K) (%00) 7 ( 1) (%11)M = (%1 Q %0)
ntuntu- &e&,$ni &e&,$nin'-$ n'-$n n "e"$t "e"$t$ $ %$"$&ete %$"$&ete"" *$"i$,e *$"i$,ell -el#&% -el#&%##su,e- en'$n %#%ul$sin$: 9 (1 K 7 1) 9 = (< ) 9
ntuntu- &e&,$ &e&,$ni nin'n'-$n $n %"#% %"#%#" #"si si -el#&%# el#&%#- su,esu,e- en'$n en'$n -el#&%#- su,e- l$in: 1 K (9%) 7 1 (%117 %99) = (%1 Q %9) 9
ntuntu- &e&,$ni &e&,$nin'-$ n'-$n n "e"$t "e"$t$ $ %$"$&ete %$"$&ete"" *$"i$,e *$"i$,ell -el#&% -el#&%##su,e- en'$n -el#&%#- su,e- $in: 9 9 (1 K 7 1)9 = (1 Q 9) 9
ntu- &en'et$hui -#"el$si $nt$"$ u$ %$"$&ete" *$"i$,el: J ( K 7 ) = (0+5 ln (17") = (1"))M 9
;. e&,u$t e&,u$t inst"u& inst"u&en en %eneliti %eneliti$n $n (*$liit$ (*$liit$s s $t$) $t$) P$$ $$ t$h$ t$h$% % ini ini $n $n h$"u h$"us s il$ il$-u-$n u-$n $$l $$l$h $h &e&, &e&,e" e"ii-$n $n en enis isii #%e"$si# #%e"$si#n$l n$l %eneliti$n %eneliti$n++ &es-i%un &es-i%un h$l ini te"lih$t te"lih$t see"h$ see"h$n$+ n$+ n$&un n$&un enisi #%e"$si#n$l s$n'$t %entin' untu- &en'et$hui %$"$&ete" $%$ $n' $n' h$"u h$"us s ite iteli liti ti $n $n ,$'$ ,$'$i& i&$n $n$ $ %"#s %"#ses es %en' %en'uu-u" u"$n $n *$"i *$"i$, $,le le *$"i$,eln$. *$"i$,eln$. Denisi #%e"$si#n$l #%e"$si#n$l i,u$t selen'-$% selen'-$% $n seel$s &un'-in sehin''$ ti$- &un!ul &$-n$ $n' $&,i'u. $"i$,el $$l$h *$"i$si -$"$-te"isti- $n' $-$n iteliti+ se$n'-$n %$"$&ete" $$l$h nil$i $t$u u-u"$n u-u"$n *$"i$,el *$"i$,el $n' $%$t in$t$in$t$-$n $n se,$'$i se,$'$i $t$ en'$n s-$l$ s-$l$ nu&e"i- $t$u -$te'#"i. Ini-$t#" $$l$h -"ite"i$ $t$u ,$t$s$n te"tentu $"i nil$i *$"i$,el untu- &en'#%e"$si#n$l-$n su$tu *$"i$,el (enisi #%e"$si#n$l). ntu- %e&ilih$n inst"u&ent %eneliti$n $$ ,e,e"$%$ h$l $n' h$"us i%e i%e""h$ti h$ti-$n $it $itu u *$li *$lii it$ t$s s $n $n e$s e$si, i,il ilit it$s $s==-es eses esu$ u$i$ i$n n $n' $n' &en$n'&en$n'-ut ut ,i$$+ ,i$$+ %e"$l$t$ %e"$l$t$n+ n+ $n &et#e. &et#e. et#e et#e %eneliti$n %eneliti$n h$"us h$"us il$-u-$ il$-u-$n n en'$n en'$n $-u"$t $-u"$t en'$n en'$n &e&%e" &e&%e"hitun' hitun'-$ -$n n sensiti*it sensiti*it$s $s $n s%esisit$s $n h$"us %"esisi $itu en'$n &e&%e"h$ti-$n "eli$,ilit$s+ "e%"#usi,ilit$s+ $n "e%e$t$,ilit$s. 4. Pen'u&% Pen'u&%ul$n ul$n $t$ $t$ ("es%#ns ("es%#nse e "$te U u$lit u$lit !#nt"# !