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¡NRÚI]N]D!
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g tgdids dstn rdvgstn di tus `nias (a di tu pni pnitnc tnccn) cn),, pam pamràn ràn mdh mdhgrs grsd d qud td gitdrdsn cn alrn md ]acogdi. ±Xnlds qud cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi Dspnþacn ark rkn nigzn niunc`ditd haiedrdihgns, tnccdr tnc cdrds, ds, `ds `dsns ns rdm rdmaim aimns ns y atr atras as tgp tgpas as md nhtg nh tgvg vgmn mnmd mds s rd rdcn cnhg hgai ainm nmns ns ha hai i dc `u `uim ima a
Ds uin pncnlrn çceghn qud sgkigeghn «dspdrnizn¿ y ds tn`lgçi dc ia`lrd qud ta`n dstn rdvgstn mdmghnmn nc dstumga md cn alrn md J.\.\. ]acogdi di dc sdia md cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi Dspnþacn. qud hrdø ]acogdi1
Dmgtn:
Xahgdmnm ]acogdi Dspnþacn
Cn Xa Xahgd hgdmn mnm m ]a ]aco cogd gdi i Ds Dspn pnþa þacn cn id idhd hdsg sgtn tn sahgas. ]nita dstn rdvgstn ha`a cas cglras qud rdhakdi cas Rrd`gas Knimnce y Åcewgid, cn haivdihgøi niunc (DstdcHai), cas ca s pa pamh mhns nsts ts.. .... ta tama ma ds dsta ta ds dstî tî vn vnhà hàa a sg sgi i
sahgas. ]ama dstî vnhàa sgi tg.
Dqugpa dmgtar:
Fdcgas Md \asnrga «G`rnfgc¿ Rnha Xacgvn «Cørgicar¿ \ghnrm Uncmgvgdcsa Uncmgvgdcsa «Nmniast md Unccd¿ Jarkd Ramdrasa Ramdrasa «La`lur¿ Unidssn Knrhàn «Dcewyi Kgcewdi¿ Xnitgnka Îcvnrdz «Inrinrai¿
Xg qugdrds snl nld dr `îs a yn fns mdhgmgma npuitnrtd, ditrn di www.sahgdmnmtacogdi.ark a dshrgld ui harrda nc sdhrdtnrga:
sdhrdtnrgaBsahgdmnmtacogdi.ark
¡]d dspdrn`as! ¡Xàkudias di cns rdmds sahgncds!
Haitnhta pastnc:
H/ Rcnins >;, < =5225 UNCDIHGN
Mgrdhhgaids md Gitdridt:
dstdcBsahgdmnmtacogdi.ark dstdcgBsahgdmnmtacogdi.ark GXXI md cn dmghgøi g`prdsn: >575-8247 GXXI md cn dmghgøi mgkgtnc: >767-6488 Mdpøsgta Cdknc: L->2748-75
Iudstra nkrnmdhg`gdita n Dmghgaids @giatnura par su n`nlcd mgspasghgøi n hacnlarnr hai cn X]D. Dstdc ds ds uin pulcghnh pulcghnhgøi gøi sgi îig`a md cuhra cuhra.. Ig cn Xa Xahg hgdm dmnm nm ]ac acog ogdi di Ds Dspn pnþa þacn cn ig dc dq dqug ugpa pa dmgtar sd fnhdi rdspaisnlcds md cns apgigaids dxprdsnmn mnss par ca cass nutards md cns alr lrns ns rdhakgmns di dstn rdvgstn, ig tgdidi idhdsnrgn`ditd par quç ha`pnrtgrcns.
Dmgtargnc Àimghd md haitdigmas Dmgtargnc ....................................................................> Cns npartnhgaids nc haiahg`gdita md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn n trnvçs md cas pad`ns md J.\.\. ]acogdi: ]acogdi: Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc ha`a ha`a hnsa hnsa pnrnmgk`îtgha ... 8 Hfrgstapfdr Cdd, cn vgmn dxtrnarmginrgn md ui nm`grnmar md cn alrn md ]acogdi .............................. 7 \dvgsgøi: ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn .........................>< ]acogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud ..........................................>6 ..........................................>6 Màn ]acogdi ]acogdi di cn Hnsn mdc Cglra md @nmrgm ...........<5 Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca. ]acogdi y cn ]gdrrn @dmgn di dc Hnstgcca md Xnitn Lîrlnrn ....................................<6 Egcntdcgn tacogdimgc ...................................................=2 N`ai Fdcc ............................................................. =4 Ugnjd ncenlçtgha par cns cdikuns çceghns .................... =5 Dc nrtd çcegha md cn cgikóàstghn. ]acogdi y su rdcnhgøi hai dc cdikunjd y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds ..................4> @d`argn md nhtgvgmnmds nhtgvgmnmds md cn X]D X]D (<2>=) ............... 5;
Àimghd md gcustrnhgaids Rartnmn: Hnstgcca md Xnitn Lîrlnrn, Ncghnitd , par N. [fgtdsgmd. Rîk. 6: Kgpsy Krddi, par J.\.\. ]acogdi. Rîk. >>: Hfrgstapfdr Cdd , par Jdsús @îcnkn. Rîk. >4: @aitnjd n pnrtgr md g`îkdids md ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn. Rîks. <> y <4: Gcustrnhgaids md @nrtn Cútfgdi Kutgçrrdz. Rîks. <5 y <;: Eatakrneàns par Nimrçs @ayn. Rîks. 82-8;: Eatakrneàns par Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz y @øighn Xniz. Rîk. 8=: Eatakrneàn hdmgmn par @g Hgumnm Ncghnitd . Rîk. 87: Dc Raiy Rgsnmar , par ]a`îs Fgja. Rîks. =2-==: Eatakrneàns par Nurdn Rçrdz. Rîk. =4: Eatakrneàn par Jani Hnrcds Javç. Rîks 4=-5=: Gcustrnhgaids md Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias. Haitrnpartnmn: Ldawuce y dc mrnkøi, par Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias.
Fny Mas calas qud sgd`prd dstîi pdcdîimasd. Tia ds ashurgmnm y mdsdspdrnhgøi, dc atra ds cuz y dspdrnizn. dspdr nizn. ±^uç cala knin1
Md cn pdcàhucn ]a`arrawcnim .
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d prdkuita n huîc md cas calas may md ha`dr. N huîc ncg`dita pnrn qud sd g`paikn salrd dc atra… Ia ds qu qudd ]a` a`arr arraw awcn cnim im sd sdnn ui uinn kr krni ni pdcàhucn, pdra pudmd sdr ditrdtdigmn di uin tnrmd ahgasn md ma`gika y, cas qud sa`as md Uncdihgn, pamd`as juknr n mdshulrgr cn Hgumnm ha`a eai aima ma md md cn cnss Nr Nrtd tdss y cn cnss Hg Hgdi dihg hgns ns ha`a `uhhfn `u fnss ds dshd hdin ins. s. W sg sgii d` d`ln lnrrka ka,, rds dshn hntta nckuins ernsds ernsds qud `d gispgr gispgrni. ni. Cn md cas calas ds uin md dccns. Cudka as hudita md atrn. Cas calas… vgvdi di `à. Cds may md ha`dr hai hnmn nhhgøi hatgmgnin, hai hnmn pdisn`gdita, hai hnmn d`ahgøi… Ia qugdra ncg`ditnr nc cala ashura, pdra ca fnka. Xç qud dstî `nc, qud ia mdldràn, pdra ditaihds ±quç `d g`pdcd n fnhdr qud dc cala md cn mdsd md sdsp spdr drnh nhgø gøii hr hrdz dzhn hn kr krni nimd md y pa pamd mdrras asa, a, `gditrns dc cala md cn cuz mdsenccdhd1 Ds `g prapgn inturncdzn fu`nin. Xay ca qud say: ui sdr fu`nia cg`gtnma d g`pdredhta? znrnimdnma par rn rnza zain in`g `gdi dita tass g` g`pdr pdred edht htas as y par par,, nú núii `îs, `î s, md mdsd sdas as g` g`pd pdre redh dhta tas. s. «T «Tii ju juku kudt dtdd di `nias mdc Mdstgia¿, mgràn Xfnodspdnrd. Iudst strrn Xah ahggdmn mnmm ]acogd gdii Dspnþacn tn`l tn `lgçi gçi nc ncg` g`di ditn tn n ma mass cal calas as.. Rar arqud qud dst dstîî fdhhfn md pd fd pdrs rsai ains ns qu qudd nc ncg` g`di ditn tnii sd sdim imas as calas. N `diuma ia qudrd`as qud cns hasns sdni ha` a`aa sai, pdra cn rdn dnccgm gmnnm sd nlrd hn` hn `gi gia. a. ^u ^udr drrràn àn`a `ass tdi didr dr `u `uhhfa fass `î `îss sahgas, ui prdsupudsta qud pdr`gtgdrn givgtnr n krnimds arnmards n iudstrns `drgtf, qudrràn`as qud cas `dmgas md ha`uighnhgøi
>
ias trntnrni `djar y qud ias givgtnrni n tamns cns egdstns. ¡Mdspgdrtn! ¡Ia ds nsà! Nfarn mg`d: ±N quç cala vns n ncg`ditnr1 Fn pnsnma dc laa` md cn trgcakàn md Dc Fallgt y y ia fn sgma ha`a di cas tgd`pas md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Ludia, dc nhhdsa qud tgdid cn kditd n cn giear`nhgøi ia ds dc `gs`a qud fnhd qugihd nþas? yn ia fny sarprdsn, ia fny pnsgøi. Ia fny ui gihrd`dita sgkigeghntgva mdc iú`dra md sahgas? cns hasns ia sai ha`a nitds. Ia fny ui Dqugpa Dmgtar md cn Dstdc . Rar sg nckuia tamnvàn tgdid mumns: iasatras sa`as ui Dqugpa Dmgtar Dmgtar md cn Dstdc pravgsgainc, pravgsgainc, y mdjnrd`as md sdrca di hunita npnrdzhn ui dqugpa hai ui praydhta gcusgainitd qud mdsdd dxprdsnr, n trnvçs md cn Dstdc , huîcds sai sus maids y su pdrghgn, qud mdsdd sdrvgr n cas sahgas hai su mdstrdzn y su tgd`pa, uias hunitas hunitas n qugdids nm`grnrd` nm`grnrd`as as par su kdidrasgmnm y su tncdita. Ncg`ditd`as nc cala md cn dspdrnizn. ±Hø`a1 Hai rdncgmnmds y sudþas. Xa`as nhnsa jukudtds di `nias mdc Mdstgia, pdra tn`lgçi sa`as cglrds pnrn hrdnr, lushnr, dihaitrnr y ia rdimgrias, ha`a mgràn Carm ]diiysai. Fd`as vgvgma juitas dxpdrgdihgns md ncdkràn, `nkgn, nvditurn y n`ar, fd`as trnlnjnma juitas, hnitnma juitas, ldlgma juitas, y juitas fd`as saþnma ui Rnàs nc Adstd maimd cas harnzaids tgdidi mdshnisa. Cn `nyar dxpasghgøi y cn nhtgvgmnm `îs g`partnitd mdsmd qud sd hrdø cn X]D sd hdcdlrn nfarn, di dc Hnstgcca md Xnitn Lîrlnrn, di Ncghnitd. Tin `udstrn dxtrnarmginrgn di ui ditaria `îkgha, ncg`ditnmn par sahgas n qugdids nm`grn`as, hai egkurns, judkas, mgarn`ns, pgiturns, egcntdcgn, dshucturns, mdharnmas, aljdtas `nkiàeghas, rdcgqugns md cn X]D qud pahas sahgas fni vgsta, trnjds, nr`nmurns, nr`ns, `úsghn, `ntfa`s, Dstdcg, cglras, mahu`ditncds, lngcds… W par sg eudrn paha, cn VV @drdtf Nmdrtfnm sd hdcdlrnrî ditrd cas `uras md tni ialcd hnstgcca, hrnima dc `nyar nhaitdhg`gdita salrd ]acogdi qud fd`as vgsta di iudstrn fgstargn. Xa`as uin sahgdmnm d`giditd`ditd cgtdrnrgn. @d prdkuita sg dc nmgøs n cns trgcakàns fnrî qud cn kditd sd nhdrqud n cas cglras, lushnima `îs, mdshulrgdima dc rdcnta kdiugia, cn padsàn `îs dcdvnmn. ±Xd fnrîi sahgas1 Ia sç. Di rdncgmnm, ia `d g`partn `uhfa dc iú`dra md sahgas md cn X]D, `d g`partn qugçids sai: sai `gs n`gkas, hai cas qud vgnja n `uimas `îkghas, hai cas qud hnita, hai cas qud ràa, hai cas qud sudþa y vgva `uhfns vgmns. Md cn pdcàhucn ]a`arrawcnim: « Dstn`as lushnima saþnmards. ]ama nqudc qud mç md ha`dr nc cala ludia. _ … P Lushnm n cas qud ia sd fni rdimgma. Xai dc eutura.¿
¡Lusqud`as puds! Ncg`ditd`as nc cala ludia. Dc eutura sdrî tni fdr`asa ha`a ca saþd`as. Wa, par `g pnrtd, ncg`ditnrç nc cala md cn Dstdc.
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Cns npartnhgaids nc haiahg`gdita md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn n trnvçs md cas pad`ns md J.\.\. ]acogdi: Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc ha`a hnsa pnrnmgk`îtgha (hai trnmuhhgøi nc dspnþac y iatns mdc `gs`a pad`n) Edrinima Hgm Cuhns NDA. Tigvdrsgmnm Nutøia`n md @nmrgm ]acogdi y cn padsàn, cn padsàn md ]acogdi
Di dc prdsditd prdsditd nrtàhuca nincgznrd`as y trnmuhgrd`as par vdz prg`drn nc dspnþac ui pdqudþa pad`n dshrgta par J.\.\. ]acogd ]acogdi i (>67< (>67<->7;8) di su dtnpn `îs td`prnin. Nuiqud ia fny di çc gimghgas rdcntgvas n cas nrku`ditas md sus alrns `nyards, ha`a ]fd a ]fd Carm ae tfd Fallgt a \giks , sà fnccn`as, sgi d`lnrka, `uhfa md cn nt`øsedrn nt`øs edrn `îkghn (a edçrghn, edçrgh n, sdràn `îs nprapgnma mdhgr) qud rdgin di ludin pnrtd md cn kdakrneàn tacogdignin, rdecdjîimaias nquà dc `a`dita justa di dc qud dc màn sd `nrhfn y ccdkn cn iahfd, ccdin md `nkgn, di cn fdr`asn hgumnm md ]nvraldc, ulghnmn di cn gscn md ]ac Drdssïn. Rncnlrns hcnvd: Ncgtdrnhgøi,
padsàn, sulhrdnhgøi, ]gdrrn @dmgn, trnmuhhgøi.
I
a ias ds mdshaiahgma qud cn cnlar paçtghn md ]acogdi fn sgma tgcmnmn md «`diar¿ di vnrgns ahnsgaids, y ds hgdrta qud dstn vdrtgditd suyn sgkud sgdima `uy paha dstumgnmn y haiahgmn par dc ha`úi md cas cdhtards (fnlcnima `îs nccî md cas vdrsas gisdrtnmas di sus alrns di prasn). > Rdra ias acvgmn`as md qud ]acogdi, di su enhdtn ha`a nhnmç`gha, eud ui ear`gmnlcd haiahdmar yn ia søca md cn fgstargn md cn padsàn nikcasnjain y md cn mdc gikcçs nitgkua, ccdknima su î`lgta md gitdrçs y dspdhgncgznhgøi fnstn Kdaeerdy Hfnuhdr, sgia qud tn`lgçi haiahàn nc `gcà`dtra su euihgain`gdita gitdria. Di dedhta, cdydima sus puchras trnlnjas md givdstgknhgøi, vdrd`as qud sd trntn md nckugdi qud ma`gin y sd `nidjn di cn trnmuhhgøi y di trnscnmnr cn dsdihgn md cas vdrsas nitgkuas fnstn dc gikcçs `amdria. N pdsnr md su nhastu`lrnmn `amdstgn, ]acogdi ds ncka `îs qud ui `dra neghgainma n ha`paidr vdrsas, ha`a çc `gs`a sd mdshrgld di uin md sus hnrtns mgrgkgmns n cn Faukftai @geecgi Ha.: _…P Ds Dshrg hrgla la vdr drsa sass nc ncgt gtdr drnma nmass ha haii pcn pcnhd hdrr, nui nuiqu qudd fd pulcghnma pulcghn ma paha `îs qud cas ernk` ernk`ditas ditas md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas, sncva «]fd Fa`dha`gik ae Ldarftiatf¿ (di Dssnys nim Xtumgds ae tfd Dikcgsf Nssahgntgai, >748, Caimrds, Jafi @urrny), rdhgditd`ditd d`gtgma par cn LLH di mas apartuigmnmds: ui mgîcaka mrn`îtgha salrd cn inturncdzn md ca «fdragha¿ y ca «hnlnccdrdsha¿. ]dika dspdrnizns tamnvàn md tdr`ginr ui cnrka pad`n salrd ]fd hai cn `gs`n `çtrghn. _…P< Encc ae Nrtfur hai Dstgra nc `îxg`a dstn gitdrdsnitd y ia `uy mgeuimgmn hgtn dpgst dpg stac acnr nr pa parrqud ia iass mn nc ncku kuins ins pgs pgstn tnss sa salr lrdd cas gi gitd tdrd rdsd sdss paçtghas md ]acogdi. Rar supudsta, dc vdrsa ncgtdrnma (tni prapga
8
Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc
md cn càrghn nikcasnjain) dstî ditrd sus hcnrns prdedrdihgns,8 pdra nmd`îs sd mdcntn uin md cns prdmgcdhhgaids qud dstnrî ha`a pasa a lnrra prg`gkdiga di cn pastdrgar dcnlarnhgøi md sus alrns `nyards: dc mdia`ginma Hghca Nrtúrgha, md ui giidknlcd snlar kncçs. Dc «cnrka pad`n¿ nc qud fnhd rdedrdihgn dc nutar md ]fd Fallgt , di dedhta, qugdrd sdr ui fa`dinjd n sgr ]fa`ns ‗ ‗ @ncary y n su Cd @artd m Nrtfur ? mdlgø md ha`diznr n rdmnhtnrca n gighgas md cn mçhnmn md cas nþas trdgitn, y par mgedrditds alcgknhgaids praedsgaincds eud nlnimainma di dc hnjøi md cas praydhtas euturas fnstn qud di <2>8 su fgja Hfrgs Hf rgsta tapfd pfdrr ca fn rd rdsh shnt ntnm nma, a, ha ha`p `pcdt cdtnm nmaa y mnma n cn g`prditn. Nsàà pu Ns puds, ds, td tdid` id`as as su suegh eghgdi gditd tdss mn mnta tass pn pnrn rn negr`nr, sgi td`ar n dqugvahnrias, qud ]acogdi tuva prdtdisgaids paçtghns, sg lgdi eudrai sus iavdcns cns qud cd cniznrai n cn en`n y nc `drhnma cgtdrnrga `uimgnc. Rdra ia fny qud acvg ac vgmn mnrr qu qudd ui uinn lu ludi dinn pn pnrt rtdd md su suss vdr drsa sass ”`uhfas md dccas ha`pudstas hai nitdrgargmnm n sus iavdcns” haitgdidi ncusgaids (uins `uy hcnrns, atrns `îs sutgcds) n cn ]gdrrn @dmgn y n sus fnlgtnitds? cçnisd sgia, parr dj pa djd` d`pc pca, a, ca cass pa pad` d`ns ns gi gihc hcug ugma mass di su prg`ar prg` arasa asa cglr cglrgta gta ]fd ]fd Nmv mvdi ditu turd rdss ae ]a` La`lnmgc nim atfdr vdrsds era` ]fd \dm Laao, tgtucnmas «]fd Xtaid ]racc¿,= «Acgpfnuit¿ a «]fd «] fd Cns nstt Xfg fgp¿ p¿,, qu qudd ia iass ccccdv dvni ni n dv dvah ahnr nr pdrsainjds a n pnsnjds md sus yn ncumgmas tdxtas «`nyards¿. Ha`a mgka, dc rnstra fnhgn cn ]gdrrn @dmgn dstî ds tî di `u `uhhfa fass md su suss pa pad` d`ns ns,, md mdsm smdd ca cass dshrgtas di su juvditum (ha`a suhdmd hai dc qud ias ahupn) fnstn cas md su dmnm `nmurn. Rar dcca, ia hrda qud sdn mdsntginma negr`nr qud lnstnitds `ntghds qud ia dihaitrnrd`as di su prasn sà dstîi, d`pdra, di sus vdrsas? qud fny giear`nhgøi iatnlcd di dstns ha`pasghgaids hai cn qud dc cdhtar mgserutnrî «rdccdinima cas fudhas¿.
=
Edrinima Hgm Cuhns
]rntnrç md mdedimdr dstn tdsgs npayîima`d di qud dc pad`n qud nfarn prdsdita n cas cdht cd htar ards ds rdh dhak akdd pn pnrt rtdd md ds dstn tn gi gieear ar`n `nhg hgøi øi «dxt «d xtrn rn¿: ¿: dc pa paçt çtgh ghaa ni niah ahfd fdhd hdrr di cn hg hgum umnm nm ecuvgnc md ]nvraldc. Di npdins vdgitd vdrsas, su nutar ias mdshrgld cn nt`øsedrn salrdinturnc qud rdgin di dc `a`dita justa di dc qud cn cuz mdc sac sd `nrhfn, ccdkn cn iahfd y hai dccn cn nhhgøi md cas pdrsainjds `îkghas: fnmns, dceas a sgceas mdc cuknr? cas dspàrgtus dcd`ditncds, di mdegigtgvn, qud mnizni y sd mgvgdrtdi n cn cuz md cn cuin, yn qud sdkúi cns `gtacakàns iørmghns, dc sac cds fnhd mnþa. N tamas ias enshgi enshginn dc haitdi haitdigma gma fdragha md suss hai haiur urlnh lnhgai gaids ds ]fdd Ca ]f Carrm ae tf tfdd \g \gik ikss y su prasàstghns, pdra di hgdrtn `nidrn ca «rdhfnznràn`as¿ ”hrda qud mdlgma nc ma`giga tni ratuima di iudstrn sahgdmnm md cn hucturn md ca vgsunc par dihg`n md cn numgtgvn” sg gitditîsd`as cgknr dstd hacasnc hnumnc cgtdrnrga n cn padsàn. @d dxpcgha: uin vdrsgøi rg`nmn md ]fd Carm ae tfd \giks a md ]fd Fall Fallgt gt ias pnrdhdràn gisuerglcd, nlurrgmn, ui haþnza (sai apgi ap giga gaid idss rd rdnc ncds ds).). Rdr draa ia ac acvg vgmd md`a `ass qu qudd fnlràn sgma su `acmd `îs cøkgha. Di vdrsa dstî ha`pudsta Ldawuce y y tn`lgçi Xgr Knwngi nim tfd Krddi Oigkft , nhnsa cas fgtas di cn cnlar givdstgknmarn mdc praedsar ]acogdi y `g`lrds g`partnitds di cn haistruhhgøi md su g`nkginrga. @dmgdvncgstn, nc gkunc qud iudstra nuta nu tarr, dc pr prae aeds dsar ar Rnu nucc Zu Zu`t `tfa farr fn md mdjn jnma ma dshrgta di su cglra Gitramuhhgøi n cn padsàn arnc : «Dc kçidra paçtgha arnc `djar dstumgnma fnstn nfarn ha`a tnc, `îs nccî md cns alsdrvnhgaids dtiakrîeghns a md nvditurnmns ha`pnrnhgaids fgstørghns, ds cn dpapdyn¿.4 Dstn Ds tn ns nsdv dvdr drnh nhgøi gøi pu pudmd dmd pn pnrd rdhd hdri rias as vn vnin in,, pdra hrda qud, prdhgsn`ditd, cn dpapdyn sd fn dstu ds tumg mgnm nmaa `u `uhhfa pa parrqu qudd fn fnyy `u `uhf hfaa qu qudd dstumgnr. Cn prasn cgtdrnrgn ds eruta tnrmàa di cn cgtdrnturn, qud inhd md cas cglras md huditns y, mdsmd cudka, paha a `nc hnsnràn hai cas td`n
Edrinima Hgm Cuhns
qud prapaid ]acogdi sg ia eudrn parqud vd`as y nincgzn`as dsta mdsmd dc sgkca VVG, ui sgkca qud cdd di prasn, qud yn ia sd mdcdgtn dshu ds huhhfn fnim imaa pa pads dsàn àn a ha haii cn cnss kds dstn tnss md ca cass fçrads pramgkgasas? nuiqud dsta ia sd fnyn mgcu cugm gmaa par ha`pcd cdtta di iudst strras màn ànss, qudmnima ha`a sutgc rd`niditd di ear`ns tni `amdrins ha`a dc numgacglra, di sus mgvdrsns vnrgnitds. ^ugdi sd mdmghn n dsd pdrgama tni gitd gi tdrd rdsn snit itdd md cn cgcgtd tdrn rntu turn rn gi gikcd kcdsn sn qu qudd ccd ccdkn kn fnstn Hfnuhdr (di qugdi, par hgdrta, haivdrkdi y cgcgtg tgkkni vdr drsa sa y pr pras asnn di su suss Hnitdrlury ]ncds), dc `gs`a di dc qud, ha`a mgka, sd Fallgt lgt , ditdimdrî `nidjnln dc nutar md ]fd Fal `djar qud inmgd qud cas cnihds pratnkaigznmas parr Nr pa Nrnk nkar ari, i, Eram amaa a Kn Knim imnc ncee fn fnlr lràn ànii md fnldr sgma dshrgtas di vdrsa. Dc iúhcda md su alrn ds `ntdrgnc «çpgha¿, «dpapçygha¿, y dsd `ntdrgnc, di gikcçs, tgdid gihcusa ui `dtra `uy nmdhunma, dc pditî`dtra yî`lgha, hai dc qud sd rdmnhtø, par djd`pca, Rnrnmgsd Cast md md Jafi @gctai.5 Di rdcnhgøi n dsta, sgd`prd `d fd pcnitdnma cn prdkuitn ”y fnstn ia fnhd `uhfa ia `d fd ntrdvgma ntrd vgma n fnhdr fnhdrcn cn púlcghn” md sg ]acogdi saþø di nckúi `a`dita di haistrugr su `gtacakàn di vdrsa. Ia ds dstd ”nc `dias pnrn `à” ui nsuita `diar, yn qud dstn pasghgøi md fnldr rdmnhtnma di prasn su hghca md `gtas `d pnrdhd trng tr nghg hgai ainr nr,, di hg hgdr drtn tn `n `nid idrrn, su suss eu eudi dittds prg`nrgns. prg`nr gns. Uçnsd qud dc Oncdvncn dstî dshrgta di vdr drsa sa,, ca `gs gs` `a qu qudd cn cnss mg mgeedr drdi dittds Dmmns iørrmg iø mghn hns. s. ]nc vdz su supa pa qu qudd su sg sgkc kcaa pa pamà mànn tacdrnr dc haitdigma, pdra ia cn ear`n di cn qud haitnr sus fgstargns. Ha`a mgka, md ccdia di dc sgkca VV, ±qugçi fnlràn ha`prnma y, `îs mgeàhgc núi, cdàma md hnla n rnla ui cglra ha`pudsta par cnrkns tgrnmns md vdrsas çpghas1 Di dedhta, ]acogdi jukudtdø murnitd tamn su vgmn hai cn padsàn? vnrgas md sus tàtucas pøstu`as fni tdigma n dstd kçidra ha`a pratnkaigstn. Rdra ]acogdi
Ni Dvdigik gi ]n ]nvraldc vraldc
juzkø qud su alrn, cn prîhtghn tatncgmnm md dccn, mdlàni sdr dxprdsnmns dxprdsnmns di pras prasn, n, qud ds cn ear` ear`nn qud prdegdrd dc cdhtar haitd`parîida? cn padsàn yn ds `giargtnrgn, dcgtgstn, sg sd qugdrd, y, mdsmd cudka, sd d`pcdn `îs pnrn cniznr nc dxtdrgar cn vaz mdc harnzøi mdc padtn qud pnrn sdr ui (mgkî kî`a `asc scaa ns nsà,à, n kr kras asaa `a `ama ma)) qu qudd fg`ia (mg pudmn rduigr di cn hnccd n cn ha`uigmnm. Cns dpapdyns, cns kdstns di cas hn`pas md lntnccn a cnss tr cn trngh nghgai gaids ds di ditr trdd rd rdgi gias as ncg ncgnm nmas as yn ia sd hnitni di cas cuknrds púlcghas par cn vaz md cas jukcnrds, ig sd nctdrni cns fgstargns, ia sd vnràni cas mdtnccds. Nfarn tamn trn`n dstî egjnmn par dshrgta. Cas cnihds sai cas qud sai y inmgd pudmd hn`lgnrcas sgi iatnr, nitds a mdspuçs, qud sd harra`pd dc argkginc. Xgi d`lnrka, ia pamd`as pnsnr md cnrka di dstd nrtàhuca nckuins md cns nprdhgnhgaids mdc prapga ]acogdi salrd cn padsàn, rdhakgmns çstns di uin md sus hnrtns. Di haihrdta, haihrdta, ias fnlcn md ui pad`n suya, Drrnitry, qud yn di vgmn mdc nuttar sd fn nu fnlà lànn fd fdhhfa en` n`as asaa di nc ncku kuiias hàrhucas y qud tariø fnstn çc di `amncgmnm arnc, yn hai nutar mdshaiahgma y hai nckuias md sus vdrsas argkgincds nctdrnmas par dc «lahn n lahn¿: Mdla haiedsnr qud `d gitdrdsø haiv ha ivdrt drtgr` gr`dd di «e «eaco acocar card¿ d¿.. ]n` n`lgç lgçii mdspdrtø `g hurgasgmnm cn altdihgøi md uinn vdr ui drsg sgøi øi ar arnc nc _m _mdd DrrnitryP, qud sastdiàn `g pasghgøi nhdrhn md cn trnmgh ghggøi arnc (di hunc ncqqugd gdrr hnsa, murnitd cns prg`drns dtnpns): cns «pncnlrns mgeàhgcds¿ sd haisdrv rvnni `gd gdiitrns qud cns `îs harrgd gdiitds sd nctd nc tdrn rni, i, pdr pdraa dc `d `dtr traa ha haii er erdhu dhudi dihgn hgn ; qudmn pdrturlnma. Ha`a mdhàn, fnstn dc `a`dita `uy pahas tdørghas sd fni nhdrhnma n cn cnlar paçtghn mdc dshrgtar md Lcad`eaitdgi. Xà ca fn fdhfa ui hràtgha, ludi padtn y tn`lgçi n`gka `àa, Jucga Hçsnr Kncîi, praedsar di cn Tigvdrsgmnm md cns Gscns Lncdnrds, qud sd ahupø md kcasnrias dc
4
Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc
sditgr paçtgha md ]acogdi di dc hnpàtuca md ui cglra qud tuvd dc faiar md haarmginr fnhd yn nckuias nþas. Jucga Hçsnr Kncîi fnhd padsàn ”md cn `djar, hrda ya” y tgdid par dcca, ha`a tamas cas padtns qud sd prdhgdi, ui egia aàma hnpnz md mdtdhtnr cn vgrtum md cas ludias vdrsas y cn prdmgcdhhgøi mdc nutar md ]fd Carm ae tfd \giks par par d` d`pc pcdn dnrr pn pncn cnlr lrns ns sa saia iarrns a md dspdhgnc ldccdzn di sus ha`pasghgaids. Di su disn di snyya sd dx dxpr prds dsnl nlnn ns nsàà sa salr lrdd ca cass pa pad` d`ns ns tacogdignias: Di cn hnrtn nitdrgar`ditd `dihgainmn _cn iº <8= sdkúi F. HnrpditdrP, ]acogdi utgcgzn mas pncnlrns qud pudmdi sdr ui djd`pca md su lnsd paçtghn: pcdigcuiga y nrkçi. Dstns mas pncnlrns sai giusuncds di dc gi gikc kcçs çs `a `amd mdri riaa y rde decd cdjn jnii ui uinn npudstn par ui cdikunjd mdhgmgmn`ditd paçtgha. Di pncnlrns md dstd dshrgtar: _…P «sai pncnlrns ldccns¿ _…P, pncnlrns qud, md nc nckkúi `a `ama ma,, fd fdhhfg fgzn znii y pa parr ds dstn tn rnzøi mdsdn utgcgznrcns. Ds dc dihuditra hai dstns pncnlrns iudvns ca qud fnhd ntrrnydi nt dittd dc cd cdik ikun unjd jd.. Dsh shnp npnr nr md cn rutg ru tgin in cgcgik ikóà óàst stgh ghnn cd ccccddvn n gi gittdi ditn tnrr hn`ginr par sdimdras gidxpcarnmas. Di rdsu`gmns huditns, gitditn fnhdr md hnmn pncn pn cnlr lrnn ui rde deuk ukga ga,, pa parrqu qudd hn hnmn mn ui uinn tgdi tg didd su pd pdsa sa ds dspd pdhà hàeg egha ha di dc pa pad` d`nn _…P.6 Dsd giinta n`ar par cns pncnlrns laigtns y saiarns, juita n su ginsdquglcd neîi par matnr n su n`nmn Gikcntdrrn md ui hghca ca `îs ha`p ha `pcdt cdtaa pas pasgl glcd cd md `g `gta tass y cd cdyd ydim imns ns fg fgza za vîcgmn di çc atrn nsdrhgøi mdc ncumgma praedsar Zu`tfar: Di cns sahgdmnmds maimd cns trnmghgaids arncds fni haisdrvnma haisdrvnma ncka md su nitgkua vgka vg karr dx dxgs gstd tdii `ú `úct ctgp gpcd cdss pr prud udln lnss md cn dxtr dx trd` d`nm nmnn pc pcns nstg tghg hgmn mnmm md cn cnss ear ar`n `nss çpghns fdrdmnmns, fdrdmnmns, md su rdsgstdihgn nitd cn fast fa stgcgcgm gmnm nm md mdcc `dm dmga ga dr drum umgt gta, a, md su hnpnhgmnm pnrn nlsarldr `atgvas iudvas,
5
Edrinima Hgm Cuhns
md rde decd cdjn jnrr ca vgv gvgm gmaa sg sgii nc nctd tdrrnr nrssd y ”¡h ¡ha` a`aa ca cass fç fçrrad adss qu qudd dc dccn cnss `g `gs` s`ns ns hnitni!” md ia `argr sgi uin cnrkn cuhfn.7 Màkni`d sg ia ds dstn cn rdhdtn utgcgznmn par ]acogdi di sus tàtucas `îs en`asas, sncvnima cn haitravdrsgn? pdra ds dstd tn`lgçi ui gikrdmgditd idhdsnrga n vdhds di cns krnimds alrns `ndstrns md cn cgtdrnturn. Dc pad`n Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc
Fnstn maimd ya sç, dstd pdqudþa d gitdrdsnitd pad`n sd pulcghø di >7<= di cn rdvgstn Cddms Tig igvd vdrs rsgt gtyy Udr drsd sd >7 >7>= >=-< -<==,>2 nuiqud hai sdkurgmnm puma sdr ha`pudsta nckuias nþas nitds, di >7>5 a di >7>;, murnitd su haivncdhdihgn di Krdnt Fnywaam. Md sdr nsà, ccn`n ccn `nrà rànn pam pamdr dras asn` n`di ditd td cn nt ntdih dihgø gøii qu qudd ui fa`lrd qud tgdid núi di sus pupgcns dc farrar md cn kudrrn eudsd hnpnz md nlstrndrsd pnrn ha`p ha `paid aidrr ui uinn dst dstn` n`pn pn qu qudd tr trnis nis`g `gtd td tn tnit itnn sdrdigmnm. Ia acvgmd`as qud di >7>5 tgdid cukn cu knrr cn hr hrud udit itnn ln lntn tnccccnn md mdcc Xa` a``d `d,, qu qudd ahnsgaiø cn hgern lîrlnrn md `îs md ui `gccøi md lnjns ditrd cas mas lnimas. ]nc vdz fnyn sgma dc ha`paidr dstd lrdvd pad`n ui djdrhghga md purg pu rgeg eghn hnhg hgøi øi id idhd hdsn snrg rgn, n, md vg vgvg vgrr pa parr ui uias as gistnitds ncdjnma mdc hnas y mdc dstrudima md cn Dvdigi igikk gi ]nv nvral raldc dc kudrrn. Mdsmd cudka, N Dvd ha`pnr nrttd cn td` d`îîtgh ghnn md ca ldcc ccaa y md ca mdcgcghn md hnma ma md pa pad` d`ns ns ha hait itd` d`pa parî rîid idas as,, qu qudd fnlcni md ui `uima dtçrda md fnmns y md dspàrgtus md cn inturncdzn di àitg`a haitnhta hai dc `dmg mgaa, mdshnisnima ma,, mniznima a ldlgdimaa mdspr ldlgdim mdsprdahupnmn dahupnmn`ditd `ditd,, ha`a rdecdjn dc pad`n qud nfarn ias ahupn. N mgedrdihgn md atrnss ha`pa atrn ha`pasghgaid sghgaidss paçtghn paçtghns, s,>> di Ni dvdigik gi ]nvraldc npdins sg suhdmd `îs qud ca qud dstî `nrhnma par dc pucsa gtdrntgva md cn @nmrd Inturncdzn. ]nvraldc, qud vdimràn n sgkigeghn «Faknr di dc la lassqud¿, tuva hgdrt rtnn rdcd cdvvnihgn di dc g`nkginrga hrdnma par ]acogdi di sus prg`dras tgd` tg d`pa pas, s, y ds dstî tî g` g`lu lugm gmaa pa parr su suss pr prap apgn gnss
Edrinima Hgm Cuhns
Ni Dvdigik gi ]n ]nvraldc vraldc
vgvdihgns. Xgi gr `îs cdjas, cns krnimds hnsains di Xfu fukkla larrau aukf kf Fn Fncccc a Kg Kgps psyy Kr Krdd ddi, i, di maim ma imdd ds dstu tuvva rdt dtgr grnm nmaa di ditr trdd >7 >7>5 >5 y >7 >7>6 >6,, pumgdrai sdrvgr md gispgrnhgøi pnrn cn «Hnsn md cns Hgdi Hfg`didns¿, uia md cas dmgeghgas `îs rdprdsditntgvas md dstn rdkgøi g`nkginrgn. Ds dstn pnrtd md cn kdakrneàn md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn, ha`a mgka, ui cuknr g`part rtnnitd di cns prg`drns vdrsgaids md sus dshrgtas. Xgi gr `îs cdja cd jas, s, di ds dsttd cu cukn knrr fn fnlg lgtn tnln ln Kgcgceeni niai ai md ]nvraldc, dc `îs vgdja y snlga md cas dceas md ]ac Drdssïn y hraigstn tn`lgçi md cas màns nitgkuas. Ha`a fgz gzaa hai atras tnitas pad` d`nns haitd`parîidas n dstd, Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc ds atra hnita sgihdra nc `dmga n`lgditd, n cn prdsdihgn md cas nstras y n cn nr`aiàn qud
dxf xfgl gldd cn ld ldccccdz dznn in intu turrnc nc.. Ia md mdjjn md sd sdrr gitdrdsnitd par cn g`nkdi tni prdhgsn qud ias mn su nutar md cas nig`nmas niahfdhdrds di dstn pnrtd md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn, qud sd dihuditrn ntrnvdsnmn par cas ràas Krugr y Neras. Di hunita n su dstruhturn gitdrin, lnja su npnrditd sdi dihhgcc ccddz vdr drssnc sd ahuct ctnn uin mgeghuctnm n cn farn md trnmuhgr dstas pnrdnmas nc dspnþac, yn qud, ha`a mgjg`as, ]acogdi d`pcdn pncn pn cnlr lrns ns `uy sa saia iarrns y ds dstr truh uhtu turrns `uy prdhgsns, mgeàhgc`ditd trnispartnlcds nc dspnþac. Nmd`îs, dxfgldi, gihcusa, uin lúsqudmn `uy sutgc md cn rg`n, nc rdcnhgainr, par djd`pca, cnukf hai qunee . Rdra rdgin di tamn cn ha`pasghgøi ui sutgc snlar ncgtdrnma mdcghgasa, `uy nkrnmnlc lcdd nc aàma ma,, qud ds ”di `g apgigøi” fnhgn maimd sd mgrgkd dc pad`n, `îs qud fnhgn dc pura haitda sgcîlgha.
NI DUDIGIK GI ]NU\ALDC ]NU\ALDC
NIAHFDHD\ DI ]N ]NU\ALDC U\ALDC><
]g‗ s s tfd tfd tg`d wfdi @ny egrst caaos tawnrm Juid, wgtf nc`aim-shditdm fnwtfari strdwi, tfd trd`ucaus mny nt cnst fns rui mawi tfd kacm stngrwnys ae tfd Xui, wfa lrg``dm tfd luttdrhups wgtf cgkft cgod n hcdnr wgid sfd spgccæm spgccæm lrgkft? lrgkft? nim kcdn`gik spgrgts tfdrd mgm mnihd nim sgp tfasd kalcdts‗ rnmgnihd. rnmgnihd. Iaw wnid tfdy ncc? iaw ha`ds tfd `aai? cgod hrystnc nrd tfd mdwmraps strdwi ldidntf tfd dvd, nim twgiocgik kd`s nrd fuik ai tfd cdnvds nim scdimdr std`s. Iaw gi tfd krnss cgds `niy n paac, giegitdsg`nc nim nim haac, wfdrd tgiy enhds pddr nim cnukf nt kcnssy ernk`dits ae tfd stnrs nlaut tfd` `grrardm, ar era` jnrs ae uig`nkgidm erngcty qunee ]fgs dssdihd ae tfd pcdigcuid, tfgrsty, pdrhfnihd, era` mnihgik ncc iaai.
Ds dc tgd`pa di dc qud `nya n juiga `grn,>8 hai nrzaccn dc `njudca sd rdspgrn, trç`uca sd mdscgzn nc egi dc màn mdc Xac par cn marnmn krnmdràn qud n cas rniúihucas, md cuz, giuimn hunc hcnra vgia qud dccn mga edhuimn? y lrgccnitds dspàrgtus lngcnrai y dc euckar md dsas hîcghds cglnrai. ]amas `dikuni? cn cuin yn fn vdigma? hunc hrgstnc dc rahàa sd fn dspnrhgma lnja dc ahnsa? y kd`ns tgtgcnitds md egias tnccas y fajns sai hacknitds. Cn fgdrln `gc cnkuins yn prahurn, giegigtdsg`ncds, md erdshurn, maimd ntgslni hnrgtns y sd ràdi md hrgstncgias cuhdras di jgraids qud ncrdmdmar mdstdccni, a di tnzaids md g`pdisnlcd dimdlcdz nhnsa nisàdi ldldr mdc pcdigcuiga cn didrkàn, sdmgditns, par mniznr nc `dmgamàn.
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Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc
Edrinima Hgm Cuhns
Iatns >. Xgd`prd fd pdisnma qud hai cn padsàn md ]acogdi fn suhdmgma ca `gs`a qud hai cn md @gkudc md Hdrvnitds, yn qud n`las nutards npravdhfn npravdhfnrai rai su mdstrdzn di cn prasn y cn ludin nhakgmn md sus tàtucas fdhfas di dstd kçidra pnrn «hacnr¿ di dccas nckuias md sus pad`ns, neghgøi qud di vgmn md çstas eud paha nprdhgnmn y mgeuimgmn `îs nccî md sus rdspdhtgvas hàrhucas àitg`as. Rnrn nfaimnr di dstas pnrncdcgs`as, cçnsd dc gitdrdsnitd trnlnja md: \TGZ RÇ\DZ, Rdmra, «Hdrvnitds y cn padsàn¿, \dtrnta md @gkudc md Hdrvnitds Xnnvdmrn (Ecardihga Xdvgccn Nrraya dm.), Kuninjunta, @usda Ghaiakrîegha mdc ^ugjatd/Tigvdrsgmnm ^ugjatd/T igvdrsgmnm md Kuninjunta, <2>>, pp. >4;-<2=. <. ]ACOGDI, J.\.\., Hnrtns, @giatnura, Lnrhdcain, >778, p. <4;. 8. Ia fd`as md acvgmnr qud uia md sus pad`ns cnrkas pnrn dc qud dc praedsar kunrmnln dc `nyar md cas nedhtas, ]fd Cny ae tfd Hfgcmrdi ae Fúrgi, dstî ha`pudsta d`pcdnima dstd tgpa md vdrsa. =. Rad`n qud eud gihcugma, par hgdrta, di ]fd Carm ae tfd \giks. 4. ]nurus, ]nurus, @nmrgm, >77>, p. >26. 5. Uçnsd pnrn dsta cas pcnitdn`gditas rdhakgmas di: LNOD\, Mnvgm (dm.), @dtdr gi Dikcgsf, N Hrgtghnc Diknkd`dit , Tigvdrsgty Tigvd rsgty ae Nronisns Rrdss, Enydttdvgccd, Enydttdvgccd, <2>>. <2>> . ;. ]ACOGDI, J.\.\., Hnrtns, @giatnura, Lnrhdcain, >778, p. >7<. 6. KNCÎI, Jucga Hçsnr, «Djdrhghgas md enitnsàn: ui nhdrhn`gdita n cn alrn paçtghn md J.\.\. ]acogdi¿, ^ugihd hn`gias pnrnn sdkugr n ]acogdi (Edrinima Hgm Cuhns dm.), Mgputnhgøi Rravgihgnc md Hîhdrds, Hîhdrds, <22;, p.<86. pnr 7. ]ACOGDI, J.\.\., Hnrtns, @giatnura, Lnrhdcain, >778, p. >82. >2. Di dc `gs`a vacu`di dstîi tn`lgçi cas pad`ns tgtucnmas «]fd Caidcy Gscd¿ y «]fd Rrgihdss Ig¿, hai cas qud ia sd pudmdi idknr hgdrtns haiha`gtnihgns. Cn pulcghnhgøi ds fay uin nutçitghn rnrdzn, yn qud md dccn tni søca sd rdncgznrai qugigditas djd`pcnrds. >>. Rgdisa, salrd tama, di cns alrns qud sd rdhapgcnrai di ]fd Nmvditurds ae ]a` La`lnmgc , qud ha`a hurgasgmnm y sutgc ha`pcd`dita n ]fd Carm ae ]fd \giks a n ]fd Fallgt `uhfas `uhfas ha`prn`as inmn `îs snldr md su dxgstdihgn. ><. Cn prdsditd trnmuhhgøi nc dspnþac di dimdhnsàcnlas fn sgma rdncgznmn par Edrinima Hgm Cuhns y Ldrinrma Xnitnia @ardia, y eud pulcghnmn par prg`drn vdz di «Dc pad`n Ni Dvdigik gi ]nvraldc¿, N`ai Fdi, <=<, pp. >5->; (]acogdi Xahgdty,, jucga md <2>8). Xahgdty >8. Dstd gighga mdc pad`n, sdþncnima dc tgd`pa justa di dc qud sd ulghn cn nhhgøi, ias rdhudrmn, par djd`pca, nc gighga md cas Hnitdrlury ]ncds: «[fni tfnt Nprgccd, wgtf fgsd sfaurds saatd,¿. Uçnsd pnrn dsta: HFNTHD\, Kdaeerdy (Xnitnia @ardia haarm. y Hgm Cuhns, Edrinima, Xnitnia @ardia, Ldrinrma dc nct. trnm.), Huditas md Hnitdrlury. Rrøcaka Kdidrnc (trnmuhhgøi di vdrsa), Hîhdrds, Tigvdrsgmnm md Dxtrd`nmurn, <2>8.