#nt"#l) l) P$$ t$h$% %en'u&%ul$n $t$+ "es%#n "$te $n -#nt"#l -u$lit$s $t$ (quality control ) s$n'$t %entin' untu- il$-u-$n. Res%#n "$te $$l$h %en'hitun' %en'hitun'$n $n %$"tisi%$ %$"tisi%$n n $itu $itu $"i $"i seu&l$h seu&l$h su,esu,e- $n' iun$n' ,e"$ ,e"$%$ %$ $n' $n' ,e"% ,e"%$" $"ti tisi si%$ %$si si $l$ $l$& & %ene %eneli liti ti$n $n++ $n $n $%$$%$-$h $h tel$ tel$h h &e&enu &e&enuhi hi te-ni te-ni- %e"hit %e"hitun' un'$n $n s$&%e s$&%ell $n' $n' il$il$-uu-$n $n %$$ %$$ t$h$% t$h$% se,elu&n$. Se$n'-$n -#nt"#l -u$lit$s $t$ (quality control ) s$n'$t %entin' untu&en'h$ &en'h$sil sil-$ -$n n h$sil h$sil %eneli %eneliti$ ti$n n $n' $n' $%$t $%$t ite" ite"i&$ i&$ se!$" se!$"$ $ il&i$h il&i$h.. #nt"#l -u$lit$s $t$ ini $%$t il$-u-$n en'$n !$"$
5. An$l An$lis isis is $t$ $t$ An$lisis $t$ il$-u-$n il$-u-$n en'$n &en''un$-$n &en''un$-$n prevalence $n Asosiasi. An$lisis An$lisis hu,un'$n hu,un'$n $t$u $t$u %e",e$$ %e",e$$n n %"e*$le %"e*$lens ns $nt$" $nt$" -el#&%#el#&%#- $n' iteliti il$-u-$n setel$h il$-u-$n *$li$si $n %en'el#&%#-$n $t$. An$lisis ini $%$t ,e"u%$ su$tu ui hi%#tesis $t$u%un $n$lisis untu-
&e&%e"#leh "esi-# "el$ti. B$n' i&$-su en'$n "esi-# "el$ti*e "el$ti*e %$$ stui !"#ssse!ti#n$l $$l$h %e",$nin'$n $nt$"$ %"e*$lens %en$-it (ee-) (ee-) %$$%$$-el# el#&%# &%#- en'$ en'$n n "esi"esi-#+ #+ en'$n en'$n %"e*$ %"e*$len lens s eeee- %$$ %$$ -el#&%#- t$n%$ "esi-#. P$$ stui !"#ss se!ti#n$l ini+ "esi-# "el$ti*e $n' i%e"#leh i%e"#leh ,u-$n ,u-$n "esi"esi-# # "el$ti "el$ti &u"ni. &u"ni. Resi-# esi-# "el$ti "el$ti $n' &u"ni &u"ni h$n$ $%$t i%e"#leh en'$n %enelit liti$n -#h#"t+ en'$n &e&,$n &e&,$nin in''-$n $n insie insiens ns %en$ %en$-it -it %$$ %$$ -el#&%# el#&%#- en'$n en'$n "esi"esi-# # en'$n insiens %en$-it %$$ -el#&%#- t$n%$ "esi-#. Esti&$si "esi-# "el$ti "el$ti in$t$in$t$-$n $n en'$n en'$n "$si# "$si# %"e*$le %"e*$lens ns (RP)+ (RP)+ $-ni $-ni %e",$nin %e",$nin'$n '$n $nt$"$ u&l$h su,e- en'$n %en$-it (l$&$ $n ,$"u) %$$ s$tu s$$t en'$n selu"uh su,e- $n' $$. R$si# R$si# %"e*$le %"e*$lens ns h$"us h$"us sel$lu sel$lu ise"t$i ise"t$i en'$n en'$n inte"*$ inte"*$ll -e%e" -e%e"!$$ !$$$n $n (!#nen! (!#nen!e e inte"*$ inte"*$l) l) $n' i-ehen i-ehen$-i $-i++ &iss$l &iss$l inte"*$l inte"*$l -e%e" -e%e"!$$ !$$$n $n @5F. Inte"*$l -e%e"!