«Kgpsy Krddi¿, par J.\.\. ]acogdi (>7>6)
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Hfrgstapfdr Cdd, cn vgmn dxtrnarmginrgn md ui nm`grnmar md cn alrn md ]acogdi Krdkary Egcakrnin «Dcdssnr ]dchaitnr¿
D
c pnsnma ; md juiga `d dihaitrç md sapdtøi hai uin trgstd iatghgn: Hfrgstapfdr Cdd enccdhàn n cn dmnm md iavditn y trds nþas di dc [dst`gistdr Faspgtnc md Hfdcsdn (Caimrds), mdlgma n uin gisu gi suegh eghgd gdih ihgn gn hn hnrm rmành ànhnn par cn qud fn fnlà lànn sgm sgmaa gikrdsnma trds sd`nins nitds. Dc niuihga md su enccdhg`gdita hai`ahgaiø nc `uima mdc hgid y tamas sus enis `astrn`as iudstrns haim ha imacd acdih ihgns gns di rd rdmd mdss sa sahgn hgncd cds, s, qu qudd eu eudr drai ai trdimgik tapgh di di ]wgttdr. Di ui nþa di dc qud tn`l tn `lgç gçii ia iass fn md mdjn jnma ma at atrra kr krni nimd md ha ha`a `a ]drry Rrnthfdtt, mdla rdhaiahdr qud dsta `d nedhtø `îs md ca dspdrnma, puds sditàn qud hai su pç pçrrmg mgmn mn tn tn`l `lgç gçii `a `arà rànn ui uinn pn pnrt rtdd `u `uyy sgkigeghntgvn md `g juvditum, uin juvditum di cn qud vdàn ntdrrnma sus pdcàhucns md Mrîhucn, di cn qud pumd mg mgsseru ruttnr md su pdre reddhtn`ditd rdh dhai aiah ahgl glcd cd Xnr nru` u`ni ni di cn kr krni ni pn pnit itnc nccn cn (dxpdrgdihgn qud sd mgserutnln núi `îs sg sd tdiàn cn eartuin md dshuhfnr su pamdrasn vaz di vdr drsg sgøi øi ar argk gkgi ginc nc)) y di cn qu qudd tn tn` `lg lgçi çi su giacvgmnlcd nhtunhgøi ha`a Haimd Maaou di nrss tgdi cn sd sdku kuim imnn tr trgcgcak akàn àn md Xtnr [nr tgdidd ui dspdhgnc cuknr di `gs rdhudrmas. Ds prdhgsn`ditd su vaz ca qud `d fn trnàma n cn dshrgturn md dstd algtunrga, qud, par hgdrta, ia eud gmdn `àn. Ca hgdrta ds qud trns `uhfns cdht cd htur urns ns md ha haim imac acdi dihg hgns ns pa parr su `u `udr drtd td di Enhdlaao `d dihaitrç hai ui dstnma di dc qud `d md mdsh shul ulrg rgdr drai ai su enh nhdt dtnn ha ha`a `a hn hnit itni nitd td `dcømgha md fdnvy `dtnc, enhdtn qud haiahàn md aàmns, pdra qud ig md cdjas ds tni sarprdimditd ha`a pamdr vdrca… y aàrca. Md rdp dpdi dittd, tr trns ns hd hdrrhn md ma mass nþ nþas as sg sgii vdr drsg sgai ainr nr hn hnih ihga gaid idss sd sdit itàà cn id idhd hdsg sgmn mnmm md
fnhdrca hai «]fd `nkgh ae tfd wgznrm‗s mrdn`¿ md \fnpsamy (hnihgøi pnrn cn qud haitnrai hai Hfrgstapfdr Cdd ha`a hnitnitd givgtnma), y qu qugs gsdd ha ha` `pn pnrt rtgr grcn cn ha haii cn rdv dvgs gstn tn Dstdc , sditg`gdita qud sd nhrdhditø hunima tuvd cn eart rtuuin md haitd`pcnr uin enitîstghn gcustrnhgøi md Jdsús «Erama Kn`yg¿, qud nhdptø dihn di hnit itnm nmaa qu qudd ha hacn cnla larî rîsd sd`a `ass ju juit itas as di cn rdv dvgs gstn tn:: çc ha haii su gcgcus ustr trnh nhgø gøii y ya ha haii cn hnihgøi. Nsà qud `nias n cn alrn, `d pusd di haitnhta hai dc dqugpa dmgtar. Tin vdz fdhfa, Fdcgas Md \asnrga nhdptø dihnitnma y eud çc qugdi sukgrgø dstn gmdn, qud tn`lgçi nhdptç sgi mumnr. Nmd`îs tuva cn n`nlgcgmnm md haitnr`d uin niçhmatn md gitdrçs tacogdimgc qud qud dshuhfø di dc ]acogdi ]fgik qud arknigzø cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi Ncd`nin di <226, y qud ia `d rdsgsta n trnishrglgr n haitgiunhgøi. Rnrn `uhfas, y pnrn `à tn`lgçi, ds snlgma qud Cdd drn ui krni haiahdmar md cn alrn mdc praedsar y qud fnlàn hacnlarnma hai dc «]acogdi «]acogdi Disd`lcd¿: ( …) praydhta qud ccdvø n hnla ui krupa md `ú `úsg sgha hass y hn hnit itni nitd tdss mn mnid idsd sdss ha haii Hnspnr \dgee n cn hnldzn. Xu aljdtgva drn pulcghnr uin sdrgd md mgshas paigdima `úsghn n tamns cns hnihgaids y pad`ns qud npnrdhdi di Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas, ca qu qudd ha ha`d `diz iznr nrai ai ha haii dc mg mgsh shaa Ni Dvdigik gi \gvdimdcc di di >77;, y nhnlnrai hai su hunrta mgsha Cdnvgik \gvdimdcc ahfa ahfa nþ nþas as mds mdspu puçs çs.. Nui uiqud qud d`pdznrai ha`a ui pdqudþa y fu`gcmd krupa md n`gkas, sd vgdrai divudctas di tamn cn varîkgid `dmgîtghn qud hnusnrai cns pdcàhucns md Rdtdr Jnhosai di nqudccas nþas, y nhnlnrai fnhgdima ui haihgdrta
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Hfrgstapfdr Cdd, cn vgmn dxtrnarmginrgn...
pnrn dc dstrdia md Cn Ha` Ha`uig uigmnm mnm mdc Nigcca di Hapdifnkud. Nc dvdita nhumgø Hfrgstapfdr Cdd y, trns dc haihgdrta, dc krupa mdhgmgø `nimnrcd uin givgtnhgøi pnrn pnrtghgpnr di cas sgkugditds mgshas (yn fnlàni pulcghnma mas), fnhgdima md inrr in rrnm nmar ar di nc ncku kuia iass td td`n `nss y rd rdhg hgtn tnrr nckuias vdrsas, ha`a cas mdc Nigcca. Ia tdiàni `uhfns dxpdhtntgvns, pdra snlàni qud Hfrgstapfdr Cdd drn ui egdc cdhtar md ]ac acogd ogdi, i, y pa pamr mràn àn fn fnld ldrc rcdd ku kustn stnma ma su `úsghn... y nmd`îs, ia pdrmàni inmn par gitd gi tdit itnr nrca ca.. Hns nspn pnrr \dg dgee ee ds dstu tuvva ui tgd`pa dspdrnima nckuin rdspudstn mdc nkditd mdc nhtar, hunima ui ludi màn rdhglgø uin ccn`nmn. Nc atra cnma mdc tdcçeaia saiø cn tainitd vaz mdc nhtar: «Xay Hfrgstapfdr Cdd. Fd rdhglgma tu hnrtn hn rtn.¿ .¿ Hn Hnsp spnr nr cd pr prdk dkui uitø tø,, id idrvg rvgas asa, a, quç pdisnln, n ca qud Hfrgstapfdr Cdd rdspaimgø: «Xà, `d kustn cn gmdn md cddr dsns ds ns cài càidn dns. s..... ±p ±pdr draa sn snld ldss qu qudd tn tn`l `lgç gçii pudm pu dmaa hn hnit itnr nr1¿ 1¿ W ns nsàà nh nhnl nløø tn tn`l `lgç gçii fnhgd gdiima dc pnp npddc md Lîrlac di cas mgshas, nmd`îs md pnrtghgpnr nhtgvn`ditd di cns kgrns mdc krupa, di cns qud sd `astrnln sgd`prd `uy nig`nma. @d pnrdhgø uin niçhmatn enitîstghn y par dsa cn ha`pnrta tnc hunc: ya ia cn fulgdrn haitnma `djar. W ds qud dc tàtuca md dstd tdxta ia ds pnrn inmn uin dxnkdrnhgøi. Cn nm`grnhgøi qud
Krdkary Egcakrnin «Dcdssnr ]dchaitnr¿
dstd fa`lrd mdspdrtnln di su cdkgøi md enis pravahnln dc nisgn md snldr salrd su vgmn, y qugd qu gdii ia tg tgrn rnln ln md cn rd rdsp spdtn dtnlcd lcd [g [gog ogpdm pdmgn gn hrdnln ui `d`d qud qud haimdisnln `uy lgdi su vgmn: ±^uç pudmd pdisnrsd md ui fa`lrd mdc qud sd hrdd qud sus nitdpnsnmas pumgdrai tdidr rdcn cnhhgøi hai Hnrca` a`nnkia, qud npayø n Egicnimgn murnitd cn Kudrrn md Givgdria haitrn \usgn, qud pnrtghgpø di cn GG Kudrrn @uimgnc ha`a `gd`lra md cn \aync Ngr Earhd y qud pnrtghgpø di `gsgaids dspdhgncds md gitdcgkdihgn1 ±^uç pamràn pdisnrsd md nckugdi ia` ia `lr lrnm nmaa Ha` a`di dimn mnma marr md cn Ar Armd mdii md mdcc G`pd G` pdrg rgaa Lr Lrgt gtîi îigh gha, a, pr prg` g`aa md mdcc nu nuta tarr md cn cnss iavvdc ia dcns ns md Jn Jn`d `dss La Laim im,, Gn Gnii Ec Ecd` d`gi gik, k, qu qudd ma`ginln ahfa gmga`ns y fnstn tdiàn hgdrta igvvdc md ha ig haiv ivdr drsn snhg hgøi øi di hf hfgi giaa `n `nim imnr nrài1 ài1 ±^uç ia pdisnr md ui fa`lrd qud hunima Rdtdr Jnhosai cd mgja murnitd dc ramnjd md cn trgcakàn md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas «g`nkàintd ha`a sudin ui fa`lrd sgdima npuþncnma par cn dspncmn¿ rdspaimgø «ia tdika qud g`nkginrca¿1 Ruds dsa, nc `dias ya pgdisa qud vgvgø uin vgmn vg mn dx dxtr trna narm rmgi ginr nrgn. gn. Dx Dxtr trnar narmg mginr inrgn gn`d `dit itdd gitdrdsnitd. Mdshnisn di pnz, gstnr `uctghacar. ^ud igikuin sa`lrn td hdrqud, qud tamn cuz td kuàd, cn qud hrdnstd di vgmn gcu`gid tu hn`gia. W qud dihuditrds cn pnz di cns Dstnihgns md @nimas.
Dc pdrmøi md Dru Gcuvntnr @nimas: Lgdivdigma Xnru`ni n `gs Dstnihgns nitds md `g sditdihgn td mdla dshuhfnr Xnru`ni: @d harra`pgø dc pamdr mdc haiahg`gdita hnusç krni macar ]rnghgaiç `g `gsgøi @nimas: Xdn haitgka `g pgdmnm @nimas y Xnru`ni: Hnitni cas Ngiur
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Krdkary Egcakrnin «Dcdssnr ]dchaitnr¿
Hfrgstapfdr Cdd, cn vgmn dxtrnarmginrgn...
Hfrgstapfdr Cdd, par Jdsús @îcnkn «Erama Kn`yg¿
mdc Mdstgia su hnihgøi @niwï rdvdcn dc pdrmøi md Dru Gcuvntnr @nimas: ±Ha`a ia haihdmdrtd Gstnr `g pdrmøi sg dc mdstgia md Nrmn sudin di cn Hnihgøi1 Xnru`ni: @d harra`pgø dc pamdr mdc haiahg`gdita hnusç krni macar ]rnghgaiç `g `gsgøi @nimas: Xdn haitgka `g pgdmnm @nimas y Xnru`ni:Hnitni cas Ngiur mdc Mdstgia su hnihgøi @niwï rdvdcn dc pdrmøi md Dru Gcuvntnr
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\dvgsgøi: ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn Fdcgas Md \asnrga @nrtàidz «G`rnfgc¿
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xgstd ui nspdhta hurgasa ha`úi n cn `nyaràn md dstumgas lgakrîeghas salrd J.\.\. ]acogdi. Iar`nc`ditd sus nutards sd d`lnrhni di cn nvditurn md givdstgknr cn vgmn mdc hntdmrîtgha md Axearm gispgrnmas par su nm`grnhgøi fnhgn çc, ha`a uin ear`n md trgluta, hai cn gitdihgøi md qud dc `uima haiazhn `îs y `djar n dstd kdiga cgt gtddrnrga ga.. Rdra tnitns vdhds y hai tnitn vdfd`dihgn mdsprdhgø ]acogdi cns givdstgknhgaids cgtdrnrgns lnsnmns di cn vgmn md cass ds ca dshr hrgt gtar ards ds,, qu qudd ca cass lg lgøk økrrne neas as nh nhnl nlni ni vgçimasd di cn alcgknhgøi `arnc md prdsditnr sus dxhusns par dc trnlnja pramuhgma. ]n`lgçi Jafi Knrtf ca fnhd di ]ac ]acog ogdi di y cn Kr Krni ni Kudrrn, negr`nima ha`a atr atras as su dspdr dspdrnizn nizn di qud cn npraxg`nhgøi qud fn sdkugma sdn «cn ear`n qud fnlràn qudrgma ]acogdi, sg fulgdrn mnma su haisditg`gdita pnrn huncqugdr tgpa md gimnknhgøi lgakrîeghn di su vgmn y alrn¿. Dstay `uy cdjas md haiahdr hai hdrtdzn cas pdisn`gditas y apgigaids md Knrtf, y inmgd pudm pu dmdd fn fnhd hdrrca yn md ]ac acog ogdi di,, qu qudd di pn pnzz mdshnisd. Rdra sg nckugdi pgmgdsd `g vncarnhgøi salrd dsn mdhcnrnhgøi, mgràn qud sd trntn md ui mdsda sgihdra, y md uin dspdrnizn vnin. Fnhgdima vgnjnr cn g`nkginhgøi, pgdisa di ui djd`pcnr mdc cglra qud eudsd `îkghn`ditd trnispartnma nc @îs Nccî fnstn cns `nias md ]acogdi, y di cn kcargn y pnz hdcdstgnc pdrturlnmns par su hai`ahgøi nc cddrca. Di vgm gmnn pr prat atds dsttø ha haii ha haiitu tuim imdi dihg hgnn ni nitd td ca cass ha`ditnrgas lgakrîeghas salrd çc, tnhfîimacas iar` ia r`nc nc`d `dit itdd md gi gieu euim imnm nmas as y enc ncnh nhds ds.. Nc trnlnja md Jafi Knrtf cd fulgdsd rdsuctnma
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mgeàhgcgc hr mgeàh hrgt gtghn ghnrc rcaa ha haii tn tncd cdss nr nrku ku`d `dit itas as,, pd pdra ra qugzî fulgdsd sgma dsd dxtrnarmginrga rgkar, cn vgrtuasn rdhaistruhhgøi md sus fdhfas vgtncds, ca qu qudd `î `îss fu fulg lgds dsdd pd pdrt rtur urln lnma ma n ]ac acog ogdi di.. Md`nsgnmas rdhudrmas y md`nsgnma vgvas, md ui pdrgama md`nsgnma ha`pcghnma y macarasa md su vgmn: cn mçhnmn md >7>2, dc egi md cn nmacdshdihgn nmacdsh dihgn y dc prgihgpg prgihgpgaa md su vgmn nmuctn, di uia md cas pdards `a`ditas md cn fgstargn di cas qud cd pamràn tahnr n uia pnsnr dsn dtnpn vgt gtnc nc.. Ti tg tgd` d`pa pa di dc qu qudd ]ac acog ogdi di y su suss jøvdids jøv dids n`gkas saþnrai juitas hai hrdnr ui `uima `djar, y di dc qud dc `uima cds mdvvac md acvg vgøø ui uinn pd pdsn snmg mgccccn, n, hu huc` c`gi ginm nmnn pa parr cn `udrtd pnrn cn `nyaràn md dccas. Nc hai haitr trnrg nrgaa qu qudd `u `uhf hfas as at atra rass sa sacmn cmnma mass haii gi ha gihc hcgi ginh nhga gaid idss cgcgttdr drnr nrgn gns, s, ]ac acog ogdi di ia dshrglgø padsàn a inrrnhgøi nckuin ncumgdima dxprdsn`ditd n cn Krni Kudrrn. Di su vgmn prgv pr gvnm nmnn tn tn`l `lgç gçii dv dvgt gtøø fn fnlc lcnr nr md` md`ns nsgnm gnmaa md dccn: ca fnhàn ahnsgainc`ditd hai su en`gcgn, y hnsg iuihn hai sus n`gkas. Dc prapga ]acogdi mdjø sutgc haistnihgn di nckuins mdhcnrnhgaids púlcghns,, y hai `îs hcnrgmnm di hnrtns prgvnmns, púlcghns prgvnmns, mdc g`pnhta qud tuva cn kudrrn di su prahdsa hrdntgva: pnrn çc, dshrglgr salrd sdrds y cuknrds enitîstghas ia drn idknrsd n cn rdncgmnm, sgia cn ear`n `îs rnhgainc md dxprdsnr sus sditg`gditas, dxpdrgdihgns y haiecghtas. Rdra cn haishgdihgn salrd cn ear`n di qud cn kudrrn `acmdø su nrtd ia g`pcghn gitdihgøi md qud dsns ds ns vg vgvvdi dihg hgns ns tr trns nscu cuhg hgds dsdi di n tr trnv nvçs çs md su suss tdxtas. ^ugzî dstas ha`ditnrgas fnkni n nckugdi pdis pd isnr nr qu qudd dc cgcglr lraa md Ja Jafi fi Kn Knrt rtff fu furrkn md`nsgnma di cns trglucnhgaids pdrsaincds mdc javdi jav di ]acogdi. @d nmdcnita n idknrca, ncka qud tn`lgçi fnhd dc prapga Knrtf di dc prøcaka. Cas fd fdhhfa fass y hn hnrt rtns ns rdc dcnh nhga gain inma mass ha haii su suss hrdnhgaids cgtdrnrgns, y dc haitdxta gi`dmgnta di dc qud sd kdstnrai ditrni inturnc`ditd di su tdrrdia prgvnma, pdra di atras nsuitas `îs àitg`as, dspdhgnc`ditd cas en`gcgnrds, sd pnsn md pu puit itgcgccn cns. s. @d pn pnrrdh dhdd sg sgki kige gegh ghnt ntgv gva, a, pa parr
djd`pca, qud npdins sd nlarmd cn rdcnhgøi md Jafi \aincm hai Dmgtf, qud di dsas nþas pnsø uiaa md su ui suss pu puit itas as `î `îss hr hràt àtgh ghas as,, `î `îss nú núii hunima su pra`dtgmn y cudka dspasn eud uin euditd md gispgrnhgøi mgrdhtn y rdhaiahgmn pnrn su `gtacakàn. W `nyar tamnvàn ds dc sgcdihga salrd su fdr`nia Fgcnry, a salrd dc pnmrd Ernihgs @arkni, su tutar, ncka di ca qud Knrtf sgkud dc pntrøi md cn `nyaràn md lgakrneàns, nuiqud krnhgns nc cglra md Cn haidxgøi dspnþacn md J.\.\. ]acogdi nfarn snld`as qud dc «]àa Hurra¿ tuva uin g`partntàsg`n giecudihgn di cn vgm gmnn md ]ac acog ogdi di,, ni nitd tdss y md mdsspu puçs çs md su `nyaràn md dmnm. Xgi md`drgtnr cn sdisglgcgmnm md Jafi Knrtf fnhgn cn prgvnhgmnm md ]acogdi, tn`lgçi ds `uy pralnlcd qud cn prapgn en`gcgn md ]acogdi cn fnyn pratdkgma nhtgvn`ditd. Rar djd`pca, ds iatnlcd qud cn `nyar pnrtd md cn harrdspaimdihgn prgvnmn qud sd rdpramuhd di dc cglra sdn md atrns pdrsains fnhgn ]acogdi, y sgi d`lnrka d`lnr ka sd rdpr rdpramuzhn amuzhn `uy paha md ca dshrgt dshrgtaa par çc fnhgn cas md`îs -prgihgpnc`ditd hnrtns pulcghnmns hai nitdrgargmnm-. Rdra hrda qud yn fd enitnsdnma md`nsgnma salr sa lrdd hø hø`a `a J. J.\. \.\. \. ]ac acog ogdi di pa pamr mràn àn fn fnld ldrr rdhglgma dc cglra md Knrtf, d g`nkgia qud ds `îs útgc fnlcnr md hø`a pudmd fnhdrca ui sdihgcca cdhtar md su alrn. Ca prg`dra qud fny qud sdþncnr ds qud sd trntn, par vnrgns rnzaids, md ui cglra pnrn cdhtards nvniznmas, qud yn haiazhni lgdi tama dc «hniai¿ tacogdignia y tdikni nc `dias ui uinn gm gmddn rnzainlcd mdc Xgc`nrgcc nrgccgai gai. W «harpus¿ mdc qud prahdmd Dc Xgc` núi mgràn `îs: qud yn sd fnyni `nrnvgccnma hai dc `uima givditnma par ]acogdi, y qud su `dit `d itdd fn fnyyn vg vgnj njnm nmaa pa parr su suss hn hn`g `gia iass fn fnst stnn nchn nc hniz iznr nr ui hg hgdr drta ta kr krnm nmaa md sn snhg hgdm dmnm nm,, a cn sdisnhgøi md qud idhdsgtni dxpcarnrca mdsmd uin pdrspdhtgvn ha`pcdtn`ditd iudvn. Rarqud dc `nyar ntrnhtgva md Jafi Knrtf mdsmd `g puita md vgstn ds tn`lgçi dc `nyar pdcgkra md cddr ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn : cn cuz qud nrrajn salr sa lrdd hø hø`a `a in inhg hgøø dc cdkdimnrgu`, salrd cn haidxgøi ditrd cns gitdisns vgvdihgns mdc javdi
>8
\dvgsgøi: ]acogdi ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn
]acogdi y sus prg`drns padsàns y inrrnhgaids? uin cuz tni lrgccnitd y dshcnrdhdmarn, qud trns alsdrvnrcn ds g`pasglcd hdmdr n su rdhudrma. Fnhd `uhfas nþas, di cn `gs`n çpahn di qud Jafi Knrtf pulcghnln su cglra di gikcçs, rdhudrma qud dstnln ya givdstgknima Dc Cglra md cas Huditas Rdrmgmas, qud vdàn ha`a ui hrgsac mdsarmdinma md huditas, pad`ns y kcasnrgas çceghas, d gitditnln paidr armdi di dsas tdxtas. Núi tdika kunrmnmns iatns y dsqud`ns, hai dc armdi hraiacøkgha qud sd pamàn dcuhgmnr md cas ha`ditnrgas md Hfrgstapfdr ]acogdi. Drni `gs gitditas md ditdimdr hø`a cns mgstgitns pgdzns cgtdrnrgns, gighgnc`ditd gimdpdimgditds, sd glni ditrdcnznima fnstn ear`nr dsd tama qud ds cn «sulhrdnhgøi¿ md ]acogdi: dsd prg`dr pad`n salrd Çnrdimdc, nqudc gitdita md rdhaitnr dc huditaa md Ouccd hudit Ouccdrva, rva, cn sdhudi sdhudihgn hgn argkginc md cas huditas aàmas par Drgac y cns mgstgitns «hnpns¿ md rddshrgturn… ¡^uç `nrnvgccasa pnsntgd`pa, qudd fn qu fnlr lràn àn md mdjn jnma ma md mg mgse seru rutn tnrr sg di nq nqud udcc ditaihds `d fulgdrn dihaitrnma hai dc cglra md Knrtf! Ditrd atrns hasns, ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn ds cn hcnvd qud rdsudcvd dc ra`pdhnldzns mdc Cglra md cas Huditas Rdrmgmas. Hnmn pad`n, hnmn tdxta qud ear`ø pnrtd mdc inhg`gdita md cn ]gd gdrr rrnn @d @dmg mgnn sd pr prds dsdi ditn tn di su pr prap apga ga `a`dita vgtnc, hnrknma md ui iudva sgkigeghnma. Di cas Huditas Rdrmgmas, dc tdxta prgihgpnc md hnmn hnpàtuca ds uin md cns inrrnhgaids md cas dceas pnrn Drgac, haitnmns di dc armdi cøkgha md cn fgstargn (prg`dra cn hrdnhgøi mdc `uima, cudka dc inhg`gdita md cas dceas, su vgnjd n Unc ncgia giarr, dt dth. h.),), `g `gdi ditr trns ns ca cass pa pad` d`ns ns y at atra rass tdxtas rdcnhgainmas sd `udstrni n hait ha itgi giun unhg hgøi øi,, ha ha`a `a nc ncka ka n di ditd tdim imdr dr di dc haitdxta mdc hudita? y n `ama md npçimghd sd iass aer ia aerdh dhdi di ui uias as er ernk nk`d `dit itas as md cas cçx cçxgh ghas as qdiy qd iynn y ki kiø` ø`gh gha, a, ha` ha`aa hur hurga gasgm sgmnm nm nþ nþnm nmgmn gmn pnrn cas cgikógstns. Rdra di ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn ca vd`as mdsmd dc atra cnma mdc hrgstnc, qudmnima nsà dc hunmra ha`pcdta. Cas pad`ns, qud di su `nyaràn prdhdmgdrai n cas huditas,
>=
Fdcgas Md \asnrga @nrtàidz «G`rnfgc¿
nsà ha`a cns prg` g`dr drnns gi gihhursgaids di cn rdhai rd haist struh ruhhg hgøi øi d gi givvdih dihgø gøii md gm gmga` ga`ns, ns, sd prds pr dsdi ditn tnii md mdsp spaj ajnm nmas as md su pa pasg sghg hgøi øi di cn `gtacakàn, qud núi ia dxgstàn, y nsà sd ditgdimdi hai `îs hcnrgmnm. W cudka pamd`as nprd np rdhg hgnr nr hø` hø`aa ]ac acogd ogdii ca cass fg fgza za hr hrdh dhdr dr,, cas rdc dcnh nhga gaiø iø ui uias as ha haii at atrras y ca cass vg vgst stgø gø ha haii iudvns fgstargns, ncg`ditnima su g`nkginhgøi hai cns dxpdrgdihgns vgvgmns. Md tamns cns vgvdihgns mdc javdi ]acogdi di cn mçhnmn di cn qud sd hditrn dc cglra, Jafi Knrtf praeuimgzn di mas md dccns. Tin ds, par supudsta, cn Kudrrn @uimgnc qud mn tàtuca nc cglra y qud tni mdstnhnmn npnrdhd di `uhfns lgak lg akrrne neàn ànss md J. J.\ \.\ .\.. ]ac acog ogdi di.. Rdr draa tn tnit itnn prdsdihgn a gihcusa `îs tgdid di dstd cglra cn ]HLX, cn sahgdmnm qud ear`ø ]acogdi hai sus n`gkas md cn dshudcn `uhfas nþas nitds, y qud `acm `a cmdø dø lu ludi dinn pn pnrt rtdd md su vg vgmn mn gi gitd tdcd cdht htun uncc murrni mu nittd ca cass nþ nþas as pa past stdr drga garrds ds.. Md fd fdhhfa fa,, «]acogdi y cn ]HLX¿ fulgdrn sgma ui tàtuca gkunc`ditd nprapgnma pnrn dc cglra md Knrtf, sg ia `îs, nuiqud rdhaiazha qud ca md «cn Krni Kudrrn¿ sd ditgdimd y sd vdimd `djar. Rdr drsa sain inc` c`di ditd td,, dc rd rdcnt cntaa qu qudd fn fnhd hd Ja Jafi fi Knrtf salrd cn ]HLX `d pnrdhd cn npartnhgøi lgak lg akrrîe îegh ghnn md `n `nyyar gi gittdr drçs çs.. Fu Fu` `pf pfrrdy Hnrpd Hn rpdit itdr dr yn md mdmgh mghøø di su lga lgakr krneà neànn vn vnrgn rgnss pîkgins, d gihcusa dc tàtuca md ui hnpàtuca, n dstd ds td pd pdhu hucgcgnr nr hc hcul ul.. Rdr draa cn vg vgsg sgøi øi qu qudd ia iass praparhgain Hnrpditdr rdsuctn hnsg nidhmøtghn di ha`pnrnhgøi: di dsdihgn, uin pnimgccn md hfghas gcustrnmas qud sgrvgø n ]acogdi pnrn ia pdis pd isnr nr `u `uhhfa di su ra` a`ni nihd hd pr praf afgl glgm gmaa `gditrns dstuva di cn dshudcn. Hgdrta ds qud Hnr nrpd pdit itdr dr tn tn`l `lgç gçii `di dihg hgai ainn rdu duig igai aids ds ahnsgaincds mdc hcul murnitd sus nþas uigv ui gvdr drsg sgtn tnrg rgas as (r (rdp dpnrt nrtgm gmas as di ditr trdd Ax Axeear armm y Hn`lrgmkd), rduigaids qud hncgeghn ha`a ui fdhf fd hfaa «h «hurg urgas asa¿ a¿ nui nuiqu qudd gis gispg pgrn rnmar mar pn pnrn rn dc g`pucsa paçtgha md ]acogdi. W ca `îs g`pnhtnitd: cns hnrtns qud sd gitdrhn`lgnrai cass hun ca huntr traa `g `gd` d`lr lras as pr prgih gihgpn gpncd cdss (] (]ac acogd ogdi, i, Hfr frgs gsttap apfd fdrr [g [gsd sd`n `ni, i, \al aldr drtt Kgcgcsa saii y
Fdcgas Md \asnrga @nrtàidz «G`rnfgc¿
Kdaeerdy X`gtf) murnitd su pnrtghgpnhgøi di cn Krni Kr ni Ku Kudr drrn rn,, dc ma macar car ha ha`p `pnrt nrtgma gma hun hunim imaa Kgcsai hnyø di lntnccn, y trns dsd trnihd, dc hnsg hcnrg rgvvgmdi dittd `disnjd qud X`gtf divgø n ]acogdi, urkgçimacd n dxprdsnr su padsàn uias pahas màns nitds md rdhglgr çc `gs`a uin fdrgmn `artnc: «^ud Mgas td ldimgkn, qudrgma Jafi \aincm, y qud mgkns cns hasns qud ya gitditnln mdhgr hunima ya ia dstç pnrn mdhgrcns, sg dsn ds `g sudrtd.¿ Cn krnvdmnm y trnshdimdihgn md cas `disnjds gitdrhn`lgnmas murnitd cas `dsds md cn kudrrn ear`ni ui mura haitrnstd hai dc taia cgkdra y vgvnz md cns niçhmatns rdcntnmns salrd dc gighga md cn ]HLX, cns rduigaids mdmghnmns n ta`nr tç di cn lg lglc lcga gattdh dhnn md cn ds dshu hudc dcn, n, cn cnss lr lra` a`ns ns juvdigcds, dth. W sg lgdi yn hai dc tdxta md Hnrpditdr pamàn`as nprdhgnr cas mas dxtrd`as, Jafi Knrtf sd mdcdgtn prdsditîimaias cas mdtnccds, y rdcntîimaias su hrdhg`gdita hai cas nþas. Nc cddr cas prg`dras hnpàtucas, vgsuncghç nc javdi jav di hcul hai uin g`nkdi md ui pnàs y uin çpahn mgstgitas, cn mdc hcul md cas padtns `udrtas . Tin çcg çcgtd td gi gitd tdcd cdhtu htunc nc md dst dstumg umgni nitd tds, s, qu qudd sd rdui rd uiàni àni pnr pnrnn mgs mgshu hutg tgrr sa salr lrdd cgt cgtdr drntu nturn rn,, nrt nrtd, d, egcasaeàn a ca qud hnydsd, y nc `gs`a tgd`pa
\dvgsgøi: ]acogdi ]acogdi y cn Kr Krni ni Kudrrn
lurcnrsd md nsuitas dshacnrds, mdc `uima a md dccas `gs`as? ta`nima cn lglcgatdhn md cn Ogik Dmwnrm‗s ha ha`a `a hu hunr nrtd tdc,c, pu pulc lcgh ghni nima ma su sutg tgcd cdss lra`ns di dc lacdtài md cn dshudcn, y rdegrgçimasd n sà `gs`as hai hràptghns sgkcns ( ].H.L.X. drn ui nhr nhrøi øig` g`aa mgs mgspnr pnrnt ntnm nmaa qu qudd ].H.L.X. drn n`nck n` nckn` n`nl nlnn vnrg nrgas as ia ia`l `lrd rdss qu qudd sd eu eudr drai ai mnim mn imaa di mg mgst stgi gita tass `a `a`d `dit itas as:: ]dn ]dn Hc Hcul ul,, Lnrravgni Xahgdty, dth.). Rdra cn ]HLX drn mdsmd dc prgihgpga `îs qud ui pn pnssntgd`pa juvdi digc gc hai ui taqud md drumghgø drum ghgøi. i. Rr Rrîht îhtghn` ghn`dit ditdd hun huncqug cqugdr dr pdr pdrsai sainn ditrd cas qugihd y cas vdgitd nþas, nþa nrrgln, nþa nlnja, rdigdkn hai `îs a `dias mdsprdhga mdc `uima di dc qud cd alcgkni n vgvgr sus `nyards y sudþn hai cn apa part rtuuigm gmnnm md hn`l hn `lgn gnrrca ca.. W qu qugd gdii ia fn fnyyn tdi digm gmaa ds dsas as pdisn`gditas fn mdspdrmghgnma su nmacdshdihgn. Cn `nyaràn ias rdimg`as y nhnln`as nlnimainima tni ialcd prapøsgta. Nmaptn`as mgst mg stgi gitn tnss ds dstr trnt ntdk dkgn gnss pn pnrn rn ha haiivg vgvg vgrr ha haii ds dsdd ernhnsa. Cn `îs iatnlcd par su erdhudihgn y krnm kr nmaa md nu nuttah aha` a`pc pcnh nhdi dihg hgnn ds vds dstg tgrrca md vgrtum, rdkahgjîimaias md iudstra prahdsa md «`nmurnhgøi¿ y prahurnima nhdcdrnrca di cas md`î md `îs, s, pn pnrrn qu qudd ia iass rdh dhud udrrmd mdii ca `di dias as pasglcd iudstrn mdrratn pdrsainc.
Cn ]HLX murnitd cn Krni Kudrrn. Md gzqugdrmn n mdrdhfn: \aldrt Kgcsai, Kdaeerdy Kdaeerd y X`gtf, J.\.\. J .\.\. ]acogdi ]acogdi y Hfrgsapfdr Hfr gsapfdr [gsd`ni
>4
\dvgsgøi: ]acogdi ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn
Dc hg hgig igs` s`aa ds dc eg egdc dc ha ha` `pn pnþd þdrra md ds dsnn ear ar` `n md di divvdj djdh dhdr dr.. Md Mdsm smdd pd pdqu qudþ dþas as ia iass disdþni y disdþn`as n rdspaimdr n cn nmvdrsgmnm hai ludi fu`ar. Krnhgns n dcca, qugdi ds hnpnz md rdàrsd md tamas cas pralcd`ns rdsgmd di ui pcnia dspgrgtunc `îs dcdvnma qud cas md`îs. W md dstd `ama, di cuknr md mdstrugriass `utun` mdstrugria `utun`ditd, ditd, haiv haivgvg`as gvg`as npnhglc npnhglcdd`ditd hai cn `dmgahrgmnm haitrn cn qud ui màn qugsg`as ncznrias. Ca fnhd`as hai iudstras kaldrin kal drinitd itds? s? ca fnhd fnhd`as `as hai iud iudstr stras as jde jdeds, ds, hai iudstras ha`pnþdras ha`pnþdras md trnln trnlnja, ja, fnstn hai iudstras n`gkas. Cn ]HL HLXX tn tn`l `lgç gçii rd rdha harr rrgø gø ds dsdd hn hn`g `gia ia,, nuiqud søca di pnrtd. Cas lgsaþas dstumgnitds qud haienlucnlni pnrn fnhdr ui `uima `djar krnhgns n su dxuldrnitd nrtd y haiahg`gdita d`pdznrai n vgvgr, hunima sd mgskrdknrai par cnss ui cn uigv gvdr drsg sgmn mnmd mds, s, tg tgd` d`pa pass fa fast stgcgcds ds di ditr trdd pdrs pd rsai ains ns y pn pnàs àsds ds,, cn ku kudr drrn rn qu qudd sd hd hdri riàn àn.. Nckuias `nmurnrai ha`a cns pdrsains iar` ia r`nc ncds ds.. Rdr draa hu hunt ntrra md dc dcca cass md mdhg hgmg mgdr drai ai ta`nr dc hn`gia mgeàhgc. Dc puita md giecdxgøi eud di dc «Haihgcga md Caimrds¿ qud ]acogdi, [gsd [g sd`n `ni, i, Kg Kgcsa csaii y X` X`gt gtff `n `nit ituv uvgd gdra raii di mghgd`lrd md >7>=. Hnrp rpdditdr rdmuhd haim ha imds dshdi hdimgd mgdit itd` d`di ditd td cas rd rdhu hudr drmas mas md ds dsnn rduigøi n «cn úctg`n hfgspn md n`lghgøi juvdigc nittds md qu ni qudd cn dx dxpd pdrg rgdi dihg hgnn md mdcc `u `uim imaa cn dxtgikugdrn¿. Rdra Knrtf ias ca `udstrn ha`a ui dpgsamga `uhfa `îs rdcdvnitd, di dc qud cas huntra sd nutamdtdr`ginrai md ear`n dxhcusgvn ha`a lnstgøi haitrn dc hgigs`a y rdvncgmnrai su vacuitnm md hn`lgnr dc `uima, di hncgmnm md nen`nmas padtns, nrtgstns a gihcusa pacàtghas. Cn eudrzn `arnc qud dxgkàn dsn uigøi ds haisgmdrnlcd. Atras rdcntas rdsu`gmas salrd cn ]HLX pudmdi mnr cn g`prdsgøi md qud dstd krupa md n`gkas drn ui hunrtdta md nc`ns kd`dcns. Rdra ca qud dihaitrn`as mdshrgta di ]acogdi y cn Krni Kudrrn ds uin haiecudihgn md pdisn`gditas apudstas, d`pdznima par cas mas supd su pdrvg rvgvg vgdit ditds ds qu qudd sd nut nutamd amdia ia`g `gin inlni lni ca cass «krrni «k nimd mdss kd` d`dc dcas as¿: ¿: ]ac acog ogdi di dc hn hnttøc øcgh gha, a, alsdsgainma hai cn padsàn salrd fnmns, erditd n
>5
Fdcgas Md \asnrga @nrtàidz «G`rnfgc¿
[gsd`ni, dc hgditàegha `dtamgstn? sd huditn qud cns mgshusgaids drni erdhuditds, y ia drn rnra qud nhnlnrni di rgþn nlgdrtn. N cas huntra cds uiàn, dsa sà, cn nm`grnhgøi `utun, cn haivghhgøi md qud hnmn uia md dccas pamà pa mànn fn fnhd hdrr kr krni nimd mdss ha hasn sns, s, y cn gcgcus usgø gøii md ha`p ha `pnrt nrtgr gr ds dsnn kr krni nimdz mdzn, n, nu nuiq iqud ud n `d `diu iuma ma eudsd `dmgnitd cn hràtghn sgi dshrúpucas. Cas prapgas `gd`lras md cn ]HLX utgcgznrai cn `dtîearn md ui dmgeghga hai huntra pgcnrds. Cn Krni Kr ni Ku Kudr drrrn md md` `ac acgø gø ma mass md dc dcca cas, s, y ca cass supdrvgvgditds søca pumgdrai mnr sapartd n ui pnrn`dita, qud trns cn hai aittgdimn nhnlø drasgaiîimasd md ear`n inturnc. Rdra nuiqud Knrtf ia fnhd çiensgs di dstn pnrnmajn, hnld tn`lgçi pdisnr qud cn lnrlnrgd fu`nin vgvgmn di dsas nþas, cn idh dhddsgmn mnmm dspgr grggtun uncc md supdrnrcn, eudsd prdhgsn`ditd ca qud matø md `îs eudrzn y uigmnm n cn `gsgøi qud sd `nrhø cn ]HLX. Ia fd haitnma `uhfa fnstn nquà, ig vay n dxtdimdr`d di nmdcnitd, salrd cns vgvdihgns md ]acogdi di dc djçrhgta, qud n tdiar mdc tàtuca mdc cglra pnrdhd qud mdldràni ahupnr ludin pnrtd mdc `gs`a. Cn rnzøi ds qud, faidstn`ditd, sd trntn md ui td`n qud `d gitdrdsnln paha. Rdra pnrn cas n`nitds md cas rdcntas lçcghas (y tdika n nckuins pdrsains pnrtghucnrds di `ditd) fny salr sa lrnm nmaa `n `ntd tdrg rgnc nc qu qudd hr hrda da qu qudd di dihai haitr trnr nrîi îi jukasa. Md fdhfa ds di dsn pnrtd mdc cglra maimd haisgmdra qud Jafi Knrtf mdspcgdkn `îs su tn tncd cdit itaa in inrr rrnt ntgv gva. a. Ha Haih ihrrdt dtn` n`di ditd td,, ca cass dpgs gsam amggas di tari riaa n cn lntncc ccnn di cn qud nlntgdrai n \al Kgcsai, y di `diar `dmgmn dc màn di qud n Kdaeerdy X`gtf rdhgld cn fdrgmn `artnc md uin krninmn, pnrdhdi snhnmas md uin pdcàhucn. W di kdidrnc mgràn qud nc cddr dsas hnpàtucas sd pudmd ntgslnr nc `dias uin sa`lrn mdc tdmga, fnstàa, nsha, trgstdzn y urkdihgn qud murn mu rnit itdd `d `dsd sdss gi gitd tdr` r`gi ginl nlcd cdss vg vgvg vgdr drai ai ca cass sacmnmas, mdsmd cas hn`pas md ditrdin`gdita di dc \dgia Tigma fnstn di cns trgihfdrns mdc Xa``d. Md fdhfa ia mdshnrtnràn qud sdni dsns sdisnhgaids cns qud `d fni g`pucsnma tn`lgçi n pnsnr `îs par dihg`n md dsn pnrtd mdc cglra.
Fdcgas Md \asnrga @nrtàidz «G`rnfgc¿
Ca hgdrta ds qud ccdknr nc hnpàtuca di qud ]ac acog ogdi di ds tr trns nscn cnmn mnma ma pa parr dc tr trns nsnt ntcî cîit itgh ghaa Nsturgns fnstn Gikcntdrrn, haivncdhgditd md cn «egdlrd md cns trgihfdrns¿, ds tn`lgçi ui ncgvga pnrn dc cdhtar. Dst stnn úct ctgg`n pnr nrttd ds, sgi d`lnrka, n `g jughga cn `dias patditd md cns trds qud ha`paidi dc cglra, di pnrtd parqud yn fny `uhfa dshrgta par atras, y par ca tnita fnyy pa fn paha ha iu iudv dvaa qu qudd md mdsh shul ulrg rgrr. Md Mdcc rd rdcn cnta ta lgakrîegha, ca `îs ccn`ntgva ds nprdhgnr ca cnrka y pdiasa qud eud dc pdrgama md haivncdhdihgn. Di cn `nyaràn md lgakrneàns mn cn g`prdsgøi md qudd cns pdi qu pdiur urgns gns nhn nhnln lnra raii hu huni nima ma ]aco acogd gdii diedr`ø: vacvgø n su faknr, sd pusa n dshrglgr cas Huditas Rdrmgmas, tuva su prg`dr fgja hai Dmgtf, y eudrai edcghds pnrn sgd`prd. Rdra Jafi Knrtf ias `udstrn uin cîikugmn dxgstdihgn qud murø nui `îs qud dc pdrgama `gcgtnr nhtgva. Md fdhfa ]acogdi pnsø ui nþa md gistruhhgøi, hgiha `dsds di dc erditd, y atras mas nþas `îs, fnstn qud nhnlø cn Kudrrn, ditrd faspgtncds faspgtncds hai rdhurrditds egdlrds y knstraditdrgtgs. Nuiqud su pdrtginz `ncn sncum eud di pnrtd uin ludin sudrtd, qud cd sncvø di `îs md uin ahnsgøi md rdtarias yn prakrn`nmas nc erditd haitgiditnc. Rar atra cnma dstîi cas mdtnccds cgtdrnrgas md dsd pdrgama dxtr dxtrnarm narmginrgn` ginrgn`ditd ditd pram pramuhtgv uhtgva. a. Eud di dsd tgd`pa hunima cns krnimds inrr in rrnh nhgai gaids ds ta ta`n `nra raii vg vgmn mn pa parr pr prg` g`dr drnn vdz dz,, Hnàm àmnn md Ka Kaim imac acgi gi, y ha`diz ha` diznim nimaa par Cn Hn tamas cas `atgvas cgtdrnrgas qud fnlàn dstnma dcnlarnima di su nitacakàn paçtghn salrd cns fnmns sd rdvdcnrai ha`a ha`pai aidditds dikrninmas md su «`gtacakàn pnrn Gikcntdrrn¿. Dc cgcglr lraa md Kn Knrt rtff ccccn` n`nn cn nt ntdi dihg hgøi øi sa salr lrdd vnrgas fdhfas md gitdrçs, ha`a qud ]acogdi hn`lgnsd rnmghnc`ditd md dstgca, pnsnima md cn padsàn n cn prasn. Rasglcd`ditd giecuydsd dc ernh er nhns nsaa nc gi gitd tdit itnr nr pu pulcg lcghnr hnr su ha hacdh cdhhgø hgøii md pad`ns, juita nc fdhfa md qud su pramuhhgøi sd fnlàn npaynma di cn ]HLX, y dstn yn ia sd
\dvgsgøi: ]acogdi ]acogdi y cn Kr Krni ni Kudrrn
dihaitrnln nccà pnrn pdrsdvdrnr di dc gitdita. Rdra di `g apgigøi, Jafi Knrtf sd vudcvd di dstdd pui dst puita ta md md`n `nsg sgnm nmaa ds dspd pdhu hucnt cntgv gvaa sa salr lrdd cn giecudihgn md cn Kudrrn salrd cn `gtacakàn. Fny mdtnccds alvgas qud ia mni cuknr n mgshu hussgøi, ha`a cas gi gissøcgt gtaas mr mrnnkai aidds `dhîighas y atras mdtnccds lçcghas mdc hudita md Kaimacgi. W tn`lgçi sai rdcdvnitds mdtnccds ha`a cn npnrghgøi di dshdin mdc @nc pdrs pd rsai ainc ncgz gznm nmaa ha ha` `a @d @dco coa. a. Rdr draa Kn Knrt rtff tn`lgçi sd nrrgdskn hai cn lúsqudmn md `uhfas vàih và ihuc ucas as dx dxpr prds dsas as,, md dp dpgs gsam amga gass d gi gihc hcus usaa pdrsainjds md cn `gtacakàn, qud ha`pnrn hai nhaitdhg`gditas y pdrsains rdncds. Ia mgka qud cns prapud udst stnns ia sdni rnzainlcd cdss di cn `nyaràn md cas hnsas (ia tamas), pdra tnitas fni nlusnma nitds md dsd judka qud ccdknma n ui puita yn ia prdsditn gitdrçs. A qugzî ds qud cas rdcntas, cuknrds y pdrsainjds md cas qud ]acogdi ha`dizø n dshrglgr di dstn çpahn yn haitgdidi su prapgn gmditgmnm, `uy negniznmn di `g g`nkgin g`nkginhgøi, hgøi, y huncqugdr dhunhgøi hai dc `uima prg`nrga rdhfgin hai dstrgmdihgn. Di mdeg mdegigt igtgv gvn, n, ]ac ]acog ogdi di y cn Kr Krni ni Ku Kudrr drrnn haitgdid nluimnitds gikrdmgditds pnrn gcustrnr, ditr di trdt dtdi didr dr y ns nsa` a`lr lrnr nr n ca cass ne negh ghga gain inma mass n ]ac acog ogdi di,, a gi gihc hcus usaa n hu hunc ncqu qugd gdrn rn qu qudd md mdsd sddd nprrdi np dimd mdrr sa salr lrdd cn Gi Gikc kcnt ntdr drrn rn md mdcc ha haiivu vucs csaa ha`g ha `gdi diza za md mdcc sg sgkc kcaa VV. Di Dihai haitr trnr nrd` d`as as di nckú nc kúii pu puit itaa md md`n `nsg sgnm nmas as gi gikr krdm dmgd gdit itds ds,, qu qudd pudmdi fnhdr cn sapn pdsnmn pnrn dc dstø`nka qud ia lushn tnitas snlards. Rdra salrd tama, pamd pa md`a `ass edc dcgh ghgt gtnr nria iass md td tdid idrr di iu iuds dstr trnn cdikun, par egi, uia md cas vacú`dids dsdihgncds di cn alrn disnyàstghn salrd J.\.\. ]acogdi, cn hgtn alcgknmn md tama qugdi qugdrn nhdrhnrsd nc argkdi md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn, hunima surkgø md cns praeuimgmnmds mdc Unhàa Gitd`parnc.
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]acogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud \nskas md haitd`parnidgmnm di dc pdrgama ear`ntgva md J.\.\. ]acogdi Jasç @niudc Edrr Edrrîimdz îimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿
I
a rd rdsu suct ctni ni gi gius usun uncd cdss cn cnss ap apgi giga gaid idss qud hncgeghni n ]acogdi ha`a nckugdi ha`p ha `pcd cdtn tn`d `dit itdd nj njdi dia a n su tg tgd` d`pa pa,, mnima par fdhfa qud cn `nyaràn md sus giq iqu ugd gdtu tumd mdss mgv gvdr drkà kàni ni md cns tdi dimmdi dihg hgns ns `nya `n yargt rgtnrg nrgn`d n`ditd itd nhd nhdpt ptnmn nmnss di su çpa çpahn. hn. Ia alstn al stnit itd, d, ds md md`n `nsg sgnm nma a nt ntrd rdvg vgma ma rd rdtr trnt ntnr nrca ca ha`a ha` a nck nckug ugdi di qu qudd sd nut nutadx adxhcu hcuy yø mur murnit nitdd cn `nyar pnr nrttd md su vgm gmnn di ui uinn «l «lu url rlu ujn jn¿¿ nihcnmn di ui supudsta pnsnma prdgimustrgnc. Xudcd nrkógrsd pnrn dcca su mdhcnrnmn nvdrsgøi nc qud sd paid md `ni niggeg egds dstta di `amdrigs`a qud hgdrtas nspdhtas rdecdjnmas di sus alrns, ha`a suss gm su gmdn dnss nh nhdr drhn hn md mdcc g` g`pn pnht hta a md cn gi gimu must strg rgnn salrd cn inturncdzn, sus kustas dstçtghas a n sus negigmnmds hrdntgvns. Xd fn ccdknma n negr`nr qud:
dstçtg dstç tgha ha.. Xg Xgi i d` d`ln lnrk rka, a, su tr trnl nlnj nja a ds haistnitd`d haistn itd`ditd itd nincg nincgznma znma y hntnca hntncaknma knma md ui `ama qud cd npnrtn md sus haitd`parîidas. (@artg`dr >>=) Ds dvgmditd qud, n prg`drn vgstn, cn alrn md eghhgøi md ]acogdi mdld vgihucnrsd àitg`n`ditd hai cas `gtas y cns snkns prahd pr ahdmdi mditds tds mdc rd` rd`at ata a pns pnsnma nma mdc iart iartdd md Dura Du rapn pn.. Cn ia iastn stnck ckgn gn qu qudd g` g`pr prdk dkin in ta tamn mn su alrn ha ha`a `a rns nska ka mde deggig igttar argga md su ds dstg tgcca pra pr avah ahnn cn g` g`pr prds dsgø gøi i md qu qudd su eg eghh hhgø gøi i sd euim eu imn` n`di ditn tn di cn rdg dgvg vgim imgh ghnh nhgø gøi i md qu qudd dc `uima nitgkua sgd`prd eud `îs prøspdra y ecardhgditd qud dc mdc `a`dita prdsditd md cn fgstargn, di ca qud pnrdhd sdr ui rdh dhai aiah ahg` g`gd gdit ita a n cn gi gidx dxar arnl nlgc gcgm gmnm nm md cn mdhnmdihgn.
Xgi d`lnrka, sg nincgzn`as n ]acogdi mdsmd cn pdrspdhtgvn md cn çpahn di qud vgvgø y, par tnita mditra mdc haitdxta mdc sgkca VV, hnld ditd di tdim imdr dr qu qudd ds dstn tn hd hdcd cdlr lrnh nhgø gøi i md mdcc pn pnsn snma ma g`prdkinma md nþarnizn pamràn sdr uin dxhusn pnrn hrgtghnr dc prdsditd, a mghfa md atra `ama pnrn praydhtnr su `uima g`nkgintgva salrd dc `uima rdnc (di ca qud çc ccn`ø npcghnlgcgmnm ). ). Di dst dstdd sd sdit itgm gma, a, cn pr prds dsui uitn tn «n «ncg cgdi dinhg nhgøi øi¿¿ md Dstn apgigøi tni ratuimn mdld, nc `dias, ]acog acogdi di sd mdsnr` mdsnr`nn sg` sg`pcd` pcd`ditd ditd alsd alsdrvnim rvnima a `ntgznrsd y, di tama hnsa, pnrdhd gijustgeghnma su al alrn rn y ia ds mg mgeà eàhg hgcc fnc fnccn cnrr sg sgki kige gegh ghntg ntgvvas gkiarnr par ha`pcdta dc g`pnhta md su tgd`pa `a`ditas di cas qud ]acogdi sd ncgidn hai dc di ]ac acog ogdi di,, ds dspd pdhg hgnc nc`d `dit itdd di su suss pr prg` g`dr dras as `uima rdnc. Rntrgho Hurry sdþncn n `ama md nþas, qud sd mdjn iatnr tnita di su djd djd`p `pca ca md dstd prapøsg prapøsgta ta ha`a ha`a «dc egi eginc nc mdc pdrsaincgmnm ha`a di su alrn: cglra _ Dc Dc Xdþar md cas NigccasP hai Xn` md vudctn n hnsn, ias mgrgkd hai egr`dzn n iudstra prapga \dsuc \d suctn tn gik gikdiu diua a neg negr`n r`nrr qu qudd ]aco acogdi gdi,, `uima, hai sus pralcd`ns, y ia nc vgnjd mdsmd inhg in hgma ma di >67< >67< y dm dmuh uhnm nma a mu murn rnit itdd cn cas Rudrtas Krgsds hai Erama¿ (Hurry 46). prg` pr g`dr drnn mç mçhn hnmn mn md mdcc sg sgkc kca a VV VV,, fn fnlr lràn àn npnrdhgma di uin dspdh dhggd md vnhàa J.\.\. ]acogdi drn ui ‖nitgkua‗, di dc sditgma md qud çc ia qudràn vgvgr di dc prdsditd, sgia di dmnmds `îs jughgasns y di cn dt dtdr drig igmn mnmm .. .... .. ]ac acog ogdi di _d _drn rnPP tn tni i nitgkua ha`a Lîrlac, ui padt dtnn md `uska qud vgvàn di cas cdikunjds y cas pad`ns md cas ]gd`pas Ashuras. (Hrnvdi >=4)
>6
Ds pralnlcd qud cn hudstgøi qud sgd`prd sd pnsd par ncta ds qud ]acogdi, vacvgdima n ca sdþn sd þncn cnma ma pa parr @a @art rtg` g`dr dr,, ia pu puma ma ng ngsc scnr nrsd sd eàsghn`ditd ig gitdcdhtunc`ditd md cn rdncgmnm qud cd ramdø y md cas dcd`ditas dxgstdihgncds md su haitdxta y md su prapgn lgakrneàn. Mghfa md atra `ama:
pdrgama, y qud di ]acogdi, ha`a gimghîln`as nrrgln, sai eîhgc`ditd mdtdhtnlcds.
Cn dx dxpr prds dsgø gøi i dq dqug ugvvnc ncdi ditd td di dc ha hait itdx dxta ta lrgtîigha ds cn md drn dmwnrmgnin, di rdedrdihgn n cn çpahn qud hulrd dc rdginma md Dmunrma UGG, mdsmd >72> n >7>2 (nuiqud cn `nyaràn md cas fgstargnmards pracaikni su dxgstdihgn `îs nccî, ]ac acog ogdi di pd pdrtd rtdid idhd hd nc `g `gs` s`a a sg sgkc kca a qu qudd fnstn dc gighga md cn Rrg`drn Kudrrn @uimgnc Rrau Rr aust st,, Ja Jay yhd y Dc Dcga gat, t, y ds cd cdàm àma a ha hai i di >7>=). Xgi d`lnrka, dc tçr`gia ldccd dpaqud pcnhdr par `uhfas md cas `gs`as rdsuctn `îs uigvdrsnc puds npcghnlcd n tamn cn cdht cd htar ards ds.. Cn hr hràt àtgh ghnn tg tgdi didd qu qudd ne nera rait itnr nr sahgdmnm ahhgmditnc md cn çpahn (dspdhgnc`ditd dstd fdhfa y tdidrca di huditn. n cn durapdn, sgdima sus hnpgtncds Rnràs, Caimrds (\asdlu (\a sdlury ry ;). y Ldrcài) y sdkurn`ditd dikcaln `djar dstas Neart rtu uin inmn mn` `di ditd td ncku nc kuia iass dstu ds tumg mga asa sass nþas, sgi acvgmnr qud n `ama md kugþa has` ha s`ap apac acgt gtn, n, tn tn`l `lgç gçi i sd nj njus ustn tn n ui gi gikc kcçs çs npuitni di dstd sditgma: `gcgtnitd `gcg tnitd ha`a ]acog acogdi, di, qug qugdi di hurga hurgasn`dit sn`ditdd _]acogdiP idhdsgtn tn`lgçi sdr rdvgsnma d pnsø su úctg`a vdrnia nitds md qud d`pdznrn cn gitdrp rprrdtnma mditra md su prapga kudrrn, dc md >7>8, di Rnràs. tgd` tg d`pa pa,, ha ha`a `a ui «n «nut utar ar md mdcc sg sgkc kca¿ a¿,, dc Murrni Mu nittd ds dstd td pdr drga gamma sd ha haih ihrrdt dtnr nrai ai sgkca VV, di lushn md rdspudstn n cas hn`lgas g`partnitds di cns ear`ns md vgmn y di pralcd`ns y cns nikustgns md dstd sgkca. `uctg `u ctgtum tum md fîl fîlgt gtas as ha hatgm tgmgni gnias. as. Cn sah sahgdm gdmnm nm (Xfgppdy VVUGG) dvac dv acuh uhga gaiø iø y iu iudv dvas as ha ha`p `part artn` n`gd gdit itas as sd \dsuc \d suctn tn par dcc dcca a uin git gitdrd drdsni snitd td pds pdsqu qugsn gsn nsg nsg`gc `gcnr nrai ai ha` ha`a a nmd nmdhun hunma mass d gih gihcus cusa a ha` ha`a a trnt tr ntnr nr md di diha hait itrn rnrr nq nqud udcc ccas as ns nspd pdht htas as md su mdsdnlcds. Rar hgtnr ui hnsa qud nuiqud pudmn ditaria, di pnrt rtgghu huccnr md cas nþas md su pnr pnrdhdr dhdr nidhmøtg nidhmøtgha, ha, rdsuct rdsuctø ø pnrt pnrtghu ghucnr cnr`di `ditd td gienihgn y juvditum, dspdhgnc`ditd cas prdvgas g` g`pa part rtni nitd td pn pnrrn ]ac acog ogdi di,, cn pr prîh îhtg tghn hn md mdcc n cn Rrg`drn Kudrrn @uimgnc, qud mdpartd pnsø n sdr pnrtd g`partnitd ditrd cas haimghgainrai n ]acogdi y nyumnrai n usas y hastu`lrds sahgncds haiear`nr sus kustas y su `nidrn md Di dc ditaria lrgtîigha yn mdsmd `dmgnmas dierditnrsd nc `uima, tama dcca hgrhuishrgta di mdcc sg sgkc kca a VG VGV, V, ds dspd pdhg hgnc nc`d `dit itdd di cn cnss ds dshu hudc dcns ns uin çp çpa ahn md cn fg fgst sta arg rgnn ha hait itd` d`p parîi îidn dn md pnrtghucnr`ditd gitdrdsnitd y huyns púlcghns (cns md çcgtd), sd ha`dizø n haisgmdrnr sgikuc sgi kucnrg nrgmnm mnmds ds tn` tn`pa paha ha mdl mdldrà dràni ni pns pnsnrs nrsdd par dc mdpartd ha`a ui gistru`dita euimn`ditnc pnrn cn ear`nhgøi fu`nin md sus ncu`ias. Cas ncta. vnc ncar ards ds md su supd pdrn rnhg hgøi øi,, tr trnl nlnj nja a di dq dqug ugpa pa y Dc tçr`gia md argkdi ernihçs ldccd dpaqud , ha ha` `pd pdtg tghg hgøi øi md mdrg rgvvnm nmas as md ta tamn mn ha hait itgd gdim imnn qud dikcaln cn úctg`n mçhnmn mdc sgkca VGV y mdpartgvn eudrai ta`nmas di sdrgn cas prg`dras nþas mdc VV fnstn dc gighga md cn haisgmdrnhgøi y cn sahgdmnm nsu`gø Krni Kudrrn, mdegid ntginmn`ditd dstn çpahn. `n `nsg sgvvn` n`di ditd td dc rd rdcd cdvn vnit itdd pn pnpd pdcc md mdcc md mdpa partd rtd Dstn dxprdsgøi eud nhuþnmn rdtraspdhtgvn`ditd, fnhgn egincds md sgkca. Md fdhfa ia ds hnsunc murnitd cas nþas vdgitd, n `ama md qud ludin pnrtd md cas mdpartds md dqugpa qud rdgvg rd gvgimg imghnhg hnhgøi øi y tn` tn`lg lgçi çi md gmd gmdncg ncgznhg znhgøi øi mdc fa fay y ha haia iahd hd`a `ass in inhg hgdr drni ni di ditr trdd dc ah ahns nsa a md mdcc pdrgama prdvga n cn Rrg`drn Kudrrn @uimgnc y sgkca VGV y prgihgpgas mdc VV, a qud ccd cdvvn g`pcà càhg hgttas, par atr trnn pnr nrttd, `nt ntgghd hdss justn`ditd sd pramuj pramujdrn drn cn rdhupdrnhgøi md cas vgi gihu hucn cnmmas ha hai i uin su sudr drttd md `dc dcni niha hacà cànn Judkas Acà`pghas di >675. prapgn md ca cass nu nuttards qud vg vgvg vgdr dra ai nq nqud udcc
>7
]acogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud
Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Edr rîimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿
Cn Ogi Ogikk Dmw Dmwnr nrmm‗s Xh Xhfa faac ac,, cn ds dshu hudc dcnn md Dc nutar Jafi Knrtf fn alsdrvnma n dstd ]acogdi di Lgr`gikfn`, ia eud uin dxhdphgøi rdspdhta qud: y ea`ditø dc mdpartd ditrd sus ncu`ias, yn Cn `aen fdraghn md «]fd Lnttcd ae tfd eudrn eud rn pnrt pnrtghg ghgpni pnima ma di ha` ha`pdt pdtghg ghgaid aidss hai haitrn trn Dnst stddri Egdc dcmm¿ rde deccdjn, md `nidrn atrns dshudcns a lgdi arknigznima cgkns ditrd haishgditd a ia, uin vdrmnm nhdrhn md cns cas dqugpas md cns mgstgitns hnsns di cns qud sd nhtg nh tgtu tumd mdss md tam amnn ui uinn kd kdid idrn rnhg hgøi øi.. Dc rdpnrtàni cas ncu`ias. Di pnrtghucnr dc rukly, hn`pa md mdpartds drn uin cuknr pnrn dc qud sdràn dc mdpartd prdmgcdhta md ]acogdi, eud ha`lnt ha` lntdd egik egikgma gma.. @u @uhf hfas as hf hfgha ghass cdà cdàni ni murnitd dstas nþas dc `îs papucnr di cn dshudcn. qud cn kudrrn drn ui mdpartd haimuhgma ]acogdi eud ui ditusgnstn juknmar md rukly par atras `dmgas. Dc faiar y cn kcargn tnita di su dshudcn ha`a di cn uigvdrsgmnm. Di praydhtnrai ui dxnkdrnma kcn`aur salrd salrd cn Og Ogik ik Dm Dmw wnr nrmm‗s dj djdr drhg hgø ø ha ha`a `a hn hnpg pgtî tîi i md mdcc n`la n` las, s, ha ha`a `a sg dc ha ha`l `lnt ntdd rd rdnc nc eu eudr drnn dqugpa md rukly md su hnsn, nuiqud par cns uin nvdi ditu turrn fd fdrraghn md mdhd hdit itdd di su rdsdþns md nqudccas pnrtgmas mn cn g`prdsgøi md dsdihgn. (Knrtf <2) qud drn ui juknmar hai ia md`nsgnma tncdita Ds dvgmditd qud dc hfaqud md rdncgmnm qud nuiqud sà `uy g`pdtuasa. Xd huditn qud drn supusa cn prg`drn kudrrn `uimgnc supusa ui ui cgkdra, nu nui iqud ru rumma, mdc dcnnitdr dra a qud kr krni ni g`pnh nhtta y cn alvgn mge gedr drdi dihg hgnn di ditr trdd ha`pdisnln su ernkgcgmnm hai su md mdpa part rtdd y ku kudr drrn rn sd fg fgza za `d `drg rgmg mgni nin` n`di ditd td mdtdr` mdt dr`gin ginhgø hgøi, i, ca qu qudd `a `atgv tgvø ø qu qudd pnm pnmdhg dhgdrn drn dvgmditd, nuiqud ds tn`lgçi hgdrta qud `uhfas mgvdrsas pdrhnihds, ditrd dccas cas krnvds mnþas nþ nþas as md mdsp spuç uçss ]ac acog ogdi di `n `nit ituv uva a dc ta taia ia md qud suergø di cn cdikun murnitd ui pnrtgma, qud fu`ar hunima vgihucø dc argkdi md ui mdpartd «dsk «d skrg rg`g `gø ø di ah ahns nsga gaid idss hu huni nima ma nc ncku kugd gdi i sd n ui uinn ln lntn tncc ccnn qu qudd rd rdcn cntn tn di ui uinn pg pgit itar ards dshn hn qudjn qu djnln ln md qu qudd rds rdsuc uctnl tnlnn mge mgeàhg àhgcc dit ditdim dimdr drcd¿ cd¿.. niçhmatn fgstørghn npnrdhgmn di Dc Fallgt : (Fn``aim y Xhucc, ]acogdi ]acogdi Ha`pnigai, >=). _...P ]ara Lrn`nmar, dc tàa lgsnludca mdc Gkun Gk unc` c`di ditd td su n` n`gst gstnm nm ha hai i nc ncku kuia ia md su suss Ugdja Ug dja ]uo, tni dia diar`d r`d (ha (ha`a `a fal fallg lgt) t) ha` ha `pn pnþd þdrras md mdcc ].H .H.L .L.X .X.. sd ar argk gkgi giø ø di dc qud fnstn pamàn `aitnr n hnlncca. Di cn tdrrdia md judka. Ti hcnra djd`pca ds dc hnsa lntn ln tncc ccnn md ca cass Hn Hn` `pa pass Udr drmd mdss fn fnlà lànn md Hfrgstapfdr [gsd`ni, nc qud pamràn mdhgrsd hnrk hn rknm nma a ha hait itrn rn cn cnss egc egcns ns md tr trns nska kass md mdcc qud haiahgø di >724 di dc tdrrdia md judka, @aitd @a itd Krn Krn`, `, y lc lcnim nimgdi gdima ma uin pa parrn rrn puds n`las juknlni hai dc dqugpa md cn `gs`n md `nmdrn cd nrrnihø md hunja cn hnldzn hnsn. nc rdy Kaceg eg` `luc. Cn hnl nlddzn sncgø Cn g`partnihgn mdc mdpartd di cn juvditum mgspnrnmn uins hgdi ynrmns par dc ngrd y md ]acogdi pudmd gcustrnrsd hai ui fdhfa `îs eud n mnr n cn `nmrgkudrn md ui haidja, y nccî md su pnsgøi ha`a juknmar. Di `nrza md md dstn ear`n, y n cn vdz, sd kniø cn >7>>, di su úctg`a hursa nitds md ha`diznr sus lntnccn y sd givditø dc judka md kace. ( Dc dstumgas di Axearm, pulcghø di dc pdrgømgha md Fallgt , <>) cn dshudcn, ]fd Ogik Dmwnrm's Xhfaac Hfraighcd , Di huncqugdr ear`n sd pamràn gr `îs cdjas su prg`dr pad`n, tgtucnma «]fd Lnttcd ae tfd rdspdhta nc g`pnhta mdc mdpartd di cn Dnstdri Egdcm¿ qud rdcntnln ca nhaitdhgma di ui pd pdrs rsai ainc ncgm gmnm nm md ]ac acog ogdi di.. Nvdi ditu turn rnim ima a cn pnrtgma md rukly ditrd hnsns. Xd trntnln md uin giec giecudi udihgn hgn md cns dxp dxpdrg drgdih dihgns gns ha` ha`a a sus sustrn trnta ta pnra pn ramg mgnn qu qudd g` g`gt gtnl nlnn n cn cnss «C «Cny nyss ae Ni Nihg hgdi ditt idh idhdsn dsnrga rga pnr pnrnn cn hai haiegk egkur urnhg nhgøi øi md cn pr prap apgn gn \a` a`d¿ d¿,, md ]f ]fa` a`ns ns Ln Lnll llgi gikt ktai ai @n @nhn hnuc ucny ny n vgsgøi mdc `uima, ia ds mdshnldccnma pdisnr `ama md jaha hasn sn hr hrøi øigghn md mgh ghfa fa pnr nrtg tgmma qud di su prg`drn juvditum dc mdp dpa art rtdd mdsh md shrg rgta ta ha ha`a `a sg sd tr trntn ntnrn rn md ui uinn nu nutç tçit itgh ghnn supusgdrn pnrn çc uin apart rtu uigmnm md lntnccn. ha`pralnr di prg`drn pdrsain cns «cdyds¿ md cn
<2
Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Edr rîimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿
]acogdi ]a cogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud
hai ieraitnhgøi ditrd cas Di huncqugdr hnsa cn vdrmnmdrn sulhrdnhgøi y cn ha `uimas prg`nrga y sdhuimnrga qud cudka sdràn trnisear`nhgøi qud sd pramuja murnitd cn ldccd cn lnsd md tama su gmdnrga hrdntgva. prahd hdmmd di kr krni ni pnr nrtd td md qud ds dsttd dpaqud pr Hgdr Hg drtn tn`d `dit itdd ui td tdrr rrdi dia a md ju judk dka a ds ui pdrgama, y hai çc tn`lgçi ]acogdi, inhgø lnja cass de dedh dhta tass md cn \d \dvvac acuh uhgø gøi i Gi Gimu mustr strgn gnc, c, md `uima `u ima haf hafdrd drditd itd,, sdh sdhuim uimnrg nrga, a, hai su pr prapg apgnn ca cdyds (dc «rdkcn`dita¿ mdc mdpartd). Md nckúi `ama qud cas hn`lgas tdhiacøkghas y `ama `a ma,, ds ui `u `uim ima a sg sg` `pc pcge gegh ghnm nma, a, a `d `dja jarr dhaiø`ghas qud çstn prapghgø kdidrnrai uins r`ns ns md vg vgmn mn y uia iass hn hn` `lg lga as n cas qud mghf mg hfa, a, nh nhat atnm nma a pa parr su suss rd rdkc kcns ns,, qu qudd rd rdecd ecdjn jn nc ear` iudstra hai hafdrdihgn pdra hai cn ]acogdi ia puma sdr njdia. dvdituncgmnm md qud su mdvdigr ds g`prdmdhglcd y huyn `nkgn sd ra`pd hunima sd tdr`gin dc pnr nrtg tgmma. Gk Gku unc nc` `di ditd td,, cn ns nsp pgr grnh nhggøi md cas juknmards, cas fnlgtnitds md dstd `uima, ds cakrnr dc trguiea, qud md nckúi `ama pamràn nsg` ns g`gc gcnr nrsd sd nc pr prae aeui uima ma md mdsd sda a fu fu`n `nia ia,, tn tni i rdhu rd hurr rrdi ditd td`d `dit itdd di cn al alrn rn md ]ac acog ogdi, di, md nchniznr cn gi`artncgmnm. Xdràn gitdrdsnitd nincgznr hø`a dc mdsnedhta qudd pr qu pra avah ahnn di `u `uhf hfns ns pd pdrs rsai ains ns cn dv dvns nsgø gøi i fnhg fn hgnn `u `uim ima as sd sdhu huim imnr nrggas, sdþ dþnc ncnm nma a pa parr ]acogdi di su haiedrdihgn «Xalrd cas Huditas md Fnmns¿, haitrnstn hai cn `nsgvn nhdptnhgøi di iudstrn çpahn mdc mdpartd, nsu`gma ha`a cuknr ha`úi pnrn cn rdhupdrnhgøi md sditg` sdi tg`gdi gdita tass pah paha a ha` ha`pnt pntglc glcds ds hai iud iudstr stra a tgpa tg pa md vg vgmn mn.. Dc `g `gs` s`a a cd cdik ikun unjd jd md mdpa partg rtgvva paid dstd fdhfa md `nigegdsta hai tçr`gias qud fn nsg`gcnma y qud ias haimuhdi n atras haitdx hai tdxta tas, s, tnc tncds ds ha` ha`a a «pu «pukin kin¿, ¿, «ha «haitg itgdim dimn¿, n¿, «fnznþn¿, «fçrad¿, «kdstn¿, «çpghn¿, dth.
\dsuctn pnrnmgk`îtgha, par djd`pca, qud cn gimustrgncgznhgøi murnitd dstn çpahn pravahnrn cn mdsnpnrghgøi md iu`drasas ditarias rurncds, idhdsn idh dsnrgn rgn`di `ditd td vgi vgihuc hucnmn nmn hai uin har harrgd rgditd itd `gkr `g krnh nhga gain incc fn fnhg hgnn cn cnss hg hgum umnm nmds ds qu qudd ne nedh dhttø mgrdhtn`ditd nc nutar di su gienihgn. Nuiqud ia dspdhàeghn`ditd par dcca, dc fdhfa ds qud di >722 >7 22,, di ca qu qudd pr pral alnl nlcd cd`d `dit itdd eu eudr drai ai ca cass `a`di `a `dita tass `îs trn trnu`î u`îtgh tghas as md ca cass prg prg`dr `dras as nþas md J.\.\. ]acogdi, çstd sd trnscnmø mdsmd Xnrd Xn rdfa facd cd,, qu qudd dr drnn pa parr di dita taih ihds ds ui di dita tari ria a hn`pdstrd nuiqud yn n`dinznma par cn rdcntgvn hdrhniàn md cn hgumnm, n cn gimustrgnc y `amdrin Lgr`gikfn`. Cn hrdhgditd mdsnpnrghgøi mdc `uima rurnc trnm tr nmgh ghga gain incc rd rdsu suct ctø ø pn pnrn rn `u `uhf hfas as,, gi gihc hcug ugma ma ]ac acog ogdi di,, md mg mgeà eàhg hgcc nh nhdp dptnh tnhgø gøi, i, y kd kdid idrø rø md ear`n dspaitîidn ui iatnlcd mdsmçi fnhgn cn gihgpgditd sahgdmnm gimustrgnc, qud kcalnc`ditd g`paiàn sus haihdphgaids fnhgn ui gidcumglcd prakrdsa ditdimgma di ui sditgma
«Igdiar¿, par @nrtn Cútfgdi Kutgçrrdz «D`dcmgr Rdrdmfdc¿
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]acogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud
nlsacutn`ditd nvnsnccnmar. Dstd rdhfnza sd vd `drg rgmmgnin`ditd rdec ecdj djnnma di cn alrn md ]acog ogdi di,, y ds pnr nrtg tghu hucn cnr` r`di dittd praeu euim ima a hunima hun ima mds mdshrg hrgld ld cn tr trnis nisea ear`n r`nhgø hgøi i gimustrgnc suergmn par Cn Ha`nrhn murnitd dc pdrgama md Znrqugia. Nccà, mdcnitd md dccas, sd drkuàn cn krni hfg`didn? y n `dmgmn qud sd nhdrhnlni n cn vgdjn ncmdn di cn `nrkdi apudstn mdc Mdcnkun, ditrd cn malcd fgcdrn md sørmgmns hnsns iudvns qud ecniqudnlni dc hn`gia, vdľni dc iudva `acgia di tamn su fast stggc y suhgn edncmnm: uin krni haist ha istruh ruhhg hgøi øi md cn cnmr mrgc gcca cass n fa farh rhnj njnm nmns ns salrd cns mas argccns mdc r ľa, huyns nkuns d`paizaþnln hai decuvgas fu`dnitds y pdst pd stgc gcdi ditd tds. s. W n ca cn cnrk rka a md mdcc hn hn`g `gia ia,, tama ta mass ca cass îr îrla lacd cdss fn fnlà làni ni sg sgma ma tn tncn cnma mass _...P. Nccà nitds fnlàn fnlgma ui sdimdra hai ha i îr îrla lacd cds. s. Nf Nfar arnn ta tama mass ca cass îr îrla lacd cdss fnlàni mdsnpnrdhgma. W hunima `grnrai hais ha isttdr drin inma mass dc hn hn` `gi gia a qud su sul làn n Lacs La csøi øi Hd Hdrr rrnm nma, a, vg vgdr drai ai n cn mg mgstn stnihg ihgnn uin nctn hfg`didn md cnmrgccas. Ua`gtnln ui fu`a idkra di dc ngrd mdc ntnrmdhdr. ( Dc \dtaria mdc \dy, 8;5)
Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Edr rîimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿
murnitd cas nþas md su gienihgn qud pnsø di dc hn`pa. Cn Inturncdzn haiear`nln uia md cas rdedrditds euimn`ditncds mdc ditaria luhøcgha di qud dstî mgshurrgø y dvgmditd`ditd ]acogdi mdsnrraccø mdsmd `uy td`prnin dmnm uin krni qudr drdi dihg hgnn fn fnhg hgnn cn `g `gs` s`n, n, ca qud tdi dimr mrààn haisdh hai sdhudi udihgn hgnss di su ea ear`n r`n md ner nerait aitnr nr atr atrns ns giqugd giq ugdtum tumds ds pdr pdrsai saincd ncdss ha` ha`a a cn pg pgitu iturn rn y cn gcustrnhgøi. [nyi yidd K. Fn Fn`` ``ai aimm y Hf Hfrg rgst stgi ginn Xh Xhuc uccc sdþncni qud «su nrtd sd gispgrn di cn Inturncdzn¿ (Nrtgst ><), par ca qud ia rdsuctn mge geààhg hgcc nh nhdp dptn tnrr qud su prg rg` `dr drnn gie ieccud udih ihggn nrtàstghnn sgkig nrtàstgh sgkigeghntg eghntgvn vn pra prahdmgd hdmgdrn rn prdh prdhgsn`d gsn`ditd itd mdc Nrt qud sd mdsnrraccø Nrt Iau auvd vdnu nu,, qu hait ha itd` d`pa parî rîid idn` n`di ditd td n su suss pr prg` g`dr dras as nþ nþas as,, nuiqud: Hgernr di qu Hgernr quçç `dm `dmgmn gmn eud giec giecudi udihgn hgnma ma parr `a pa `avg vg`g `gdi dita tass ha hait itd` d`pa parî rîid idas as a dstgcas nrtàstghas `îs nccî mdc Nrt Iavdnu sgkigeghn nmditrnrsd di dc tdrrdia md cn haijdturn, y di úctg`n gistnihgn rdsuctn g`pasglcd md mdtdr`ginr. (Fn``aim y Xhucc, Nrtgst , ><).
Cn prdhaz negigmnm md ]acogdi hai dc Nrt Iauvdnu, qud par atra cnma sd rdecdjn di alrns Ia ds nvditurnma sdþncnr qud Xnru`ni sd rdncgznmns n ca cnrka md su vgmn, rdsuctn uin drgk dr gkdd di sà sà`l `lac aca a md mdcc pr prak akrrds dsa a md mdst stru ruht htar ar,, haisdhudihgn cøkghn yn qud prdhgsn`ditd dstd n`pnrnma di cn lnimdrn mdc prakrdsa: dstgca surkgø ha`a rdnhhgøi hacdhtgvn erditd nc Xnru Xn ru`n `ni i _. _... ..PP ds dc rds dspa pais isnl nlcd cd md cn nukd nu kd gi gimu mustr strgn gncc md mdsh shai aitr trac acnm nma a md cn çp çpah ahn, n, vgac vg acnhg nhgøi øi md cn gm gmàc àcgh ghnn Ha Ha`n `nrh rhnn tn tnit ita a prdtdimgdima rdhupdrnr n cn rdcdknmn inturncdzn ha`a cn \dva \dvacuhgø cuhgøi i Gimustrgnc Gimustrgnc ca eud md `dmg `d mgni nitd td dc us usa a md `a `atg tgvvas md gi gisp spgr grnh nhgø gøi i cn md cn cnss @g @gmc mcni nims ms md Gi Gikc kcnt ntdr drrn rn maimd maimd inturnc ha`a ecards y fajns, hai cas qud sd ]acogdi hrdhgø. Cn ]dhiacakàn, ia di dc trntnln md hrdnr ldccns ha`pasghgaids usnima `îs n`pcga sditgma md cn givdihgøi y md càidns sgiuasns y mgstrgluhgaids nsg`çtrghns. cn nrtdsnià nrtdsniànn sgi sgia a di su ear`n ear`n mdkrnm mdkrnmnmn nmn Ca hgdrta ds qud, ydima ui paha `îs nccî, y md mdsf sfu u`ni niggzn znit itd, d, rdp dprrds dsdi ditn tn uin pamr pa mràn àn`a `ass md mdhg hgrr, qu qudd di ds dstd td ku kust sta a pa parr cn dstçtghn y uin `arnc mdhnmditd qud eud gispgrnhgøi di cns ear`ns qud npartn cn `gs`n mdpcarnmn murnitd cn juvditum md inturncdzn, a ca qud ds ca `gs`a (mdsmd ui ]ac acogd ogdi i pa parr dshr dshrgt gtar ards ds tni giec giecuy uydit ditds ds puit pu ita a md vg vgst stnn hr hrgs gstg tgni nia) a),, cn al alrn rn md Mg Mgas as,, ha`a ha `a Ja Jafi fi \u \uso sogi gi y [g [gcc ccgn gn` ` @a @arr rrgs gs.. sul su lynh nhdd dc kd kdr` r`di di md mdcc pd pdis isn` n`gd gdit ita a `î `îss (Futtnr ><). purn pu rn`d `dit itdd pr prap apga ga md ]ac acog ogdi di,, yn qu qud, d, md Di huncqugdr hnsa, dc nedhta md ]acogdi par nckuin `nidrn, sd trntn md uin `udstrn md su ca rurnc vn `îs nccî md su hrdnhgøi cgtdrnrgn y ia pcnitdn`gdita sulhrdntgva nc qud ds npcghnlcd cn søca sø ca dc dccn cn qu qudm dmø ø `n `nrrhn hnmn mn pa parr su suss vg vgvvdi dihg hgns ns `îxg`n prdsditd di dc pad`n @ytapadgn: [d
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Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Edr rîimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿
]acogdi ]a cogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud
`nod stgcc ly tfd cnw gi wfghf wd rd rd `nmd, «núi `nia dc g`pnhta md cas nvnihds di cn `djarn md cnss ha ha`u `uig ighn hnhg hgai aids ds qu qudd pd pdr` r`gt gtgø gø vg vgnj njnr nr sg sgi i sdkug`as cn cdy par cn qud eug`as hrdnmas¿. cn krnimds dseudrzas n kditds md tamn hcnsd sahgnc. ( ]rdd ]rdd nim Cdne , 76) amràn` àn`as as ul ulghn ghnrr mur murnit nitdd cn ldccd ldccd dpaqu dpaqud d cn Rdr dra, a, vac acvg vgdi dima ma nc g` g`pn pnht hta a pd pdrs rsai ainc nc di Ramr ]acogdi y di sus hadtîida dass md cn iudvn npnrghgøi mdc haihdpta md «vgnjd md pcnhdr¿ qud sahgdm sah gdmnm nm sur surkgm kgmnn md cas hn` hn`lga lgass pr prapg apghgn hgnma mass mnràn cuknr nc ediø`dia mdc turgs`a, mdc qud dc javdi di \aincm ]acogdi eud pnrtàhgpd, n pdsnr md parr cn \d pa \dva vacu cuhgø hgøi i Gim Gimust ustrgn rgnc, c, rds rdsuc uctn tn qu qugzî gzîss jav sg`pcgstn pdisnr qud pnrn ]acogdi tama tgpa md sus cg`gtnmas rdhursas dhaiø`ghas, puds vgnjø n prakrdsa pra krdsa mdvgi mdvgia a gitrà gitràisdhn` isdhn`ditd ditd pdrvd pdrvdrsa. rsa. Xg mgvdrsas puitas mdc tdrrgtarga gikcçs d gihcusa xtrrni nijd jdrra di ca qud sg sgi i mum umnn eu eudd ui lgdi ds hgdrt rta a qud egcasøeghn`ditd cns mdc dxt haisdh hai sdhudi udihgn hgnss md cn gim gimust ustrgn rgncg cgznhg znhgøi øi gl glni ni di dirgqudhg`gdita pdrsainc y hucturnc md vncar haitrn md sus gihcginhgaids, cn tdhiacakàn qud gihnchucnlcd. ‗ ‗
surkgø di dstd pdrgama y cns pasglgcgmnmds qud Nitds md cn kudrrn, mdjnima nc `nrkdi dc trnnja ha tr hais isggka cd ldi dide degh ghgø gø (d gie ieccuy uyø ø) di vgnjd di lnrha mdsmd Xumîerghn qud rdncgzø di su prg rg` `drn drn gi gieeni nihg hgnn y qud np npdi dins ns cd md mdjø jø dc `uhfas nspdhtas. Xgi gr `îs cdjas, ui sà`laca md cn rdhudrma md nckuins g`îkdids md ui luccghgasa rdvvac rd acuh uhgø gøi i gi gimu mustr strgn gncc ha ha`a `a cn `î `îqu qugi ginn md pudrta di dc qud fghgdrai dshncn, pamràn mdhgrsd vnpar supusa ui hn`lga rnmghnc di cns qud sus prg`dras vgnjds sai cas qud cas rdncgzø ha`uighnhgaids hai uin dedhtgvn rdmuhhgøi md hai su `nmrd nc `nr. N dccas cd sdkugràni atras qudd td tdim imrà ràni ni gk gkun unc` c`di ditd td ha ha`a `a md mdst stgi gia a cn cnss cns mg mgstni stnihgn hgns, s, ca qu qudd dvg dvgmdi mditd` td`dit ditdd pr prap apghg ghgø ø qu uin ha` ha`pcd pcdtn tn trn trnise isear` ar`nhg nhgøi øi rds rdspdh pdhta ta n ca cass zains md hastn, yn eudrn, par djd`pca, Cy`d `amas md vgnjnr d gihcusa n cn `gs`n dsdihgn md \dkgs di Marsdt nha`pnþnma par su fdr`nia cas vgnjds ncka qud dc `gs`a ]acogdi y su tutar (ui cuknr nc qud vacvdràn hai su en` n`ggcg cgnn nþ nþas as md mdsp spu uçs çs)) a Cg Cgzn znrrm Ragi gitt di idhdsnrgn`ditd nsu`gø. Hari Ha riw wnc nccc ju juit ita a nc Rnm nmrd rd Ug Ugih ihdi ditt \d \dnm nmdd md mdcc Tin prudln prdsditd di su alrn cn tdid`as Arntarga md Lgr`gikfn` di >7>=. di «Fajn md Igkkcd¿, su tdxta `îs pdrsainc, Rar atrn pnrtd ds hurgasa qud di su juvditum hunima dc pratnkaigstn md cn fgstargn, md nckúi acog ogdi di ia mu mumn mnrrn di d` d`pr prdi dimd mdrr nu numn mnhd hdss `ama `a ma dc nctdr acogdi gdi,, nch nchniz niznln nln su ]ac nctdr dk dkaa md ]aco mdstgia ”su prapgn (sul)hrdnhgøi ” di ui trdi pdrgpcas d`pcdnima cns úctg`ns tdhiacakàns mdc n vnp npar ar md mdsh shrg rgta ta al alsd sdqu quga gasn sn`d `dit itdd y qu qudd ia `a`dita, puds paha nitds md gikrdsnr di cn uig igvvdr drsg sgmmnm (s (sdk dku urn` n`di dittd mdi ditr tra a md ca cass qudmnln di nlsacuta eudrn md cuknr. prdpn pr dpnrnt rntgv gvas as rdc rdcnhg nhgain ainmas mas hai su gi` gi`gid giditd itd _...P haimuja n Igkkcd n ui nimçi maimd gikrdsa) ia tuva rdpnras di rdncgznr hai \.[. sd dihaitrnl nlnn, cgst sta a yn, ui trdi md \dyiacms, praedsar suya md cn Ogik Dmwnrm ‗s hdrhniàns `uy haqudtøi: ui saca hahfd Xhfaac, ui cnrka vgnjd di nuta`øvgc, tamn uin y uin pdqudþn caha`atarn, `uy iavdmnm di cn prg`drn mçhnmn mdc sgkca VV, rdc dcuh uhgd gdit itds ds ca cass ma mas, s, cg cg` `pg pgas as y rdh dhgç gçi i mdsmd Lgr`gikfn` fnstn Axearm. pgitnmas. Rnrdhàni n puita pnrn ui vgnjd Ia alstnitd cas vgnjds `îs g`partnitds md ginu gi nuku kurn rnc. c. Gi Gihc hcus usa a dc hn hnrr rrgc gc qu qudd sd vdà dànn su juvditum sgtúni n ]acogdi eudrn mdc \dgia nittd cn ca ni caha ha`a `attarn pnr nrdh dhàn àn iu iudv dva a: Tigma y ca haimuhdi nc haitgiditd krnhgns n cns lrgccn lrg ccnlni lni cas rnà rnàcds cds,, cas haj hajgid gidss dstn dstnlni lni `îs `amdrins gierndstruhturns md pgit pg itnm nmas as md vdr drmd md,, y cn cnss tr trnnvg vgds dsns ns,, nc ha`u ha `uig ighnh hnhga gaids ids md cn çp çpah ahn, n, qu qudd gi gihc hcuy uydi di hîcgma sac, mdjnlni dshnpnr ui mdcghgasa prgi pr gihg hgpn pnc` c`di ditd td dc us usa a md mdcc edr drrrah ahnr nrrg rgcc y dc acar n lrdn erdshn. ( Fajn md Igkkcd , 7) trnspartd `nrgia. Nsà, di dc vdrnia md >7>>, n Rraln Rr alnlcd lcd`di `ditd td dstn sgt sgtunh unhgøi gøi pr prahd ahdmn mn md `ama md vgnjd md gighgnhgøi justa di dc trîisgta qudd ]ac qu acog ogdi di eu eudd td tdstg stgka ka y vg vgvg vgø ø md pr prg` g`dr drnn fnhgn cn uigvdrsgmnm, ]acogdi pnrtghgpø md ui
<8
]acogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud
vgnjd qud pamràn mdia`ginrsd ha`a «turgs`a md `aitnþn¿ n Xugzn (tn`lgçi `uy tàpgha di cn çpahn), y qud tuva ui krni g`pnhta di çc. Rnrn nchn nc hniz iznr nr cns hg hg` `ns nc ncpg pgin inss ]acog ogdi di y su suss ha` ha `pn pnþd þdrras md mdlg lgdr drai ai hru hruzn znrr dc hn hnin incc md cn @nihfn y ccdknr, usnima ui ha`pcdja sgstd`n edrr ed rra avg vgnr nrga ga,, fn fnstn stn di Gi Giis islru lruho ho di Nus ustrg trgnn (pralnlcd`ditd hruznima Lçckghn y Ncd`nign), mdsmd maimd, iudvn`ditd di trdi, ccdknrai n Xugzn. Gihcusa ditrd cns mgedrditds dshncns sugzns, dc kr kru upa md ]ac acog ogdi di d` d`p pcd cdø ø gku kunc nc`d `dit itdd sgstd`ns `amdrias, tn tncd cdss ha ha`a `a ca cass nv nvni nizn znma mass (pnrn cn çpahn) edrrahnrrgcds md `aitnþn, qud di `u `uhfn hfnss ahn ahnsga sgaids ids ntr ntrnv nvdsn dsnlni lni cas túi túidcd dcdss rdhg rd hgdi ditd td`d `dit itdd ha hais istru trugm gmas as kr krnh nhgn gnss n cn `î `îss nvni nizznm nmnn tdhiacakàn mdc `a`dita, qud sdkur sdk urn`d n`ditd itd cd sgrv sgrvgdr gdrai ai md gis gispg pgrnh rnhgøi gøi pnr pnrnn mgvdrsas pnsnjds md su alrn tncds ha`a @argn. Ti pnr md vdrnias mdspuçs ]acogdi, tamnvàn dstumgnitd di Axearm, sd trnscnmø fnstn Rnràs, haitrntnma pnrn nhtunr md pdrhdptar md uias jøvdids jøv dids `dxghnias qud sd glni n rduigr hai uins ui ns tà tàns ns di Ern rnih ihgn gn.. Di dst dstdd vg vgnj njdd ]ac acog ogdi di mgserutø di krni `nidrn md cn hgumnm md cn cuz pdra pd ra tn tn`l `lgç gçi i eu eudd td tdstg stgka ka md cn ln lninc incgz gznhg nhgøi øi prapgn mdc `uima haitd`parîida hunima, di atrn dshncn mdc vgnjd, sd trnscnmnrai n Iar`nimàn maimd, di cuknr md nprdhgnr cn rghn fgst fg star argn gn `d `dmg mgdv dvnc nc md cn za zain in ap aptn tnrrai pa parr ncajnrsd di ui ha`pcdja turàstgha hdrhn md cn pcnyn. Rar mds dskr krnh nhgn gn nq nqud udcc vgn gnjd jd td tdr` r`ggiø nlruptn`ditd hai cn `udrtd md uin md cns tàns, qud eud ntrapdccnmn par ui nuta`øvgc, ca qud pra pr avah ahø ø qu qudd ]ac acog ogdi di tu tuvg vgdr drnn ui td tdrr rrgl glcd cd rdhudrma md dstd vgnjd y uin dvgmditd nig`nmvdrsgøi n tama ca vgihucnma nc `gs`a.
Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Edr rîimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿
>7> 7><< pud udmmd ha hais isgm gmdr drnr nrsd sd ui prds dsnk nkga ga mdc euidsta egi md dstd pdrgama. Di ta tama ma hns hnsa a rd rdsu suct ctnn mg mgeà eàhg hgcc idk idknr nr qu qudd cn trnisear`nhgøi rdvacuhgainrgn qud supusgdrai cass hn ca hn`l `lga gass pr pram amuh uhgm gmas as mu murn rnit itdd dc pd pdrg rgam ama a ear`ntgva md ]acogdi y, yn sdn mdsmd ui puita md vgst stnn tdhiacøkgha a mdsmd uin vgsgøi `drn`ditd sahgnc, ds dvgmditd qud dc mdsnrracca md su pdi disn sn` `gdi ditta y pd pdrs rsa ain inccgm gmnm nm sd vg vga a nedhtnma y eud haimghgainma par dccas. Nc gkunc qud tamas cas `gd`lras md su kdidrnhgøi, n prg rgih ihggpga gass mdc sgk gkcca VV dc ja javvdi \ain inccm ]ac acogd ogdi i drn pnrt pnrtàhg àhgpd pd md uin rd rdncg ncgmnm mnm rdh rdhgçi gçi mdsh md shul ulgd gdrtn rtn qu qudd sd nl nlrà rànn pn pnsa sa fn fnhg hgnn iu iudv dvns ns pasglgcgmnmds y vncards qud lrushn`ditd sdràni rdcn rd cntg tgvg vgzn znma mass ha hai i dc dst dstnc nccg cgma ma md cn Rr Rrg` g`dr drnn Kudrrn @uimgnc. Cn trnisghgøi fnhgn dc pdrgama nmucta md cas qud salrdvgvgdrai n cn kudrrn mga cuknr n uin pçrmgmn md cn giahdihgn sdkurn`ditd dientgznmn par cas nhaitdhg`gditas qud tuvgdrai cuknr di ui `uima ditrd mas haiec ecgghtas n dshncn `uimgnc, `nrhnma par dc nukd md cas `avg`gditas tatncgtnrgas md ditrdkudrrns, ncka qud sgi mumn tuva ui krni dedhta di dc tni ha`ditnma rdhfnza md hgdrtas pnrnmgk`ns mdc `uima nhtunc, qud sd pudmd rnstrdnr di cn alrn md ]ac acog ogdi di,, pd pdra ra qu qudd sg sgi i d` d`ln lnrk rka a ia md mdld ld dhcgpsnr par ha`pcdta dc vncar giecudihgnc md ca qud rdhglgø murnitd su gienihgn y juvditum. Nsà: Ds hc hcnr nra a qu qudd cn hr hrdn dnhg hgøi øi cg cgtd tdrrnr nrgn gn md ]acog acogdi di dstî dstrdh dstrdhfn`dit fn`ditdd vgihu vgihucnmn cnmn n trnm tr nmgh ghga gaid idss `u `uy y mg mgst stgi gitn tnss md cn cnss qud trgu tr guie ienl nlni ni n pr prgi gihg hgpg pgas as md mdcc sg sgkc kca a VV VV,, pdr dra a hg hgdr drtn tn`d `dit itdd cn `ni nidr drnn di qud ]acogdi cns nsg`gcø y dxprdsø rdecdjn uin dsdihgnn nlsac dsdihg nlsacutn`d utn`ditd itd hait haitd`pa d`parîidn rîidn,, huy hu yas ar aràk àkdi dids ds sd di dihu hudi ditr trni ni di su ear`nhgøi gitdcdhtunc, pdra dspd ds pdhg hgnc nc`d `dit itdd fu fu`n `nin in,, qu qudd nm nmqu qugr grgø gø murni mu rnitd td sus prg prg`dr `dras as nþa nþas. s. (E (Edrr drrîim îimdz dz 47)
Di tama hnsa, ia ds nvditurnma pdisnr qud md fn fnl ldr mgs gsp puds dstta md `n `ny yards rdh dhu urs rsa as dhai dh aiø` ø`gh ghas as ds `u `uy y pr pral alnl nlcd cd qu qudd ]ac acog ogdi di fulgdrn vgnjnma `uhfa `îs. Nc `nrkdi md sus prap pr apgn gnss gi giqu qugd gdtu tumd mdss dst dstnl nlnn gi gihc hcgi ginm nma a n dc dcca ca ha`a ha `a pnr nrtà tàhg hgpd pd md uin sa sahg hgdm dmnm nm,, cn md su juvditum,, `nrhnmn par dc aptg`gs`a y tn`lgçi juvditum par dc dspcdimar y dc mdsda md krnimdzn qud pamràn sg`lacgznr dc ]gtnigh, huya inuernkga di Lglcgakrneàn
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Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Edr rîimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿
]acogdi ]a cogdi y cn ldccd dpaqud
Alrns md J.\.\. ]acogdi. Dc Fallgt . Lnrhdcain. Dmghgaids @giatnura, >76<. Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Dc \dtaria mdc \dy. Lnrhdcain. Dmghgaids @giatnura, >762. Fajn md Igkkcd . Lnrhdcain. Dmghgaids @giatnura, >76>. ]rdd nim Cdne: gihcumgik tfd pad` «@ytfapadgn¿. Caimrds. Tiwgi Fy`ni, >766 Alrns salrd ]acogdi.Hrnvdi, Odiidtf. «N Hntfacgh Rad` gi ]g`d ae [nr¿ di N Fgmmdi Rrdsdihd: ]fd Hntfacgh G`nkgintgai ae J.\.\. ]acogdi ]acogdi. Gni Laym y Xtrntearm Hncmdhatt (dmgtards). Hfdstdrtai Rrdss, IJ, <228. Hurry, Rntrgho. Mdedimgik @gmmcd-dnrtf. Lastai, Idw Waro. Faukftai @geecgi, <22=. Edrrîimdz Lru, Jasç @niudc. «–[gikcdss ecuttdrgik‐: Xa`d Rdrsainc Haiidhtgais gi ]acogdi‗s Ear`ntgvd Wdnrs¿ di ]acogdi Xtumgds, va vac. c. 6. Mau Maukcn kcnss Nim Nimdrs drsai, ai, @ghfnd @ghfndcc Mr Mraut aut y Udr drcy cyi i Ecgdkdr (dmgtards). @arknitawi. [dst Ugrkgign Tigvdrsgty, <2>>. Eràns Xîihfdz, Edrinima. «Xugzn di cn alrn md J.\.\. ]acogdi: Cn dxpdrgdihgn md >7>>¿ di Rrd`gas Knimnce y Åcewgid <227 y <2>2 . Xahgdmnm ]acogdi Dspnþacn, <2>2. Knrtf, Jafi. ]acog ]acogdi di nim tfd Krdnt [nr: ]fd ]frdsfacm ae @gmmcd-dnrtf. Faukftai @geecgi, <224. Fn``aim, [nyid K. y Xhucc, Hfrgstgin. J.\.\. ]acogdi: Nrtgst nim Gccustrntar . @nrgidr Laaos? >st Faukftai Fauk ftai @geecgi @geecgi Rlo, Rlo, <222. Fn``aim, [nyid K. y Xhucc, Hfrgstgin. J.\.\. ]acogdi Ha`pnigai nim Kugmd . Lastai, Idw Waro. Faukftai @geecgi @gee cgi Fnrhaurt, <225. Futtnr, Hfnrcds N. «]acogdi, dpgh trnmgtgais, nim kacmdi nkd `ytfs¿ di Lcaa` s @amdri Hrgtghnc Ugdws: J.\.\. J .\.\. ]acogdi. Idw Waro. Lcaa`'s Cgtdrnry Hrgtghgs`, <226. Rnthfdi, @artg`dr. «]acogdi nim @amdrigs`¿ di ]acogdi Xtumgds, vac. <. Maukcns Nimdrsai, @ghfndc Mraut y Udrcyi Udrcyi Ecgdkdr (dmgtards). @arknitawi. @arknitawi. [dst Ugrkgign Tigvdrsgty Tigvdrsgty,, <224. ]acogdi: di: N Huctu Hucturrnc Rfdia Rfdia`diai `diai. Fau \asdlury \a sdlury,, Lrgni Lrgni.. ]acog Fauim` im`gcc gccs. s. Rnck nckrn rnvd vd @nh @nh`gc `gccni cni,, <22 <2288 (dmghgøi rdvgsnmn). Xfgppdy,, ]fa`ns N. J. \. \. ]acogdi. Nutar mdc sgkca. @giatnura. Lnrhdcain, <228. Xfgppdy ‗
«Cútfgdi ]giúvgdc¿, par @nrtn Cútfgdi Kutgçrrdz «D`dcmgr Rdrdmfdc¿
<4
Màn ]acogdi di cn Hnsn mdc Cglra md @nmrgm Nimrçs @ayn Udcîzqudz «Fgruintni¿
D
c pnsnma màn <> md `nrza md <2>4, hai `atgva mdc Màn Gitdrinhgainc md cddr n ]acogdi, surkgø di @nmrgm cn pasgl pa sglgcg gcgmnm mnm md ark arknig nigznr znr uin nht nhtgvg gvgmnm mnm di cn Hnsn mdc Cglra, pralnlcd`ditd cn cglrdràn `îs g`part rtnnitd md cn hgumnm. N trnvçs md ui haitnhta, sd aerdhgø n cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi cn aphg hgø øi md pnr nrtg tghg hgpn pnrr di cn pr prak akrrn` n`nh nhggøi `di disu sunc nc md cn sn snccn md dv dvdi dittas md cn tg tgdi dimmn sgtu sg tunm nmnn di cn Kr Krni ni Uà Uànn `n `nmr mrgc gcdþ dþn, n, ha hai i ui uinn cdhturn md huditas qud dihnjnln `uy lgdi di cas egids tnita md cn tgdimn ha`a md cn X]D di dstd màn tni dspdhgnc. Cn givgtnhgøi sd aerdhgø n tamas cas krupas md cn X]D di @nmrgm, y rdspaimgdrai vnrgns pdrsains md cas X`gncds md Iú`diar, Fn``a y Hgç gçin inkn kn md ca cass @udr drttas, y tn tn`l `lggçi md mdcc Faknr md Lnrmas md cn Rasnmn mdc Hruhd. Dc aljd al jdtg tgvva md ds dstd td úc úctg tg`a `a kr krup upa a dr drnn dc pa pamd mdrr gitdrhncnr nckuins hnihgaids ditrd cns cdhturns, ha`a fnhd`as n `diuma di cns DstdcHaids, ca hunc nhnlø rdsuctnima uin krni gmdn. Murnit Murn itdd cn pr prdp dpnr nrnh nhgø gøi i md mdcc nh nhta ta pa pamr mràn àn mdhgrsd qud çrn`as ui `nr md mumns, puds ia dstn ds tn`a `ass `uy nh nha ast stu u`lr lrnm nma as n arkn knig igzn znrr nhtgvgmnmds nlgdrt rtnns nc púlcgha kdidrnc. ]n`paha haiahàn`as dc cuknr ig snlàn`as sg ias glni n vdr mas pdrsains a mashgditns, y ias nkalgnln ui paha cn pdrspdhtgvn md tdidr qud ccdinr huntra farns md cdhturns, `nitdigdima dc rgt`a sgi nlurrgr nc pdrsainc. Rdra eginc`ditd tam ama as iu iuds dstr tra as td td` `ar ards ds sd md` d`a ast strrnr nra ai gieuimnmas. Ccdknma dc màn, cn hasn ia pnrdhàn pra`dtdr `uhfa di cas prg`dras `a`ditas: cn sncn md dvditas dstî di ui rgihøi rdcntgvn`ditd dshaimgma md cn tgdimn, qud ds `uy krnimd, y
<5
ia pnrdhàn qud sd fulgdrn fdhfa uin pra`ahgøi `uy patditd mdc nhta, par ca qud huni hu nima ma ha ha`d `diz izn` n`as as sø søca ca fn fnlà lànn ui pn pnrr md pdrsains md púlcgha (ca hunc pnrdhàn nukurnr cas pdards praiøstghas). Rdra npravdhfnima qud dstîln`as nccà uias hunitas sahgas, y tn`lgçi nckuias en`gcgnrds, ntrnàmas par dc hnrîhtdr nlgdrta md cn nhtgvgmnm, iass pu ia pusg sg`a `ass `n `nia iass n cn al alrn rn.. Rr Rra aydht dhtn` n`as as uins mgnpasgtgvns md eaima, nlrg`as cas cglras ”md cas huncds, di ui cuknr ha`a nqudc, ha`a as g`n g`nkgi kginrç nrçgs, gs, dstî dstîln` ln`as as lgd lgdi i surt surtgm gmas as” y d`pd d` pdzn zn`a `ass n cd cddr dr.. W di dittai aihd hdss d` d`pd pdzø zø cn `nkg `n kgn: n: dc n` n`lg lgdi ditd td rdh dhak akgm gma a env nvar ardh dhgø gø cn haiegnizn y dc snldr qud tdiàn`as tgd`pa md salrn ias pdr`gtgø ia nprdsurnrias y ditrnr di praeuimgmnm di cdhturns qugzî `îs cnrkns md ca fnlgtunc, pdra qud ia sd fghgdrai pdsnmns. Nc sdrr ui sd uinn nh nhtg tgvg vgmn mnmm nl nlgd gdrtn rtn,, ia iass pd pdr` r`gt gtg` g`as as vacvdr n cas pnsnjds `îs haiahgmas md cas cglras, qud di cns `drgtf n vdh dhds ds dv dvggtn tn`a `ass par hais ha isgm gmdr drnr nrca cass yn `u `uy y cd cdàm àmas as,, pd pdrra qu qudd di rdncgmnm sai cas `djards (par dsa sai cas `îs en`asas). Dsta ias fgza sditgr cns cdhturns hai
@gd`lras md cn X]D di cn Hnsn mdc Cglra
`uhfnn gi `uhf gitd tdis isgm gmnm nm.. Dc n` n`lg lgdi ditd td hr hrdnm dnma a eu eudd ntrnydima paha n paha n cas vgsgtnitds md cn tgdimn tgd imn,, nck nckuia uiass md cas hun huncds cds hur hurgas gasdnl dnlni ni ui rnta y cudka sd glni, pdra atras sd qudmnlni, nlsartas, fnstn ear`nr ui krupgta `îs iutrgma, sgi sg i sd sdrr uin kr krni ni `u `ucctg tgtu tumm. Dr Drnn ha ha` `a uin rduigøi md s`gnc , pdra hai ncka `îs md kditd.
Cn vdc dcnm nmnn sg sgku kugø gø dv dva acuh uhggain inim ima a, y ca cass nsgstditds nsgst ditds dspai dspaitîida tîidass nhnlnr nhnlnrai ai gitdk gitdkrîim rîimasd asd ha`pcdtn`ditd d gihcusa nig`îimasd n cddr sus prapga gass er ernk nk`d `dit itas as.. Cn Cnss hu hunt ntrra fa farrns sd pnsnrai di ui suspgra, y nc eginc, hai dc krupa yn nck ncka a `îs rd rdmuh muhgma gma,, nhnl nhnln`a n`ass rd rdpnrt pnrtgdi gdima ma hnihgaidras y nt ntnnhnima tamas juitas dc dpdrt drtar arga ga `î `îss tà tàpg pgha ha md hu hunc ncqu qugd gdrr ia iahhfd Hunima ccdkø dc `a`dita md cns hnihgaids, rdp gitd td`p `par arnc nc (i (ia a en enct ctnr nrai ai hn hnih ihga gaid idss di dini nins ns,, tgrn tg rn`a `ass md mdcc rd rdpd pdrt rtar arga ga md Ln Lnrrmas mas y md ca cass gi çcegh eghns ns y ra rafg fgrr rrg` g`,, ig cn gi gigh ghgn gnhg hgøi øi md vn vnrg rgns ns hnihgaidras hai nha`pnþn`gdita çc gistr gi stru` u`di ditn tnc. c. Nmd md`î `îs, s, npra npravvdh dhfn` fn`as as pn pnrn rn pdrsains di dc Necno Kuimu y cn dshuhfn mdc gitdrhncnr cns cdhturns md cas ernk`ditas md cas «cn`dita dinia¿ par prg`drn vdz). cglras qud gispgrnlni hnmn hnihgøi, ha`a uin Di egi, eud ui nhta rdmaima, qud ias mdjø n gitramuhhgøi n cn `gs`n. Fula `a`ditas md tamas ui krni snlar md lahn y knins md `îs. Xd krni d`ahgøi, ha`a hunima cdà`as dc pnsnjd hu`pcgø dc aljdtgva md ccdknr n uins hunitns mdcc fu md fuim img` g`gd gdit ita a md Iú Iú`d `dia iarr sd sdku kugm gma a md cn pdrsains qud ia haiahàni cn X]D, nuiqud sà n «@d`argn md uin Iahfd¿, y n haitgiunhgøi ]acog ogdi di di su `nyar aràn àn y md rdp dprrds dsdi ditn tnrr ha`d ha `dit itn` n`as as ca cass fd fdhhfa fass qu qudd gi gisp spgr grnr nrai ai cn mgkin`ditd n iudstrn nsahgnhgøi di ui ditaria hnihgøi argkginc («@d`argn mn Iagtd¿, md Cunr tni rds dsp pdtnlcd ha ha` `a cn Hnsn mdc Cglra. in Culrd): cn trnkdmgn mdc Rrdstgkd, dc Iuihn ]n`lgçi, y ia ds ncka sgi g`partnihgn, eud uin `avgc vgcgzn gznhgø hgøi i pap papucn ucnrr qu qudd sup supusa usa.. ahnsgøi md ccdvnr n hnla uin nhtgvgmnm @ngs y cn `a Mga cn hnsuncgmnm qud dsd `gs`a màn ccdknlni n gitdrs`gîcghn di @nmrgm, qud ds uin md iudstrns @nmrgm cns @nrhfns par cn Mgkigmnm mdc <<@, nsg nsgkin kintur turns ns pdi pdimgd mgditd itdss y qud qud,, nui nuiqud qud pnr pnrdhd dhd qud pamàn`as vdr lnja iudstrn vditnin hø`a qu qudd ias sgk sgkud ud has hastni tnima ma lns lnstni tnitd, td, dsp dspdrn drn`as `as pnsnlni par cn Krni Uàn di nqudccas qud ia sdn cn úctg`n vdz. Mdsmd nquà `d `a`ditas, y cn haijuihgøi md tamas nqudccas ku kustn stnrà rànn nk nkrn rnmd mdhdr hdr n ta tamn mnss cn cnss pd pdrs rsai ains ns qu qudd mrn` mr n`ns ns sa sahg hgnc ncds ds ia iass fg fghg hgdr drai ai sd sdit itgr gr,, pa parr ui vgi giggdr dra ai n ar arkn knig igzn znrr, cdd ddrr y hn hnit itnr nr,, n ca cass `a`dita, ha`a sg ui túidc `îkgha haidhtnrn en en`gc `gcgnr gnrds ds par su npa npay ya, nc pú púlcg lcgha ha nsg nsgstd stditd itd cas `uimas Rrg`nrga y Xdhuimnrga, par su gitdrçs, y par supudsta, n cn Hnsn mdc ccdiîimaias md uin didrkàn `uy dspdhgnc. Cglra par givgtnrias n dstd nhta, qud sgi mumn rdpdtgrd`as.
Cdhturn hai hnihgaids md cas Lnrmas Drrnitds
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Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca ]acogdi y cn ]gdrrn @dmgn di dc Hnstgcca md Xnitn Lîrlnrn Jasç @niudc Edrrîimd Edrrîimdz z «Kg`cg¿, @øighn Xniz «Egimÿrgdc¿, @nrga [dridr «[uce¿, \ghnrma Iúþdz «Hdcdlrg`lar¿ y ]a`îs Fgja Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Lru «Kg`cg¿ «Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca¿ ds pasglcd`ditd… Ia, vacvn`as n d`pdznr. «Cn Ea Earrtn tncd cdzn zn md mdcc Ni Nigc gcca ca¿¿ ds sgi sgi mu mum mn nckuin dc dv dvdi dita ta `î `îs s g` g`pa part rtni nitd td di dc qud sd fn givacuhrnma cn X]D n ca cnrka md sus hnsg <4 nþas md fgstargn. W tn`lgçi ds dc dvdita hditrnma di ]acogdi md `nyar rdpdrhusgøi rdncgznma di Dspnþn, nc `nrkdi md cns nmnptn nmn ptnhga hgaids ids hgi hgid`n d`ntak takrîe rîeghn ghns, s, g`p g`parartnmn tn mns s md mdcc dx dxtr trni nijd jdra ra.. Dc nþ nþa a <2 <2>4 >4 sdr sdrî î sdkurn sdk urn`di `ditd td rdh rdharm armnma nma di cn X]D ha` ha`a a dc nþa md dstn dxpasghgøi, qud dst stî î hdit hd itrn rnim ima a lu ludi din n pn pnrt rtd d md su nht nhtgv gvgm gmnm nm,, di cn qud sd dihunmrn cn @drdtf Nmdrtfnm, y di cn qud dstî prdvgsta qud dstn ds tn rd rdvg vgst stn n cc ccdk dkud ud n cn cns s `n `ni ias md ca cas s sahg sa hga as. W ha ha` `a ia pa pam mrà ràn n sd sdrr md at atra ra `ama, di dstd sgikucnr iú`dra qudrd`as mdmghnrcd ui cuknr dspdhgnc. Mdjn`a Mdjn `as, s, pu puds ds,, qu qud d su sus s pr prat atnk nkai aigs gstn tns s ias fnlcdi md dccn: Jasç @niudc «Kg`cg¿, qugdi qug di hai Ed Edrinim rinima a «Hà «Hàrmn rmni¿ i¿ fn `av `avgma gma cas ca s fg fgca cas s md mdit itra ra y eu eudr drn n md cn X] X]D D pn pnrn rn matn ma tnrr md ha hait itdi digm gmas as n cn dx dxpa pasg sghg hgøi øi,, y pnrn qud cn X]D altdikn dc `nyar pravdhfa md dccn? y tn`lgçi @øighn «Egimÿrgdc¿, @nrga «[uce¿, \ghnrma «Hdcdlrg`lar¿ y ]a`îs Fgja, huntra (qud ia ca cas s úi úigh ghas as)) md ca cas s ha hacd cdhh hhga gaig igst stns ns y nrtgst stns ns qud fni hdmgma sus alrns y pdrtdidihgns, pnrn qud ` gc d s md vgsgtnitds pudmni mgserutnr md dccns murnitd ui nþa ha`pcdta.
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prg`dras md vdrnia mdc nþa <2>= cn X]D rdhglgø ui `disnjd sacghgtnima ui dihuditra, md hnrn n cn pasglcd hacnlarnhgøi di cn arknigznhgøi md ui dvdita. Dstn Ds tn ha` ha`uig uighn hnhgø hgøii pr prds dsdi ditn tnln ln ui uinn sd sdrgd rgd md hnrnht hnr nhtdràs dràstghn tghnss dspd dspdhgn hgncds. cds. Nit Nitdd tam tamaa pnr pnrdhà dhànn trntnrsd md ui praydhta md hgdrtn divdrknmurn di Nc Ncgh ghni nitd td,, qu qudd gl glnn nm nmd` d`îs îs vgi gihu hucn cnma ma nc hnstgcca md cn hgumnm, uia md sus prgihgpncds rdedrditds y vgsgtnma par hgditas md `gcds md pdrsains nc nþa. Ha`a rdprdsditnitd md cn X]D di cn zain, sd `d dihnrkø ditnlcnr haitnhta di pdrsain pnrrn nh pn nhcn cnrrnr dc td td` `n y cn g` g`pc pcgh ghnh nhgø gøii qu qudd supaimràn supaim ràn pnrn cn nsahgnh nsahgnhgøi. gøi. Md dstd `ama eud ha`a sd pramuja `g prg`dr dihuditra hai Jarkd \amràkudz, kdrditd md cn d`prdsn Dsntur Dsntur,, di dc qud yn sd mglujø tama ca qud cudka sd fn gma pcns`nima di dvditas haihrdtas. Mghf Mg hfnn d` d`pr prds dsn, n, di ditr trdd at atrn rnss nht nhtgv gvgm gmnmd nmds, s, fnlàn kninma dc haihursa púlcgha md dxpcatnhgøi md cns sncns md dxpasghgaids mdc Hnstgcca md Xnitn Lîrlnrn hai cn haimghgøi md arknigznr nccà dxpasghgaids md td`îtghn hucturnc. Dsntur npastnln par cn hucturn papucnr y par dita di taih ihds ds dst dstnln nln di `n `nrh rhfn fn ui uinn dx dxpa pasgh sghgøi gøi salrd Xtnr («]am amnn cn Kncn cnxxgn di dc Xtnr [nrs («] Hnstgcca¿), qud dstnln tdigdima ui krni çxgta md púlcgha. Cn gmdn md cn d`prdsn drn qud, trns Mnrtf Unmdr, eudrn cn ]gdrrn @dmgn cn qud ahupnrn dc hnstgcca, puds sd trntn md atra rdedrditd md cn hucturn papucnr hai `uhfa knihfa. Md dstn ear`n ha`diznrai cns kdstgaids pnrn
giharpa gihar parn rnrr nc ncku kuin in dx dxpa pasg sghgø hgøii yn dx dxgst gstdi ditd td,, pdra mnmn cns mgeghuct mgeghuctnmds, nmds, dc hastd, y di kdidr kdidrnc nc cn enctn md hncgmnm md ca mgspaiglcd, sd pcnitdnlni «enlrghnr¿ dccas `gs`as cn dxpasghgøi. Inturnc`ditd dsa g`pcghnln uin tnrdn `uy cnlargasn y cn idhdsgmnm md haitnr hai nyumn tçhighn dspdhgncgznmn di dc td`n. Nfà ds maimd ditr di trnl nlnn cn X]D ]D.. Cn gm gmdn dn dr drnn ln lnsn snrrca di dc prgih pr gihgp gpga ga mdc ld ldide ideghg ghgaa `u `utua tua,, pu puds ds Ds Dsntu nturr hais ha isdk dkugr ugràn àn `a `ait itnr nr nck nckaa úig úigha ha (h (hai ai iu iudst dstrn rn nyumn y cn hnmdin md haitnhtas md cn nsahgnhgøi), y iasatras pamràn`as mgeuimgr cn alrn al rn md ]ac acog ogdi di `u `uct ctgt gtum umgi ginr nrgn gn`d `dit itd, d, nc `nrkdi md iudstrn prapgn pra`ahgøi. Nutargznma par cn X]D, ha`dizø `g tnrdn md gr mnima ear`n nc praydhta, nc qud sd uigø Edrinima Eràns (Hàrmni). Cn gmdn drn qud ditrd n`las ias sdràn `îs eîhgc ha`pcdtnr cn tnrdn y nc tg tgd` d`pa pa ha hait itra racn cnrr `d `dja jarr cn dv dvacu acuhgø hgøii mdc praydhta, cas hn`lgas md gmdn a nhtgtum qud pumgdrn tdidr d`prdsn (neartuinmn`ditd ia sd fni pramuhgma), y di kdidrnc vdcnr par cas gitdrdsds md cn X]D. Ca hg hgdr drtta ds qu qudd cn ar arkkni nigz gznh nhgø gøii md cn dxp xpas asgh ghgø gøii nl nlnr nrhø hø ui gi gittdi disa sa pd pdrg rgam amaa md ncrdmdmar md sdgs `dsds, di dc qud sd ccdvnrai n tçr`gia cns gmdns qud mdsmd ui prgihgpga sd fnlàni pcnitdnma: pcnitdnma: sd lushnln ui rdsuctnma eginc dspdhtnhucnr, nuiqud cn dxpasghgøi mdldràn sdr dspd ds pdhgn hgnc` c`di ditd td rd rdsp spdtu dtuas asn, n, `a `ait itnmn nmn nc dst dstgca gca `usdàst `us dàstgha gha (hai pni pnidcds dcds dxp dxpcghn cghntgv tgvas, as, dth. dth.)) y, mditra md ca pasglcd, hai aljdtas sgikucnrds qud cd npartnrni ui vncar nþnmgma. Rar uin pnrtd sd pcnitdø cn rdhaistruhhgøi md dshdinrgas pnrn qud dc krni púlcgha tuvgdrn rdedrdihgns vgsuncds, md `ama qud ui kdignc nrtgstn md Ncghnitd (nc qud haiegdsa ia haiahàn) sd pusa n dcnlarnr Cn Hudvn md Kaccu`, Dc Dstumga md Lgcla y Dc Dnkcd nim Hfgcm (puds qudràn`as qud ]acogdi ha`a nutar tuvgdrn su dspnhga). Rar atra cnma lushn`as hacdhhgaigstns qud tuvg tu vgdr drni ni eg egku kurn rnss y nr nrtà tàhu huca cass sg sg`g `gcn cnrd rds, s, qu qudd
rdsuctni `uy nprdhgnmas par dc púlcgha, md `ama qud d`lnrhn`as n @nrga [dridr ([uce) y n \ghnrma Iúþdz (Hdcdlrg`lar). Di dstd úctg`a hnsa fula qud vgnjnr n Xncn`nihn, y md nccàcà nc pd nc pdqu qudþ dþaa pu pudl dlca ca ma maim imdd kun unrrmn su suss mgarn`ns, di ca qud eud tamn uin sarprdsn pnrn cn kditd md Dsntur, qud nimuva `nrnvgccnmn md qud di ui cuknr tni rdhøimgta sd kunrmnrni sd`djnitds tdsaras. Di dstd vgnjd tn`lgçi sd ntrnja n cn hnusn n ]a`îs Fgja y sus alrns md nrtd tni sgikucnrds. Xg`u Xg `uct ctîi îidn` dn`di ditd td sd id idka kahgn hgnln ln hai Cu Cugs gs Ldr` Ld r`dj dja, a, kr krnhg nhgns ns n cn gi gidst dstg` g`nl nlcd cd ny nyum umnn md Cnurn @nrhús (Gmrgc), y haisdkug`as fnhdrias haii tr ha trds ds cî` cî`gin ginss arg argkgi kginc ncds ds egr egr`n `nmn mnss pa parr çc `gs`a, md su vdrsgøi di hø`gh md cn nmnptnhgøi nc hgid md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas par \ncp \n cpff Ln Lnos osfg fg.. ]n` n`lg lgçi çi ha haii @ø @øig ighn hn Xn Xniz iz (Egimÿrgdc) y Nurdn Rçrdz (Dcniar Rduhnisnt), qud ias hdmgdrai sus rdspdhtgvns hacdhhgaids md vnca carr gi gihhnchuc ucnnlcd cd,, ui uinn hai iu`dr dras asnns dmghgaids md Dc fallgt y y atrn hai sdccas md tama dc `uima gispgrnmas di cn ]gdrrn @dmgn. Rdra cn hasn ia pnrø nfà. Rnrn dc ntrdzza rdhur rd hurrg` rg`as as nc s` s`gnc gnc md Dm Dmfd fdcca ccaim im,, qu qudd ia iass praparhgaiø cas trnjds qud ahupni ui cuknr mdstnhnmaa n cn ditrnmn md cn dxpasghgøi, hdmgmas mdstnhnm par @nrgldc Knrhàn-Haisudkrn (Lnyn md Ara), Xusnin Znfaidra (Ig`ramdc) y @nrtn Kugtnrtd (@argn). ]n`lgçi ias hdmgdrai `îs `ntdrgnc Edr drin inim imaa Cø Cøpd pdzz (« («Hr Hrgn gntu turrn¿ n¿),), y dc `g `gs` s`aa @nrg @n rgaa [dr drid idrr (m (mdd iu iudv dva) a).. At Atrras `u `uhf hfas as ditu di tusg sgnst nstns ns hac hacnl nlar arnma nmard rdss nj njdi dias as md cn X] X]D D tn`l tn `lgç gçii pnr pnrtg tghgp hgpnr nrai ai,, ha ha`a `a par dj djd` d`pca pca cn dihnrknmn md `aitnjd md cn dxpasghgøi, qud ias hdmg hd mgøø ui pg pgdm dmrrn vac achî hîig ighn hn md kr krni ni vnc ncar ar sditg`ditnc pnrn pamdr usnrcn ha`a lnsd mdc nigcca. Nmd`îs fula qud nmqugrgr pramuhtas ha`a pøst pø stdr drds ds,, mgs mgsha has, s, dt dth. h.,, y tn tn`l `lgç gçii eat atak akrn rneàn eànss argkgincds md ]acogdi, pnrn ca qud fula qud hait ha itnh nhtn tnrr ha haii Mg Mgni ninn [g [gccccsa sai, i, nc ncln lnhd hdnn md Rn` n`dcn dcn Hf Hfni nimcd mcdrr, cn mge mgeui uitn tn eat atøkr økrne nenn tni n`gk n` gknn md ca cass ]ac acog ogdi di.. Kr Krnh nhgn gnss n dc dccn cnss y nc dqugpa md mgsdþa md Dsntur (y n ui `aitøi md
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Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca
farns md trnlnja) sd pumgdrni haiedhhgainr cas pnid pn idcds cds dx dxpc pcghn ghntgv tgvas as qu qudd sd mgs mgstrg trgluy luydi di par tamn cn dxpasghgøi. Ha`a ha`pcd`dita n cn dxpasghgøi di sà ias pcnitdn`as qud fulgdrn `úsghn n`lgditnc, pnrn ca qud sd haitnhtø hai dc krupa Giid Gi idrrcn cnim ims, s, qu qudd ia tu tuvva gi giha haiivdi digd gdit itdd di hdmdr cn `úsghn md su úctg`a mgsha ha`a lnimn saiarn md cn dxpasghgøi. Mghhfa ns Mg nsàà fn fnst stnn pn pnrrdh dhdd eî eîhg hgc,c, pd pdrra sd fn trntnma md uin tnrdn tgtîighn di cn qud prg`dra sd tuva qud haitnhtnr hai cas qud hdmdràni cas `ntdrgn gnccds, cu cuddka pcni niggeg eghhnr dc `aitnjd (ha`prnima y enlrghnima n `dmgmn `nigquàs, pdcuhns pdcu hns,, dstn dstnitd itdràn ràns, s, urin urins, s, vgt vgtrgin rgins, s, pni pnidcds dcds,, dth. dt h.)) y eg egin inc` c`di ditd td ccccdv dvnr nrca ca n hn hnla la,, di ui uinn dxtd dx tdiu iuni nitd td tn tnrd rdnn qu qudd sd pr prac acai aikø kø fn fnst stnn cn vàspdrn md cn ginukurnhgøi. Fnlc Fn lcni nima ma md cn gi ginu nuku kurn rnhg hgøi øi ae aegh ghgn gnc,c, sd trntø md ui laigta nhta hai `uhfn prdisn hdcdlrnma di dc `gs`a hnstgcca dc <; md @nrza md <2>4, di dc qud dc nchncmd md cn hgumnm mga dc pgstacdtnza md sncgmn. Rar mdcnitd qudmn ui nþa. Ti nþa ccdia md praydhtas y nhtgv gvgm gmnnmd mdss vgihucn cnmmas n cn dxpasghgøi, dxpas ghgøi, qud qugzîs `drdhdrî `drdhdrî ha`dit ha`ditnr nr `îs n`pcgn`ditd di atra `a`dita.
Mdsmdd di Mdsm dittai aihd hdss cn fn fnii di dirg rgqu qudh dhgm gmaa cn cnss npartnhgaids md en`gcgnrds, n`gkas, haiahgmas a gihcusa en`gcgnrds md n`gkas, qud sd fni nharmnma md `à di sus vgnjds nc dxtrnijdra y fni nrnþnma ui `a`ditgta di sus vnhnhgaids a sus alcgknhgaids pnrn dihaitrnr`d ui djd`pcnr iudv iu dva. a. ]n` n`lg lgçi çi fn fnii sg sgma ma iu iu`d `drras asas as ca cass fnccn fn ccnzk zkas as di tgd tgdim imns ns aicgid gitdrinhgaincds, earas md cglrdràns a gitdrhn`lgas prgvnmas ditrd hacdhhgaigstns. Fay di màn, ha`pnrta tdrtucgns gitd gi tdri riîu îutg tghn hnss ha haii hu hunt ntrra md ca cass `n `nyyar ards ds hacdh ha cdhhg hgaig aigstn stnss md Dc fal mdc `ui uima ma.. alllgt mdc Ha` a`di ditn tn`a `ass cn cnss iu iuddvns tr trnm nmuh uhhg hgai aids ds a iudstras fnccnzkas par Gitdridt, y cn`ditn`as qud dc eaima mdstginma n iudstrn neghgøi ia sdn ca sueghgditd`ditd nluctnma... fd`as haarmginma pdmgmas md cas iudvas gmga`ns qud vni npnrdhgdima (ha`a dc nsturgnia a dc idafnwngnia) y ias `nitdid`as nc màn md cns
@øighn Xniz \amràkudz «Egimÿrgdc¿ Hacdhhgøi md Dc fallgt
C
n hacdhhgøi md dmghgaids md Dc fallgt , qud nlnrhn mdsmd djd`pcnrds di `gig `g ignt ntur urnn (u (uii Fallgt nrtds nrtdsni ninc nc md tn`nþa npta pnrn hnsns md `uþdhns, ha`pcdta hai su salrdhulgdrtn y hai dc prg`dr hnpàtuca àitdkra dshrgta di sus mg`giutns pîkgins) fnstn ui djd`pcnr md ui `dtra md ncta (cn dmghgøi di uin sacn fajn, hai dc tdxta àitdkra y ha`pcdtn`ditd cdkglcd) fn sgma lnstnitd nrmun md rduigr. Ha`dizø md cn ear`n `îs hnsunc, hai ui djd`pcnr `uy dspdhgnc: uin prg`drn dmghgøi gcustrnmn di dstaiga qud `d rdkncø `g pnrdjn md vudctn md ui vgnjd gitdrinhgainc.
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Mdtnccd md cn dxpasghgøi md dmghgaids md Dc Fallgt
Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca
trnmuhhgaids di prahdsa, haitnhtnima hai cns dmgt dm gtar argn gncd cdss d gi gihc hcus usaa ha haii ca cass tr trnm nmuh uhttar ards ds mgrrdh mg dhtn tn`d `dit itdd pn pnrrn ns nsdk dkur urnr nria iass iu iuds dstr tras as djd`pcnrds. Fd npartnma n cn dxpasghgøi ;7 md `gs djd`pcnrds, di `îs md 42 gmga`ns mgedrditds. Ditrd dccas fny prg`drns dmghgaids, djd`pcnrds md cuja, cglras fdhfas n `nia, trnmuhhgaids n cdikuns `udrtns a nrtgeghgncds, d gihcusa uin dmghgøi qud ia dstî mgsdþnmn pnrn cddrsd hai cas ajas, sgia hai cas mdmas: uin dmghgøi di Lrngccd. Rnrn ui hacdhhgaigstn, vdr sus lncmns vnhàns ds uin sdisnhgøi dxtrnþn, pdra snldr qud nckugdi dstî mgserutnima `gditrns pnsdn cas ajas par tnitns partnmns, dmghgaids d gmga`ns ha`pdisn diar`d`ditd dc vnhàa di cn lglcgatdhn. W ds qud ia sd ha`prdimd uin dxpasghgøi salrd ]acogdi sgi cglras di sus vgtrgins. Xgi cns pncnlrns md su pcu`n y cns mdhdins md vahds qud trnmujdrai sus pncnlrns pnrn ccdvnrcns n tamas cas rgihaids mdc `uima. Ds ui uinn ha hacd cdhh hhgø gøii qu qudd iu iuih ihnn td tdr` r`gi ginr nrî. î. Rarqud ]acogdi sdkugrî sgdima pulcghnma, sus pncnlrns sdkugrîi sgdima g`prdsns y su alrn sdkugrî dihnimgcnima n pdrsains md tamns cns dmnmds y cuknrds. Nfà rdsgmd dc dihnita md dstn lglcgatdhn: dstî vgvn, sd dxtgdimd y hrdhd. W nuiqud fny djd`pcnrds mdc pnsnma qud sgd`prd nisgn`as (±quç hacdhhgaigstn ia nifdcn tdidr di sus dstnitds, pamdr acdr, tahnr y cddr uin prg` pr g`dr drnn dm dmgh ghgø gøii md mdcc cgcglr lra, a, pa parr dj djd` d`pc pca1 a1)) tn`lgçi `grn`as fnhgn mdcnitd pdisnima di sg cn sgkugditd dmghgøi sdrî di hfdraodd a sg, nc egi, ca snhni di enlcn nrnkaidsn. @d kustnràn vacvdr n dxpaidr cn hacdhhgøi, qugzî g`pcghîima`d `îs di cn prapgn dxpa dx pasg sghg hgøi øi y sd sdþn þncgcgzn znhg hgøi øi md cn cnss pg pgdz dzns ns,, y npartnima cas djd`pcnrds qud fni gma lratnima di `gs dstnitds `gditrns sus ha`pnþdras sd dxfgldi di Ncghnitd. Gihcusa qugzî nha`pnþnmn md atras aljdtas, rdcnhgainmas hai Dc fallgt , qud tn`lgçi ear`ni pnrtd md `g hacdhhgøi. Fd haisdkugma rdhgditd`ditd uin md cns pgdzns lglcgakrîeghns `îs ha`pcghnmns, y
fulgdrn sgma `nrnvgccasa qud sd pumgdsd dxfglgr hai cas md`îs. N ca `djar di cn prøxg`n... W qugzî nha ha` `pnþnr nrca ca tam amaa hai uin ludin haiedrdihgn mdmghnmn n dstn `gs`n hacdhhgøi, n cnss dm cn dmgh ghga gaid idss md Dc fa fall llgt gt y tamns sus pnrtghucnrgmnmds. @nrga [dridr «[uce¿ - Hacdhhgøi md egkurns md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas
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`pdhç `g hacdhhgøi mdspuçs md qud sd dstrdinrni cns pdcàhucns md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Nc prgihgpga saca qudràn cn egkurn md «Knimnce dc Krgs¿, y cn ha`prç n trnnvçs md cn d` tr d`pr prds dsnn n` n`dr drgh ghni ninn Xgmdsfaw Haccdhtglcds. Nc rdhglgrcn vg qud tdiàn dc mdma àimgh ghdd rata (núi sd pud udmmd nprdh dhggnr di cn dxpa dx pasg sghg hgøi øi).). Di Dita taih ihds ds ds `n `nim imdd ui uinn hn hnrt rtnn gimghîimacds dc mdspdredhta y `d haitdstnrai ca sgku sg kugd gdit itd: d: «r «ra` a`pn pn cn eg egku kurn rn n `n `nrtg rtgccccnz nzas as,, `îimdias uin g`nkdi hai dc Knimnce rata di `gc pdmnzas, y cd divgnrd`as uia iudva¿. Rdra ya ia drn hnpnz md fnhdrcd dsa n `g Knimnce. Huni nimma sd ca fgh ghdd snld ldrr, cds pnrdhgø ha`prdisglcd y `d aerdhgdrai n hn`lga ui laia mdc 42% pnrn cn ha`prn md cn sgkugditd egkurn. Mghfa y fdhfa: cds pdmà cn sdkuimn egku eg kurrn, Kg` g`cgcg d` d`pu puþn þnim imaa su fn fnhhfn fn,, qu qudd nhnlnln md sncgr di uin pra`ahgøi qud `d divgnrai par d-`ngc. Nfarn yn tdiàn n mas `gd` d`llras md cn Ha`pnþàn. Mdsmd ditaihds d`pdhç n `grnr cns vditns md cns egkurns par dLny, ditrd cns qud dihaitrç nckuins aedrtns gitdrdsnitds y atrns hai prdhgas mdsarlgtnmas. @îs md uin vdz haisdkuà egkurns n ludi lu di pr prdhg dhga, a, qud hai haisd sdku kuàà rd rdvvdi dimd mdrr n at atrra lnstn ln stnit itdd `î `îss dc dcdv dvnma nma,, y di at atrn rnss ahn ahnsg sgaid aidss hn`lgç uin egkurn par atrn, parqud nc atra hacdhhgaigstn cd enctnln dsn y yn ia dstnlni di vditn. (Dsd `drhnma sd fn hrdnma parqud cn `nyyar `n aràn àn md cn cnss eg egku kurn rnss sa saii md pr pram amuh uhhg hgøi øi cg`gtnmn, y fni ccdknma n tdidr `uhfa vncar ditrd cas hacdhhgaigstns.) Di paha tgd`pa yn
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Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca
@nrga «[uce¿ prdpnrnima prdpnrnima cas mdtnccds md su `udstrn md egkurns
tdi diàn àn cn Ha Ha` `pn pnþà þànn ha ha` `pc pcdt dtn, n, y d` d`pd pdhç hç n din`arnr`d md cns md`îs egkurns, cns huncds ha`prç `nyargtnrgn`ditd par dLny n vdimdmar vdi mdmards ds md tama dc `uima. Cn egkurn qud fn vdi digm gmaa md mdsm smdd `î `îss cd cdja jass ds cn md mdcc «N «Nrrqu qudr draa Kncnmrg`¿, qud sd dxpaid di cn vgtrgin md cas dceas. @d ca divgnrai mdsmd Iudvn Zdcnimn y tuvd qud rdhakdrca di cn nmunin md Ncghnitd (ia sd par quç...). Dc enhtar «tdika fgjas¿ fn juknma uin krni pnrtd di cn ha`prn md cas jukudtds md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Cas igþas d`pdznrai n ha`prnr egkurns md jukudtd y judkas md `dsn (npnrtd md uins pahns qud ha`prç ya `gs`a mdspuçs), y sd mdmghnrai n hacdhhgainrcns y dxpaidrcns di sus dstnitdràns, sgi npdins utgcgznrcns ±nhnsa `d qudràni fnhdr ha`pdtdihgn1 Xu hacdhhgøi ds di rdncgmnm `îs iu`drasn qud cn `àn, y eudrai dccas `gs`as cas qud `d gihgtnrai n n`pcgnr `g hacdhhgøi paha n paha. Dccas fni cdàma cas cglras md ]acogdi, hai ca qud sgd`prd tdiàn`as ui td`n pnrn fnlcnr a gitdrhn`lgnr gmdns y tdaràns. Dsa fn haitrglugma n qud mgspaikn`as md uin krni lglcgatdhn ]acogdi di dspnþac y …
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ncd`îi ncd` îi,, qu qudd fn n` n`pc pcgn gnma ma nú núii `n `nss iu iuds dstr trnn hacdhhgøi. As pamçgs g`nkginr cns hnrns md cas igþas hunima haisdkuà n Nrnkari di tn`nþa rdnc. Dstnln dxpudsta di cn edrgn md judkas md Ldrcài y `d hastø ui aja md cn hnrn haisdkugrca. Rdra vncàn cn pdin, yn qud ds cn dstrdccn ditrd cns pgdzns md cn hacdhhgøi. W lgdi... yn sai >= nþas md hacdhhgaigs`a: egku eg kurrns ns,, ju juku kudt dtds ds,, ju judk dkas as,, nr nr` `ns ns,, hn hnsh shas as,, dshumas,, cglra dshumas cglras, s, pdcàhucn pdcàhucns, s, judkas md armd armdinmar inmar,, dth. @g hnsn pnrdhd ui `usda (cas md `g X`gnc ca snldi) y yn ia hnld `îs... a sà? vdikn, nckuin hasgtn sgd`prd hnld. Hunima Kg`cg (Jasç @niudc) `d prapusa dxfglgr nckuins pgdzns md `g hacdhhgøi di cn dxpasghgøi mdc Hnstgcca, nc prgihgpga fnlcn`as, intu in turn rnc` c`di ditd td,, md Nr Nrnk nkar arii y at atrn rnss eg egku kurn rnss g`partn g` partnitd itds. s. Rdr draa `gd `gditr itrns ns nv nvniz nizîln` îln`as as y `nmurîln`as cas mdtnccds pdisç: ±par quç ia dxpa dx paid idrc rcas as ta tamas mas,, pn pnrn rn qu qudd ta tama ma dc `u `uim imaa pudmn mgserutnr par ui tgd`pa md `g hacdhhgøi1 W nsà ias pusg`as `nias n cn alrn
Rniarî`ghn mdc Hnstgcca Rniarî`ghn md Xnitn Lîrlnr Lîrlnrnn
Hnrtdcds niuihgnmards di cns hnccds md Ncghnitd
Nrrgln y nlnja: mdtnccds md cn sdhhgøi md cn dxpasghgøi mdmghnmn n cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi ]acogdi Dspnþacn
Dxpasghgøi md nr`ns y trnjds trnjds hdmgmas par `gd`lras md cn X]D
Mdtnccd md cn hacdhhgøi gitdrinhgainc md «Fallgts¿ (Dc cglra krnimd md pîkgins lcnihns ds cn dmghgøi di Lrngccd) Djd`pca md «atrns «atrns `nias¿: mgshas md ara ara y pcntgia md krupas qud sd gispgrnrai di cn alrn md ]acogdi
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Rudrtn fallgt usnmn pnrn pnrn dc «pfatahncc¿ n cn ditrnmn ditrnmn md cn dxpasghgøi
Cas hrdnmards md cn dxpasghgøi fnhdi uin rîpgmn rîpgmn dshnpnmn nc nc Dnkcd nim Hfgcm Axearm mdc hnstgcca pnrn rdcnjnrsd di dc Dnkcd
Dc nchnmd md Ncghnitd @gkudc Uncar Uncar pasn di dc dstumga md Lgcla murnitd di cn ginukurnhgøi mdc <; md `nrza md <2>4, nha`pnþnma, md gzqugdrmn n mdrdhfn, par: Edrinima Eràns y Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Edrr îimdz (ha`gsnrgas md cn dxpasghgøi), dxpasghgøi), cas tdigditds md nchncmd Juni Xdvn y @nrtn Knrhàn, y Jarkd \amràkudz, \amràkudz, mgrdhtar kdrditd kdrditd md Dsntur. Dsntur. Eatakrneàn Eatakr neàn par hartdsàn mdc pdrgømgha mgkgtnc @g Hgumnm Ncghnitd
Dc dstumga md Lgcla ha`a sd pudmd vdr di cn dxpasghgøi
Cn hnvdrin md Kaccu`
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Di cn ashurgmnm md cn hnvdrin hnvdrin tn`lgçi sd pudmdi cddr mntas hurgasas salrd cns nmgvginizns md Lgcla y Kaccu`
@ÿ`no y Cn eurgn md X`nuk ) Hunmras md ]a`îs Fgja ( @ÿ`no Nrrgln n cn mdrdhfn y mdlnja: mdlnja: mgarn`ns mgarn`ns md \ghnrma Iúþdz «Hdcdlrg`lar¿
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@gignturns y rdpramuhhgaids md [dtn. [dtn. Hacdhhgøi md @nrga [dridr. @gignturns md md cn Ha`pnþàn mdc Nigcca ecniqudnmn par Truo-fìg Truo-fìg y Nrnkari Nrnkari md tn`nþa inturnc. inturnc.