$$$n &enunu--$n "ent$n' "$si# %"e*$lens $n' i%e"#leh %$$ %#%ul$si te"$n'-$u ,il$ s$&%lin' il$-u-$n ,e"ul$n' ul$ ul$n' en'$ en'$n n !$" !$"$ $n' s$& s$&$. 8$" 8$"$ %en'hi n'hitu tun n'$n '$n int inte"* e"*$l -e%e" -e%e"!$ !$$$ $$n n untuuntu- "$si# "$si# %"e*$ %"e*$len lens s $%$t $%$t &en''u &en''un$ n$-$ -$n n en'$ en'$n n %"#'"$& st$tisti-$. ntuntu- $n$lisis $n$lisis %"e*$le %"e*$lensi nsi $n' h$"us h$"us i%e"h$ti i%e"h$ti-$n -$n $$l$h $$l$h $t$$t$ $t$$t$ i$n$l i$n$lisi isis s se!$" se!$"$ $ es-"i es-"i%ti %ti untuuntu- &en$ &en$%$t %$t-$ -$n n $n'$n'-$ $ %"e*$ %"e*$len lensi. si. Se$ Se$n' n'-$n untu untu- $n$l $n$lis isis is $s#s $s#si$ i$si si &$&$-$ %e&i %e&ili lih$ h$n n ui ui st$t st$tis isti tite"'$ntun' %$$: 1) u&l$h *$"i$,el $n' iteliti 9) s-$l$ *$"i$,el ;) !$"$ %en'$&,il$n s$&%el 4) ist"i,usi s$&%el I#"er*re"' %'
1. /il$ /il$ Nil$i Nil$i "$si# "$si# %"e*$ %"e*$len lens s C 1 ,e"$" ,e"$"ti ti *$"i$ *$"i$,le ,le $n' $n' iu'$ iu'$ se,$'$ se,$'$ii $-t# $-t#"" "esi"esi-# # ti$ti$- $$ $$ %en'$ %en'$"uh "uhn$ n$ $l$& $l$& te"$ te"$in in$ $ ee-+ ee-+ $t$u $t$u en'$n -$t$ l$in i$ ,e"si$t net"$l. i$ln$ se&ul$ iu'$ %e&$-$i$n -#nt"$se%si #"$l %$$ $$l -eh$&il$n &e"u%$-$n $-t#" "esi-# untute"$in$ %en$-it $ntun' ,$$$n %$$ ,$i $n' $-$n il$hi"-$n. A%$,il$ te"n$t$ %$$ $-hi" %enelitin ite&u-$n "$si# %"e*$lensn$C1+ %"e*$lensn$C1+ &$-$ h$l te"se,ut ,e"$"ti ,$h$ %e&$-$i$n %e&$-$i$n #,$t -#nt"$se%si -#nt"$se%si #"$l #leh i,u i,u %$$ %$$ $$l $$l -eh$& eh$&il$ il$n n ,u-$ ,u-$n n &e"u &e"u%$ %$-$ -$n n $-t $-t#" #" "esiesi-# # untu untute" te"$ $in in$ $ %en %en$$-it it $nt $ntun un' ' ,$$ ,$$$n $n %$$ %$$ ,$i ,$i $n' $n' -e&u e&ui$ i$n n il$hi"-$n 9. /il$ /il$ "$si "$si# # %e*$ %e*$le lens ns V 1 $n $n "ent$ ent$n' n' inte inte"* "*$l $l -e%e" e%e"!$ !$$ $$n $n ti$ ti$&en!$-u% $n'-$ 1+ ,e"$"ti *$"i$,le te"se,ut &e"u%$-$n $-t#" "esi-# untu- ti&,uln$ ti&,uln$ %en$-it %en$-it.. is$ln$ is$ln$ "$si# "$si# %"e*$l %"e*$lens ens %e&$-$i %e&$-$i$n $n / sunti- %$$ i,u &e&,e"i-$n ASI e-s-lusi te"h$$% -e$i$n -u"$n' 'iWi %$$ $n$- C 9. Ini ,e"$"ti ,$h$ / sunti- &e"u%$-$n "esi-# untute"$in$ esiensi 'iWi %$$ ,$i+ $-ni ,$i $n' i,un$ $-se%t#" / sunti- &e&%un$i "esi-# &ene"it$ esiensi 'iWi 9 -$li le,ih ,es$" -eti&,$n' ,$i $n' i,un$ ,u-$n %e&$-$i / sunti-.