@gignturn mdc lncrak md @argn di ccn`ns Nrwdi y Nrnkari. Nrnkari. Çawyi alsdrvn cn dshdin mdsmd dc eaima hai dstupar. dstupar.
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Hacdhhgøi md `gignturns, judkas y md`îs `drhfnimgsgik md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas y Dc Fallgt , , lnsnmas di cns pdcàhucns md Rdtdr Jnhosai
Lîrlac
Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca
hai cn arknigznhgøi y cakàstghn. @d mdjnrai `nias cglrds pnrn cn mgstrgluhgøi y hacahnhgøi, sncv sn cvaa nck nckui uias as pd pdqud qudþa þass mdt mdtnc nccds cds qu qudd md mdlàn lànii nmnptnrsd nc rdsta md cn dxpasghgøi. Hrda qud cn dxpasghgøi fn qudmnma `uy lgdi mdsmd ui puita md vgstn sdrga, pnsnima par ca giear`ntgva fnstn ca mgvdrtgma. Xgd`prd fny mdtnccds qud sd pudmdi `djarnr a hn`lgnr, pdra tdigdima di huditn qud ds cn prg`drn vdz qud sd fn rdncgznma uin dxpasghgøi tni krnimd di Dspnþn, ias fn sncgma md eîlucn. Dspdra qud ca mgserutçgs tnita ha`a ya, sgitgçima`d ha`a di hnsn hunima dstay nccà. \ghnrma Iúþdz «Hdcdlrg`lar¿ - Mgarn`ns md ]acogdi
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ns `nqudtns rdprdsditnmns di cn dxpasghgøi Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca, di Ncgh Nc ghni nitd td,, gcgcus ustr trni ni `a `a`d `dit itas as `î `îss a `dias haiahgmas md vnrgns md cns alrns md ]acogdi. W dsns dshdins gitditni pcns`nr, hai
`îs a `dias nhgdrta, cn gmdn y dc dspàrgtu mdc `ndstra, nuiqud n trnvçs md `g cditd gitdrprdtntgvn. ^ugdi vgsgtd cn `udstrn, a qugdi yn ha haiaz iazhn hn su hai haitd tdigm igma, a, pa pamr mrîî eî eîhgc hgc`d `dit itdd mgedrdihgnr cn dvacuhgøi y cns mgedrdihgns ditrd uins y atrns, nspdhtas qud ia sgd`prd dstîi di rdcnhgøi mgrdhtn hai su edhfn md hrdnhgøi. Di `uhfas hnsas, dc rdta ia ds supdrnr cn hncgmnm md cn nitdrgar, pudsta qud dsd haihdpta md hncgmnm ds ds `uy rdcntgva. Ia `d hudstn trnlnjnr di vnrgns `nqudtns n cn vdz, ig pnsnr md uin dshd ds hdin in md hn hnrî rîht htdr dr ài àitg tg`a `a,, ha haii ui sd sdit itgm gmaa ditr di trnþ nþnl nlcd cd y sd sdit itg` g`di ditnc tnc (g(gih iha` a`pr prdi disgl sglcd cd qugzîs pnrn ui praenia) n uin dshdin çpghn y dspdhtnhucnr, di cn qud ca vgstasa y ca sdisnhgainc pudmdi ahuctnr dc sditg`gdita mdc `a`dita qud rdecdjn. Cn sdrgd md alrns qud prdsdita di cn dxpasghgøi ds dc rdsuctnma md `uhfas nþas md dseudrza y, par quç ia, md mgvdrsgøi. Ds dc eruta md fnldr cdàma d gitdrprdtnma n ]acogdi n `g `ama, mgserutnima md dsn cdhturn y md dsn cnlar md gcustrnr su alrn hai `g prapgn vgsgøi.
\ghnrma «Hdcdlrg`lar¿ murnitd dc `aitnjd md sus mgarn`ns
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Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca
Ha`a nrtgstn, `g apgigøi ds qud ia sd pudmd fnlcnr md uin alrn envargtn, ig sd pudmd qudrdr n uin `îs qud n cns atrns: mdhnitnrsd par nckuin di pnrtghucnr sdràn mdsmdþnr n cns md`îs. Rar dsa prdegdra pdisnr di dc fdhfa md qud cn `djar ds cn qud dstî tamnvàn par inhdr, nqudccn qud dstî di dcnlarnhgøi y par tdr`ginr a, gihcusa cn qud tni saca ds núi ui praydhta. Xà ds hg hgdr drtta qu qudd nc ncku kuin inss md `g `gss `n `nqu qudt dtns ns pudmdi tdidr nckúi sgkigeghnma qud cds mç `îs rdcdvnihgn, di uias hnsas mdlgma nc `a`dita di dc qud surkgdrai, di atras par cn dshdin qud rdecdjni y dc sditgma qud cds atarka, y di atrns ahnsga gaiids par su ha` a`ppcdj djgm gmnnm tçhigh ghnn a pcîstghn. Rar dsa rdsuctn `uy mgeàhgc pnrn `à nitdpaidr igikuin y mdjnr n atrns di sdkuima cuknr. Dst staa sd eu euim imn` n`di ditn tn di qu qud, d, ni nitd td tam ama, a, iuihn fd haisgmdrnma qud fnhdr `gs `nqudtns sd trntnrn md ui trnlnja. Md fdhfa, di igikúi `a`dita fd sgma hnpnz md mdsprdimdr`d md igikuin alrn qud ia eudrn hrdnmn y pdisnmn mdsmd dc prgihgpga pnrn atras. Xdkurn`ditd ia snlràn ig sdràn hnpnz md ha`drhgnr hai ncka qud fd fdhfa y pdisnma pnrn `à, hai ca qud `d fd rdhrdnma y hai ca qud fd mgserutnma. Hunima nckugdi `d prdkuitn par dc tgd`pa qud fd tnrm tnrmnma nma di fnhdr uin `nqudtn (hudstgøi tøpghn, par atrn pnrt rtdd, y n cn qud rdsta g`part rtnnihgn) rdspaima qud ia `îs mdc idhdsnrga, n ca qud erdhuditd`ditd nþnma qud núi sd pu puddmd `djarnr. W sg say hnpn pnzz md trnm tr nmuh uhgr grca ca n fa farrns ns,, y çs çstn tnss n su pr prdh dhga ga,, n `diuma paidi di mumn `g harmurn. Rrdegdra ditaihds fnlcnr md su vncar, dc qud ya haisgmdra y dc qud ya cd nparta. Rar dcca `d pnrdhd dkaàstn par `g pnrtd ia mdjnr qud cas md`îs pnsdi y vdni, qud atras mgserutdii ha`pn mgserutd ha`pnrnima rnima `g gitdrpr gitdrprdtnhgøi dtnhgøi hai cn suyn, hai fncnkas qud `d nig`ni n sdkugr, a hai hràtghns y ha`ditnrgas qud `d sgrvdi pnrn nprdimdr md qugdids, di `uhfas hnsas, haiahdi `djar qud ya cn euditd md gispgrnhgøi md dstns gcustrnhgaids.
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]a`îs Fgja - Gcustrnhgaids y krnlnmas
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nhd nfarn uias mas nþas mdhgmà qud, ha`a ha `a gcgcus ustr trnm nmar ar,, yn fn fnlà lànn fd fdhhfa sueghgditds cglras par dihnrka y qud `d np npdt dtdh dhàn àn dx dxpc pcar arnr nr iu iudv dvas as td tdrr rrgt gtar arga gas. s. Xgd`prd `d fnlàn ntrnàma dc krnlnma di `nmdrn (y nckuins tçhighns negids), y ha`a sgd`prd ca fnlàn nsahgnma hai hgdrta nrhnàs`a, nrhnàs`a, `d pnrdh pnrdhàn àn ui `d `dmg mgaa gm gmdn dncc pn pnrrn fn fnhd hdrr al alrrns md ha hart rtdd enitîstgha. Dc puita md ha`gdiza dstnln hcnra: ]acogdi. D`pdhç hai uin pgdzn gispgrnmn di ui `urnc qud `g n`gka Jasç Znza fnlàn pgitnma fnhd uias nþas y qud rdprdsditnln uin lntnccn di ui ea ear`n r`nta ta dxn dxnkdr kdrnmn` nmn`dit ditdd pni pniarî arî`gh `gha. a. Wa fghd `g prapgn lntnccn (qud ds cn md cas Hgiha Djçrhgtas) salrd uin tnlcn md ncka `îs md ui `dtra prdpnrnmn hai ydsa y tgitn, usnima uin tçhighn ccn`nmn shrnthflanrm , qud ds `uy sg`gcnr nc krnlnma, pdra pramuhd mgrdhtn`ditd ui argkginc. Ha`d Ha `dih ihçç n ha hack cknr nr eat atas as md mdcc pr prah ahds dsaa md trnlnja trnln ja di Enhdlaao y `gs n`gkas md cn X]D sd vachnrai hai dccns y d`pdznrai n mgeuimgrsd. @gd`lras md cn ]acogdi Xahgdty y md atrns nkru ruppnhgaids sd gitdrdsnrai md ear`n sarprdimditd y, ui ludi màn, dc `gs`àsg`a Lrgni Xglcdy (nutar md vnrgas md cas cglras salrd cn trgcakàn hgid`ntakrîeghn) ha`pnrtgø uin md cns g`îkdids. @g Enhdlaao sd vgia nlnja y, par pdtghgøi kdidrnc, tuvd qud fnhdr pøstdrds hai cn pgdz pg dznn y nl nlrg rgrr ui uinn tg tgdi dimn mn di Gi Gittdr drid idtt pn pnrrn vdimdrcas. Raha n paha cn hasn fn gma n `îs, y nfarn cn tgdimn ds hnsg ui d`pcda n tgd`pa pnrhgnc qud fn sdrvgma hgditas md cî`gins y krnlnmas n cas cuknrds `îs rdhøimgtas. Dspnþn, DD.TT. y dc \dgia Tigma sd ccdvni cn `nyar pnrtd md cn pramuhhgøi, pdra tn`lgçi fny kditd md tamn Durapn, Lrnsgc, Gimaidsgn, Gsrndc, \usgn Tin kazn ka znmn mn.. N cn vdz dz,, `u `uhf hfns ns nu nuttar argm gmnm nmds ds md mdcc `uim `u imgcgcca ca fn fnii gm gmaa lr lrgi gimn mnim imaa su np npaaya md ear ar`n `nss vnr nrgn gnmn mnss y `d di diar arku kuccccdz dzha ha md ca cass îig`as qud `d lrgimn hatgmg mgnnin`ditd Dmunrma Xdkurn, md tdidr alrns di dc @usda Krdgsgikdr md Xugzn a md qud \ghfnrm ]nycar y …
Cn Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca
]nign \amkdrs, dc càmdr md [dtn [arosfap y pramuh pr amuhtar tarnn md cns pdcà pdcàhucn hucns, s, rd rdspd spdhtgv htgvn`d n`ditd itd,, negr`di tdidr alrns `àns hacknmns ¡di su hnsn! Inmn `d fn mnma `îs ncdkràns di `g hnrrdrn ha`a gcustrnmar qud dstas trnlnjas. Atra md cas fgtas qud mdstnhnràn di dstas mas nþas ds cn gihcusgøi md `gs trnlnjas di «Cn Ear artn tncd cdzn zn md mdcc Ni Nigcgcca ca¿. ¿. Ca Cass ar arkn knig igzn znma marrds vgi gigd gdrrai n Xn Xncn cn` `ni nihn hn n vdr `g tr trnl nlnnja di mgrdhta (juita n cas mgarn`ns md \ghnrma K. Iúþdz Iúþ dz «Hd «Hdcdlr cdlrg`l g`lar¿ ar¿)) y sdc sdcdhhg dhhgainr ainrai ai hns hnsgg tama dc trnlnja qud tdiàn mgspaiglcd ditaihds. Gihcusa mdjnrai fudha pnrn nckuin hasn qud ia dstnln cgstn mdc tama y qud ccdkø n úctg`n farn. Ditr Di trdd cn cnss al alrrns fn fnyy vnr nrga gass shrnthflanrms md mgedrditds ear`ntas ditrd cas qud mdstnhnràn dc yn `dihgainma md «Cn lntnccn md cas hgiha djçrhgtas¿ y «Cn fugmn fnhgn dc vnma¿. Xd `ud udst strrni rdp dprram amuh uhhg hgai aids ds md cn cnss ma mass alrns, yn qud cas argkgincds dstîi vdi dimg mgma mas. s. Fn Fnyy tn tn`l `lgç gçii ui `a `aia iatg tgpa pa (qud ds uin dstn`pnhgøi md cn qud søca sd fnhd fn hd ui uinn ha hapg pgn) n) md kr krni ni ear ar`n `ntta qu qudd rdp dprd rdsd sdit itnn cn ds dshd hdin in md ca cass nh nhdrt drtggja jass y vnrgas krnlnmas di cgiøcda. «Hnrhfnratf¿, «Cn eurgn md X`nuk¿ y «Lîrlac¿ fni sgma nckuias md cas supdrvditns md ta`nsfgja.ha`. Cn úctg`n di ccdknr, y `g envargtn, eud «Lnja cn disdþn md Dc paidy pgsnmar¿. Rrg`dra sd dxpusa uin dstn`pn di lcniha y idkra y mdspuçs sd sustgtuyø par atrn hacardnmn n `nia qud eud hdmgmn par ui pnrtghucnr kdidrasa: dc n`gka Jani Hnrcds «Igrindtf¿. ]amas dstas krnlnmas fni sgma pramuhgmas nrtdsninc`ditd hai fdrrn`gd gdiitns qud yn dxgst stàn ànii fnhd qugigditas nþas: kulgns, lurgcds, prdisns, pnpdcds fdhfas n `nia Hai dccas trnta md npartnr `g vgsgøi salrd cn alrn mdc Rrae Rr aedsar dsar git gitdit ditnim nimaa rd rdncgz ncgznr nr ui mglu mgluja ja søcgma y mdtnccnma, y ui mgsdþa md pdrsainjds y dshdinrgas qud sd npnrtn md cn saegstghnmn vgsgøi md cns pdcàhucns y md cn cdht cd htur urnn sg sg` `pc pcai ainn md nc ncku kuin inss vg vgsg sgai aids ds hcîsghns salrd dc td`n. Gitdita ia mdscgznr`d fnhgn dc inturncgs`a ig fnhgn
cn hnrghnturn dxhdsgvn, y fny vnrgns gitditains enccgmns di cns qud ia haisdkuà `nitdidr dc dqugcglrga. @g gmdn ds praparhgainr ui «nrtd¿ qud pumgdrn fnldr sgma pramuhgma mditra mdc prapga pr apga `ui `uima ma rd rdprd prdsdi sditnma tnma.. Xg qugd qugdids ids vdi uia md `gs krnlnmas pudmdi g`nkginr qud sd fn tnccnma di ui lniha n cns pudrtns md ui a di ui sa`lràa shrgptargu` md @gins s`gnc a ]grgtf (a gihcusa di uin `nz`arrn md @gins @arkuc), ditaihds haisgmdrnrç qud cn `gsgøi dstî hu`pcgmn. Dstay `uy arkuccasa md pnrtghgpnr di cn `udstrn y `uy sntgsedhfa hai cn sdcdhhgøi qud fghg`as. Dspdra pamdr dshnpnr`d n cn DstdcHai, y hn`lgnr g`prdsgaids hai tamas cas n`gkas md cn X]D, n cas qud fnhd md`nsgnma tgd`pa qud ia vda.
…
«Dc Raiy Rgsnmar¿ md ]a`îs Fgja
87
Egcntdcgn tacogdimgc Nurdn Rçrdz «Dcniar Rduhnisnt¿
D
i >6=2 \awcnim Fgcc gmdø ui sgstd`n pnrn dvgtnr ernumds di dc sdrvghga pastnc: cns tnsns mdlàn pnknrcns qugdi dedhtunln dc divàa, ia ha`a fnstn ditaihds qugdi ca rdhglàn (qud pamàn mdhgmgr sg nhdptnrca, y par ca tnita pnknrca a ia). Dc ha`pralnitd mdc pnka prdv pr dvga ga sd sdrà rànn ui uinn pd pdqud qudþn þn dtg dtgqu qudtn dtn md pn pnpdc pdc dikn di knih ihfn fnma ma di dc pn pnqu qudt dtdd a hn hnrtn rtn:: dc sd sdccccaa pastnc. Dstd prg`dr sdcca drn ui hunmrnmgta idkra hai cn g`nkdi md cn rdgin Ughtargn, cn cdydimn «Rastnkd¿ di cn pnrtd supdrgar y su prdhga, ui pdigqud, di cn giedrgar, par ca qud rdhgld dc ia`lrd md «Rdiiy Lcnho¿. Xd pusa n cn vditn dc > md `nya y dsd `gs`a màn d`pdzø dc hacdhhgaigs`a, yn qud Jafi Krny, ui zaøcaka qud trnlnjnln di dc @usda Lrgtîigha, mdhgmgø ha`prnr uias hunitas pnrn kunrmnrcas. Di paha tgd`pa dc rdsta md pnàsds hapgnrai cn gmdn, `uctgpcghnima rîpgmn`ditd dc iú`dra md dstn`pgtns n rduigr, y praita sd d`pdznrai n rd rdncgz ncgznr nr d`g d`gsgai sgaids ds dspd dspdhgnc hgncds ds pnr pnrnn hdc hdcdlr dlrnr nr nhaitdhg`gditas a fa`dinjdnr n pdrsai pdr saincgm ncgmnmds nmds.. Dst Dstas as sdcc sdccas as hai hai`d` `d`arn arntgv tgvas as tgdidi uin tgrnmn cg`gtnmn y ia sd vudcvdi n g`prg`gr uin vdz nkatnmas, ca qud cas mgedrdihgn md cns «sdrgds lîsghns¿ qud sd vni rdg`prg`gdima sdkúi cns idhdsgmnmds pastncds. Cn td` d`ît îtgh ghnn ds md ca `î `îss vnr nrgn gnmn mn:: fd fdhhfa fass fgstørghas, dvditas mgvdrsas, hdcdlrgmnmds, nrtd, hgdihgn, enuin, ecarn, mdpartds... W ±hø`a ia1, tn`lgçi cgtdrnturn y hgid. Cass pr Ca prg` g`dr dras as sd sdccccas as md mdmg mghn hnma mass n J. J.\. \.\. \. ]acogdi sd d`gtgdrai di Krni Lrdtnþn, qud di
=2
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>77< cd mdmghø ui «hnridt md prdstgkga¿ hai `atgva md su hditdinrga. Xd trntn md ui cglrgta md mgvdrsns pîkgins giear`ntgvns di dc qud sd gitdrhncni atrns qud haitgdidi vnrgas sdccas md cn sdrgd lîsghn md Krni Lrdtnþn, hai cn g`nkdi md cn rdg dgin in Gs Gsnl nldc dc GG GG,, nh nha` a`pn pnþn þnma mass md ui uinn gcustr gcu strnh nhgøi gøi ncu ncusg sgvn vn n cn alr alrnn md ]aco acogdi gdi:: cn prg`drn dmghgøi md Dc Fallgt hai hai dc `npn md ]frar, cn prg`drn dmghgøi md Dc Xdþar md cas hai ui uinn pn pnkg kgin in md su `n `niu iush shrg rgta ta,, Nigccas hai nckuias md cas d`lcd`ns çceghas mgsdþnmas par ]ac acog ogdi di y ui uinn md cn cnss pî pîkg kgin inss md mdcc cgcglr lraa md @nznrluc. @nznr luc. Xd trntn md uin dmghgøi `uy hugmnmn ha`a harrdspaimd nc fa`dinjd n uia md cas nutards `îs g`partnitds mdc sgkca VV.
Hnridt md prdstgkga md Krni Lrdtnþn, >77<
Tia iass nþ nþas as mds mdspu puçs çs,, di >7 >776 76,, dc sd sdrvg rvghg hgaa pastnc gikcçs vacvgø n mdmghnrcd ui sdcca: dstn vdz di uin dmghgøi mdmghnmn n cas «`uimas md enit en itnsà nsàn¿ n¿ ma maim imdd ha ha`p `pnrt nrtdd ds dspn pnhga hga ha haii H. H.X. X. Cdwgs y su Inrign a hai Cdwgs Hnrrac y su Ncghgn. Md dstn sdrgd sd rdncgznrai tn`lgçi cns pastncds qud pamçgs vdr di cn dxpasghgøi md «Cn
Xdrgd mdmghnmn n cns gcustrnhgaids g custrnhgaids md J.\.\. ]acogdi. ]acogdi. Krni Lrdtnþn, <22=
Eartncdzn mdc Nigcca¿, y sg as sarprdimd vdr qud mdc sdcca mdmghnma n Dc Fallgt fny fny mas, egjnas lgdi, yn qud ia sai dxnhtn`ditd gkuncds: uin md dccas rdzn qud dc nutar eud ui tnc J.\.\. ]acodgi ( sgh ).). Di egcntdcgn cas drrards md d`gsgøi (drrntns, hn`lgas md hacar, dth...) sudcdi sdr ui «vncar nþnmgma¿. Cn úctg`n dmghgøi qud cas lrgtîighas cd fni mdmghnma ds md <22=, y di dccn ca fa`dinjdni ha`a nutar d gcustrnmar md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Xd trntn md uin sdrgd md >2 sdccas y pastncds hai cas mglujas qud ]acogdi fgza salrd su alrn `îs haiahgmn: pamd`as vdr dc gitdrgar md La Lacs csøi øi Hd Hdrr rrnm nma, a, \g \gvvdi dimd mdc,c, cn pu pudrt drtnn md @argn a dc `npn md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn, ditrd atras. Md dstn sdrgd, di cn dxpasghgøi fny trds salrds «prg`dr màn¿,> uia hai cn sdrgd ha`pcdtn y cas atras mas hai hgiha sdccas hnmn uia. Dstas úctg`as, gcustrnmas hai ui mgluja md Knimnce y Xa`lrnkràs, dstîi egr`nmas par Gni @hOdccdi. Fny qud mdstnhnr tn`lgçi cn edhfn md cn d`gs d` gsgø gøii md ds dstn tn sd sdrg rgd, d, ju just staa md mdsp spuç uçss md cn cnss pdcàhucns md Rdtdr Jnhosai y cn g`pasghgøi md su vgsgøi mdc `uima md ]acogdi par dihg`n mdc rdsta md gitdrprdtnhgaids. Di dc hnsa mdc `uima egcntçcgha, dstn g`pasghgøi ds npcnstnitd, yn qud tamn ta mnss cns md` md`îs îs d` d`gsg gsgai aids ds rd rdncg ncgzn znmns mns pa past stddrgar`ditd utgcgzni g`îkdids md cns pdcàhucns md Jnhosai.
Rrdhgsn Rrdh gsn`d `dit itd, d, Iudv udvnn Zdc Zdcni nimn mn fn rd rdit itnnlgcgznma md `nidrn dspdhtnhucnr sdr dc pcntø md ramnjd md cns mas trgcakàns hgid`ntakrîeghns y su sdrv rvgghga md harrdas sd npuitø nc hnrra gi`dmgntn`ditd, rdncgznima uin ha`pcdtàsg`n d`gsgøi pnrn hnmn uin md cns sdgs hgitns. Hnmn sdrgd haist stnn md sdg dgss sdcc ccaas di mge geddrditds ear`ntas: ear` ntas: dika` dika`nmas, nmas, nutanm nutanmfdsgv fdsgvas, as, fajgtns lcaqud,< ui hnridt,8 `gigpcgdkas md <4 sdccas,= pastncds y, inturnc`ditd, salrds prg`dr màn. Md çstas fny ahfa di hnmn d`gsgøi: mas hai cn sdrgd md sdccas ha`pcdtn (di cas mas ear`ntas, dika di ka`n `nma mass y nut nutanm anmfd fdsg sgvvas as)) y sd sdgs gs hai cns fajgtns lcaqud. Xai sdccas md krni hncgmnm y `uyy ds `u dspd pdht htnhu nhucnr cnrds ds,, di ds dspd pdhgn hgncc cn cnss fa fajgt jgtns ns lcaqud qud rdpramuhdi dshdins md cns pdcàhucns md cn cnss qud dc sdcc ccaa ds uin pdqud udþþn pnrt rtdd. \dnc`ditd prdhgasas. Di cn dxpasghgøi søca fny uin pnrtd md tama dstd `ntdrgnc pnrn ia rdsuctnr dxhd dx hdsg sgvn vn`d `dit itdd rd rdpd pdtgt tgtgv gvn, n, y nm nmd` d`îs îs cn `n `ncn cn eart artui uinn fg fgza za qu qudd ia ccccdk dknr nrni ni n tg tgd` d`pa pa cn cnss hacdhhgaids mdmghnmns n cns trds pdcàhucns md Dc Fallgt . Rnrn rdmaimdnr tama dstd haijui haijuita, ta, di <22= Iud udvvn Zd Zdcn cnim imnn d` d`gt gtgø gø ui uinn sd sdrg rgdd md mdmg mghn hnmn mn prdhgsn`ditd n su pngsnjd ha`a sdt md ramnjd? su tàtu tà tuca ca ds hc hcnr nra: a: «F «Fa` a`dd ae @g @gmm mmcd cd-d -dnr nrtf tf¿. ¿. Haistn md huntra pnrdjns md sdccas, uia hai ui eatakrn`n y dc atra hai dc pnrnjd maimd eud ramnma. Nsà pamd`as vdr dc vnma mdc Lrugidi
=>
Egcntdcgn tacogdimgc
Nurdn Rçrdz Rçrdz «Dcniar Rduhnisnt¿ Rduhnisnt¿
Xdrgd md Cn Ha`uigmnm mdc Nigcca. Iudvn Zdcnimn, <22>
di dc Hnþøi Xogppdrs a dc Rnrqud Inhgainc ]aiknrgra haivdrtgma di @armar, par djd`pca. Xg di cuknr md sdccas ca qud as ntrnd ds cn iu`gs`îtghn, tn`lgçi fny qud tdidr di huditn qud Iudvn Zdcnimn fn nhuþnma vnrgns `aidmns md ha hacd cdhh hhga gaig igst stn, n, nc ncku kuin inss md ar araa y pc pcnt ntn, n, mdmghnmns tnita n Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas (uin hacd ha cdhh hhgø gøii md <2 <228 28)) ha ha`a `a n Dc Fallgt (trds hacdhhgaids, uin par pdcàhucn). @d kustni di dspdhgnc cn qud nhuþnrai di <228 md pcntn hai dc Nigcca di ara y atrn md <2>=, mdmghnmn n Cn lntnccn md cas hgiha djçrhgtas , qud `udstrn Lacsøi Hdrrnma: ds md pcntn y cn pudrtn ds ui trahgta md `nmdrn pgitnmn di vdrmd (prahdmditd mdc «îrlac md cn egdstn¿ mdc sdt md ramnjd, sdkúi giear`n cn eghhfn tç eg tçhi high ghn) n).. Cn Cnss iu iudv dvns ns td tdhi hiac acak akàn ànss fn fnii
pdr`gtgma hrdnr «`aidmns hacardnmns¿, ha`a cn sdrgd md hgiha `aidmns md pcntn md <2>8 mdmghnmns n cn ha`pnþàn md cas dinias, a cn md X`nuk md <2>=, dst stnn di uin nc ncddnhg hgøøi md ncu`giga, hgih y lraihd. Uac acvg vgdi dima ma n ca cass sd sdccccas as,, tn tn`l `lgç gçii sd fn fnii d`gtgma sdrgds di cn Gscn md @ni y di Nustrncgn. Dstn úctg`n d`gtgø uin diar`d fajn lcaqud md rdhudrma mdmghnmn nc dstrdia md Dc rdtaria mdc rdy di mghgd`lrd md <228, utgcgznima dc sgstd`n md «sdccas pdrsaincgznmas¿: dc sdcca ccdvn nc cnma ui dspnhga di lcniha, tn`lgçi pdrearnma, qud sd pudmd g`prg`gr hai cn g`nkdi qud sd mdsdd. Cn fajn lcaqud prdsditn mgdz sdccas hai dc `npn md Nustrncgn (harrdspaimgditd n uin sdrgd md didra md dsd `gs`a nþa) y di dc dspnhga di lcni lc niha ha np npnr nrdh dhdi di dc Ni Nigcgcca ca y vnr nrga gass md ca cass prat pr atnk nkaig aigstn stnss md cn hg hgit itn: n: Nr Nrnk nkari ari,, Era rama, ma, Knim Kn imnce nce,, Enr nrn` n`gr gr,, Cd Cdkac kacns ns.....,., qu qudd tn tn`l `lgçi gçi npnrdhdi di dc eaima md cn fajn lcaqud. \dspdhta n cn Gscn md @ni, su d`gsgøi ds tn`lgçi md <228 y par ca tnita mdmghnmn n Dc rdtaria mdc rdy. Haistn md ahfa sdccas hai g`îk g` îkdi dids ds nc ncus usgv gvns ns n cn pd pdcàcàhu hucn cn y ui uinn fa fajn jn lcaqud hai ui sdcca mdmghnma nc Nigcca Úigha y Nrnkari hai Nimúrgc y atras pdrsainjds di dc eai aima ma.. Md ds dstn tn sd sdrg rgdd tn tn`l `lgç gçii sd d` d`gt gtgd gdrrai pastncds y mas salrds prg`dr màn, uia hai cn fajn lcaqud y dc atra hai cn sdrgd ditdrn. Dc úctg`a krupa md sdccas ds ui krni hnjøi md snstrd md d`gsgaids md mgvdrsas pnàsds, tamns edhfnmns prdhgsn`ditd ditrd <228 y <22=, y
Xdrgd ha`pcdtn md Dc Fallgt . Iudvn Zdcnimn, <2>=
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Nurdn Rçrdz Rçrdz «Dcniar Rduhnisnt¿ Rduhnisnt¿
Egcntdcgn tacogdimgc
Fajn lcaqud mdmghnmn n Dc rdtaria mdc rdy. Nustrncgn, <228.
mdmghn mdmg hnmn mnss n cn al alrrn md Rdt dtdr dr Jn Jnhhos osai ai.. Cn `nyyar `n aràn àn md ds dstn tnss d` d`gs gsga gaid idss ha harr rrds dspa paim imdd n pnàsds md Îerghn a nitgkuns rdpúlcghns md cn Tigøi Xavgçtghn. Rar ui cnma ds sarprdimditd qud pnàsds ha`a Hastn md @nregc, par djd`pca, fnkni d`gsgaids md td`ns qud, n prgarg, ia tgdidi `uhfn haidxgøi hai su tdrrgtarga? pdra fny qud tdidr di huditn qud, mnma qud dc sdcca ds uin d`gsgøi aeghgnc, supaid uin euditd md gikrdsas pnrn dc dstnma qud cas d`gtd. Nsà puds, uin d` d`gs gsgø gøii ntr trnnht htggvn y hai ui pú púllcgh ghaa patdihgnc n`pcga, ia cg`gtnma n cas egcntçcghas, pudmd haivdrtgrsd di uin ditrnmn md mgvgsns g`partnitd. Rar atra cnma, di nckuias hnsas sd trntn md d`gs d` gsga gaid ids, s, ha ha`a `a pa paha ha,, mu muma masn sns: s: ia cn cnss fd pamgma cahncgznr di igikuia md cas hntîcakas qudd sd pud qu pudmd mdii ha hais isuct uctnr nr ai-cgid,4 y nu nuiq iqud ud dstas hntîcakas di ahnsgaids dstîi núi giha`pcdtas, fny vnrgas gimghgas qud npuitni n qudd pu qu pudm dmdd tr trnt ntnr nrsd sd md d` d`gs gsga gaid idss gcgcdk dknc ncds ds,, tn`l tn `lgç gçii ccccn` n`nm nmns ns «d «d`g `gsg sgai aids ds eni nitn tns` s`n¿ n¿ a «enit «e nitns nsàn àns¿ s¿.. Di kd kdid idrn rnc,c, dst dstdd tg tgpa pa md er ernum numdd sg`ucn d`gsgaids md pnàsds «dxøtghas¿ (nerghnias, îrnlds, pdqudþns inhgaids gisucnr gis ucnrds. ds...) ..) a gihc gihcusa usa pnà pnàsds sds gi givd vditn itnmas mas,, hai td`îtghns papucnrds (enuin, ecarn, mdpartds) a «md `amn mn¿¿, ha`a pudmd mdii sdr cas çx çxgt gtaas hgid`n hgi d`ntak takrîe rîeghas ghas.. Xud Xudcdi cdi prd prdsdi sditnr tnr sdcc sdccas as md krni ear`nta, iar`nc`ditd fajns lcaqud, qud
sai `uy ntrnhtgvas y vgstasas. Di cn nhtuncgmnm, cn vdi dittn n trnvçs md Gitdri riddt nyu yummn n su mgstrgluhgøi ditrd dc krni púlcgha. Mdsmd dc puit pu itaa md vg vgst stnn eg egcn cntç tçcgcgha ha ia tg tgdi didi di ig igik ikúi úi vncar, dvgmditd`ditd, pdra di dstd hnsa ia ds dsa ca qud lushn`as. Xg nincgzn`as cas mdtnccds, pamd`as vdr dsns pasglcds enitnsàns. Xdkúi cns haivdihgaids md cn Tigøi Rastnc Tigvdrsnc, tamas cas sdccas mdldi ccdvnr dc ia`lrd mdc pnàs (dxhdpta dc \dgia Tigma, di ntdihgøi n sdr dc prg`dr pnàs di d`gtgr sdccas), dc nþa md d`gsgøi y dc vncar enhgnc (dc prdhga mdc sdcca), pdra cns mas fajns lcaqud md Cgldrgn ia ccdvni nþa y dc vncar enhgnc ds `uyy mge `u mgedr drdi ditd td md mdcc fn fnlg lgtun tuncc (s (sdþn dþncn cn > mø møcnr cnr,, hunima ca `îs iar`nc sai <2). Di cas sdccas d`gtgmas par Xa`ncgn n vdhds sd gimghn qud ds
Xdcca md cn \dpúlcghn md Xa`ncgn, <22=
=8
Egcntdcgn tacogdimgc
Nurdn Rçrdz Rçrdz «Dcniar Rduhnisnt¿ Rduhnisnt¿
ds nqudc qud sd mdsnrraccn di uin zain cg`gtnmn, ha`a ui uinn hgu gummnm a uin ru ruttn ha`drhgnc nc?? tn`l tn `lgç gçii pud pudmd mdii sd sdrr d` d`gs gsgai gaids ds pr prgv gvnm nmns. ns. Di tama hnsa ia haistni ha`a sdccas aeghgncds y nuiqud fny hntîcakas y hacdhhgaigstns qud cas rdúidi ia fd pa pammgm gmaa nvdrgkunr inmn nc rdspdhta. Encsas a nutçitghas, sai cas úighas qud `udstrni n ]acogdi di pdrsai pdrsain, n, y søca par dsa yn `drdhdi dstnr nfà.
Xdrgd mdmghnmn n ]acogdi mdc «harrda cahnc¿
uin rdpúlcghn y di atrns ia, y cn tgpakrneàn cntg cn tgin in md mdcc ia ia`l `lrrd md mdcc pn pnàs às ds rnm nmgh ghnc nc`d `dit itdd mgedrditd md cn utgcgznmn di sus sdccas aeghgncds. Di cns fajns lcaqud md cn \dpúlcghn mdc Haika dc vncar npnrdhd gimghnma di VNE, qud ds cn mdia`ginhgøi gitdrinhgainc md su `aidmn (dc erniha md Îerghn hditrnc), a ha`a HE (qud ds cn `aidmn md su vdhgin \dpúlcghn Md`ahrîtghn mdc Haika), pdra di sus sdccas aeghgncds gimghn sg`pcd`ditd uin E... Di atras hnsas, cn mumn pdrsgstd: di cas sdccas md Ogrkugzgstni a md Ldigi, par djd`pca, tnita cn tg tgpa pakr krne neàn àn ha ha`a `a ca cass vnc ncar ards ds enh nhgn gncd cdss sd nsd`djni `uhfa n cas md cas sdccas aeghgncds y ya ia say ca lnstnitd dxpdrtn pnrn negr`nr sg sai a ia nutçitghas. Fd mdjnma pnrn dc eginc cas sdccas rdnc`ditd hurga hu rgasa sas: s: cns hu huntr ntraa tgr tgrns ns mdm mdmgh ghnmn nmnss n J. J.\. \.\. \. ]acogdi ha`a «Cdydimn cgtdrnrgn¿ qud `udstrns huntra eatakrneàns di lcniha y idkra md iudstra nutar envargta. Dc vncar enhgnc dstî di møcnrds, qud ia tgdidi parquç sdr n`drghnias, y di cuknr md pnàs, rdzn «Cahnc Rast¿. Dc harrda cahnc
==
Iatns >. Ti «salrd prg`dr màn¿ hai`d`arn dc prg`dr màn md d`gsgøi md uin sdrgd md sdccas: sudcd sdr ui salrd mdharnma hai ui `atgva ncusgva n cn sdrgd, qud ccdvn dc sdcca a sdccas harrdspaimgditds y ui `ntnsdccas tn`lgçi dspdhgnc pnrn cn ahnsgøi. <. Tin fajn lcaqud ds uin fajgtn qud haitgdid di su gitd gi tdrga rgarr ui uiaa a `î `îss sd sdcca ccas, s, qu qudd pu pudm dmdi di sd sdrr gk gkun uncd cdss a mgedrditds, mgedrditd s, d gihcusa g ihcusa ear`nr ditrd tamas uin sacn g`nkdi. 8. Ti hnridt ds uin hnrpdtgtn md hnrtucgin qud haitgdid vnrgas sdccas uigmas par dc ca`a. =. Ti pcgdka ds cn fajn g`prdsn md sdccas ha`pcdtn? ui `gigpc `gi gpcgdk gdka, a, sg` sg`pcd pcd`di `ditd, td, tgd tgdid id ui iú` iú`dr draa md sdc sdccas cas `diar (iar`nc`ditd ditrd 6 y <4 erditd n cas 62->22 md ui pcgdka). 4. Cas hntîcakas qud fd haisuctnma sai dc Xtn`p[arcm (www.stn` (www .stn`pwa pwarcm.h rcm.ha`) a`) y Hacidh Hacidhtt (www (www.haci .hacidht.h dht.ha`) a`) maimd nmd`îs md sdccas sd pudmdi dihaitrnr hntîcakas md `uhfas atras aljdtas hacdhhgainlcds.
N`ai Fdcc Jani Hnrcds Javç «Igrindtf¿
D
c <2>4 fn vgsta dc inhg`gdita mdc Faknr md Lnrmas md Lnrhdcain ±a ia1 Ludia, ia dxnhtn` dxn htn`dit ditd. d. Har Harràn ràn mgh mghgd` gd`lrd lrd mdc <2> <2>=, =, mdspuçs md cn DstdcHai, y nitds mdc dstrdia md «Cn Lntnccn md cas Hgiha Djçrhgtas¿. Ca sç parqud cn eata euimnhgainc nmjuitn eud rdncgznmn di cas hgids Xpcnu di cn edhfn mdc dstrdia. …
Md ditrd uin cgstn md ia`lrds qud màns prdvgas ecardhàn di dc [fntsnpp, sd nhnlø dcgkgdima «N`ai Fdcc¿ pnrn cas huntra pgaidras qud haistgtuàni dc iudva Faknr md Lnrmas md Lnrhdcain. Dc ia`lrd drn yn md par sà tamn uin mdhcnrnhgøi md gitdihgaids md rahoniracdnr dc hnihgaidra. Rar nqudc ditaihds ia td tdià iàn` n`as as ig ln lnja ja,, ig ln lntd tdrà ràn, n, nu nuiq iqud ud sà ma mass vac acuit uitnrg nrgas as md mdtd tdr`g r`gin inma mass n pai paidr drcd cd rd rd`dm `dmga ga nc nsuita. Dsa sà, nmd`îs md hg`gtnrrn tdiàn`as uin kugt ku gtnr nrrn rn dc dcçht çhtrgh rghnn y cn rd rdsa sacu cuhgø hgøii md md mdlut lutnr nr di sahgdmnm di cn «@drdzz Arhn¿ qud sd gln n hdcdlrnr di dc puditd md `nya mdc <2>4, ha`a eginc`ditd ahurrgø pnrn tarturn md cas qud nccà nsgstgdrai. Dhfnima cn `grnmn ntrîs, sa`as cas prg`dras sar arpr prddimgmas di mgspa paiidr md trds kugtnrr rrns ns dcçhtrghns, n`pcgs, lnja, lntdràn, nr`øighn, uodcdcd, `dsn md `dzhcns y ui ludi puþnma md harruphgaids hai ngrds «tacogdimgcds¿ md hcîsghas mdc raho. Rnrn `uds `u dstr trnn ui la lattøi øi,, y sg «N «N`a `aii Fd Fdcccc¿¿ dr drnn ui uinn mdhcnrnhgøi md gitdihgaids, praita pnsø tn`lgçi n sdr uin harruphgøi md Fgkfwny ta Fdcc md md NH/MH y prdsditnhgøi mdc krupa. Nc cnma tdiçgs cn cdtrn. Rar dc `a`dita haitgiun`as sgdima cas huntra `gd` `g d`lr lras as eui euimn mnhg hgain aincd cds, s, ds md mdhg hgrr Id Idus us Ern rnih ihff «Lncrak¿ ha`a vaz sacgstn y kugtnrrn ràt`ghn, Ashnr Xuîrdz «Mn`ram¿ nc lnja y nc hudria kaimargnia, Mnig Ediacc «Hdlnmgccn¿ n cn lntdràn (y prøx pr øxg` g`n` n`di ditd td nc uo uodc dcdc dcd) d) y Ja Jani ni Hn Hnrc rcds ds Ja Javvç «Igrindtf¿ n cns kugtnrrns y nr`øighn. Disnyn`as di ]drrnssn, n uin `dmgn farn md Lnrhdcain, y mnrd`as cn lgdivdigmn n huncqugdr tacogdimgc qud sd iass qu ia qugd gdrn rn ui uigr gr dspdh dspdhgnc gnc`d `dit itdd sg sn snld ld ta tahn hnrr tdhcnmas, djd`, djd`.
Xa`as cas N`ai Fdcc
Mdsmd Cørgdi Nquà dstîi, Mgspudstas n rahoniracdnr. rahoniracdnr. Xgi vdrkódizn, Xgi pumar sus vdrsgaids as ncuhginrîi ncuhginrîi . Xgi rnzaids W sgi rgt`a Rar cn hnrn hnrn vn`as n tahnr. tahnr. Xgi disnya Xgi cahnc Cas n`gkas tn`lgçi dstnrîi. Rarqudd sa`as cas N`ai Fdcc, Rarqu ]n`paha tahn`as lgdi. Xa`as cas N`ai Fdcc, ]n`paha tahn`as lgdi. ]ama ]acogdi Xgi tnlús, Mdsmd cn >ª n cn 4ª dmnm . Mdsmd Eïniar N Nrnkari, Nrnkari, Dc hnihgaidra vn`as n dxpcatnr. dxpcatnr. Fdy @dcoar, @grniass @grnia ]ahnima di uin lnimn md \aho. Fdy ]acogdi, @àrnias.s. @àrnia Md ramgccns td pdmg`as pdrmøi.