;. /il$ nil$i "$si# "$si# %"e*$le %"e*$lens ns X 1 $n "ent$n' "ent$n' inte"*$ inte"*$ll -e%e"!$$ -e%e"!$$$n $n ti$&en!$ &en!$-u% $n'-$ $n'-$ 1+ ,e"$" ,e"$"ti ti $-t#" $-t#" $n' $n' iteli iteliti ti &e"u%$ &e"u%$-$ -$n n $-t# $-t#"" %"#te-ti+ ,u-$n $-t#" "esi-#. is$ln$ "$si# %"e*$lens %e&$-$i$n ASI untu untu- te" te"$ $in in$ $ i$" i$"e e %$$ %$$ ,$i ,$i $$l $$l$h $h 0+; 0+; ,e"$ ,e"$"t "tii ASI ASI ust ust"u "u &e"u%$-$n $-t#" %en!e'$h i$"e %$$ ,$i+ $-ni ,$i $n' &inu& ASI &e&ili-i "esi-# untu- &ene"it$ i$"e 0+; -$li $%$,il$ i,$nin'-$n en'$n ,$i $n' ti$- &inu& ASI. 4. /il$ /il$ nil$i nil$i inte"* inte"*$l $l -e%e" e%e"!$$$ !$$$n n "$si# "$si# %"e*$ %"e*$len lens s &en!$ &en!$-u -u% % $n'-$ $n'-$ 1+ &$-$ ,e"$"ti %$$ %#%ul$si $n' i$-ili #leh s$&%el te"se,ut &$sih &un'-in nil$i "$si# %"e*$lensn$C 1. Ini ,e"$"ti ,$h$ $"i $t$ $n' $$ ,elu& $%$t isi&%ul-$n ,$h$ $-t#" $n' i-$i ,en$",en$" &e"u%$-$n $-t#" "esi-# $t$u $-t#" %"#te-ti. 8#nt#h : R$si# %"e*$lens (RP) se,es$";+ en'$n inte"*$l -e%e"!$$$n @5F 1+4 s$&%$ s$&%$ii 6+? &enun &enunuu--$ -$n n ,$h$ ,$h$ $l$& $l$& %#%ul %#%ul$s $sii $n' $n' i$i$-ili ili #leh #leh s$&%e s$&%ell $n' $n' iteli iteliti+ ti+ -it$ -it$ %e"!$ %e"!$$ $ @5F @5F ,$h$ ,$h$ "$si# "$si# %e*$le %e*$lensn nsn$ $ te"let$- $nt$"$ 1+4 s$&%$i 6+? (sel$lu le,ih $"i 1). N$&un su$tu RP se,es$ se,es$"" ; en'$n en'$n inte" inte"*$ *$ll -e%e" e%e"!$ !$$$ $$n n @5F @5F $nt$" $nt$"$ $ 0+? s$&%$ s$&%$ii >+ &enu &enun nuu--$n ,$h ,$h$ $ *$"i *$"i$, $,le le ,e,$ ,e,$s s $n' $n' ite iteli litti ,elu ,elu& & tent tentu u &e"u%$-$n $-t#" "esi-#+ se,$, i $l$& %#%ul$si $n' i$-ili #leh s$&%el+ @5F nil$i RPn$ te"let$- i $nt$"$ 0+? $n >+ $i &en!$-u% nil$i 1. RP C1 &enunu--$n ,$h$ *$"i$,le $n' iteliti ,e"si$t net"$l h$l $n' s$&$ u'$ ,e"l$-u untu- $-t#" %"#te-ti (RP -u"$n' $"i 1)Y $%$,il$ nil$i inte"*$l -e%e"!