…
=4
Ugnjd ncenlçtgha par cns cdikuns çceghns Jasu Kø`dz Rçrdz «Dcdmdr¿
C
cdvn`as hgihuditn nþas fnlcnima salrd cns cdikuns md cas dceas. ±^udmn tamnvàn dspnhga pnrn mdhgr ncka, trns mçhnmns md nrtàhucas, hfnrcns y haiedrdihgns, md givvdst gi dstgk gknh nhgøi gøi y md mg mgvu vuck cknhg nhgøi øi11 ±R ±Rar ar møi møimd md prasdkugr1 Tin aphgøi: vacvdr n ca lîsgha, n cns pnrt pn rtàh àhuc ucns ns qu qudd ear ar`n `nii ds dstn tnss cd cdik ikun uns: s: su suss saig sa igma mas, s, qu qudd ia iasa satr tras as vg vgsu sunc ncgz gzn` n`as as ha ha`a `a cdtr cd trns ns.. Ds Dstta vn` n`as as n fn fnhd hdrr di ds dstd td nrt nrtàh àhuc ucaa dspdhgnc pnrn cn rdvgstn Dstdc: ui trnydhta par cns cdikuns md cas dceas, di dc qud ias sdrvgrîi md kuàn cns cdtrns qud fni pdr`gtgma qud dstas gmga`ns ccdknrni ccdknrni n iasatr iasatras. as. Mnma qud cas dcea dceass sd prdahupnlni tnita par su ear`n md dxpr dx prds dsnr nrsd sd,, pnr pnrdh dhdd càh càhgt gta, a, ±v ±vdr drmn mnm1 m1 Cà Càhg hgta ta sà, pdra tn`lgçi pnrnmøjgha: ca vdrd`as murnitd iudstra vgnjd.
bH n
Rar arqud qud dc `gs `gs`a `a vgnj vg njdd ha ha`g `gdi dizn zn ha haii uin g`nkdi qud ias rdhudrmn dstn pnrn pn rnma majn jn,, mn mnma ma qu qudd gigh gi ghgn gn` `as iu iuds dstr traa hn`ginr, `ahfgcn nc fa`lra, par cn cdtrn N, dstn cdtrn N mdc Ncenldta qud ias vn n sdrvgr md kuàn ku àn.. W nm nmd` d`îs îs,, ds dstn tn pn pnrrnm nmaj ajnn pa parr cn qu qudd d`pdzn`as ds uin pnrnmajn malcd, ha`a cns mas pntns md dstn cdtrn. Cn prg`drn pntn ias rdhudrmn qud cas dceas di rdncgmnm ia usnlni dstns cdtrns: sus cdikuns sd pamàni dshrglgr, a lgdi hai ruins, a lgdi hai dc sgstd`n haiahgma ha`a tdikwnr (di (di dc qud ds dstî tî ds dshr hrgt gtn, n, pa parr djd`pca ca,, cn gi gisshrgp gphhgøi mdc Nigcc cca) a).. Cns tdik td ikw wnr nr,, tn tn`l `lgç gçii ha haia iahg hgmn mnss ha ha`a `a «c «cdt dtrn rnss
=5
çceghns¿, drni `uy mgstgitns md cns iudstrns (y nprd np rdim imdr drcn cnss ds `u `uyy mgv mgvdrt drtgma gma).). Rdr draa ds qu qudd nmd`îs ¡ig sgqugdrn pudmd mdhgrsd qud eudrni ui «nce «n cenl nldt dta¿! a¿! Fnl Fnlgt gtunc unc`d `dit itdd di ditd tdim imd` d`as as pa parr «ncenldta¿ uin «suhdsgøi armdinmn md cns cdtrns md ui gmga`n¿ (ha`a «N, L, H, M…¿), y cns tdikwnr ia ca ear`ni? ia sai uin cgs gsttn armd ar mdin inmn mn md cd cdtr trns ns sg sgia ia ui «s «sgs gstd td`n `n¿, ¿, ui uinn ear`n md haistrugr cdtrns n pnrtgr md sus rnskas eaiçtghas. Di hnstdccnia, qud cn R y cn \ sd mgedrdihgdi par uin rnygtn gihcginmn ia ias mghd inmn salrd dsas saigmas? di çcegha, qud cn nima (cn M) y cn tgiha (cn ]) sd mgedrdihgdi di dc iú`dra md nrhas, ias mghd qud uin ds sarmn y cn atrn saiarn. Hnmn rnska md hnmn cdtrn ias mghd ncka salrd hø`a sd praiuihgn. Ds ui sgstd`n gitdrdsnitàsg`a.
w l
Nsà qud cn pnrnmajn, tni prapgn mdc kusta md cas dceas, ias fn fdhfa ha`diz ha` diznr nr iuds iudstr traa vgn vgnjd jd trnstnlgccnmas. \dhupdrd`as dc dqugcglrga npayîimaias di cn cdtrn L, y dcdvd`as uin pcdknrgn n cas Lncnr, pnrn qud… ±hø`a1 ±Ia sd mghd cas «Uncnr¿1 Lud udia ia,, sà sà,, pd pdrra, hc hcnr nra, a, g` g`nk nkgi ginm nm qu qudd ia iass paid`as yn di cn U: ¡dc vgnjd sdràn md`nsgnma hart rtaa! W nmd`îs, cn pncn cnllrn Lncnr (qud dihaitrn`as di cn Lnfàn d Gscn md Lncnr, y sd hrdd qud tn`lgçi di dc argkdi mdc ia`lrd md Ldcdrgnim) ds ui fa`dinjd n cas prapgas Uncnr qudd dr qu drgk gkgd gdrrai ds dsnn gs gscn cn (c (cnn ear ar`n `n di çc çceg egha ha nitgkua ds hai L, lîcĎ , y søca di qudiyn sd haivgrtgø di U, Uncn).
n h
Di huncqugdr hnsa mdjn`as ntrîs cn sacgmdz md cn L y ias rdhastn`as di dc nhakdmar rdknza md cn H… qu qud md praita sd haiv ha ivgdr gdrtd td di O , y sus fashns nrgstns ias fnhdi snctnr md macar. ±^uç fn ahurrgma1 Ruds qud ]acogdi, di cn çpahn hditrnc hditr nc md su dshrgturn, dshrgturn, qugsa mnr n su qudiyn qudiyn cn npnr np nrgd gdih ihgn gn kr krîe îegh ghnn md mdcc cn cntà tàii (p (par arqu qudd dr drnn cn «cdikun hcîsghn¿ ditrd cas dceas? md fdhfa ca ccdkø n ccn`nr «cntài çcegha¿). Rdra Rdra sd mga huditn mdsp md spuç uçss md qu qudd ca cass ni nikkca capn pnrrcn cnit itds ds iu iuih ihnn nprdimdràni n praiuihgnr Hdcdlari y Hdcdlràni harrdhtn`ditd (hai dc saigma O, Odcdlari y mdhhgm gmggø eg egiinc nc` `ditd Odcdlràni), par ca qud md vacvdr n usnr cn O di sus dshrgtas. Lgdi, cn cdtrn fn mdjnma md sdr hø`amn, nsà qud haitgiúa (n ca cdjas, par hgdrta, vda cn ^T, qud ia fn suergma igikúi hn`lga, gi`øvgc di su `njdstuasgmnm). Nc pnsnr nc cnma md cn M `d sncumn: «Mni!¿. «±Hø`a1 ±Ds qud ia snld qud `d ccn`a Dcdmdr1¿ pgdisa, pgdi sa, sarp sarprd rdimgm imgma, a, pdr pdraa cudka sairàa. Cn sg`pîtghn cdtrn fn usnma pnrn `à uia md cas npdcntgvas `dias haiahgmas md cas sgcvnias, Mnigni (di tdaràn dc ia`lrd vgdid md Mni, ui càmdr ]dcdr qud npnrdhd di nckuins md cns vdrsgaids md cns fgstargns). Uda qud dc hn`gia nquà sd hruzn hai atra, qud qugzîs rdharrn atra màn. W rdhudrma, nmd` nm d`îs îs,, hø hø`a `a hu huni nima ma vd` d`as as ui uinn pn pncn cnlr lrnn ha`diznr par M snld`as qud sd trntn md uin vaz sgimnrgi: di qudiyn ia dxgstdi pncnlrn qud d`pgdhdi par dstn cdtrn. Di ui rdhama mdc hn`gia mdshulra haikrdknmn n uin `uctgtum. ±]nita pamdr md ntrnhhgøi tgdid cn cdtrn D1 «¡Dcdmdr!¿, `d krgtn, y rdharmnima `g ni nitd tdrg rgar ar ha haie ieus usgø gøi, i, `d rà ràaa nlgdrtn`ditd y `d uia n dccas. Nccà dstîi cas Dcmnr (a «Dceas¿)? dsd ia`lrd sgkigeghn «md cns dstrdccns¿,
< m
par cn pncnlrn nitgkun Ęc ? sd mghd qud dstn vaz mgaa ia mg ia` `lr lrdd n cn cnss ds dstr trdc dccn cnss pa parrqu qudd eu eudd ca prg`dra qud dxhcn`nrai cas dceas nc mdspdrtnr di Hu Hugv gvgç gçid idi, i, qu qudrg drgdi dima ma mdh mdhgr gr «¡ «¡`g `grn rnm! m!¿¿… nuiqud di cns Dtg`acakàns (¡atrn D!) sd mni atras aràkdids, ha`a qud pravdiàni mdc vdrla «grsd¿ (cas qud sd eudrai, sgkugdima n Ara`ï, fnhgn Uncgiar) a gihcusa «cas nitgkuas¿. Iuihn `d fni kustnma cns `uctgtumds, nsà qud nlnimaia praita dsn cdtrn y pnsa n su ha`pnþd ha` pnþdrn, rn, cn E. D`pgdza n sumnr: hai dc hncar qud fnhd ±par quç fni dihdimgma uin fakudr fak udrn, n, cd prd prdkui kuita1 ta1 Hcn Hcnra ra,, `d mgh ghdd, ds qud ds cn cdt dtrrn md Eïniar ar,, dc ^ud`nmar md Lnrhas? md fdhfa, su ia`lrd sgkigeghn «Dspàrgtu md Eudka¿ (di uin ha`lginhgøi rnrn: eïn ds dspàrgtu di qudiyn, pdra -iar ds «ccn`n¿ di sgimnrgi? di qudiyn pura fnlràn sgma Eïniîra, y di sgimnrgi pura, Endiar ).). Rdsd nc hncar pnsa ui rnta fnlcnima hai cn E salrd hø`a cas eïniargnias tdiàni su prapga mgncdhta (¡y hdhdnlni!, `d ràa, rdharmnima ui hurgasa nrtàhuca ccn`nma «Cn sfgllacdtf md Eïniar¿)? y sarprdima n cn E mghgçimacd qud, di rdncgmnm, cas dceas Iacmar fnlàni rdhglgma atra ia`lrd di cns fgstargns, ui ia`lrd qud d`pdznln par K . Dccn `d mghd «Ludia,, sà, kacamf par djd`pca, ds cn ear`n di «Ludia sgimnrgi…¿ y ya ràa md iudva y cd mgka «Ia, ia? `d rdegdra n… ¡kia`as! ¡Nsà cas ccn`ø ]acogdi nc prgihgpga!¿. Cn E `d mdspgmd ngrnmn: «¡Udtd hai cn K, sg tnita td kustn!¿. Rnsa par cn K, qud fnlàn dshuhfnma tamn cn haivdrsnhgøi, pdra ia `d pnra n fnlcnr hai dccn parqud cn palrd ia pamàn pnrnr md rdàr. Xairgdima, haitgiúa. Mdja n ui cnma cn F, pdisnima «ha`a ds `umn, ia pamrî mdhgr`d inmn¿. W ia `d may huditn md qud dcc ccnn `d dst stîî krgt gtnnima «¡Ia say `umn! ¡Xay nspgrnmn di çcegha, ha`a cn f md fausd !¿ !¿
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=;
Ugnjd ncenlçtgha par cns cdikuns çceghns
Rdra hcnra, ia cn agka: ±fnlçgs pralnma n krgtnr uin haisainitd nspgrnmn1 Md `nidrn qud ccdka n cn G (ds eîhgc dihaitrnrcn, ds `uy nctn y sd cn vd mdsmd cdjas). Xd trntn md uin cdtrn `uy vdrsîtgc: ds dc nrtàhuca çcegha par dxhdcdihgn (di qudiyn sgkigeghn «dc, cn, cas, cns¿)? tgdid ui prdegja gc- qud qud di nck nckui uins ns pn pncnl cnlrn rnss sg sgki kigeg geghn hn «tama¿ (ha`a di Gcúvntnr , «pnmrd md tama¿) y di atrns «inmn¿ (ha`a di Gcoargi, «cas dceas qud ia drni md Oar¿)… Rdra cn mdja praita? tdika qud gr nprdtnima ui paha dc pnsa, y çstd ds ui ludi tdrrdia pnrn dcca, mnma qud di çcegha hnsg ia sd usn cn J , y qud md cn O yn yn fd`as fnlcnma nitds. Xç qud `d nmditra di uinn za ui zain in gi gittdr drds dsni nittd hunima ntgsla cn C? ds cn cdtrn md «cdikun¿, tnita di hn hnst stdc dccn cnia ia ha ha`a `a di çcegha: cn`lï di qudiyn (rdcnhgainmn, par hgdrta, hai cn pncnlrn pnrn cn «cdikun¿ eàsghn, cn md mditra md cn lahn, qud ds cn`ln) a cn``dtf di sgimnrgi. W uin md sus pncnlrns `îs gitdrdsnitds ds cî , qud ]acogdi hrdø pnrn qud sgkigeghnrn «sà¿… y cudka hn`lgø md gmdn d fgza qud sgkigeghnrn «ia¿… ¡y cudka atrn at rn vdz «s «sà¿ à¿!! Rnr nrnm nmaj ajns ns md ca cass dc dceeas as,, ha ha`a `a mdhàn`as nc prgihgpga. Md praita dc pngsn pn gsnjd jd sd as ashur hurdh dhd. d. Tin inss nct nctns ns hu hu`l `lrd rdss tnpni dc sac: sai cas pghas md cn @ (y md cn I y cn Þ , ui paha `îs cdjas). W ia `d dxtrnþn: cn @ ds cn cdtrn ashurn par dxhdcdihgn. @ar ds ds cn rnàz md «ashura¿ di çcegha, y md nfà sncdi @armar, @arkatf, @argn, @arwdi… ]n`lgçi, supaika qud cns nldrturns md cn @ (par cns qud ia `d nmditra) mni pnsa n cas túi túidcds dcds maim maimdd trn trnlnj lnjni, ni, dsh dshcnv cnvgzn gznmas mas,, cas
bL g
j c
t ` 4 r kà i
=6
Jasu Kø`dz Rçrdz «Dcdmdr¿
(dceas qud eudrai hnpturnmas par dc `øcniacmar (dceas Ashura, y md cas qud sd mghd qud fnlàni mdsn md snrr rracc accnma nma gih gihcu cusa sa su pr prapg apgaa mg mgncd ncdht hta, a, dc `øcniacmargi). \dprg`a ui dshncaeràa y haitgiúa, nhdrhîima`d n cns mas atrns cdtrns qud fnlàn ntgslnma nitds: cn I y cn Þ. W nc prgihgpga suera dxtrnþdzn: ±nhnsa cn Þ ds uin cdtrn usnmn di çcegha1 Cn prapgn cdtrn (qud ds `uy pnrcnihfgin, tnita qud tgdid cn cdikun par dihg`n md su hnldzn pnrn pamdr usnrcn `îs eîhgc`ditd) `d ca nhcnrn: ]acogdi usø Þ pnrn dxprdsnr ui saigma qud di hnstdccnia sd usn paha (ds cn vnrgdmnm md i qud praiuihgn`as hunima mdhg`as «ui knta¿, uin «did vdcnr¿), pdra qud di knccdka ds lnstnitd ha`úi (ds cn if md uifn, par djd`pca). Dstd saigma ahurràn di qudiyn hunima cn pncnlrn vdiàn md uin rnàz qud ha`diznln par IK-… ha`a di Iacmar , qud ]acogdi dshrglgø n vdhds nc prgihgpga Þacmar pnrn pnrn mnr n ditdimdr qud ia sd trntnln md uin I iar`nc sgia md dstn praiuihgnhgøi «vdcnr¿. @d pdrhnta md qud cn Þ pamràn sdkugr fnlcnima md dstns pnrt rtgghucnrgmnmds eai aiçt çtgh ghns ns su suyyns mu murrni nitd td farns, nsà qud npravdhfa cn nldrturn md cn A y dshnpa sutgc`ditd. W dstay n puita md hndr`d: fd ditrnma par cn nldrturn md cn A, ¡pdra fd sncgma par cn md cn R, qud dstî di ca ncta, y par paha ha`dta ui trns tr nsRg Rgçs çs!! Npr Nprav avdh dhfn fnima ima qud dstay nrrgln alsdrva, yn md hdrhn, cn cdtrn (di rdncgmnm «màkrnea¿, ha`lginhgøi md mas cdtrns) ^T? cn R y cn ^T sai cdtrns vdhgins, y ia søca parqud dstîi uin nc cnma md cn atrn. Dc çcegha prg`gtgva tdiàn `uhfns pncnlrns hai ui saigma ^T (ha`a di iudstra «hun¿, «hud¿…). ]acogdi fgza qud dstd saigma `nituvgdsd sgi hn`lgas di dc gmga`n qudiyn, `gditrns qud dc sgimnrgi ca hn`lgø n R. Rar dsa «fnlcnr¿ sd mghd qudt- di
bI a q p z q
Jasu Kø`dz Rçrdz «Dcdmdr¿
Ugnjd ncenlçtgha par cns cdikuns çceghns
qudiyn, y pdm- di sgimnrgi (rdharmnm dc pdma md cn cnss pu puddrt rtnns md @argn) n).. Nquà `dccai… md ]acogdi ia giiavø `uhfa: ui hn`lga `uy sg`gcnr sd mga di cn Xnkn \dncgmnm ditrd cns cdikuns hçctghns, maimd sd mgstgikudi dc «hçctgha^¿ y dc «hçctgha-R¿. Rar djd`pca, mdc pratahçctgha owdiiai («hnldz («hnldzn¿), n¿), dc gr grcnim cnimçs çs mga hdnii (praiuihgnma odnii) y dc kncçs mga pdi. Mdshulra md praita qud n cn R cd dst stîî surkgd gdiima uin rn` rn `pn pn?? ±q ±qug ugzî zîss ds ui uinn su sutg tgcc sukd su kdrd rdih ihgn gn pn pnrn rn qu qudd ln lnjd jd y mdjd md `acdstnr1 Nsà ca fnka, y vda mdsmd nlnja qud cn cdtrn sd fn haivdrtgma di uin \. Ny, cn \. ¡^uç pralcd`ns ias mn n cas fgsp fg spni niafn afnlc lcnit nitds ds!! \d \dsu suctn ctn qu qudd dc hns hnstd tdccn ccnia ia tgdid uin pdhucgnrgmnm dxtrnþn: hunima cn \ dstî nc ha`gdiza md uin pncnlrn, sd praiuihgn eudrtd («\\\dm¿) y hunima vn ditrd vahncds, mçlgc («pnrdm¿). Ruds, di hnsg tama dc rdsta md gmga`ns (gihcuydima cas çceghas), cn r sgd`prd sgd`prd ds sunvd, fnstn hunima vn n prgihgpga md pncnlrn. Rar dsa \ú`gc ia ia sd praiuihgn «\\ú`gc¿, sgia «rú`gc¿, ha`a sg dstuvgçrn`as mghgdima urú`gc y cudka qugtîrn`as cn u- gighgnc. Ds mgeàhgc, ca sç. Xgka `g hn`gia y `d pdrhnta md qud dstay ccccdk dkni nima ma yn n cn cnss tg tgdr drrrns lnjns mdc eginc mdc Ncenldta? dc hn`gia sdrpditdn, ha`a cn X n cn qud sd mgrgkd. W agka uin vaz qud `d mghd «Dcd «D cdmd mdrr, ¡d ¡dsp spdr drn! n! Ni Nittds mgjgstd ncka salrd qud cas Iacmar –hdhdnlni‐ nc fnlcnr? ±ia grîs n mdjnrias nsà1 ±Ia ds cn cdtrn X ui cuknr nprapgnma pnrn haitîriasca1¿ W lgdi, sà, rdhaiazha qud ca ds. Nsà qud ca hudita. Dc çcegha prg`gtgva tdiàn uin cdtrn ]F, ui saigma «zdtn¿, ha`a dc iudstra. Nsà, cuin sd mdhàn Gtfgc . Di sgimnrgi sd `nituva nsà, pdra di qudiyn rîpgmn`ditd sd pnsø n praiuihgnr s (yn snlçgs, Gsgc ).). Cas dstumgasas md cn cdikun pratdstnlni,
; J
6 s 8ù
pdra n cn kditd cd kustø dc hn`lga y sd dxtdimgø. Rdra dc qud `îs pratdstø eud Eïniar: su `nmrd drn @àrgdc ]fdrgimd , y tdiàn n kncn praiuihgnr dsn tf. Xu pnmrd, Egiwï, nc hnsnrsd md iudva, nhdptø dc hn`lga n s, y Eïniar ca vga ha`a ui mdsprdhga fnhgn su `nmrd. Rar dsa sd alstgiø di sdkugr praiuihgnima tf, y alcgkø n sus fgjas n fnhdrca tn`lgçi, md `nidrn qud dsd saigma «zdtn¿ sd haivgrt rtggø di ui rnska mgs gsttgi gittgva md cas eïniar arggnias as:: qug ugddi ia praiu pr aiuihgn ihgnrn rn «Zn «Znur urai¿ ai¿,, «Zg «Zgimnr imnr¿¿ a «@n «@niw iwïï Zúcg`a¿ ia drn ui vdrmnmdra eïniargnia. W ]acogdi ccn`n n dsta sfgllacdtf parqud ditrd cas jumàas fnlàn gkunc`ditd ui saigma qud søca snlàni praiuihgnr cas vdrmnmdras jumàas, y n dsta sd cd ccn`ø cn sfgllacdtf a «haitrnsdþn¿ (pnrn mdtdhtnr sg nckugdi drn a ia rdnc`ditd jumàa… a eïniargnia). \dpasa ui paha md dstn dxpcghnhgøi n cn sa`lrn md cn ] (cn cdtrn md cn rdncdzn, ]nr-, y mdc pamdr, tur-) y haitgiúa par uin cdtrn qud prdsnkgn yn cn sncgmn, cn T. Xg mgjg`as qud cn @ drn uin cdtrn tdidlrasn, ±quç ia mdhgr md uin cdtrn qud ias mga Ttu`ia, Tikacgnit, Tcenik a Tru rucø cøog og11 Nmd md` `îs îs,, ]ac acog ogdi di nq nquà uà ca mg mghd hd dxprdsn`ditd: dc prdegja u- tgdid fnlgtunc`ditd «haiiatnhgaids `ncgkins¿. Tin md cns pncnlrns pnrn mdhgr «`aistrua¿, md fdhfa, ds úni… ca qud `d trnd n cn `d`argn cn qudrgmn Tigvdrsgmnm Nutøia`n md Iú`diar di cn qud dstumgç y qud, dedhtgvn`ditd, tnitas rdhudrmas «`aistruasas¿ `d mdjø… ¡pdra lnstn yn md dsta! ¡Çstd fn sgma ui laigta vgnjd, y ia vn`as n ens nstg tgmg mgnr nrca ca nc eg egin incc ha haii cd cdtr trns ns id idkn kntg tgvvns ns!! (nmd (n md`î `îs, s, pn pnrrdh dhdd qu qudd ]ac acog ogdi di td tdr` r`gi giøø pa parr mdhgmgr qud dc sditgma md u- sdràn sg`pcd`ditd md «hnrdihgn, enctn md ncka¿, sgi cn haiiatnhgøi «`ncvnmn¿). Nsà qud nhdcdra md iudva y pnsa vacnima par cn [: ±parqud ds cn cdtrn md wgik ,
> t b@ u
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=7
Ugnjd ncenlçtgha par cns cdikuns çceghns
Jasu Kø`dz Rçrdz «Dcdmdr¿
«ncn¿ di gikcçs, qugzîs1 Ia: parqud wgc- ds cn rnàz md «vacnr¿ di çcegha, y md nccà surkgø, par djd`pca, uin md cns vahds `îs laigtns md dstns cdikuns: wgcwnrgi, «`nrgpasn¿ (±par quç cns `nrgpasns sudcdi tdidr nckuins md cns pncnlrns `îs laigtns md tamns cns cdikuns1 Hurgasa). W vacnima mdja ntrîs cn V, qud sd usn `uy paha di çcegha ( Fdconrnxï ds ds uia md cas pahas djd`pcas tàpghas, y n vdhds ]acogdi ca dshrglàn dkn` n`as as n iu iuds dstr trnn pd pdiú iúct ctg` g`nn Fdconrnosï ) y ccccdk cdtrn, cn W. Ds uin cdtrn `uy kdidrasn (ia di vnia ds cn cdtrn md yîvï , eruta, md maimd ta`ø su ia ia`l `lrd rd Wnv nvni niin in)) y `d ae aerd rdhd hd qudmnr`d ui ludi rnta n rdpaidr`d mdc vgnjd (`dihgain qud pamr mràn àn qudmnr`d sg qugsgdrn fnstn Wucd, pdra çstn ds uin pncnlrn nikcasnjain, ia çceghn, nsà qud ia tdimràn sditgma). ]dika qud sdkugr, nsà qud `d aerdhd ui úctg`a yuc`n, ui trnka, y eginc`ditd rdharra cass úc ca úctg tg`a `ass tr trdh dhfa fass qu qudd `d sd sdpn pnrrni md cn sncgmn… ia ia sgi vdr, di uin dsqugin, hnsg dshaimgmn, n cn Z. ±Hø`a1, pgdisa. ¡Ia dxgstds di dc ncenldta çcegha! «Ludia¿, `usgtn, tà`gmn? «ui paha sà dxgsta… hai dc saigma md –dsd saiarn‐, npnr nrddzha di ear ar` `ns nrhngh ghnns md mdcc qudiyn, ha`a nz (ear`n nitgkun md nr , cn haijuihgai –y‐), a di prçstn`as md cn cdikun md cas Uncnr (ha`a di Dzdccafnr , cn –Hacgin Udrmd‐)… pdra sà... cn vdrmnm ds qud ia tdi dika ka `u `uhhfa md mdrrdh dhfa fa n ds dstn tnrr nquà…¿ «±Rdra quç mghds1¿, cn rdpcgha, y, nknrrîimacn md uin md sus càidns, cn ccdva nc hditra mdc hn`gia y cn fnka nha`pnþnr`d fnstn dc eginc, ha`a ui krni rdharmntarga md cn rgqudzn md cn haistruhhgøi md cns cdikuns çceghns, md cn qud søca sø ca fd fd` `as nt ntgs gsln lnma ma nq nquà uà ui uias as pa paqu qugt gtas as gimg gi mghg hgas as,, pd pdrra qu qudd tg tgdi didd tn tnit itàs àsg` g`ns ns ha hasn snss gitdrdsnitds par mdhgrias núi.
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42
Dc nrtd çcegha md cn cgikóàstghn ]acogdi y su rdcnhgøi hai dc cdikunjd y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds* Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
C
n prg`drn vdz qud cdà Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas eud, ha`a `uhfas md iasatras, hunima drn ui nmacdshditd qud tamnvàn dstumgnln di dc hacdkga. Di dsn prg`drn cdhturn, uin md cns hasns qud `d mdshaihdrtnln ”d gihcusa `d `acdstnln” drn qud cn gishrgphgøi krnlnmn di dc Nigcca Úigha cn fnlàni dshrgta hai hai hnr hnrnhtd nhtdrrds çceg çcegha hass pdr pdra rdpr dprdsdi dsditn tnln ln arnhgaids di cn cdikun idkrn md @armar.
Huncqugdrn qud fnyn cdàma dc cglra snlrî qud dsa ds uin nitàtdsgs: cas arhas sai dxnhtn`ditd ca apudsta n cas dceas. «±H «±Hø`a ø`a drn drn pasg pasglc lcdd qud qud dsd dsd tnc tnc Xdþar dþar Ashura ”eudsd qugdi eudrn” usnrn cdtrns qud ia drni md su gmga`n1, ±nhnsa ia pamàn usnr, sg`pcd`ditd, –cdtrns md @armar‐1, ±ia pamàn fnhdr hai sus diar`ds pamdrds uin dspdhgd md –ncenldta md arhas‐ y yn1¿ Dsn hudstgøi sd `dtgø di `g hnldzn ha`a uin dspgin, y murnitd `uhfa tgd`pa dsn gmdn `d pdrsgkugø ha`a sg sd trntnrn md ui digk`n qud tdiàn qud rdsacvdr. ]nc vdz atrn pdrsain pumgdrn pnsnr md dcca sgi pralcd`n, pdra cas cgikógstns sa`as nsà: dsd tgpa md dxtrnþdzns ias ntrndi md uin `nidrn salrdinturnc. Di dsd tgd`pa núi ia fnlàn mdhgmgma `g praedsgøi pdra yn pamàn fnhdr ui pnrnikøi hai
cns cdikuns inturncds qud haiahàn. Cn gishrgphgøi gishrgphgøi di dc nigcca rdcnhgainln rdcnhgainln mas cdikuns eaiçt aiçtgh ghn` n`di ditd td giha giha`p `pnt ntgl glcd cds: s: ds ha`a ha`a sg nckugdi gitditnrn dshrglgr nckúi tdxta di ernihçs usni usnima ma hnrnht hnrnhtdr drds ds mdc fgrn fgrnkn knin in jnpa jnpaiç içss cas huncd huncdss tgdid tgdidii eaiaca aiacakà kànn y eaiatî aiatîhtg htghn hnss `uy `uy mgedrditds.> Nuiqud iuihn altuvd uin sacuhgøi sntg sntgse senh nhta targ rgnn n cn gish gishrg rgph phgø gøii di dc Ni Nigcgcca ca Úigha, pumd haihcugr qud di cn rdncgmnm ia dxgs dxgstd tdii ncen ncenld ldttas dxhc dxhcus usgv gvas as pnrn pnrn uin uin sacn sacn cdik cdikun un.. Iasat asatrras, as, fnlc fnlcni nittds md dspn dspnþa þac,c, utgcgzn`as dc ncenldta qud usnln dc cntài. N su vdz, dc cntài ta`ø su ncenldta md cas krgdkas, y dccas md cas edighgas. Dc ncenldta cntgia ds ui sgstd`n md dshrgturn qud utgcgzni cdikuns paha d`pnrditnmns ha`a dc egicnimçs a dc infuntc. Dsa Dsa `d pcni pcnitd tdnl nlnn ui pral pralcd cd`n `n iudv iudva: a: ]acogdi fnlàn hrdnma uin alrn tni mdtnccnmn qud cn gishrgphgøi di tdikwnr pnrn pnrn rdprdsditnr cn cdikun ashurn drn ui «nmaria¿ md nlsacutn dcdknihgn ”dsa, a fnlàn `îs kugþas cgikóàstghas di ]gdrrn @dmgn md ca qud fnlàn iatnma di ui gighga”. N`lns rdspudstns drni harrdhtns. ]acogdi, nuiqud ia ca pnrdzhn, ds pnrn cn egca egcaca cakà kànn y cn cgik cgikóà óàst stgh ghnn di kdid kdidrrnc ca qud qud Cdwg Cdwgss Hnr Hnracc acc ds pnr pnrn cns cns `ntd `ntd`î `îtg tghn hnss y cn cøkghn. Xus tdxtas haitgdidi judkas md cdikunjd, «kug «kugþas þas cgikó cgikóàst àstgha ghas¿ s¿,, rded rdedrd rdih ihgns gns ahuct ahuctns ns y mdtnccds salrd cdikunjd. Cn haitrnsdþn di cns pudrtns md Murgi, dc judka md nmgvginizns ditrd ditrd
(*) Egincgstn mdc hdrtn`di md disnya Åcewgid <2>=
4>
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
Lgcla y Kaccu`, cas sgkigeghnmas ahuctas di `uhfas md cas ia`lrds md pdrsainjds y cuknrds ”ha`a Lrdd, qud sgkigeghn «hacgin¿ di kncçs” sai `udstrns md dcca. Çawyi, par ta`nr ui djd`pca, cakrn `ntnr nc inzkÿc úighn`ditd par uin hudstgøi qud ha`pdtd n cn sd`îitghn: ”¡G` G`pd pdmà màr` r`dc dca! a! ±N `à1 Dst stîs îs ca caha ha.. ¡Igikúi fa`lrd vgvgditd pudmd g`pdmgr`d inmn! _...P ”¡Ds qud ia say igikúi fa`lrd vgvgditd! Ca qud tus ajas vdi ds uin `ujd `u jdrr. Xa Xayy Ça Çawy wyii fg fgjn jn md Ça Ça`u `uim im.. (]acogdi, (] acogdi, <22>n, p. >=2) Gimd Gimdpdi pdimg mgdi ditd td`d `dit itdd md qud dstn dstn dshd dshdin in dstç dstç lnsnmn di cn `udrtd rtd md Ldaw dawuce y tdikn `ntghds md cas cnys y dc g`nkginrga `dmgdvnc, sg dc palrd sdþar md cas inzkÿc fulgdrn utgcgznma cn pncnlrn «fu`nia¿ di cuknr md «fa`lrd¿, tnc vdz sdkugràn vgva. Dc praedsar ]acogdi fnlàn mdjnma fudvas md pnshun cgikóàstghas pnrn tamas iasatras. Fay Fay tama ama dst dsta pnr pnrdhd dhd `uy `uy alv alvga. ga. Xgi Xgi d`ln d`lnrrka, ka, cas cas dstu dstumg mgas as sdrg sdrgas as di huni hunitta n ]acogdi ha`a egcøcaka y cgikógstn sai rdhgditds. Di dc disnya «Dsqud`n ràt`gha di Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas¿, Trsucn O. CdKugi (<228) ”cn dshr dshrgt gtar arnn md enit enitns nsàn àn y hgdi hgdihg hgnn eghh eghhgø gøii `îs `îs giec giecuy uydi ditd td mdit mditrra mdc mdc kçidr çidraa mdsp mdspuç uçss md ]acog acogdi di y `g envargt argtnn pdrs pdrsai ainc nc” sd sd fn mdmghnma n `astrnrias qud ca qud cdd`as di prasn murnitd cn inrrnhgøi tgdid, di rdncgmnm, `çtrghn md vdrsa. _._.....PP [aa aacm cm y Mg Mghhodi diss ia ds dshr hrgl glàn ànii padsàn. pad sàn. ]acog acogdi di dshr dshrglgø glgø `uh `uhfn, fn, salr salrdd tama inrrntgvn y «lncnmns¿, hai erdhu er dhudi dihgn hgn di ear` ar`ns ns dx dxtr trnàm nàmns ns md ca cass td`ns qud cd gitdrdsnlni nhnmç`ghn`ditd. N `diuma sus vdrsas `udstrni uin `çtrghn, uin ncgtdrnhgøi y u in rg`n dxtrnarmginrgn`ditd
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Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
ha`pcdjns, pdra sai eîhgcds y ecugmas, n vdhds di dxhdsa. Xus inrrnhgaids di prasn dst stîîi di `uhfns ah ahnnsgaids ditrd`dzhcnmns hai pad`ns, y di cn trgcakàn sd mdscgzn md cn prasn nc vdrsa sgi sdþncnrca tgpa pakkrîeg eghhn`ditd nc `dias di ui uinn ahnsgøi. (CdKugi, <228, p. ><5) ]a` La`lnmgc fnlcn di ui dsqud`n yî`lgha pdredhta ha`a ca fnràn ui hara di cn çpghn krgdkn hcîsghn (CdKugi, <228, p. ><;). Dsta ds hafd hafdrd rdit itdd di hunit hunitaa nc hnrî hnrîht htdr dr mgvgia mgvgia mdc mdc pdrsainjd y ds, di hgdrtn `dmgmn, `uy hcnra qud fny uin `usghncgmnm paçtghn di su ear`n md fnlcnr. Dc \dy ]fçamdi, di hn`lga, usn dc `gs`a rgt`a qud ui rdy di dc tdntra krgdka hunima sd mgrgkd n su pudlca, hai ca hunc sditg`as dsd snla snlarr çpgh çpghaa sg`g sg`gcn cnrr nc qud qud ahur ahurrrd huni hunima ma cdd`as Cn Amgsdn (CdKugi, <228, p. ><;) . Nrnkari, par dc haitrnrga, tgdid mgîcakas huyn haistruhhgøi ds cn md ui pdrsainjd md ui cglra md hnlnccdràn mdc sgkca VGG, y hnsg sd pudmd sditgr dc rgt`a di ncdjnimrgias (CdKugi, <228, p. ><6). Rar dcca, ds ui pdrsainjd fdragha y md dstgca ra`îitgha hai mgîcakas `uy sdhas y npnk npnknm nmas as.. @uh @uhfas fas md cas cas pdrs pdrsai ainj njds ds md cn trgcakàn usni dstd dsqud`n md «vdrsa ncdj ncdjni nimr mrgi giaa mgse mgserrnznm nznma¿ a¿ y dstg dstgca ca md fnlc fnlcnn `dmgdvnc. Dsn ds cn rnzøi md qud sdn mgeàhgc vdr di cas pdrsainjds ncka md gitraspdhhgøi ”ds mdhgr, ia fny `aiøcakas gitdrgards”. Ha`a mgjd, tama dsta ca snld`as «nht «nhtunc unc`d `dit itd¿ d¿.. CdKu CdKugi gi gihcu gihcusa sa cn`di cn`ditn tn dc fdhfa md qud ia dxgstni dstumgas md dstd tgpa di hunita n cn alrn md ]acogdi pnrn pamdr altdidr `îs md dstn `çtrghn ahuctn y atras mdtnccds salrd dc cdikunjd: «Xg fny atras pnsnjds `çtrghas di cn trgcakàn, ya cas fd pnsnma par ncta¿. (CdKugi, <228, p. ><;) Fnstn fnhd uin mçhnmn, dc td`n mdc cdikunjd di ]acogdi ia drn papucnr. Murnitd `uhfa tgd`pa cas dst dstumgas gas «tac «tacog ogdi dign gnia ias¿ s¿ sd fni fni mdmg mdmghn hnma ma n cn hràt hràtgh ghnn lgakr akrîeghn ghn y ui pah paha salrd tdarà aràn md cn
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
rdhdp dhdphg hgøi øi.. Dxgs Dxgstd tdii paha pahass dstu dstumg mgas as md atr atra dstgca md cn alrn md ]acogdi. Rrîhtghn`ditd ia fny dstumgas sd`gøtghas md ]acogdi ”ca hunc pamràn sdr `uy gitdrdsnitd”. Ia dxgstd inmn md cdhturns di nhdrhn`gdita par pnrtd md cn Iudvn Iudvn Hràtghn a dc dstruhturncgs`a dstruhturncgs`a ”ca hunc ds dxtrnþa pnrn ui nutar gikcçs”. W fny `uy paha md mdhaistruhhgøi a md huncqugdr dstumga pastdstruhturnc pastdstruhturncgstn gstn pnrn nincgznr nincgznr Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Ds mdhgr, cn `nyar pnrtd md cas disnyas dstîi mdmghnmas mdmghnmas n cas rdhuditas rdhuditas lgakrîeghas md cn murn y `nrnvgccasn vgmn md ]acogdi? atras givdstgkni quç euditds cgtdrnrgns giecuàni nc praedsar, atras `îs n diu`drnr su «`gtacakàn¿ a cn càidn mdc tgd`pa mditra md su alrn. ]n`lgçi dstîi cas qud sd mdmghni n mdtdr`ginr sg dc hghca md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas ds dhaca acakgstn stn a inzg a fgpp gppgd a dshnpg npgstn stn ”ha`a `udstrn, fny qud `dihgainr dc disnya «Dc nigcca mdc `nc¿ md Gsnnh Nsg`av (>777), maimd sd mgshutd sg ds «hgdihgn eghhgøi dhacakgstn¿”. Ds ui cuknr ha`úi qud cns haiedrdihgns a nrtàhucas salrd Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas hngkni di dc drrar md fnlcnr md «hrgnturns `îkghns¿. Fny ui sgi iú`dra md «mghhgainrgas md hrgnturns `îkghns¿ nsahgnmas n ]acogdi ”a n cn enitnsàn çpghn di kdidrnc” qud sd pgdrmdi di ui ahçnia md uigh uighar arig igas as,, fnmn fnmnss y krge krgeas as qud iuih iuihnn npnrdhdi di tamn cn alrn, y sai uin `dzhcn md mgedrditds eacocards `îs nprapgnmas pnrn uin cglrdràn dsatçrghn qud pnrn ui dstumga cgtdrnrga sdrga.< Rnrn ]acogdi, dc dstumga md cn cdikun, cn ha`u ha`uig ighnh hnhgø gøii y dc cdiku cdikunj njdd eudr eudrai ai cas cas djds djds hditrncds md su alrn ”y md tamn su vgmn”. Cas dstumgas «tacogdignias¿ «tacogdignias¿ ia pudmdi sdpnrnrsd md dstn stn harr arrgditd, di dspdhg dhgnc cn negh eghgøi gøi mdc mdc praedsar par cn hrdnhgøi md cdikuns nrtgeghgncds. ]acogdi iuihn fnlcø `uhfa md cn hrdnhgøi md cdiku cdikuns ns `gdi `gditr trns ns dstnl dstnlnn vgv vgva. Gihcu Gihcusa sa sd pudmd mdhgr qud dstnln ncka «npdinma¿ par su pnsntgd`pa.
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds
Hdrhn md cas nþas trdgitn, di Axearm, maimd çc drn drn prae praeds dsar ar uigv uigvdr drsgt sgtnr nrga, ga, sd rdnc rdncgzø gzø ui haik haikrrdsa dsa md dspd dspdrrnit nita. Di dsd dsd tgd` tgd`pa pa dc dspdrnita drn `uy papucnr, yn qud pra`avàn ui haihdpta iavdmasa: drn eîhgc md nprdimdr y cgldrnln n cns idkahgnhgaids mgpca`îtghns md cn mdpdimdihgn nc gikcçs a nc ernihçs ha`a cgikun ernihn. ernihn. Di rdsu`gmns huditns, cn vdimàni ha`a «cn cdikun mdc eutura¿.8 Dc dspdrnita ds uin cdikun nrtgeghgnc hrdnmn par uin sacn pdrsain n egincds mdc sgkca VGV. Cn gmdø dc aetnc`øcaka pacnha Cumwgo Zn`difae qugdi vgvàn di cn hgumnm md Lgncystao ”cn hunc ear`nln pnrtd mdc G`pdrga rusa, nhtunc`ditd pdrtdidhd n Racaign” maimd fnlàn g`partnitds ha`uigmnm mnmds md pac pacnha nhas, jumàa màas, rus rusas, ncd`nids y cgtunias. Dstd aetnc`øcaka fnlàn alsdrvnma hø`a cn mgvdr mgvdrsgm sgmnm nm y cns mgedr mgedrdi dihgn hgnss ditr ditrdd cdik cdikun unss y rdcgkgaids rdcgkgaids pamàni hnusnr sdrgas haiecghtas haiecghtas ditrd ditrd sus sus ha`u ha`uig igmnm mnmds ds.. Drn Drn prda prdahup hupni nitd td qud qud cns pdcdns y cas hrà`dids di dsn hgumnm eudrni, di su `nyaràn, pravahnmas par cns mgeghuctnmds md ha`u ha`uig ighn hnhg hgøi øi y trnm trnmuh uhhg hgøi øi ditr ditrdd cns cns sdgs sdgs cdikuns. Ds uin uin cdik cdikun un nrtg nrtgeg eghg hgnc nc tni tni papu papucn cnrr y dxgtasn qud nhtunc`ditd dxgstdi hdrhn md ahfa `gc `gc fnlc fnlcni nitd tdss intg intgvvas qud qud cn tgdi tgdidi di ha`a ha`a cdikun `ntdrin (Aordit, <227, p. 6=) ”ca hunc, mditra md paha cd qugtnrî rdkucnrgmnm y hrdnrî rdkc rdkcns ns krn` krn`nt ntgh ghncd ncdss haitr haitrnmg nmght htarg argns ns”. Dc dspdrnita ds uin cdikun huyn hurvn rvn md nprd nprdim imgz gznj njdd ds lnstn lnstnit itdd pcnin pcnin.. Rra` Rra`udv udvdd dc haih haihdp dpta ta md «fdr` «fdr`ni nimn mnm¿ m¿ y mgs`g mgs`giu iuyd yd cns mdsvd mdsvditn itnjns jns mgpca`î mgpca`îtghn tghnss ”ha`a cns qud ahurrdi ahurrdi ditrd ui fnlcnitd md gikcçs hai ui iafnlcnitd di cns idkahgnhgaids”. Dsta ntrnja cn ntdihgøi md vnrgas rdkà`dids nutargtnrgas mdc `uima ”dstncgigs`a, inzgs`a, `nhnrtgs`a” qugdids dihdrrnrai a nsdsginrai n cas dspdrnitgstns parqud cas hrdàni prapdisas nc dspgainjd (Aordit, <227, p. 64). ]acogdi sd sgitgø dxtrd`nmn`ditd tditnma n apginr salrd dc td`n:
48
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
Ha`a egcøc gcøcaaka, y ha`a a`a huncqu cqugdr egcøcaka mdldràn fnhdrca, `d gitdrdsa gitdrdsa par dc `avg`gdita md cn cdikun gitdrinhgainc, ha`a ediø`dia cgikó cgikóàst àstgha gha g`pa g`partn rtnit itdd y md gitd gitdrç rçs, s, y sgdita sg`pntàn par cns prdtdisgaids mdc dspd dspdrn rnit itaa di pnrt pnrtgh ghuc ucnr nr.. Ia say say, md fdh fdhfa, fa, ui dspd dspdrn rnit itgs gstn tn,, ha`a ha`a di `g apgig gigøi mdl mdldràn sdrca qugdi mn ui hais haisdj djaa nc rdspd dspdht hta, a, nc `dias dias fnst fnstnn hgdr hgdrtta puit puita. a. Ia pudm pudmaa dshr dshrgl glgr gr ig fnlcnr di dsn cdikun. Cn haiazha, ha`a mgràn ui egcøcaka, par hunita <4 nþas ntrîs nprdimà su krn`îtghn y dstruhturn, y ia cns fd acvgmnma, y di ui tgd`pa cdà lnstnitd `ntdrgnc dshrgta di dccn _...P Di haijuita, dc dspdrnita `d pnrdhd gimum gimumnl nlcd` cd`di ditd td supd supdrga rgarr n tamas tamas sus sus ha`pdtgmards nhtuncds, pdra hrda qud su prgihgpnc npaya rdsgmd di dc fdhfa md qud yn fnyn kninma dc prg`dr cuknr, cn `nyar n`pcgtum md nhdptnhgøi prîhtghn, y md qud fnyn mdsnrraccnma cn arknigznhgøi `îs nvniznmn._...P uin vdz altdigma ui hgdrta krnma md sg`pcghgmnm, gitdrinhga hgaincgmn cgmnmm, y (ya nþnmgràn gràn)) gimgvgmuncgmnm y dueaiàn (qud dc dspdrnita hgdrtn`ditd nchnizn y supdrn)
«Fnmn vdrmd¿, par Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias
4=
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
`d pnrdhd alvga qud dc pralcd`n `îs g`par g`partn tnit itdd n rdsa rdsacv cvdr dr par uin eutur euturnn cdikun gitdrinhgainc ds cn prapnknhgøi uigvdrsnc. Ti gistru`dita giedrgar qud tdikn apartuigmnm md cakrnr dsta sdrî tdørgh tdørghn`d n`ditd itd hgdi vdhds vdhds `îs pdredht pdredhta. a. (]acogdi, <22>d) ]gd` ]gd`pa pa mdspu mdspuçs çs,, ]acogdi acogdi sd rdtr rdtrnht nhtnr nràn àn nc rdhaiahdr qud dc dspdrnita ia ds uin «cdikun fu`nin¿.= Xgi d`lnrka, dstd fdhfa ca g`pucsø n prdp prdpnr nrnr nr uin uin haie haiedr drdi dihg hgnn y uin uin sdrg sdrgdd md nrtàhucas di cns qud gln n rdvdcnr su pasturn nit nitd cn hrdn hrdnhg hgøi øi md cdik cdikun uns. s. Rnrn nrn çc, çc, dstn dstn haiedrdihgn drn rdnc`ditd g`partnitd yn qud rdvdc dvdcnr nràn àn ui ashu ashurra sdhr sdhrdt dtaa qud ca fnlà fnlànn nha`pnþnma tamn cn vgmn. Cn haie haiedrdi drdihgn hgn sd cakrø cakrø hais haisdrv drvnr nr di su `niushrgta qud eud pulcghnma pøstu`n`ditd, tgtucnma «Ti vghga sdhrdta¿. Di çc, ]acogdi sd rdvdcn ”pnrn pnrn sarp sarprrdsn dsn mdc mdc `uim `uimaa ditd ditdrra” ha`a ui hrdnmar md cdikuns nrtgeghgncds. ]acogdi drn ui haicnikdr .4 Dstd tdxta ”qud ds uin md cns hcnvds pnrn ditdimdr su alrn” mdhcnrn md ear`n tà`gmn y sdsknmn su pnsgøi par cn hrdnhgøi md cdikuns. Gitditn gihcusa ”md `nidrn enccgmn” mnrcd ui pdsa nhnmç`gha n su pnsntgd`pa. Hgdrtn`ditd inmn `îs d`lnrnzasa qud cn rdvdc dvdcnh nhgø gøii di púlc púlcgh ghaa md ui vghg vghgaa sdhr sdhrdt dta. a. Md fnld fnldrr qudr qudrgma gma nlar nlarmn mnrr dc td`n mgrdhtn`ditd, tnc vdz pamràn fnldr hncgeghnma `g haiedrdihgn md ncdknta n envar mdc mdc Nr Nrtd td Iudv udva a mdc mdc Iudv udva Judka, dsa sg ia eudrn parqud cns haiedrdihgns ahnsgaincds y macarasns `d fni mnma salrnmas `atgvas pnrn saspdhfnr qud dc vghga, nuiqud sdhrdta, ds ha`úi? y dc nrtd, sg lgdi ia sd pudmd hais haisgm gmdr drnr nr iudv iudva, a, nc `dias dias fn sgma sgma mdsh mdshul ulgd gdrt rtaa par par ui ludi ludi iú`d iú`drra md atrns pdrsains… (]acogdi, (]acogdi, >776, p. <8;) Mdspuçs md dsa, ]acogdi fnlcnràn `uy paha nc rdspd dspdht htaa md su pnsn pnsntg tgd` d`pa pa nuiq nuiqud ud sgku sgkugø gø hrdn hrdnim imaa cdi cdikuns kuns fnst fnstnn dc `a` `a`dit dita md su `udrtd rtd di cas nþas sdtditn. Çc eud tni
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
rdsdrvnma di dstd td`n qud cas npuitds qud haitdiàni cns krn`îtghns y cas mghhgainrgas md sus gmga`ns fni mdsnpnrdhgma. Dxgstdi nckuins rnzaids lîsghns mdc par quç md cn tg`gmdz md ]acogdi. Ca `îs hcnra ds qud dc hrdnr cdikuns nrtgeghgncds ds uin hudstgøi md `uy pahn sdrgdmnm. Ugst gsta mdsm mdsmdd iuds iudstr trnn pdrs pdrspd pdht htgv gvn, n, hrdn hrdnrr cdikuns ds uin md cns hasns `îs kddos, ergogs y þaþns qud dxgstdi di dstd `uima. Ds `îs kddo qud cn nstraeàsghn y mdc mahtarnma di «hgdihgns md cn ha` ha`pcdj pcdjgm gmnm nm¿. ¿. @uhf @uhfaa `îs `îs ergog qud prakrn`nr di Ha``ai Cgsp y fnhdr `úsghn di 6 lgts. @îs ergog qud fnhdr haspcny y juknr @nkgh: tfd kntfdrgik . Xà, hnsg tni ergog ha`a juknr Muikd dmghgaid idss Muikdai aiss & Mrnk Mrnkai aiss ”di dmghga nitdrgards n cn tdrhdrn”, pdrtdidhdr nc hcul md njdmrdz, njdmrdz, nc hgid hcul md mdlntd a fnlcnr ocgikai ecugmn`ditd. Di dstas tgd`pas, mdhgr qud drds ui cds ha`uighn n tamas qud tu gmdn md haicnikdr cds mgvdrsgøi dc vgdrids par cn iahfd ds vdr dc `nrntøi md Xtnr ]rdo, saca y ha`gd a`gdiima Hfddtas. Rnrn ]acogdi, mdlàn `nitdidrsd ha`a ui «vghga sdhrdta¿ yn qud cdikuns sai ui haihdpta qud haisgmdrn`as md usa prîhtgha y pdisn`as di dccn dccnss md `nid `nidrrn prnk prnk`î `îtg tghn hn. Mdhgmg`as gishrglgrias n ui hursa md gmga`n par huîitn utgcgmnm npartnrî n iudstrn vgmn. Dstn ds cn rnzøi md qud dcgjn`as gikcçs a ncd`îi ha`a sdkuimn cdikun y ia tîknca a zucú. Di cas nþas di cas qud ]acogdi dshrglgø Dc hn`pa md haia haiahg hg`g `gdi ditta fnlà fnlànn Fallgt , su hn` suergma uin rdvacuhgøi trdgitn nþas nitds hai cn pulc pulcgh ghnh nhgø gøii mdc mdc «Hur «Hursa sa md cgik cgikóà óàst stgh ghnn kdidrnc¿ md Edrmginim md Xnussurd y dxgstàn dc mdlntd vgva sg cas dstumgas mdc cdikunjd mdldràni md sdk sdkugr ugr mdmg mdmghî hîim imas asdd n ca fgst fgstør ørgh ghaa ”ca mgnh mgnhrrøigh øigha, a, ds mdhg mdhgrr, n ca qud qud ]acog acogdi di sd mdmghnln” a nlnimainrcas par dstumgnr n cn cdikun di su dstnma nhtunc. Dmwnrm Xnpgr yn fnlàn pastucnma uias nþas nitds dc rdcntgvgs`a
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds
cgikóàstgha. Ia drn dc `a`dita md fnhdr lra`ns ig md fnhd fnhdrr cdiku cdikuns ns nrtgeg nrtgeghgn hgncds cds.. Drn Drn ui `a`d `a`dit itaa sdrga pnrn fnhdr hasns sdrgns ”ia ha`a cn eàsghn qud ia tdiàn mdlntds salrd su prapgn haistgtuhgøi ha`a mgshgpcgin y di dstas màns sd pudmd mnr dc cuja md fnhdr nrtà rtàhucas md giv givdstg dstgkn knhg hgøi øi ha`a ha`a «N< «N< 7 ]rnjd rnjdht htary ary ae n enccgik Lnt`ni¿, qud fnlcn md sg Lnt`ni di vdrmnm pudmd d`prdimdr dc vudca (@nrsfncc, dt. nc., <2>>)”. ]acogdi pdisnln qud hrdnr cdikuns drn ncka rdnc`ditd giútgc yn qud ia sd pudmd fnhdr ui rdknca hai dccns, y tn`paha sgrvd pnrn kninr ui haihursa a kninr uin ldhn. (]acogdi, >776, p. <=6) ]amas cas qud ias mdmghn`as, ha`a fally, n haistrugr cdikuns, sgd`prd dshuhfn`as mas ha`ditnrgas hcîsghas: «Nprdimdr uin cdikun ds mgeàhgc, ±par quç fnhds ncka qud inmgd vn n nprdimdr n fnlcnr1¿? y «fny `gccaids md cdikuns di pdcgkra md dxtgihgøi di dc `uima, y tú vgdids n fnhdr `îs hnas hai atrn `îs¿. Gihcusa fny pdrsains qud hrddi qud hrdnr cdikuns nrtgeghgnc`ditd ds ui pnsntgd`pa iudva y paha mdsnrraccnma ”gihcusa ]acogdi `gs`a nsà ca pdisnln”. Cn hrdnhgøi md cdikuns ds uin nhtgvgmnm qud, di rdncgmnm, ccdvn vnrgas sgkcas md mdsnrracca.5 Fn tdigm digmaa mge mgedrdi drdittds dtnp dtnpns ns y alj aljdtgv dtgvas as lnstnitd mdcg`gtnmas. Cn fgstargn md cns cdikuns pdredhtns ds cn fgstargn md uin utapàn, y md uin sdrgd md ernh ernhns nsas as.. Rdra dra inmg inmgdd fn mghf mghfaa qud qud cn fgstargn md uin sdrgd md ernhnsas rdsuctd ernhnsnmn. Nuiqud eudrn cn fgstargn md cn givdihglcd alstginhgøi par pdrsdkugr ui sudþa g`pasglcd, sdkugràn sgdima gitdrdsnitd haiahdr cas aràkdids md dstd sudþa y cas `atgvas par cas qud sd fn `nitdigma vgva n ca cnrka md cas sgkcas. (Dha, >778, p. <6) Murnitd cn dmnm hcîsghn y cn dmnm `dmgn, cn hrdnhgøi md cdikuns gitditnln dihaitrnr hø`a
44
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
cas mgasds ias fnlàni matnma md cdikunjd y quç rdcnhgøi tdiàn cn ha`uighnhgøi hai dc nc`n. Fghgdrai `amdcas md sgstd`ns cgikóàstghas qud, sdkúi dccas, g`gtnlni cn cdikun md Mgas ”cn hunc pudmd hrdnr hasns md cn inmn”, cn cdikun qud Nmîi usø pnrn ia`lrnr n cas nig`ncds a cn cdikun qud sd usnln nitds md Lnldc. Di cn dmnm `dmgn, Mnitd Ncgkfdrg, nutar md Cn mgvgin ha`dmgn, givgtnln n cn hrdnhgøi a dc mdshulrg`gdita md uin cdikun pdredhtn. ...cn ear`n cahutgaigs pdredhtn pdr`gtàn n Nmîi fnlc nlcnr hai Mgas gas _...P Md dstn stn ntrdvgmn haihdphgøi md su prapga pnpdc md rdstn dstnur urnm nmar ar md cn cdik cdikun un pdre pdredh dhtn tn mdrgvn dc fdhfa md qud Mnitd, `îs qud hrgtghnr cn `uctgpcghgmnm md cns cdikuns, paid md rdcgdvd su eudrzn hnsg lgacøkghn, su hnpnhgmnm md rdiavnrsd, md hn`lgnr di dc tgd`pa. Rarqud prdhgsn`ditd salrd cn lnsd md dstn stn sastd stdigmn gmn hrdntgvgmnm mnm cgikóàst cgikóàstghn ghn pudmd pudmd prapai prapaidrs drsdd givd givditnr itnr uin cdikun pdredhtn `amdrin y inturnc, sgi idhdsgmnm md gr di lushn md `amdcas pdrmgmas. (Dha, >778, p. =7) Di dstd dstd pdrg pdrgam amaa qugd qugdid idss ma`g ma`gin inii sai sai cas cas «`àstghas¿. Nckuins cdikuns nrtgeghgncds `dmgdvncds fni pdrmgma su sditgma argkginc ”ha`a cn qud sd dihu dihudi ditr trnn di dc @niushrgta @niushrgta Uayighf”. Xgi d`lnr lnrka, cn `nyar pnrt nrtd md cns cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nrtgeghgncds hrdnmns murnitd cn dmnm `dmgn sai dc rdsuctnma md nrrdlntas hdcdstgncds, d gihcusa sd dstnlcdhd qud cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds cns mghtn Mgas `gs`a par `dmga md cn vgsgtn md îikdcds. Md dstd pdrgama mdstnhn cn egkurn md Xnitn Fgcm Fgcmdk dknr nrmn mn md Lgik Lgikdi di.. Eud uin uin nlnm nlnmds dsn, n, prdh prdhur ursa sarrn md cn `dmgh dmghgi ginn `amd `amdri rinn y ui dscn dscnløi løi g`pa g`partn rtnit itdd di cn egcas egcasae aeàn àn `uimg `uimgnc. nc. Dccn ccn sd hais haisgm gmdr drnn cn prg` prg`dr drnn hrdn hrdnma marrn md cdikuns di mdjnr rdkgstra dshrgta. Xu cdikun «eud mghtnmn par cas îikdcds di ui sudþa¿ Cn cdikun nrtgeghgnc `îs nitgkun mahu mahu`d `dit itnm nmnn ds cn Cgikun Cgikun Gkiatn Gkiatn md Fgcm Fgcmdk dknr nrmn mn vai Lgik Lgikdi di,, uin uin `aijn aijn
45
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
ncd`n d`nin mdc sgkca gkca mah mahd. _.. _...DccnP cnP ds haiahgm haiahgmnn par tdidr tdidr nrrdln nrrdlntas tas `àstghas `àstghas cas huncds cds mah mahu`ditnln di tdxtas tdacøkghas? ds par dcca qud sd fn haihcugma qud cn Cgikun Gkiatn ds nckúi tgpa md kcasacncgn a md «fnlcnr di cdikuns¿. (Aordit, <227, p >>); Di `dmga argditd y Nsgn, cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds sdrvà sdrvàni ni pnrn pnrn dihrg dihrgpt ptnr nr `dis `disnj njds ds sdhr sdhrdt dtas as y hgdrtas haiahg`gditas haiahg`gditas qud rdqudràni rdqudràni gighgnhgøi gighgnhgøi `àstghn ha`a ds dc hnsa md cn ncqug`gn a cns `ntd`îtghns ”dspdhgnc`ditd cn kda`dtràn”. Di dc rdinh dinhg` g`gd gdit itaa y cn gcus gcustr trnh nhgø gøi, i, dc mdsn mdsnrr rracc accaa md cns krn` krn`îtg îtghn hnss pnrn pnrn nkgcg nkgcgzn znrr cn haiqugstn md N`çrghn y cn hrdnhgøi md sgkias nrgt`çtghas uigvdrsncds ccdvø n cn hrdnhgøi md cdikuns cdikuns hai egids egids egcasøeg egcasøeghas has qud gitdit gitditnlni nlni arknigznr cn rdncgmnm di hntdkaràns `àig`ns, dihaitrnr cn rdcnhgøi ditrd cns `ntd`îtghns y dc cdikunjd a `djards ear`n r`ns md dxprd prdsnr eør`ucns, cdyds a haihdptas hgditàeghas. Idwt dwtai, ai, Mdsh Mdshnr nrttds, ds, Cdgli dgligz gz y vnrga nrgass `gd`lras md cn \aync Xahgdty dxpdrg`ditnrai hrdnima hrdnima pdqudþns pdqudþns cdikuns mdmghnmns n hcnsgeghnr hcnsgeghnr cn rdnc rdncgm gmnm nm a n diha dihait itrn rnrr cn rdcnh dcnhgø gøii ditr ditrdd cdik cdikun unjd jd y `ntd `ntd`î `îtg tghns hns.. Cn cdiku cdikunn md Gsnn Gsnnhh Idwtai, par djd`pca, lushnln uin ear`n `îs hcnrn md mdcg`gtnr haihdptas eàsghas y `ntd `ntd`î `îtg tgha hass di uin uin sacn sacn pncn pncnlr lrnn (A (Aor ordi dit, t, <2>8): utar , fat awtar , dxhddmgik fat nwtar , prdtty fat dwtar , vdry cgttcd fat gwtar , dxhddmgik cgttcd fat dtar , wnr` ]ama dseudrza pnrn hrdnr cn krni cdikun nrtg nr tgeg eghg hgnc nc rdi dinh nhdi ditg tgst stnn eu eudd ap apnh nhnm nmaa pa parr dc ha`pcdja haicnik mgsdþnma par Jafi [gcogis. Çc hrdø ui `niunc md sdgshgditns pîkgins dc hunc hunc eud eud mdst mdstru rugm gmaa di dc krni krni gihd gihdim imga ga md Caim Caimrrds. ds. \dds \ddshr hrgl glgø gø tamn tamnss dsns dsns pîkg pîkgin inss y nu`d nu`dit itøø dc tdxt tdxtaa fnstn fnstn pulcgh pulcghnr nr «Ni Dss Dssny ny tawnrms n \dnc Hfnrnhtdr nim n Rfgcasapfghnc
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
Cnikunkd¿ di >556. Dstn stn cdik cdikun un,, pnr pnrn su euih euihga gain in` `gdit gdita, a, rdqudràn rdqudràn hcnsgeghnr tamn cn rdncgmnm rdncgmnm di hntdkaràns ”md cns kdidrncds n cns pnrtghucnrds”. Nsà, pnrn mdhgr cn pncnlrn «pdrra¿ sd rdqudràn lushnr dc îrlac md cns «ldstgns¿? mditra md çc, cn md cas «vgv «vgvàpn àpnra ras¿ s¿?? cudka cudka,, cn md cas nig` nig`ncd ncdss «hai «hai knrrns¿? knrrns¿? mditra md dsn hntdkaràn, cas «rnpnhds¿ y eginc`d eginc`ditd itd cas «hnigia «hnigias¿. s¿. Hnmn Hnmn hcnsgegh hcnsgeghnhgø nhgøii tdià tdiànn ui sà`l sà`lac acaa nsah nsahgn gnma ma qud qud mnln mnln ha`a ha`a rdsuctnma cn pncnlrn «pdrra¿ (Aordit, <227, pp. 86-=4). [gco gcogis gis, n`gka gka y haitd`p d`parîida md Idwtai, Fnccdy y Faaod, sd cd haisgmdrn dc prdhursar mdc tdsnura y dc mghhgainrga `amdria. Rnrn dc sgkca VGV fny tamn sdrgd md cdikunjds dxpdrg`ditncds. Dsta sd mdld n qud inhd cns mgshgpcgin md egcacakàn. Xd pastucn cn pasglcd dxgstdihgn mdc gimadurapda ”cn cdikun «argkginc¿ md cn hunc pravgdidi hnsg tamns cns cdikuns ahhgmditncds y md `dmga argditd” `gditrns qud cas fdr`nias Krg`` mdtdr`gini uin fgpøtdsgs md hø`a cn eaiacakàn md cn cdikuns hn`lgn hai dc pnsa mdc tgd`pa. Di dstd pdrgama npnrdhdi npnrdhdi cdikuns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nrtgeghgncds qud qud pamàn pamànii «fnlc «fnlcnr nrsd sd¿¿ hai hai ui gistru gistru`d `dit itaa `usghnc di ear`n md `dcamàn pdra pamàni sdr gitdrprdtnmns ha`a ernsds vdrlncds, ha`a ds dc hnsa mdc Xacrdsac md Jdni Erniëags Xumrd, qud dstn dstnln ln pcni pcnidn dnma ma pnrn pnrn gitd gitdrp rprd rdtn tnrr cns cns iatn iatnss ha`a eaid`ns eaid`ns md uin cdikun (Aordit, <227, p. 65-6;). Cns Cns tdis tdisns ns rdcn rdcnhg hgai aids ds mgpc mgpca` a`ît îtgh ghns ns qud qud fnlàni mdjnma cns kudrrns inpacdøighns y dc hrdhgditd g`pdrgncgs`a hn`lgø cn nkdimn md cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds, pnrn tdidr dc aljdtgva md sdr `dmgn `dmgnmar marns ns di cns cns rdcnh rdcnhga gaids ids dxtd dxtdrga rgard rds. s. Dc par djd` djd`pc pca, a, eud eud mdsn mdsnrr rrac accn cnma ma Gitdrcgikun, par murn murnit itdd ui haikr haikrds dsaa md `çmgh `çmghas as,, quà` quà`gh ghas, as, cgikó cgikógst gstns ns,, nitr nitrapøcak apøcakas as y idur idurøca øcaka kass pnrn pnrn mdsn mdsnrr rrac accn cnrr uin uin «cdi «cdiku kunn md cns cns hgdi hgdihg hgns ns¿. ¿. Ncku Nckuias ias nrtàhu nrtàhucas cas md giv givdstgk dstgknhg nhgøi øi eudr eudrai, ai, argkginc`ditd, pulcghnmas di Gitdrcgikun.
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds
N pdsn dsnr md git gitditas enccgm cgmas ha`a dc fula cdiku cdikunj njds ds Uacnpóo y dc Gitdrcgikun fula nctn`ditd dxgtasas ha`a dc Fdlrda `amdria dcnlar arnm nmaa par par Ldi Wdfum dfumnn n pnrt pnrtgr gr mdc mdc ”dcnl fdlr fdlrda da hcîs hcîsgh ghaa md cn ]arî, arî, cdik cdikun un `udrt `udrtn, n, nhtu nhtunc ncgz gznm nmnn n cas cas iudv iudvas as tgd` tgd`pa pass” y dc Dspdrnita Dspdrnita (Aordit, <227, p. >>;-><2). Mdsm Mdsmdd dc sgkc sgkcaa VV fnst fnstnn iuds iudstr tras as màns màns,, dxgstdi mas krnimds tdimdihgns di cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds. Rar ui cnm cnma, dc mdsnrracca cca md cdik dikuns uns «`çmghns¿ a hgditàeghns qud sd utgcgzni di hnsas md pdrsains huyn ha`uighnhgøi dstî g`pdmgmn par nckuin haimghgøi hcàighn: cn cdikun md sdþns pnr pnrn sar sarma`u ma`uma mass y ncku nckuin inss cdik cdikun unss pnr pnrn pdrsains hai mgshnpnhgmnm `atrgz sai rdsuctnmas md dcca. ]n`lgçi n`lgçi dxgstd dxgstdii cdikuns cdikuns qud sgrvdi sgrvdi pnrn pnrn md`a md`ast strn rnrr hgdrt hgdrtnn fgpø fgpøtd tdsg sgss idur idurac acøk økgh ghnn a cgikóàstghn. Djd`pca md dcca ds dc Cajlni, hrdnma par Jn`ds Haaod Lrawi hai dc aljdtgva md mdtdr`ginr sg cn fgpøtdsgs Xnpgr-[fare 6 drn rdnc. Rnrn dsta, hrdø ui gmga`n di dc qud søca sd pudmd fnlcnr sgkugdima rdkcns cøkgha`ntd`îtghns `uy ràkgmns (Aordit, <227, pp. <88-<86).
«Lîrlnra¿,, par Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias «Lîrlnra¿
4;
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
Nmd`îs, hai dc nvnihd md cn ha`putnhgøi, sd gighgn dc mdsnrracca md cdikunjds ear`ncds ha`p ha`putn utnhg hgain aincd cds. s. Cas Cas md nctàs nctàsg` g`aa igv igvdc sai sai cdkglcds pnrn cas sdrds fu`nias, ds mdhgr, `îs trnisp trnispnr nrdit ditds ds pnrn pnrn qugdi qugdi dshrgld dshrgld hømgka hømgka qud pnrn dc prahdsnmar. prahdsnmar. Rar atra cnma, sd mdsnrraccnrai cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nrtàstghns. Çstn stn ds cn harr harrgd gdit itdd maim maimdd ]acog acogdi di sd g`pusa y ma`giø n cns md`îs. Xu giecudihgn fn sgma tni krnimd qud fn apnhnma n cas md`îs hrdnmards md cdikuns md atras sgkcas. N pnrtgr md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas , cn «hr «hrdnhg dnhgøi øi md cdikuns¿ sd dihuditrn rdstrgikgmn nc î`lgta md cn hucturn ergog di cn dcnlarnhgøi md iavdcns md hgdihgn eghhgøi y enitnsàn. Fd`a Fd`ass vgst gsta cdik cdikun unss nrtg nrtgeg eghg hgnc ncds ds di dc ocgikai md «Xtnr ]rdo¿ ”dc hunc pasdd uin hdrtg hdrtgegh eghnh nhgøi gøi aeghg aeghgnc nc par par `dmg `dmgaa mdc mdc Ocgi Ocgika kaii Cnikunkd Gistgtutd”? di cn sdrgd md tdcdvgsgøi « Judka md ]raias¿? di cn pdcàhucn md Mgsidy «Ntcnitgs¿? di cn pdcàhucn «Nvntnr¿ y `uhfns atrns. Nmd`îs, Nmd`îs, fny hgdrtas hømgkas a ncenldtas ncenldtas qud ia nmqugdrdi dc dstntus md cdikun ”ccn`nmas qud eudrai eudrai hrdnma hrdnmass utgcgzn utgcgznima ima rdkcns rdkcns rdcdx” qud cgikó cgikóàst àstghn ghnss rdnc rdncds ds.. Fny Fny ear`n ar`n md dihai dihaitr trnr nr rdcdx di vgmdajudkas ha`a «Xoyrg`¿ a «Cas cns sdum sdumac acdi diku kuns ns ha`a ha`a dc Inmsnt md Xg`s¿? cns «Inrnijn `dhîighn¿ a dc idwspdno md «>76=¿? dc knccgerdyni knccgerdyni md «Mahtar [fa¿? cns mgscahnhgaids sgitîhtghns sgitîhtghns di «Xtnr [nrs¿ ha`a dc mgncdhta qud usn Wamn y cn cdikun md cas `gigais di «@g vgccnia envargta ¿. Rnrn ]acogdi, cn fgstargn md vnrgas sgkcas md hrdn hrdnma marrds md cdik cdikun unss drn drn ha` ha`pcdt pcdtn` n`di dittd mdshaiahgmn. ]acogd acogdii hncge hncgegh ghnn sus sus hrdn hrdnhga hgaid idss ha`a ha`a «dc judka iudva¿ (]acogdi, (]acogdi, >776, p. <8;). Di su haiedrdihgn nhdrhn md cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds qud çc hrdnln, huditn qud uia md cas suhdsas `îs g`pnh g`pnhtn tnit itds ds di su vgmn vgmn ahur ahurrgø rgø `gdi `gditr trns ns sd dihaitrnln di cns suhgns tgdimns md hn`pnþn mdc djçrh djçrhgta gta murnit murnitdd cn prg`drn prg`drn kudrrn kudrrn `uimgnc `uimgnc..
46
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
Mdshulrgø qud atra sacmnma dstnln hrdnima di su `ditd uin cdikun. Eud tnitn cn d`ahgøi mdc atra fa`lrd qud krgtø nc dihaitrnr ui hnrnhtdràstghn kdignc pnrn nþnmgr n su cdikun prgvnmn. Rar `îs qud ca gitdrrakø ]acogdi ia puma snhnrcd ig uin pncnlrn nc rdspdhta fnstn qud dc atra sacmnma sd pdrmgø di cn `gtnm md cn kudrrn. Iuihn acvgmnrç n ui fa`lrdhgcca ”`îs pdqudþa qud ya `gs`a- huya ia`lrd fd acvgmnma y qud sd rdvdcø ha`a ui nrmgditd mdvata _...P mgja md rdpditd hai vaz saþnmarn: «Xà, ¡hrda qud dxprdsnrç dc hnsa nhusntgva par `dmga md ui prdegja!¿ _... _...PP Eug Eug gihnp gihnpnz nz md rdhap rdhapgcn gcnrr mdtnc mdtnccds cds uctdrgards md su krn`îtghn sdhrdtn? y cas nrrdkcas `gcgtnrds praita ias sdpnrnrai pnrn pnrn sgd` sgd`pr prdd (nc (nc `dia `diass fnstn fnstn nfar nfarn) n).. Rdra haihcuà cuà qud nqudccn ccn hrgntu nturn dxhçitrghn, qud di nmdcnitd sd `astrnràn sgd` sgd`pr prdd tà`g tà`gmn mn,, trns trns fnld fnldrr rdv rdvdcnm dcnmaa ginmvdrtgmn`ditd su sdhrdta, sd rdkahgjnln y haisacnln n sà `gs`a ditrd dc tdmga y cn suhgdmnm mdc «ditrdin`gd «ditrdin`gdita ita lnja cns hnrpns¿ par `dmga md cn ha`pasghgøi md ui gmga`n, ui sgstd`n y uin sgieaiàn pdrsaincds qud inmgd `îs gln n dstumgnr a dshuhfnr. (]acogdi, >776, p. <86-<87) ]acogdi pasdàn ui aàma `usghnc, dxtrd`nmn`ditd rdeginma y nctn`ditd sdisglcd n cns vnrgnhgaids md saigma. Xuljdtgvn`ditd, hncg hncgeg eghn hnln ln n cns cns cdik cdikun unss md «ldc «ldccn cns¿ s¿ huni hunima ma dihaitrnln ui sgstd std`n eaiç aiçtgha ”«md saigmas¿” qud cd pnrdhgdrn nkrnmnlcd a hunima pasdàni hgdrtn hnrnhtdràstghn cgikóàstghn giusunc. `d hnut hnutgv gvøø cn ecugm ecugmdz dz mdc mdc krgd krgdka ka,, … `d puitunmn par cn murdzn y hai ui lrgcca supd supdreg reghgn hgnc,c, nuiqu nuiqudd di prgi prgihgp hgpga ga søca søca dihaitrç dsta di cas ia`lrds krgdkas md cn fgst fgstar argn gn y cn `gtac gtacak akàn àn,, d git gitditç ditç givditnr ui cdikunjd qud giharparnrn ca krgdka mdc krgdka… (Hrnlld, >764, p. >;>6)
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
Nitds md `arg Nit `argrr, su `nmr nmrd ca gigh gighgø gø di dc npr nprdimg dimgzn znjd jd md cdik cdikun uns. s. ]acog acogdi di pnsø pnsø su gien gienih ihgn gn y nmacd nmacdshd shdih ihgn gn jukn juknima ima n nprdi nprdimdr mdr cdik cdikun unss ha`a ha`a dc cntà cntài, i, dc krgd krgdka ka,, dspn dspnþa þac,c, ncd`î d`îi y ernihçs pnrn pns pnsnr nc iarud rudka nitgkua, dc gikcçs `dmgdvnc, dc nikcasnjøi y dc køtg køtgha ha (Hrn (Hrnll lld, d, >764 >764,, p. >4-< >4-<2) 2) nmd` nmd`îs îs md hrdnr, hai sus n`gkas, pdqudþns cdikuns qud sdrv sdrvàn ànii pnrn pnrn dihr dihrgp gptn tnrr sus sus hai haivdrsn drsnhg hgai aids ds (ha` (ha`aa nhtu nhtunc nc`d `dit itdd fnhd fnhdii cas cas igþa igþass hai hai dc «gmga`n md cn E¿). Drni atras tgd`pas: ia dxgstàni cas vgmdajudkas. Dc praedsar, murnitd su vgmn, euimø `uhfas hculds a pdqudþas krupas md pdrsains pnrn haivgvgr. ]nc vdz dc `îs en`asa sdn dc md cas Giocgiks, nc qud pdrtdidhàn H. X. Cdwgs, hrdnmar md Inrign y n qugdids cdyø dc prg`dr larrnmar md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas (Hnrtdr, <22<, p. =2==), pdra cas `îs g`partnitds pnrn ]acogdi drni dc ]HLX ”trds md sus n`gkas qud, sd mghd, sgrvgdrai md gispgrnhgøi pnrn cas pdrsainjds md @drr @drryy, Rgpg Rgpgii y Xn` Xn`? mas mas md dcca dccass eudr eudrai ai nsds nsdsgi ginm nmas as lrutn lrutnc` c`di ditd td murn murnit itdd cn kudr kudrrn rn (Hrnlld, >764, p. <6) ” y dc Ugogik Hcul dc dc hunc sd rduiàn pnrn ldldr diar`ds tnrras md hdrvdzn y hnitnr, di vgvn vaz, rdcntas çpghas di iarudka nitgkua (Hrnlld, >764, p. <7). Cas krup rupas md n`gkas ear`nmas par ]acogdi sgd`prd tdiàni ncka di ha`úi y ias mni uin hcnvd pnrn ditdimdr su alrn: tamas
«]racc «] racc mdc lasqud¿, par Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds
drni krupas md pdrsains qud fnhàni padsàn a hnihgaids md `nidrn n`ntdur . Çc ia søca drn ui hrdnmar md cdikuns: drn ui padtn. W drn ui padtn qud gln `îs nccî md cn padsàn `gs`n hrdnmn n pnrtgr md rdtørghn, rdtørghn, rgt`a a mgsah mgsahgnh gnhgøi gøi mdc mdc sgki sgkigeg geghn hnma. ma. ]acogdi acogdi hrdø hrdø cdikuns qud sai gmdncds pnrn dshrglgr padsàn di dccns. Çc lush lushnl nlnn cn ldcc ldccdz dznn gitr gitrài àisd sdhn hn di cns cns pncn pncnlr lrns ns.. Ds lgdi lgdi haia haiahg hgma ma qud qud di nck nckúi `a`di a`ditta negr negr`ø `ø qud cn erns ernsdd hdccnr hdccnr maar maar ”«pudrtn mdc søtnia¿” drn cn `îs ldccn di cdikun gikcdsn mdlgma n su `usghncgmnm y dc `gstdrga qud dvahnln. Cn `nyaràn md fnlcni cnitds md gikcçs cçs nm`g nm`gtd tdii qud qud hdccn (pud udrt rtnn md hdccnrr maar maar (p søtnia) ds uin ernsd ldccn _…P @îs ldccn qud, par djd`pca, soy (hgdca), y `uhfa `îs ldccn qud ldnutgeuc (ldcca). Ludia, puds di kncçs cns hdccn hdccnrr maars maars sai dxtrnarmginrgn`ditd erdhuditds pnrn `à? y pnsnima n uin mg`disgøi `îs nctn, cns pncnlrns di cns huncds fny pcnhdr di cn haitd`pcnhgøi md cn ear`n y dc sditgma sai nluimnitds. (Enusonikdr, (Enusonikdr, <22;l) ]gd`pa ]gd`pa mdspuçs, atras nutards md enitnsàn enitnsàn y md hgdihgn eghhgøi fa`dinjdnràni sdhrdtn`ditd dsn ernsd. ]nc ds dc hnsa md Trsucn O. CdKugi hai cn gscn md «Xdcgmar¿ di ]drrn`nr . Cn hgumnm md «Xdcdrmai¿ di Ti `uima eudrn mdc tgd`pa md Cnrry Igvdi y dc pgrntn Xnccnmfar Xnni di Cn hnih hnihgø gøii md fgdc fgdcaa y eudk eudkaa md Kdarkd \. \. @nrtgi. Fula trds gmga`ns qud çc n`a `îs qud n igikúi atra (Hrnlld, >764, p. <>-8<). Dc prg`dra drn dc kncçs. Çc qudmø praeu praeuimn` imn`dit ditdd g`pnht g`pnhtnma nma par cas ia`lrd ia`lrdss qud sd dshrg hrglàni àni di cns cns hnr hnrrdtns kncdsn dsns ”sg`gcnrds n cas `disnjds alshdias qud pgitni di cn rdtnkunrmgn md nckuias hn`gaids md hnrkn, pdra hai `îs cdtrns”. Xøca fny qud iatnr dc ia`lrd mdc palcnma md Ccniengrpwcckwyikycckakdryhfwyrimralwccccnitys ccnitysgcga gcgakak kakaka akahf hf ( Ccniengrpwcc pn pnrn cas cahncds).
47
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
Dc egiçs egiçs,, a egicni egicnimç mçs, s, pra pravahø ahø uin `dccn `dccn tdrrglcd di dc harnzøi md ]acogdi. Huncqugdrn qud ca nprdimn n fnlcnr dihaitrnrî cn `gs`n saiargmnm qud pasddi cns cdikuns çceghns. Dc egiçs, nmd`îs md sdr `uy `usghnc y vahîcgha, tgdid uin rghn `gtacakàn qud ca rdspncmn. Ds lgdi snlgma qud fny uin eudrtd giecudihgn mdc cas tdxt tdxtas as md ]acogd acogdi. i. Nmd` Nmd`îs îs,, Oncdvncn di cas Egicni cnimgn ds dc pnàs nàs md Xnitn Hcnu cnus, cas @aa`gi y cas `djards krupas md `dtnc mdc pcnidtn, ca hunc ca fnhd pdred redhta ha`a giecudihgn. Eginc`ditd dstîi cns cdikuns dshnimginvns, n cns qud pdrtd rtdidhd dc sudha dha, dc mniçs y dc iaru iarudk dka. a. Cd enshg nshgin inln ln cn cgtd cgtdrn rntu turrn md dsns dsns hucturns ”dspdhgnc`ditd cn qud tdiàn qud vdr hai `gtacakàn iørmghn, cas Dmmns y cn Xnkn md cas Uacsuikas” y cn pdhucgnr krn`îtghn md dsns cdikuns. ]acogdi ta`ø dstns trds cdikuns y cns pnrtgø di pdmnzas. @dzhcø ncka md cntài, nikcasnjøi, køtgha, dspnþac d gtncgnia ha`a pdkn`dita y, hai hai tama tama dsa, dsa, hrdø hrdø murn murnit itdd vdgit dgitdd nþas nþas cn `dzhacnizn qud haiahd`as ha`a cns cdikuns çceghns di Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas . Dc pnsntgd`pa md ]acogdi sgd`prd dstuva sularmginma n cn vgmn nhnmç`ghn. ]diàn huntra fgja fgjass y uin uin dspa dspasn sn qud qud `nit `nitdi didr dr (Hrn (Hrnll lld, d, >764, p. 8>). Cn erîkgc dhaia`àn lrgtîighn di dc pdrgama ditrd kudrrns cd alcgknln, n vdhds, n fnhdr fnhdr trnln trnlnjas jas nhnmç` nhnmç`ghas ghas sdhuim sdhuimnrga nrgass ha`a ha`a hncg hncgeg eghn hnrr dxî` dxî`di dids ds md atr atrns uigv uigvdr drsg sgmn mnmd mds. s. Hunima sd pulcghø Dc Fallgt , ]acogdi dstnln rdnc`di c`dittd prd prdahupn upnma qud su prdstgk stgkgga nhnmç`gha ”mdc hunc mdpdimàn dc sustdita sustdita md su en`gcgn”, sd vgdrn nedhtnma par sdr ui nutar md «cgtdrnturn gienitgc¿. N cn `udrtd md su dspasn, ]acogdi mdjø n su fgja `diar, Hfrgstapfdry, dc n`nsgja diar`d md tdxtas gihaihcusas qud sd haivdrtgràni di dc Xgc`nrgccgai. Xgi d`lnrka, di dstd pdrgama eud di dc qud sd mdsfgza md cas `niushrgtas qud haitdiàni cns krn`îtghns md sus cdikuns.
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
]acogdi prdedràn qud dstuvgdrni hartnmas di tgrns a di dc lnsurdra n qud nckugdi supgdrn qud su «vghga sdhrdta¿ sd cd fnlàn sncgma md cns `nias. Ia snld`as hai dxnhtgtum huîitns cdikuns rdncgzø ]acogdi y dc krnma md nvnihd qud cakrø di dccn dccnss. Md ca paha qud snld`as md sus cdikuns ds qud sà dshrglgø uin krn`îtghn y ui mghhgainrga pnrn cn `nyaràn md sus hrdnhgaids y qud nckuins tdiàni hnrnhtdràstghns tni ha`pcdjns y euihgaincds qud, sg ia supgçrn`as inmn md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas , pamràn`as haieuimgrcns hai cdikuns inturncds dxtgitns. Cns Cns hnrn hnrnht htdr dràst àstghn ghnss md cns qugi qugihd hd cdiku cdikuns ns taco acodign dignin inss qud qud npnr npnrdh dhdi di di sus sus alrn alrnss cns cns haiahd`as md cn `gs`n `nidrn qud fnhd`as hai cns cdikuns `udrtns: juitn`as cas trazas hai cas qud haitn`as y rdncgzn`as fgpøtdsgs nc rdspdhta.7 Cns cdikuns qud fnlcni cas fa`lrds y cas fallgts sai cns `dias mdsnrraccnmns mdsnrraccnmns di cn alrn. @uhfns md dccns søca sd haisdrvn su eaiçtghn a quç quç rdcnh dcnhgø gøii tgdi tgdidi di hai hai rdspd dspdht htaa n atr atrns cdikuns. Rar djd`pca, snld`as qud cn rdcnhgøi ditrd dc adstrøi y dc rafàrrgha ds cn `gs`n ditrd dc partu rtukuçs y dc ru` ru`nia: sai cdikuns d`pnrditnmns pdra ia sd pnrdhdi di inmn.
«\dy md cns sdtns¿, par Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias
52
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
Hfrgst Hfrgstapfd apfdrr ]acogdi acogdi cakrø cakrø rdhupd rdhupdrnr rnr ui pdqudþa lahdta md cn cdikun qud sd fnlcn di Iú`diar: dc nmÿingha. Çstn ds cn úighn cdikun md cn qud haisdrvn`as ca `îs hdrhnia n uin krn` krn`ît îtgh ghnn hais haistr trug ugmn mn par par ]acog acogdi di,, y eud eud haisdrvnmn hai dc tàtuca Dc giear`d Cawmfn` (Enusonikdr, <22;n). Rasglcd`ditd çstn sdràn cn úighn cdikun md ]acog cogdi qud rdnc` nc`ditd pamr pamràn àn` `as fnlc fnlcnr nr?? dc pral pralcd cd`n `n ds qud qud ia tdid`as vahnlucnrga y cn sdhhgøi mdstginmn nc vdrla dstî giha`pcdtn. Cn cdikun `îs dxtdimgmn di ]gdrrn @dmgn ds dc adstrøi. Euihgain ha`a uin cgikun ernihn pnrn tamns cns hucturns y cdikuns di cn tdrhdrn dmnm, ha`a di dstd `a`dita dc gikcçs. Dc adstrøi ds cn cdikun qud `îs sd fnlcn murnitd cn alrn. Xgi d`lnrka, ds md cn qud `dias snld`as. Cn rnzøi ds qud, di tdaràn, cns iav iavdcns dcns qud qud cdd` cdd`as as sai uin uin trnmu trnmuhh hhgøi gøi mdc adstrøi nc gikcçs ”y mdspuçs nc dspnþac, pnrn iasatras” (Enus (Enusonik onikdr dr,, <22;h) <22;h).. Gihcusa Gihcusa cas ia`lrds dstîi trnmuhgmas: Erama, Xn`, Rgppgi a @drry drni @nurn, Lni, \nznr y Oncg di dc supudsta «argkginc¿. Cn pncnlrn fallgt ds uin trnmuhhgøi md oumÿo (Enusonikdr, <22;h). Nc atra cnma md ]gdrrn @dmgn dstî cn cdikun idkrn, dc gmga`n fnlcnma di tama @armar ditrd cas sdkugmards md Xnurai, dcnlarnma hai cns hnrnhtdràstg hnrnhtdràstghns hns cgikóàstghns cgikóàstghns `dias envargtns envargtns md ]acogdi.>2 Rar uin pnrtd ia sd trntnln md uin cdikun inturnc sgia md uin cdikun hrgaccn ,>> ds mdhgr, uin `dzhcn md cdikuns qud saca sgrvd pnrn pnrn cn ha`u ha`uig ighn hnhg hgøi øi,, pdr pdra qud qud ia rdecdj decdjnn igikuin hucturn ”hnrnhtdràstghn mdtdstnlcd pnrn ]acogdi, ca qud eud cn rnzøi par cn qud mdspuçs rdhfnznrn dc dspdrnita ha`a uin ludin gmdn”. Cns pncnlrns di cn cdikun idkrn kdidrn kdidrnc`d c`ditd itd sai nkumns nkumns,, hai vnrgas vnrgas suegjas suegjas haihntdinmas y `uhfa usa md paspasghgaids. Xg rdvgs dvgsn` n`as as cn gish gishrg rgph phgø gøii mdc mdc Ni Nigcgcca ca Úigha: Nsf inzk murlntucÿo, nsf inzk kg`lntuc, nsf inzk tfrnontucÿo tfrnontucÿo nkf lurzu`-gsfg (]acogdi, <22>h, p. 8=8) org`pntuc . (]acogdi,
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds
«Ti nigcca pnrn kaldrinrcas n tamas, ui nigc nigcca ca pnr pnrn diha dihait itrrnrca nrcas, s, ui nigc nigcca ca pnr pnrn ntrndrcas n tamas y ntnrcas di cns tgigdlcns.¿ Ramd`as iatnr qud, di vdrmnm, ds uin cdikun `uy sg`pcd? tnita qud ds dxtrd`nmn`ditd eîhgc md trnmuhgr n sg`pcd vgstn. Nsf mdld sgkigeghnr «uia¿ y inzk , «nigcca¿ ”par rdcnhgøi hai inzkÿc ”. Murl mdld sdr dc vdrla «kaldrinr. «-nt-¿ mdld sdr cn `nrhn md giegigtgva? «-uc-¿ sgkigeghn tdrhdrn pdrsain mdc pcurnc y «-ÿo¿ ds «tamas¿ (\asdiedcmdr, (\asdiedcmdr, <2>2, p. >8->=) . >8->=) . Dsta rdhgld dc ia`lrd md «cdikunjd ia`lrnmar¿ (\asdiedcmdr, (\asdiedcmdr, <2>2, p. >8) . >8) . \dhar harmd`as qud ]aco acogdi gdi mdh mdhgmàn màn cns cns hnrnhtdràstghns md sus gmga`ns par su saigma, par ca hunc di dstn cdikun mdhgmgø usnr tamn sdrgd md saigmas kcatncds, uvucnrds, erghntgvas y ahcusgvas pnrn qud sainrn `uy mura y mgedrditd n cns cdikuns çceghns. Nckuins md dstns hnrn hnrnht htdr dràs àstg tghn hnss eaiçt aiçtgh ghns ns sai sai prçs prçstn tn`a `ass md cdikuns turhns y `aikøcghns. Xg rdvgsn`as dc çitgha, cn cdikun md cas dits, cn hnrnhtdrgznln ha`a uin cdikun `uy cditn, nkcutginitd ”ha`a dc infuntc a dc kncçs” y rdpdtgtgvn. Nc pnrdhdr tdiàn vnrgnhgaids md taias qud hn`lgni dc sgkigeghnma md cn pncnlrn ”ha`a suhdmd di dc hfgia” pdra qud úighn`ditd sai mgstgikuglcds pnrn cas dits. Xøca sd haisdrvn uin pncnlrn çitghn: Ncnccncnccnru`lnon`nimncgimarlurú`ï Ncnccncnccnru`lnon`nimncgimarlurú`ï qud, nc pnrdhdr, mdsgkin n uin hacgin>< (]acogdi, <22>l, p. ;7). Dc çitgha euihgain md cn `gs`n `nidrn qud dc cdikunjd egcasøegha md Jafi [gcogis: pnrn ia`lrnr ncka, sd mdld md ia`lrnr tamn su mdeg mdegig ighg hgøi øi y hntd hntdka karà ràns ns.. Ramd` amd`as as iatn iatnrrca hunima Lnrlac gitditn trnmuhgr cgtdrnc`ditd cn pncnlrn «arha¿ nc cdikunjd ha`úi. Dsas... lurîru`, dsas ajgznàias, `nig `nigid idkr kras as,, pntgt pntgtud udrta rtas, s, cnpgm cnpgmàeg àegha has, s, `nig `nigcnr cnrka kas, s, hnrra hnrraþa þasa sas, s, snik snikugi ugias asas as,,
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]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
`arg`ngtd - sgihnfaimn, fuu`, ludia, pudsta qud sags kditd qud vgvd md prgsn, y dc ia`lrd ds ha`pcdta ha`a nþas md tar`dita, dsas kusnias md cas arhas... (]acogdi, (]acogdi, <22>n, p. 88>) Di hunita n cn cdikun md cas dinias, dc ofuzmuc , ds md cns qud `dias snld`as. Md `nidrn ui paha trn`pasn, ]acogdi ias gimghn qud ds uin cdik cdikun un qud qud cas cas dini dinias as fni fni `nit `nitdi digm gmaa di sdhrdta y qud pahas egcøcakas çceghas sd fni mdhgmgma n mdsditrnþnr, par dcca hnsg ia fny rdkgstras pnrn rdhaistrugrcn (]acogdi, <22>m, p. >27->>2). Rnrn ]acogdi, cas dinias mdlàni fnlcnr ncka sg`gcnr n cns cdikuns sd`àtghns, dspdhgnc`ditd dc fdlrda. Xg tdid`as di huditn dc haitdxta mdc pudlca jumàa murnitd cn dshrgturn md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas ds cøkgha qud ]acogdi qugsgdrn uin cdikun sg`gcnr nc fdlrda pnrn cas dinias yn qud sai ui pudlca mdspajnma md sus tgdrrns qud haisdrvn rvn su cdikun `ntdri drin md `nidrn sdhuimnrgn y sus trnmghgaids md ear`n prgvnmn (Kdr (K drrract, act, >7;> >7;>).). Xg vd`as d`as cn dshd dshdin in md cn tnldrin di dc Ugacgigstn di dc tdjnma ditdimd`as dc haihdpta md ]acogdi nhdrhn md cas dinias. Dc ofumzuc sd dshrgld hai ruins yn qud ds ui ncenldta mgsdþnma pnrn dshrglgrsd hai `nza y hgihdc di cuknr md hîcn`a a pcu`n. ]gdid dc `gs`a pralcd`n qud cns cdikuns sd`àtghns a dc fdlrda hcîsgha: cns vahncds ia sd dshrgldi pdra sà sd praiuihgni ”sai giegjas”. Rar ca tnita, su cdh cdhturn mdp mdpdimd mdc hai haitdxta y md cn ha`l ha`lgi ginhg nhgøi øi md trgnm trgnmns ns md hais haisai aini nitd tdss qud qud mdtdr`gini cn ear`n cçxghn, `gditrns qud cns vahncds mdtdr`gini su ear`n sgitîhtghn.>8 ]nc ds dc hnsa md cn ha`lginhgøi X-C-@ qud sgkigeghn «pnz¿ di fdlrda y îrnld. Nc gisd gisdrtn rtnrc rcdd vahncd ahncdss sd ear` ear`ni ni pncnl pncnlrn rnss ha`a sfnca`, sncnn`, gscn` y `usuc`îi. Dsd eud dc krni pralcd`n qud mgvgmgø n hrdyditds md cn `gs`n rdcgkgøi, qud ia pamàni mdsditrnþnr sg dc ia`l ia`lrd rd md Mgas Mgas,, WFUF WFUF,, sd prai praiui uihg hgnn ha`a Jdfavî a a ha`a Wnfvdf.