$$$n sel$lu -u"$n' $"i 1 ,e"$"ti ,en$" ,$h$ $l$& %#%ul$si *$"i$,le ine%enen te"se,ut &e"u%$-$n $-t#" %"#t %"#te-t e-ti i.. N$&un N$&un $%$,il $%$,il$ $ "ent$ "ent$n' n' inte" inte"*$ *$ll -e%e" e%e"!$ !$$$ $$n n &en!$ &en!$-u% $n'-$ 1+ $-t#" $n' iteliti te"se,ut ,elu& tentu &e"u%$-$n $-t#" %"#te-ti. S",&' Cr$ e"'$# &e#.# /e/er* F"$r Re'$ Ti$- $"$n' %eneliti %eneliti in'in &e&%e"#leh %e"$n ,e,e"$%$ ,e,e"$%$ $-t#" "esi-# "esi-# untu untu- te" te"$ $in in$ $ sesu sesu$t $tu u %en %en$$-it it sese-$li' $li'us us++ $t$u t$u $t$ $t$ $n' $n' i-u&%ul-$n i-u&%ul-$n ti$- $%$t &enin'-i"-$n $$n$ $-t#"$-t#" $-t#"$-t#" l$in $n' &un'-in &un'-in &e"u%$&e"u%$-$n $n $-t#" $-t#" %e"$n!u %e"$n!u (confounding factor). ntu- $t$ ini $%$t $%$t il$il$-uu-$n $n en'$n en'$n $n$li $n$lisis sis &ult$ &ult$*$ *$"i$ "i$t. t. Du$ enis enis $n$li $n$lisis sis &ulti*$"i$te $n' se"in' i'un$-$n $$l$h "e'"esi "e'"esi &ulti%le $n "e'"esi "e'"esi l#'isti-.
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
1. !$ !$h# h#n n /+ Pu'h Pu'h TZ. TZ. 1@>0 1@>0.. Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. /#st#n: Little /"#n $n 8#&%$n. 9. L$st+ .. 9001. A dictionary of epidemiology +4th eiti#n. Ne B#"- : O<#" ni*e"sit P"ess hallenge ge of ;. /u!u!- 8+ Ll#%i l#%is s A+ N[e"$ e"$ E+ Te""i e""is s . 1@@?. The hallen Epidemiology: !ssues and "elected #eadings + S!ienti! Pu,li!$ti#n N#. 505. $shin't#n+ D8 : P$n A&e"i!$n He$lth O"'$niW$ti#n
4. Susse Susse"" + EW"$ EW"$ Susse Susse"". 1@@6. 1@@6. hoosing a future for epidemiology: !!. $rom %lac& %ox to hinese %oxes and eco'epidemiology . A& Pu,li! He$lth+ ?6: 6>46>> 5. St"e*ens+ . 9011. S!ienti! e<%l$n$ti#n. htt%:==.st"e* htt%:== .st"e*ens.#"'=" ens.#"'="ese$"! ese$"!h=si&%le9?>9@. >. Ti&&" Ti&&"e!-+ e!-+ 8 Th#&$s. Th#&$s. 9004. E%ie&i#l# E%ie&i#l#'i 'i su$tu %en'$nt$" %en'$nt$" eisi eisi -e 9. $-$"t$ : EG8 ?. N$Wi N$Wi"+ "+ #h. #h.++%h.D %h.D.. In#nesi$.
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8ONTOH PENELITIAN STDI 8ROSS SE8TIONAL DL : EFEKTIVITAS INDEKS PUFA SEAGAI ALAT SKRINING EARL CHILDHOOD CARIES (ECC) OLEH KADER POSANDU DI KAUPA KAUPATEN SIUNUNG SIUN UNG SUMA S UMATERA TERA ARAT PENELITI : ARMI ARMI PUIASTUT3 MAGISTER FKG UI 2012 DESAIN PENELITIAN : i Di$'n#sti- en'$n Pene-$t$n 8"#ss Se!ti#n$l •
POPLASI PENELITIAN P#%ul$si T$"'et : An$- si$ i,$$h $t$u s$&$ en'$n >1 ,ul$n (X6th) •
RITERIA S/E PENELITIAN "ite"i$ In-lusi : An$- usi$ ;6 th (;6>1 ,ul$n)+ H$i" i P#s$nu s$$t %eneliti$n+ ,e"#&isili ,e"#&isili tet$% i-$,u%$ten Siunun' "ite"i$ E-s-lusi : #"$n' tu$ ti$- ,e"sei$ &en$n$t$n'$ni &en$n$t$n'$ni in#"& !#nsent+ $n$- ti$- &$u i%e"i-s$ int"$ #"$l+ $n$- "eel $t$u &en$n'is •
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/ESAR SAPEL PENELITIAN n C K9Sen (1sen) 9P •
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Di%e"#leh s$&%el se,$n$- 191 $n$-+ untu- &en'$ntisi%$si "#% #ut &- s$&%el it$&,$h 10F sehin''$ t#t$l & 1;; $n$-
8ARA PENGA/ILAN SAPEL en''un$-$n et#e Pu"%#si*e S$&%lin' % %e&ilih$n l#-$si %eneliti$n R$n#& s$&%lin' ut- %e&ilih$n s$&%el $n$- ' !$"$ &en''un$-$n $n'-$ $!$- (R$n#& Nu&,e") •
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ALR PENELITIAN Stui %en$hulu$n à IWin %eneliti$n7%#s-# Pen7"e-"uit&en -$e"à Pel$tih$n $n -$li,"$si à Re-"uit&en s$&%el à In#"&e !#nsentà O"$l e<$&in$ti#n à Pen!$t$t$n 7%en'u&%ul$n $t$ à An$lisis $t$àl$%#"$n •
8ARA ERA PENELITIAN Peneliti$n Pen$hulu$nà '$&,$"$n %"e*$lensi E88 $n %u$ à%e&e"i-s$$n et $n %u$ % $n$- ;6 th ' T#t$l s$&%lin' Re-"uit&en -$e" ' "ite"i$à Pel$tih$n $e" ' ul ine-s PZA=%u$ sl$&$ 9 h" à l$tih$n ete-si %u$ ài%e"#leh -ese%$-$t$n int"$ e<$&ine" àui -$li,"$si ' > $n$- s,' s$&%el ut&en$&$-$n -e&$&%u$n ete-si s&% &en!$%$i nil$i -$%%$\ 0+?.;9 à si$% ui l$%$n'$n l $%$n'$n Re-"uit&en s$&%el à 6 %#s$nu te"inte'"$si PAD -$, Siunun' Su&/$" à In#"&e !#nsent it$n$t$n'$ni #"tu S$&%el i%e"i-s$ 9 -$li $itu %e"t$&$ #leh -$e" ' tel$h il$tih $n -eu$ #leh %eneliti se,$'$i "ee"en!e stn$$"t it&% te"%is$h ' !$"$ ,linin' Pen!$t$t$n $n %en'u&%ul$n $t$à $t$ i$n$lisis ' ui $%%$à ui i$'n#sti- ' t$,el 9<9 à untu- il$i il $i sensiti*it$s $n s%esi*isit$s+ NRP(nil$i R$&$l$ %#siti) $n NRN+ RN ("$si# -e&un'-in$n %#siti)+ $-u"$si à An$lisis ' ' RO8 (Re!ei*e" O%e"$tin' 8h$"$!te"isti!) ' &en'h$sil-$n nil$i A"e$ une" the 8u"*e se"t$ titi- %#t#n' (8ut #] P#int) •