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Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
Di dc ofumzuc cn trgnmn md haisainitds OfZ-M sgd`prd sgkigeghnrî «dinia¿, ha`a di cns pncnlrns Ofumzuc y y Ofnznm-mÿ`? cn trgnmn L-\Z sd rdegdrd nc «hacar raja¿ ha`a di Lnrnzgilnr . Cn jayn md cn harain md cns cdikuns tacodignins ds, mdegigtgvn`ditd, tamn su en`gcgn md cdikuns cdikuns çceghns çceghns.. Rrîhtg Rrîhtghn` hn`dit ditdd pamràn`a pamràn`ass dstumgnr hnmn uin md dccns y `nrnvgccnrias hai cn mdcghnmdzn y cn ldccdzn md dstns cdikuns. Xgi d`lnrka, dsa ccdvnràn `uhfns `îs pîkgins md cns qud yn fd dshrgta. ]acogdi gighgø dc prg`dr lahdta mdc qudiyn hunima tdiàn vdgitgtrçs nþas (]acogdi, >776, p. <4=) y cd fnràn suhdsgvns rdvgsgaids y harr harrdhh dhhga gaids ids murni murnitd td tamn tamn su vgmn vgmn (gihc (gihcus usaa mdsp mdspuçs uçs md fnld fnldrr pulcg pulcghnm hnmaa Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas). Xdkúi huditn çc `gs`a, qudràn uin cdikun maimd ui sncuma hnsunc, vîcgma y cøkgha ditrd cas fnlcnitds eudrn «uin dstrdccn lrgccn salrd cn farn md iudstra dihuditra¿ (]acogdi, >776, p. <4=-<4;). Ds dxtrd`nmn`ditd mgeàhgc pdisnr di cn prnk`îtghn md uin cdikun hai ui sncuma tni rdlushnma sgi tdidr di huditn su mdsnrracca fgstørgha, dc tgpa md sahgdmnm qud ma`gin dsn cdikun y hgdrtn `gtacakàn mdtrîs md su hucturn. Dsn ds, di sà, cn kdigncgmnm md ]acogdi. Dc praedsar ]acogdi drn ui egcøcaka, ds mdhgr, sd mdmghn mdmghnln ln n dstumg dstumgnr nr tdxt tdxtas as nitgk nitgkua uass pnrn pnrn rdhais aistrug rugr dc sditgma gma argk rgkginc sdkúi dc haitdxta haitdxta di dc qud eudrai dcnlarnmas. Nckuias egcøcakas, ha`a ]acogdi, sai uin dspdhgd md nrqudøcakas mdc cdikunjd: dihuditrni pncnlrns a sgki sgkigeg geghnm hnmas as nitg nitgku kuas as y cns rnstr rnstrdni dni fnstn fnstn iudstras màns. Ramd`as iatnr hø`a nckuins pncnlrns di cdikuns `uy ncdjnmns sd pnrdhdi. Rar djd`pca, cn pncnlrn di fgimú «on`rnn¿ (hunrta rta, fnlgtnhgøi) sudin sg`gcnr nc ernihçs «hfn`lrd¿, dc gikcçs «hfn`ldr¿ a dc dspnþac «hî`nrn¿. Md cn `gs`n `nidrn pncnlrns di dspnþac ha`a «kudrrn¿ dstî rdcnhgainmn hai «wnr¿ a «iahfd¿ hai «igkft¿, «iugt¿ a «iattd¿.
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
Cn rnzøi md dsta ds qud `uhfns cdikuns ahhgmditncds tgdidi ui nihdstra di ha`úi: dc Krnmyy, <222 <222,, p. 85=85=-85 857) 7).. N gimadurapda (A‗Krnm pnrtgr md cns mgvgsgaids md dstn cdikun eud ha`a sd ha`diznrai ha`diznrai n ear`nr ear`nr cns krnimds krnimds en`gcgns md cdikuns qud dxgstdi di Durapn, pnrtd md Nsgn y @dmga Argditd. @uhfns pncnlrns nitgkuns fni salrdvgvgma n `îs md mas `gc nþas md fgstargn fu`nin hn`lgnima sus saigmas pdra haisdrvnima su sgkigeghnma gighgnc ha`a di cn pncnlrn cntgin «npatfdhn¿ qud dvacuhgaiø di cn pncnlrn nhtunc «lamdkn¿.>= Di cns cdikuns çceghns dxgstdi mas krnimds rn`ns qud fni sgma cns `îs dstumgnmns y `îs mdsn mdsnrr rrac accn cnmn mnss par par cas cas enis nis md ]acog acogdi di:: dc sgimnrgi y dc qudiyn. Dstns cdikuns tgdidi uin krn`ît krn`îtghn ghn y ui vahnlucnr ahnlucnrga ga tni haisgst haisgstdit ditds ds qud ds pasglcd dshrglgr tdxtas cnrkas di dccns y sd pudmdi trnmuhgr cas tdxtas md ]acogdi hai lnstnitd hdrtdzn. Dc sgimnrgi, cn cdikun md cas sgimnr, dceas krgsds qud fnlgtni di Ldcdrgnim, eud dcnlarnmn dspdhàeghn`ditd pnrn rdprdsditnr cns hnrnhtdràstghns qud ]acogdi n`nln mdc kncçs. Rar dc atra cnma, su envargtn, dc qudiyn, cn cdikun md cas dceas md Uncgiar, rdprdsditn cns hnrnhtdràstghns mdc egiçs qud çc sgd`prd qugsa nkrdknr n uin «cdikun ldccn¿ (\nushf, <224). N`lns cdikuns tgdidi puitas md haitnhta nc gkunc qud ca fnràni dc ernihçs y dc dspnþac. Dc vdrla pnrn «ldldr¿ di qudiyn ds suh , y di sgimnrgi ds sak .>4 Nckuins pncnlrns di sgimnrgi y di qudiyn tgdidi uin ear`n tni rdcnhgainmn, qud pamd`as gihcusa rnstrdnr, ha`a ca fnràn ui egcøcaka, huîc sdràn dc nihdstra ha`úi ditrd dstns mas cdikuns. Rnrdhd eîhgc, pdra uin tnrdn nsà ds salrdfu`nin. ]acogdi pasdàn ui aàma ca sueghgditd`ditd rdeginma qud cd pdr`gtàn cn hrdnhgøi md padsàn par `dmga mdc saigma ”«cgikóàstghn dstçtghn¿ ha`a çc cn ccn`nln”. Ha`a su prapgn cdikun ia cd drn sueghgditd pnrn hrdnr cas tdxtas qud çc qudr qudràn àn dshr dshrgl glgr gr,, fnlà fnlànn mgsd mgsdþn þnma ma uin uin cdik cdikun un pdredhtn pnrn su padsàn.
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds
Rar sg eudrn paha, ia søca hrdø dsn cdikun. Cd mgsdþø uin hucturn, d gihcusa tamas cas pasglcds hn`lgas md vnrgnhgøi cgikóàstghn qud pamràni ahurrgr di dsn cdikun nc pnsa md `gcds md nþas. Ds mgeàhgc g`nkginr dc trd`dima dseudrza qud rdqugrgø dsta. Nckuias haicnikdrs md cn tnccn md Mnvgm Rdtdrsai a @nrh Aornim úighn`ditd hrdni cdikuns pnrn uin hucturn. ]acogdi hrdø uin dspdhgd md gimadurapda, uin cdikun gighgnc, pnrn `uhfns hucturns y cn mdjø dvacuhgainr di su `ditd ditd ”hnch hnchuc ucni nima ma tama tamass cas cas pasg pasglc lcds ds hn`lgas” fnstn qud surkgdrni iudvns cdikuns ha` ha`pcdt pcdtns ns,, gimd gimdpd pdim imgd gdit itds ds,, nkrup nkrupnm nmns ns di en`gcgns. Ds cn `gs`n mgeghuctnm qud rdqudrgràn hrdnr tamns cns cdikuns durapdns nc `gs`a tgd`pa ”y nckuins nsgîtghns”. W ia haitdita hai dcca, nmd`îs pramuja trnmuhhgaids ecugmns di hnmn uin md dsns cdikuns. Dc mgsdþa md cns cdikuns çceghns di ]acogdi rdqug dqugdr drdd haia haiahd hdrr tamns amns y hnmn hnmn uin uin md cns cns dvacuhgaids, hn`lgas y sgtunhgaids sahgadhaiø`ghns n cns qud eudrai sa`dtgmns. Cn en`g en`gcgn cgn md cdiku cdikuns ns çceghn çceghnss idhds idhdsgt gtø, ø, pnrn pnrn sdr sdr hrdnmn, qud dc praedsar haiahgdrn àitg`n`ditd hnmn hucturn qud cns mdsnrraccø, hnmn haiecghta qud suergdrai, hnmn cdikun di haitnhta, hnmn cglra qud dshrglgdrai, hnmn fnlcnitd iatnlcd, hnmn prçstn`a cgikóàstgha. Di su dcnlarnhgøi çc rdqudràn, earzasn`ditd, haiahdr mdsmd dc gighga md cas cas tgd` tgd`pa pass ”par par dcca dcca Dc Xgc`nrgcc Xgc`nrgccgai gai” fnstn dc puita md cn ]drhdrn Dmnm maimd ahurrd dc tdxta. Xg hnàn ui g`pdrga, g`pdrga, sd rdecdjnràn di cn cdikun. Xg fnlàn çpahns md praspdrgmnm, tn`lgçi mdjnràn hghntrghds cgikóàstghns. Xg dc idhdsgtnln qud uin pncnlrn yn ia dxgstgdrn di hgdrtn cdikun, di hgdrtn dmnm, hrdnln ui haiecghta lçcgha ditrd dsns hucturns. Cn dvacuhgøi md cns cdikuns tacogdignins ds cn eudrzn givgsglcd qud `udvd cn trn`n ca qud ahurrd di dc gitdrgar md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas , y ia nc rdvçs. Hnmn hasn qud suhdmd di sus tdxtas dstî di euihgøi mgrdhtn hai uin
58
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
hnrnhtdràstghn iudvn qud çc qudràn giharparnr n sus haicniks. Cn earjn mdc nigcca, dc vgnjd md Lgcla n cn kunrgmn md X`nuk, dc snhrgeghga md Erama pnrn mdst mdstru rugr gr n dc Úigha igha.. ]ama ama dcca dcca ds dc aàma aàma `usghn ghnc md su hrdnma nmar qud mghd «ludia, idhdsgta gihcugr uin iudvn ear`n `areacøkghn mdc nhusntgva... nsà qud fny qud hrdnr uin krni kudrrn¿. W tama dsa ca fnhàn ]acogdi di su `ditd, ha`a ha`a ca fnhà fnhànn nquç nquçcc sacm sacmnm nmaa haicnikdr qud haiahgø di cns trgihfdrns. J.\.\. ]acogdi tdiàn dc dqugvncditd n tama ui `uima di su hnldzn. W ia drn ui `uima g`nkginrga, drn ui `uima rdnc y ha`pcdta qud dvacuhgain ”a par ca `dias nsà drn di tçr`gias cgikóàstghas”. W tama ca fgza ha`a «ui vghga sdhrdta¿. Ds `uy mgeàhgc qud npnrdzhn atra ]acogdi: sd idhdsgtnràn atrn pdrsain qud haitdikn, mditra md su `ditd, tama ui `uima rdnc. Çc drn di vdrmnm ui hrdnmar md `uimas. Drn nckugdi qud haih haihgcgcgn gnln ln cn aljd aljdtg tgvg vgmn mnmm nhnm nhnmç` ç`gh ghnn hai hai cn hrdntgvgmnm. ]acogdi dstnln di cn lúsqudmn mdc cdikunjd ha`a nrtd , ha`a uin dstçtghn, y ia søca ha`a ha`uighnhgøi ccnin. Xu kdigncgmnm, ditaihds, rnmghn di qud vgvgø di cn lúsqudmn g`pcnhnlcd md cn ldccdzn md cn pncnlrn fnlcnmn.
Nc cddr Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas mdldràn`as fnhd fnhdri rias as krni krnimd mdss prdk prdkui uitn tnss salr salrdd iuds iudstr trnn cdik cdikun un:: dsd dsd sgst gstd`n d`n md ha`u ha`uig ighn hnhg hgøi øi qud qud usn`as tamas cas màns md `nidrn mdshugmnmn y sgi sditgma. ]ama qud mdhg`as tgdid trnshdimdihgn, tgdid `úsghn y tgdid cas rnskas qud gimghni qugçids sa`as y md møimd vdig`as. Dc hfgstd qud sgd`prd haitn`as, dsn hnihgøi md cn gienihgn, dsn ear`n md fnlcnr, dsn ia`lrd pnrn hgdrtn ha`gmn, dc ia`lrd md cn `nshatn, `nshatn, cn `nidrn drn di cn qud `ast astrn`as npr nprdhga a mdsprdhga hai iudstrns pncnlrns. ]ama dsa ds iudstrn fgstargn pdrsainc, krnlnmn di iudstrns prapgns pncnlrns. Dsd ds dc digk`n md cns cdtrns çceghns qud rdprdsditni arnhgaids di cn cdikun idkrn. Fny ui ernk`dita nc eginc md cn iavdcn, hunima Erama y Xn` rdkrdsni mdspuçs md fnldr mdstrugma dc nigcca, maimd Lgcla ”yn sdigc” cd vudcvd n rdkncnr n su salrgia trds hasns qud cd pnrdhdi tdsaras útgcds (]acogdi, <22>n, p. 8=<): su dspnmn Mnrma, su hatn md `gtfrgc y sus cglras pnrn trnmuhgr nc çcegha qud çc `gs`a fgza. ¡^uç rdknca tni dxtrnþa dsd úctg`a! ±Rar quç Lgcla pdisnràn qud ui cglra md krn`îtghn ds tni tni pamd pamdrrasa asa ha` ha`a cn `dja `djarr dspn dspnmn mn,, tni tni pratdhtar ha`a cn `djar nr`nmurn y tni ldcca ha`a cn pcntn md cas dceas1
«]rnska¿, «] rnska¿, par Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias
5=
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds
Iatns > (p. 4>). Dc jnpaiçs pasdd trds sgstd`ns md dshrgturn: mas sai sgcîlghas, ds mdhgr, hnmn haisainitd sgd`prd vgdid nha`pnþnma md uin vahnc ”dxhdpta cn cdtrn «i¿ ” md cn ear`n HU(i). Dc ernihçs tgdid vahncds rdmaimdnmns y insncds ca hunc sdràn `uy ha`pcghnma `nrhnr hai dc fgrnknin ”di dc hunc sà fny vahncds cnrkns ”. ]n`lgçi sdràn mgeàhgc mdhgmgr quç trnshrglgr: dc saigma a cn ear`n krîeghn ”ha`a di dc hnsa md agsdnu0/wn‗za/”. < (p. 48). Xdkúi `g apgigøi, sd mdld dvgtnr fnlcnr md «ldstgnrgas `dmgdvncds¿ a «hrgnturns `îkghns¿ di cas dstumgas md enitnsàn çpghn. Cas ldstgnrgas di cn dmnm `dmgn drni ncdkørghas hai ca hunc, sdkúi ]amarav y Hnccags, dcg`ginràni ha`pcdtn`ditd su ha`paiditd `nrnvgccasa. 8 (p. 48). ]nc vdz sà eud cn «cdikun mdc eutura¿ pnrn dccas. Dc dspdrnita fn tdigma `uhfn `îs mgeusgøi mdsmd cn hrdnhgøi mdc gitdridt ”di møimd dihaitrø ui `djar hninc pnrn cn disdþnizn nutamgmnhtn ”. Nhtunc`ditd dc dspdrnita dstî rdkgstrnma ha`a gmga`n pnrn hn`lgnr cn gitdrensd md Enhdlaao a Kaakcd+. Fny uin [gogpdmgn di dspdrnita ”hai nrtàhucas úighn`ditd dshrgtas di dstn cdikun ” y sd pudmd trnmuhgr par `dmga mdc «]rnmuhtar md Kaakcd¿. ]n`lgçi ds uin cdikun aeghgnc pnrn cn AIT, cn TIDXHA ”di cn hunc sd pudmdi mnr mgshursas a ha`uighnmas di dccn ” y pasdd vnrgas gistgtutas aeghgncds ditrd cas huncds mdstnhni cn Nsahgnhgøi Lrgtîighn md Dspdrnita y dc Gistgtuta Jnpaiçs md Dspdrnita di ]aoga. = (p. 4=). Cn cgikóàstghn nhtunc tgdid rn`geghnhgaids fnhgn cn hgdihgn hakigtgvn y fnhgn cn sahgacakàn. Tia md cas djds hditrncds md dstn mgshgpcgin ds mdtdr`ginr huîcds sai cas prahdsas `ditncds qud dstîi gishrgtas di dc cdikunjd par `dmga md rdkcns uigvdrsncds ”nc dstgca md Hfa`soy ”. Atra djd lushn mdtdr`ginr huîc ds cn giecudihgn sahgnc qud pravahn cn vnrgnhgøi mdc cdikunjd di usa ”nc dstgca md Cnlav ”. Dc dspdrnita, dspdrnita, nc ia pdrtdidhdr pdrtdidhdr n uin ha`uigmnm ha`uigmnm ig dstnr gishrgta gishrgta di cns rdkcns qud sgkud uin cdikun inturnc, sd cd haisgmdrn ui fdhfa dxtrncgikóàstgha. Núi nsà sd rdhaiahd qud ha`a cdikun nrtgeghgnc euihgain hai sueghgdihgn pnrn cn ha`uighnhgøi. 4 (p. 4=). «Haicnikdr¿ ds dc tçr`gia qud sd utgcgzn pnrn mdsgkinr n nqudccas mgsdþnmards md cdikuns nrtgeghgncds. Ugdid md haicnik : «haistruhtdm cnikunkd¿. 5 (p. 44). Nc rdspdhta, rdha`gdima dc dxtrnarmginrga cglra Gi tfd cnim ae givditdm cnikunkds md Nrgon Aordit, qud fnhd ui rdharrgma `uy ha`pcdta y mdtnccnma md tamns cns dtnpns fgstørghns qud fn tdigma cn hrdnhgøi md cdikuns. ; (p. 45). Cn trnmuhhgøi ds `àn. 6 (p. 4;) Cn fgpøtdsgs Xnpgr-[fare sd mgvgmd di mas: cn fgpøtdsgs eudrtd mghd qud cn cdikun «mdtdr`gin¿ ha`a hcnsgeghn y `d`argzn cn rdncgmnm ”ds cn vdrsgøi md [fare ” y cn fgpøtdsgs mçlgc mghd qud cn cdikun «tgdid hgdrtn giecudihgn¿ di cn hcnsgeghnhgøi md cn rdncgmnm ”cn vdrsgøi md Xnpgr ”. Dc Cajlni ca qud gitditnln drn md`astrnr qud uin cdikun cøkghn cakrnln hrdnr pdrsains «cøkghns¿. 7 (p. 52). Dsn ds cn rnzøi md qud ia fnyn ui haisdisa di huîc drn cn praiuihgnhgøi harrdhtn mdc cntài y dc krgdka hcîsgha. Dsn tn`lgçi ds cn rnzøi md qud ia dxgstn uin krn`îtghn mdc qudiyn hgdi par hgdita haiegnlcd. >2 (p. 5>). Fny uin niçhmatn qud mghd qud ]acogdi rdhglgø uin hapn hai cn gishrgphgøi mdc nigcca di cdikun idkrn fdhfn par ui nm`grnmar. Cd pnrdhgø ui mdtnccd md tni `nc kusta qud usnln cn hapn úighn`ditd ha`a hdighdra di cuknr md ldldr di dccn. >> (p. 5>). Tin cdikun hrgaccn ds uin cdikun sg`pcgeghnmn qud sd usn hunima di uin ha`uigmnm ia fny uin cdikun di ha`úi. Xuhdmàn `uhfa hunima hnpturnlni dshcnvas rd`dras di cas lnrhas ra`nias, a di cns hacaigns dspnþacns hai dshcnvas md mgedrditds dtigns murnitd cas prahdsas md hacaigznhgøi. Ds ui tgpa md «cdikun md d`drkdihgn¿ qud usni `gd`lras md hucturns mgedrditds pnrn gitditnr ditdimdrsd nc dstnr dihdrrnmas di ui `gs`a cuknr. >< (p. 5>). Xdkúi dc npçimghd E md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas , ds uin trnshrgphgøi mdc çitgha paha haiegnlcd yn qud ia gihcuyd cas taias. taias . >8 (p. 5<). A‗Krnmy (<222, p. ><=): «N vdry spdhgnc typd ae giegxgik gieg xgik systd` gs eauim gi Xd`gtgh cnikunkds suhf ns Nrnlgh, gi wfghf n typghnc raat haisgst sg`pcy ae tfrdd haisainits. Neegxds haisgstgik ae twa vawdcs nrd gisdrtdm gita tfgs raat gi n `niidr tfnt gitdrspdrsds tfd vawdcs n`aik tfd haisainits¿ . >= (p. 58). Cns haisainitds sarmns sd saiargzni di haitdxta gitdrvahîcgha. >4 (p. 58) Dstd ediø`dia ds, pasglcd`ditd, md cas djd`pcas `îs «dshacnrds¿ md ]acogdi ]acogdi y par dsa ca ta`a ha`a djd`pca ”nmd`îs md qud yn fn sgma `dihgainma di vnrgns euditds ”. Huncqugdr pdrsain qud sdpn ncka md eaiçtghn ditgdimd qud cn mgedrdihgn ditrd cn /o/ y /k/ qud dstîi n eginc md pncnlrn ds úighn`ditd qud uin ds saiarn y cn atrn ds sarmn.
54
]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds nr tgeghgncds
Mnigdc @. Acgvdrn
\dedrdihgns Nsg`av, G. (>777). «Dc nigcca mdc `nc¿. Di Xalrd cn hgdihgn eghhgøi (p. 8<6-888). Ludias Ngrds, Xumn`drghnin. Hnrtdr, C. (<22<). ]acogdi. dc argkdi md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Lnrhdcain, Dmghgaids L. Hrnlld,, O. E. Hrnlld E. (>764) (>764).. J.\.\. ]acogd i. i. @çxgha, EHD. Dha, T. (>778). Cn lúsqudmn md cn cdikun pdredhtn. Lnrhdcain, Hràtghn. Enusonikdr, F. O. (<22;n). «Nmÿingha¿. Nrmncn`lgai. Enus nusoni onikd kdrr, F. O. (< (<22 22;l) ;l).. «D «Dcc vg vghga hga ia ia-tn -tnii-sdh sdhrd rdta ta md ]aco acogd gdi¿ i¿.. Nr Nrmn mncn cn`l `lgai gai.. Md Mdsh shnr nrkn knma ma md fttp://cn`ldiar.erdd.er/nrmncn`lgai/vghd.ft`c Enusonikdr, F. O. (<22;h). «Adstrai¿. Nrmncn`lgai. Kdr drrract, M. (>7;>). «Ni gitdrv rvggdw wgtf J.\. \.\ \. ]ac acoogdi¿. LLH \n \nmmga =. Mdshnr nrkknm nmaa md fttp://www.rdahgtgds.ha`/Nrdn4>/Xfgrd/42>=/gitdrvgdw.ft`c CdKugi,, T. O. (<228) CdKugi (<228).. «Dsqud`n «Dsqud`n ràt`gha ràt`gha di Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas ¿. Di O. Fnldr (Dm.), Cn ]gdrrn @dmgn. \decdxgaids y ha`ditnrgas h a`ditnrgas (p. ><4->=<). Lnrhdcain, @giatnura. @nrsfncc, M., Fnims, ]., Krgeegtfs, G., y Maukcns, K. (<2>>). Jaurinc ae pfysghs spdhgnc tapghs. A‗Krnmy, [. (Dm.). (<222). Haitd`parnry cgikugstghs. 8n dm. Lastai, Ldmearm/Xt. @nrtgi‗s. Aordit, N. (<227). Gi tfd cnim ae givditdm cnikunkds. Idw Waro, Waro, Xpgdkdc & Krnu. Aordit, N. (<2>8). «]fd @dit itnc nc Ec Ecas ass. s. Mds dshn hnrk rknm nmaa md «]fd cn cnik ikun unkd kd Gs Gsnn nnhh Id Idwt wtai ai gi givd vdit itdm dm ¿. @d fttp://`ditncecass.ha`/nrtghcd/42=5>/cnikunkd-gsnnh-idwtai-givditdm \nush \nu shf, f, \. (< (<22 224) 4).. «Xg «Xg`g `gcn cnrgt rgtgd gdss ldt ldtw wddi in intur turnc nc cn cnik ikunk unkds ds ni nimm ]ac acog ogdi di‗s dcm dcmnrg nrgi¿. i¿. Mds Mdshnrk hnrknma nma md fttp://www.sgimniaargd.idt/nrt/Xg`gcnrgtgds222.ft`c \asdiedcmdr, @. (Dm.). (<2>2). ]fd cnikunjd haistruhtgai ogt . Hfghnka, Wainku Laaos. ]acogdi, J.\.\. (>776). «Ti vghga sdhrdta¿. sdhrdta¿. Di H. ]acogdi ]acogdi (Dm.), Cas `aistruas y cas hràtghas y atras disnyas. Lnrhdcain, @giatnura. ]acogdi, J.\.\. (<22>n). Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas GGG: Dc rdtaria mdc rdy . Lnrhdcain, @giatnura. ]acogdi, J.\.\. (<22>l). Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas GG: Cns mas tarrds. Lnrhdcain, @giatnura. ]acogdi, J.\.\. (<22>h). Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas G: Cn Ha`uigmnm mdc Nigcca . Lnrhdcain, @giatnura. ]acogdi, J.\.\. (<22>m). Dc Xgc`nrgccai. Lnrhdcain, @giatnura. ]acogdi, J.\.\. (<22>d (<22>d).). «T «Tii egcøcak egcøcakaa fnlcn mdc dspdrni dspdrnita¿. ta¿. Mdshnrknma Mdshnrknma md fttp:// fttp://www www.uni.iu/ .uni.iu/mtg/tr mtg/trnmnmdspdrnita.ft`c Xalrd dc nutar Mnigdc @. Acgvnrn (Hgumnm md @çxgha, >768) ds ui cgikógstn, dshrgtar y haicnikdr `dxghnia. `dxghnia. Dstumgø cdtrns fgspîighns di cn TIN@ y cgikóàstghn di cn TN@. Ds praedsar di cn Enhuctnm md ^uà`ghn di cn TIN@. Ds `gd`lra mdc haisdja dmgtargnc md cn rdvgstn «Îcn`a Iahturia¿ (Vncnpn, Udrnhruz). Di mgvdrsas hditras hucturncds, g`pnrtd cas tnccdrds «enitnsàn çpghn y hgdihgn eghhgøi¿, «cgtdrnturn køtghn¿ y «hrdnhgøi md cdikuns nrtgeghgncds¿. Xd mdmghn n givdstgknr ediø`dias md vnrgnhgøi sahgacgikóàstghn, eaiçtghn y sgitnxgs nmd`îs md mgsdþnr prakrn`ns pnrn mntn `gigik y y cgikóàstghn ha`putnhgainc di Rytfai. Ha`a dshrgtar, su alrn dstî hditrnmn di cn iavdcn y dc hudita md tdrrar y md hgdihgn eghhgøi. Dstd tdxta sd mghtø par prg`drn vdz di ear`n md haiedrdihgn hai dc ia`lrd «]acogdi y cns cdikuns nrtgeghgncds¿ dc 5 md `nya md <2>= di dc numgtarga Rgsf`gsf mdc Gistgtuta md Nstraia`àn, TIN@ par givgtnhgøi md «Iglgru, Xahgdmnm Nstraiø`ghn¿ haarmginma par dc Gik. Egmdc ]arrds y dc Mr. [gccgn` Cdd.
55
@d`argn md nhtgvgmnmds md cn X]D (<2>=)
M
urnitd dc nþa <2>= cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi Dspnþacn fn arknigznma y hacnlarnma di iu`dr iu `dras asns ns nh nhtg tgvg vgmn mnmd mdss qu qudd fn fnii td tdig igma ma hnlgmn di cn sgkugditd @d`argn: Dc >> md edlrdra Dmunrma Xdkurn g`pnrtgø uin haie ha iedr drdi dihg hgnn di ca cass Xd Xd`g `gin inrg rgas as md Fg Fgst star argn gn md mdcc Mdrdhfa md cn Tigvdrsgmnm md Kdrain, hai dc tàtuca «Haihdpta md pamdr, cn iahgøi md cdy y trnmgtga di cn `gtacakàn md ]acogdi¿. ]acogdi¿. Xgkugdima di dsd `ds, dc màn << dc s`gnc md Cørgdi arknigzø ui tnccdr gitdrnhtgva md dshrgturn çceghn di tdikwnr di dc hditra ha`drhgnc @ntns y \n`gs. W nhnlnima edlrdra, cas sahgas Jasu Kø`dz y Dmun Dm unrrma Xd Xdku kurn rn ha hacn cnla larn rnrrai di dc G Ha Haik ikrd rdsa sa Gitd Gi tdrin rinhg hgai ainc nc sa salr lrdd H. H.X. X. Cd Cdwg wgss y ]ac acog ogdi di di cn Tigvdrsgmnm HDT Xni Rnlca, cas màns <= y <4 di @nmr @n mrgm gm.. Dc Ha Haik ikrd rdsa sa,, ha haii tà tàtu tuca ca «C «Cgt gtdr drnt ntur urnn enitîst eni tîstghn: ghn: rdh rdhrdn rdnhgøi hgøi y rdn rdncgs cgs`a¿ `a¿ trn trntø tø mgv mgvdrs drsas as nspdhtas md cn alrn y vgmn md dstas nutards lrgtîigha, y haitø hai uin haiedrdihgn md Dmunrma Xdkurn tgtucnmn «Xpcgitdrdm Cgkft: sulhrdnhgøi, vdrasg`gcgtum y pncnlrn `gtapaçtghn¿, y hai uin `dsn `d sn rdm dmai aimn mn tg tgtu tucn cnmn mn «H «Hrrdn dnhg hgøi øi,, fa fa`l `lrrd y intu in turn rncd cdzn zn di J. J.\. \.\. \. ]ac acog ogdi di¿¿ n hn hnrk rkaa md Ja Jasu su Kø`dz. Ha`a hnmn nþa, dc <4 md `nrza sd hdcdlrø dc màn gitd gi tdrin rinhg hgai ainc nc md cdd cddrr n ]ac acog ogdi di ha haii iu iu`dr `dras asns ns rduigaids md s`gncds y sahgas di lglcgatdhns, hditras hucturncds y cahncds mgvdrsas. W npravdhfnima dstd màn gitdrinhgainc md cddr n ]aco acogd gdi, i, dc s` s`gn gncc md Of Ofnz nznm nm-m -mÿ` ÿ` md Znr Znrnk nkaz aznn ha`dizø sus VGGG Dihuditras ]acogdi hai cdhturns, lrgimgs trnmghgaincds md cn X]D, y nhtgvgmnmds cúmghns di ]f ]fdd Rdi diku kugi gi \aws. Ca Cass VGG GGGG Di Dihu hudi ditr tras as ]acogdi haitgiunrai fnstn dc màn <7 md `nrza hai cn hfnrcn «Dc Cglra \aja: md cn pdcàhucn n cn rdncgmnm. Dc mgnrga qud gispgrø n ]acogdi¿ n hnrka md Edrinima Cøpdz Nydca, cn hfnrcn «]acogdi gcustrnmar¿ n hnrka md @nràn Jdsús Cnizudcn, y cn prdsditnhgøi mdc cglra «Cn haidxgøi dspnþacn md J.\.\. ]acogdi: dc ]àa Hurra¿ n hnrka md Jasç @niudc Edrrîimdz Lru, di cn
Einh Rcnzn md Dspnþn md Znrnkazn. Ditrnima yn di nlrgc, cn Ha`gsgøi md `úsghn y lngcds md cn X]D rdncgzø cas màns >< y >8 ui dihuditra md cas Lnrmas Drrnitds di Hudihn, di dc qudd mu qu murn rnit itdd ma mass mà màns ns ta tahn hnra rai, i, gi gitd tdrpr rprdt dtnr nrai ai y ha`pnrtgdrai `úsghn n`lgditnmn d gispgrnmn di cn alrn md ]acogdi. Dc pcnta eudrtd mdc `ds md `nya eud cn UG @drdtf Gtfgcdmfdccaim hdcdlrnmn ditrd cas màns < y = md `nya di Uncdihgn par dc s`gnc md Dmfdccaim: uin haivdihgøi haiv dihgøi n cn qud nhumgdrai hnsg >22 pdrsains, di cnss qud fu cn fula la ha haie iedr drdi dihg hgns ns,, tn tnccccdr drds ds,, hfn fnrrcn cnss, nhtgvgmnmds, `úsghn, lngcd, haihursas y ui sgieài md nhtgvgmnmds. Dc s`gnc md Dmfdccaim ia qugsa lnjnr dc rgt`a md nhtgvgmnm, y mdc <8 n <; md juiga arknigzø uin sd`nin td`îtghn ]acogdi di dc Hditra @uighgpnc \ussnen di Uncdi dihhgn. Fula haiedr drddihgns ns,, praydhhgaids, judkas, dxpasghgaids y tnccdrds pnrn cas `îs pdqudþas. Ditrd cns praydhhgaids sd puma mgserutnr md ui pnr md harta`dtrnjds n`lgditnmas di cn ]gdrrn @dmgn ( Lari ae Fapd y ]fd fuit ear Kaccu`), ui mahu`ditnc salrd ]acogdi y ui harta lnsnma di cn gcustrnhgaids mdc nrtgstn Cugs Knis. \dsp \d spdht dhtaa n cn cnss hai haied edrd rdihg ihgns ns,, sd pr prds dsdi ditnr tnrai ai cn cnss jarinmns knstraiø`ghns di taria n ]acogdi y cn ]gdrrn @dmgn, sd fgza ui rdpnsa n cn cgtdrnturn enitîstghn qud prdhdmgø n ]acogdi, sd rdpnsø su vgmn y dc prahdsa hrdntgva md sus alrns, y sd fgza ui rdharrgma salrd cn n`gstnm ditrd ]acogdi y Cdwgs, y cn giecudihgn `utun qud tuvgdrai di sus alrns. Dc s`gnc md Hudrinvgccn npravdhfø dc ha`gdiza mdc vdrnia pnrn hacnlarnr dc màn <5 md juiga hai dc Hn`pn`dita Gienitgc Juni Rnlca GG. Unrgas sahgas mdcc s` md s`gnc gnc rd rdnc ncgz gznr nrai ai ui uinn vg vgsg sgtn tn nc hn` hn`pn` pn`dit ditaa sgtunma di Ugccnhaidjas md ]rnlnqud (Hudihn), huyn pdhucgnrgmnm pdhucgn rgmnm drn cn n`lgdit n`lgditnhgøi nhgøi di dc `uima md Dc Fallgt . Xd rdhrdø cn Euimnhgøi md Hudrinvgccn, di cn qud dc Xdþar md cn Eartncdzn ta`ø jurn`dita n cas igþas pnrn ia`lrnrcas hnlnccdras. N haitgiunhgøi, dc prdsgmditd mdc s`gnc mga uin lrdvd hfnrcn nhdrhn md J.\.\. ]acogdi, cn ]gdrrn @dmgn y cns rnzns qud cn fnlgtni. ]n`lgçi sd mga cdhturn n cn Mdhcnrnhgøi
5;
@d`argn md nhtgvgmnmds md cn X]D (<2>=)
Tigvdrsnc md cas Mdrdhfas md cas Fallgts y, trns uins hnihgaids, vgia dc pcnta eudrtd md cn vdcnmn: cdht cd htur urns ns mr mrn` n`nt ntgz gznm nmns ns md cn ccccdk dknm nmnn n cn hns hnsnn md Ldari y dc dihuditra hai cas trds traccs. W sgi mdjnr n cas fallgts, dc <2 md sdptgd`lrd dc s`gnc md Cørgdi arknigzø mgvdrsns nhtgvgmnmds pnrn hai`d`arnr dc hu`pcdnþas md Lgcla y Erama di cn Lglc Lg lcga gatd tdhn hn Ni Nita taig igaa @n @nrtà rtàii (R (Rrn rntt md Cc Ccalr alrdk dknt nt,, Lnrhdcain), hai tnccdrds md dshrgturn çceghn, cdhturns mrn`ntgznmns, cn praydhhgøi mdc egc` Lari ae Fapd y y fnstn uin tnrtn md hu`pcdnþas y `drdimacn. Npdins uias màns mdspuçs cas sahgas mdc s`gnc md cn Hgçinkn md cas @udrtas hacnlarnrai di dc GG Edstgvnc md Enitnsàn md Eudicnlrnmn (@nmrgm) cas màn ànss <5 y <; md sd sdpt ptgd gd`l `lrrd. Xd g` g`pn pnrt rtgø gø ui uinn haiedrdihgn hditrnmn di cn egkurn md Hfrgstapfdr ]acogdi, dmgtar md `uhfns md cns alrns md su pnmrd qud haiahd`as fay di màn. Xd nincgzø su egkurn mdsmd uin pdrspdhtgvn hràtgha-cgtdrnrgn y sd mdlntgø su pnpdc di cn dmghgøi y trnisear`nhgøi md tdxtas tncds ha`a Dc Xgc`nrgccgai, Cas fgjas md Fúrgi a cns sdrgds md cglras md Cn fgstargn md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn y Cn fgstargn md Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas. Cass ma Ca mass pr prg` g`dr dras as mà màns ns md ia iavg vgd` d`lr lrdd ia iass trnjdrai cns U Jarinmns Knstraiø`ghns di taria n ]acogdi y cn ]gdrrn @dmgn (Xnkuita, Uncdihgn), di cn qudd sa qu sahga hgass md mdcc s` s`gn gncc md Dm Dmfdc fdccai caimm hac hacnl nlar arnr nrai ai iudvn`ditd hai cn ]nvdrin md cn Xdrp pnrn trndr cn ]gdrrn @dmgn n iudstras dstø`nkas. Murnitd dstns jarinmns sd pralnrai cas snlards md Dc Fallgt y y Dc Xdþar md cas Nigccas, nyumnima n sditgrsd ha`a ui fall fa llgt gt di ca cass la lasq squd udss md Gt Gtfg fgcgcgdi di,, ha haia iahd hdrr n Hdlnmgccn @nitdhain di Dc Raidy Rgsnmar a sdr ui givgtnma dspdhgnc di hnsn md ]a` La`lnmgc. ]n`lgçi sd hd hdccdlr lrøø dc pr prgg`dr Haihur urssa Inhgainc md Cd`lns, di dc qud cas pnrtghgpnitds mgdrai n pralnr su vdrsgøi mdc pni mdc hn`gia md cas dceas, vncarîimasd dc snlar y cn prdsditnhgøi. Ha`a prd`ga sd gihcuydrai mas ditrnmns pnrn cn praaydh pr dhhg hgøi øi ds dspd pdhg hgnc nc pn pnrn rn cn Xa Xahg hgdm dmnm nm ]ac acog ogdi di Dspnþa Dsp nþacn cn md Dc Fa Fall llgt gt:: Cn ln lntn tncc ccnn md ca cass hg hgih ihaa djçrhgtas di Ogidpacgs Uncdihgn. Dc `ds md iavgd`lrd tn`lgçi eud tdstgka md cns hcîs hc îsgh ghns ns ja jari rinm nmns ns md ju judk dkas as «I «Iu` u`di diar ar^u ^uds dst¿ t¿,, arknigznmns dc màn 7 par dc s`gnc md Iú`diar di dc hditra hucturnc ]rdhd \asns md @nmrgm, nchniznima su sçptg`n dmghgøi.
56
Rnrn tdr`ginr dc `ds md iavgd`lrd, mdc <6 nc 82 dc s`gnc md ]ac Drdssïn hacnlarø di dc praydhta >=4: hai ui tnccdr md dshrgturn çceghn y rúighn Dpgsamga G hai dinin. Dstn haivdihgøi haivdihgøi md enitns enitnsàn àn y hgdihg hgdihgnn eghhgøi sd hdcdlrø di dc Fatdc Fargzaitd @nccarhn. W ccdkø dc puditd md mghgd`lrd y cas s`gncds md Ofnznm-mÿ` y ]ac Drdssïn arknigznrai di Znrnkazn cn Haivdihgøi niunc md cn X]D (DstdcHai), md cas màns 4 n 6 mdc dstd `ds. Ha`a ds fnlgtunc fula iu`drasns nhtgvgmnmds ha`a haiedrdihgns, cdhturns md huditas, pfatahncc , tnccdrds md tgra hai nrha, md dshrgturn, judkas, lngcd, nrtdsniàns, praydhhgaids y alrns md tdntra, y pnrn tdr`ginr hdin md kncn y cn hdrd`aign md hcnusurn hai cn ditrdkn md cas prd`gas md rdcnta y disnya md cn X]D. Mdc 5 nc 6 md mghgd`lrd vnrgas sahgas md cn X]D mdc s`gnc md Cørgdi hacnlarnrai hai cn @G\Hai/Fgspnhai di @aithnmn (Lnrhdcain) hai ui stnim md md cn X]D y uin hfnrcn md Mnigdc @ardrn tgtucnmn ]acogdi y dc «past-dstruhturncgs`a¿. W pnrn tdr`ginr dc nþa y hai `atgva mdc dstrdia md cn úctg`n pdcàhucn md cn trgcakàn md Dc Fallgt (Cn (Cn lntn ln tnccccnn md ca cass hg hgih ihaa dj djçr çrhg hgta tas) s),, sd ar arkn knig igzn znrrai nhtgvgmnmds dspdhgncds di Lnrhdcain y Uncdihgn. Di Uncdihg hgnn sd `aitø di Ogidp dpaacgs uin dxpasghgøi md trnjds md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn, di cns vgtrgins nc pgd md cns dshncdrns md cas hgids, y dc egi md sd`nin mdc dstrdia (>7, <2 y <> md mghgd`lrd) fula ui stnim md md cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi hai giear`nhgøi y rdkn rd knca cas, s, `ús `úsghn ghn di mg mgrd rdht htaa md ca cass kru krupas pas hdc hdctn tnss Giidr Gii drcnim cnimss y [fg [fgstcg stcgik ik ]fg ]fgdv dvds, ds, pfatahncc pnrn eatak ea takrne rnegnrs gnrsdd hai pdrs pdrsain ainjds jds md cn ]g ]gdrr drrnn @dm @dmgn, gn, n`lg n` lgdi ditn tnhg hgøi øi `u `usg sghn hncc y ha haii g` g`îk îkdi dids ds md cn cnss pdcàhucns, dshrgturn md ia`lrds di ruins dinins, tnld tn ldri rinn ha haii hn hntn tn md vg vgia ia ds dspd pdhg hgnm nma, a, y nc ncku kuin inss nhtgvgmnmds y sarprdsns `îs. Di Lnrhdcain, di cas hgids Xpcnu, fula ui stnim md cn Xahgdmnm ]acogdi hai giear`nhgøi, dxpasghgøi md aljdtas y rdkncas, pfatahncc hai hai pdrsainjds md cn ]gdrrn @dmgn, y dshrgturn md ia`lrds di ruins dinins. W par úctg`a, dc >7 md mghgd`lrd, cas sahgas Nurdn y @niudc Hdedrgia mdc s`gnc md Cørgdi nhumgdrai n uin ditrdvgstn di 6]U hai `atgva mdc dstrdia md cn pdcàhucn md Dc Fallgt , maimd dxpusgdrai su puita md vgstn salrd cn pdcàhucn.
Mgrdhhgaids HA@GXGØI RD\@NIDI]D: Jasuç Ens Dshalnr «Fgiumdi¿ Rrdsgmditd: Ughdprdsgmditd: \ulçi Lrgaikas Kgc «Lncgi md G`cnmrgs¿ Xdhrdtnrga: Jarkd Ramdr Ramdrasa asa Xdlnstgîi «La`lur¿ ]dsardra: Kugccd` Ldrint \uccîi «Lara`gr¿ Jarmg Lashf @nsn «U «Udstrg¿ dstrg¿ Uahncds: Xaign @arncds Hnlnccdra «Nctîrgdc¿ Mnigdc Rrnma Edriîimdz «Tc`a¿ Jarkd ^ugitnin Lcniha «Gccugi¿ @øighn Xniz \amràkudz «Egimÿrgdc¿ [dl`nstdr: Dic icnh nhdd Lg Lglc lcga gattdh dhn: n: Dmgtar md Dstdc : Dicnhd md prdisn:
Jarmg Lashf @nsn «Udstrg¿ Mnig Mn igdc dc @a @arrdr drnn Xh Xhfu fucctd tdss «W «Wc` c`ggr¿ Ern rnih ihgs gsha ha Xa Xacgcgvvn Kn Knrh rhàn àn «C «Cør ørgi gica car¿ r¿ @øighn Xniz \amràkudz «Egimÿrgdc¿
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wdl`nstdrBsahgdmnmtacogdi.ark lglc lg lcga gattdh dhnB nBsa sahg hgdm dmnm nmttac acog ogdi di.a .arrk dstdcBsahgdmnmtacogdi.ark prdisnBsahgdmnmtacogdi.ark
HA@GXGAIDX:
Nrtdsniàn: Judkas: Cdikuns: Cgtdrnturn: @úsghn y lngcds:
\ahàa Hnþdra Rudrta «Nrwdi Timø`gdc¿ Jani Krdkarg Lnkur «Xgcvditgigdc Mrnhmnrkdit¿ Fdcgas Md \asnrga @nrtàidz «G`rnfgc¿ @gkudc Invnrra «Fdc`¿ @drhfd @ardt \agk «Dírgdc¿
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X@GNCDX: @aitnrnz - Xahgas sgi X`gnc Ldcdkast - Uncdihgn Hudrinvgccn - Hudihn Dmfdccaim - Uncdihgn Kaimacgi - Rn`p Rn`pcain cain Fn``a - @nmrgm G`cnmrgs - Unccnmacgm Ofnz Of nznm nm-m -mÿ` ÿ` - Zn Znrn rnka kazn zn Cn hgçinkn hgçinkn md cas `udrtas - Kdtned Kdtned Cørgdi - Lnrhdcain @gtfcaim - Dchfd Iú`diar - @nmrgm Aramrugi - \gvns Unhgn`nmrgm Unhgn`nmrgm Rdc dcnr nrkg kgrr - Xd Xdvg vgccccnn ]ac Dr Drddss ssïn ïn - @n @ncc ccar arhhn T`lnr - Hnrtnkdin
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«Ldawucece y dc mrnkøi¿, par Gkinhga Cøpdz Hnstdccnias «Ldawu
Kdkrçttd ò î ku` ku`din din kdf kdfwyc wychid hid,, fwntd fdc`l fdc`ldrdim drdim fgimd fgimd`ni `ni sà òd, swǰsd kdsà òns: –Iacm –Iacmdd gh swdar swdarm m ldrn ldrni, i, wǰpdi tø wyr wyr`d, `d, kge gh wgs wgstd td fú wgò òî` îkcǰhdn hdni i dcc dccds ds `dn `dnftd ftd kycpd wgòkrà kràpni pni,, sw swîî gh kgø wgò Krdimcd mymd. Nh gh ò nçr fdnòue ðrd rdss fî fîtds tds wç wçid id,, rçòds aim fnt fnttrd trds? s? earòai gh `ç ai fneu larm aim lyrin lyrini. i. Idccd gh ldar ldarkds kds wdnr wdnrm m aedrecçõi aedre cçõi eøtds trd`, nh uih shdnc wdaròni åt wdnc wdnccd cd swî uih wyrm kdtçaò, @dtam `niin kdfwå kdfwås. s. Gh da` ai `ømd ecakni kni kyc kycp p aed aedrs rsgttd gttd.‐ .‐ ùåt gh wgò ùaid kúòeca
Wn pnrn sgd`p sgd`prd rd mdspuçs mdspgmgø mdspgmgøsd sd md tamas sus fa`lr fa`lrds, ds, md cn trapn qudrgmn dqugpnmnn hai ydc` dqugpnm ydc`as: as: «R «Rar ar cn sgdrpd ia gràn hai fgdr fgdrra ra y hai hai nr` nr`ns ns sg søca supg supgdsd dsd md quç atrn `nidr `nidrnn pamràn vdi vdihdr hdr.. ha`a fghd hai Krçi Krçimdc, mdc, nc fasha mrnk mrnkøi? øi? pdra nfarn `d nkunr nkunrmni mni sus hîcgmns ccn`ns y pútrgma ncgdit ncgdita, a, y par dcca `d hulr hulraa hai hatn y dshuma. dshuma. Ia fd md mnr nitd dc `aistrua ig ui pnsa fnhgn ntrîs ntrîs.. Iudst Iudstrn rn cuhfn mdhgmn di ca nct nctaa mdc mdc rgs rgsha ha dc mdstg mdstgia ia qud rgk rgkdd y kalgdri kalgdrinn n cas fa`lr fa`lrds. ds. @d gihgtn cn eurgn: md`arnr`d md`ar nr`d ia qugdr qugdraa niuihgn niuihgnima ima su egi.¿ ]rnm rnm.. Cugs Cdrntd y Jdsús Cdrntd, «Ldawuce y atras pad`ns nikcasnjaids¿, Ncgnizn Dmgtargnc, >777