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IDENTIZIASI ARIA/EL $"i$,el /E/AS : Penil$i$n E88 ' Ine-s PZA=%u$ #leh -$e" %#s$nu $n #-te" 'i'i (Ree"en!e St$n$"t) $"i$,el TERIAT : Ee-ti*it$s Penil$i$n E88 en'$n ine-s PZA=%u$ #leh -$e" P#s$nu •
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ANALI NALIS SIS FAKTO TOR R CONFO ONFOU UNDIN NDING G ANG ANG MEMPENG ENGARU ARUHI VALIDITAS INTERNAL DAN EKSTERNAL PENELITIAN V'&'" I#"er# : -es$hi -es$hih$n h$n %eneliti$n %eneliti$n $n' &en$n'&en$n'-ut ut se$uh se$uh &$n$ %e"u,$h$ %e"u,$h$n n $n' i$&$ti i$&$ti $l$& $l$& su$tu su$tu %eneliti$ %eneliti$n n ,en$" ,en$",en$" ,en$" h$n$ te"$i -$"en$ %e"l$-u$n $n' i ,e"i-$n $n ,u-$n %en'$"uh $!t#" l$in (*$"i$,el lu$") H$lh$l $n' &e&%en'$"uhi $liit$s inte"n$l
1 H'"$r5 6se& se&u$ -$e" e" $n' $n' i%i i%ili lih h h$" h$"us i%$ i%$s stiti-$n ,$h ,$h$ $ se,elu&n$ &e"e-$ ,elu& %e"n$h &el$-u-$n %el$tih$n s-"inin' E88 en'$n en'$n ine-s ine-s PZA+ PZA+ sehin''$ sehin''$ tin'-$t tin'-$t %en'et$h %en'et$hu$n u$n &e"e-$ &e"e-$ ,e"$$ ,e"$$ ile*e ile*ell $n' $n' s$&$ s$&$.. N$&un N$&un te"n$ te"n$t$ t$ %$$ %$$ %eneli %eneliti$ ti$n n ini i-et$ i-et$hui hui tin'-$t %enii-$n -$e" ,e",e$,e$ $$ $n' &e&ili-i %eni-$n te"$-hi" SLTP $n $$ $n' SLTA+ &$-$ %eneliti &e&,e"i-$n -"ite"i$ %enii-$n &ini&$l $$l$h SLTA 2 Te"' e"'#. #. 6 P"#seu" %el$tih$n s-"inin' $n' "u&it &e&un'-in-$n %$"$ -$e" -$e" -esulit$ esulit$n n untuuntu- &e&$ &e&$h$& h$&ii $n $n &e&%" &e&%"$-t $-tee-$n $n++ -$"e -$"en$n n$n$ $ %eneliti &el$-u-$n &el$-u-$n %el$tih$n sel$&$ 9 h$"i+ $n en'$n te"us&ene"us &el$-u-$n %en'ul$n'$n l$tih$n ete-si *$i$,el %+ u+ + $n $ s$&%$i i%e"#leh -ese%$-$t$n -ese%$-$t$n int"$e<$&ine" int"$e<$&ine".. D$n untu- -ese%$-$t$ -ese%$-$t$n n inte" inte" e<$&ine" &$sin'&$sin' -$e" %#s$nu il$-u-$n ui -$li,"$si. 7 I#" I#"r, r,8e 8e#" #"" "'$ '$# # : A'$" ti$- te"$i %e",e$$n h$sil u-u"+ %eneliti &en''u &en''un$n$-$n $n $l$t $l$t ,$ntu ,$ntu $n' $n' s$&$ s$&$ $l$& $l$& s-"in s-"inin' in' $itu $itu sente" sente" -e%$l$ (He$Li'ht) $n -$!$ &ulut. 4 Re.re Re.re'$ '$# # "$ "%e "%e Me# Me# 9 See" See"'$# '$# "$ /' /' : $'$" ti$- te"$i %e"u,$h$n !i""i!i"i $n si$tsi$t $l$& su$tu %#%ul$si %eneliti$n+ $t$u %#%ul$si ,e"si$t h#'en &$-$ %eneli %eneliti$ ti$n n &el$&el$-uu-$n $n te-ni te-ni- %u"%#s %u"%#si*e i*e s$&%l s$&%lin' in' (n#n% (n#n%"# "#,$, ,$,ilit ilit) ) untu- %e&ilih$n l#-$si %eneliti$n $n P#s$nuPAD te&%$t %#%ul$si te"$'-$u ,e"$$+ u'$ ,e"$s$"-$n %e"ti&,$n'$n stui %en$hulu$n $n' il$-u-$n #leh %eneliti. : M", M",r r"' "'$# $# 6 D$l$& h$l ini %eneliti h$"us &e&$sti-$n ,$h$ -$e" $n' i,e"i %el$tih$n $t$u s$&%el %eneliti$n ti$- $-$n &en'$l$&i %e"u %e"u,$ ,$h$ h$n n ,i#l ,i#l#' #'is is $n' $n' $%$ $%$tt &en' &en'$n $n'' ''u u $l$ $l$nn nn$ $ %ene %eneli liti ti$n $n++ &is$ln$ u&u" &e"e-$ "$t$"$t$ s$&$ -$"en$ -$e" $n' u&u&n$ le,ih &u$ u&u"n$ (90;0) le,ih &u$h &e&$h$&i &$te"i $n le,ih !e%$t !e%$t &en'i &en'in'$ n'$tt i,$n i,$nin' in'-$ -$n n -$e" -$e" $n' $n' u&u"n u&u"n$ $ le,ih le,ih tu$ (;5 -e$t$s). ; A""r'" A""r'"'$# '$#3M 3M$r" $r" '" '" : ntu ntu- &en' &en'hi hin n$" $"ii te" te"$ $in in$ $ %e"u %e"u,$ ,$h$ h$n n %en %enelit liti$n i$n $-i,$ i,$t s$& s$&%el %el $n' "# "#% #ut &$-$ %ene eneliti liti tel$ tel$h h &en'$ntisi &en'$ntisi%$si %$si -eti-$ -eti-$ %e"hitun %e"hitun'$n '$n ,es$" ,es$" s$&%el s$&%el en'$n en'$n &en$&,$h &en$&,$h s$&%el se,$n$- 10F $"i h$sil $$l %e"hitun'$n V'& '&'" '" E" E"er er# # 6 -es$hi es$hih$n h$n %eneli %eneliti$ ti$n n $n' $n' &en$ &en$n'n'-ut ut %e"t$n$$n+ se$uh &$n$ h$sil su$tu %eneliti$n $%$t i'ene"$lis$si-$n i'ene"$lis$si-$n %$$ %#%ul$si inu- ($s$l s$&%el) %eneliti$n i$&,il
Z$-t#"$-t#" $-t#"$-t#" $n' &e&%en'$"uhi &e&%en'$"uhi $liit$s E-ste"n$l E-ste"n$l D$l$& Peneliti$n Peneliti$n ini : 1. E<8'#er ' : se"in' &un!ul ,il$ -e$-"$,$n -$e"+ s$&%el $n %eneliti &e&%en'$"uhi h$sil %eneliti$n sehin''$ $l$& %eneliti$n ini %$$ s$$t s$$t %e&e"i%e&e"i-s$$ s$$n n #leh %eneliti %eneliti se,$'$i se,$'$i reference standar il$-u-$n te-ni- %linding (te"s$&$") en'$n %en'$tu"$n &e$ $'$" ti$- te"$ e<$&ine" ,i$s 9. I#"er' See' &# Per,# : B$itu $-i,$t $n' &un!ul ,il$ su,e- ti$ i$- i%i i%ilih lih se!$"$ $!$- -$"en$ sele-si su,e&e&% &e&%en en'$ '$"u "uhi hi *$li *$liit it$s $s inte inte"n "n$l $l.. D$l$ D$l$& & Penel enelit iti$ i$n n ini ini untu untu&enin'-$t-$n *$liit$s inte"n$l %eneliti sen'$$ &el$-u-$n te-nin#n "$n#& (n#n P"#,$,ilit) $n' $-$n ,e"$&%$- %$$ *$liit$s e-st e-ste" e"n$ n$ll sele sele-s -sii $n $n &enu &enu"u "unn nn$ $ le*e le*ell 'ene 'ene"$ "$li lis$ s$si si h$si h$sill %eneliti$n. N$&un %$$ %e&ilih$n s$&%el su,e- $itu $n$- $n'
i%e i%e"i "i-s -s$+ $+ %ene %enelit litii tel$ tel$h h &en' &en''u 'un$ n$-$ -$n n te-n te-nii- si&% si&%le le "$n "$n#& #& s$&%lin'.