I.
Introduction We know plant is grouped to be plant dicotyledon and monocotyledon. This group be subdivided according to morphologist can showed with a seed cchip sum diference, rood/radik type, armouring type, and and segm segmen entt with with the the bran branch chin ing. g. Besi Beside des s dife diferrence ence acco accord rdin ing g to morpho morpholog logies ies,, we can ound ound also also difere diference nce anatom anatomica ically lly in each each plant plant organ. or tha that neces ecess sary ary presum esumab ably ly we study tudy how how anat anatom omic ical al composition each plant organ dicotyledon and monocotyledon.
II.
!roblems ". #ow does does the shape shape and parts rom rom tissue tissue compose composers rs o cell onion epidermis $ Allium Allium cepa%& cepa%& '. #ow does does tiss tissue ue compo composit sition ion and and corn corn leaf/folium organ leaf/folium organ composers tissue modi(cation kind $ Zea mays% mays% or monocotyledon and rubber plant lea/olium $Ficus $Ficus elastica%& elastica%& ). What What is a defe deferrence ence betw betwee een n comp compos oser ers s tiss tissue ue o lea lea/ /ol oliu ium m monocotyledon and dicotyledon& *. #ow does does tissue tissue compo composit sition ion and corn corn stem/ stem/caulis caulis organ organ composers tissue tissue $ Zea Zea mays%or mays%or dicotyledone and peanut stem/caulis stem/c aulis $ Arachis Arachis hypogea% hypogea% or +arak stem $Ricinus $Ricinus communis% communis% or dicotyledone& . What hat is a dif diferen erence ce betw betwee een n stem/ tem/c cauli aulis s comp compos oser ers s tisuu isuue e monocotyledon and dicotyledon&
III.
-b+ectives ". To under nderst stan and d the the shape hape and and cell cell part parts s o epid epider ermi mis s tis tissue composers in llium cepa. '. To unders understan tand d variou various s tissue tissue and various various o modi(c modi(cati ation on in corn corn lea/olium organ compose tissue $ea mays% or monocotyledon and rubber lea/olium $icus $icus elastica%. ). To under underst stan and d the the difer diferen ence ces s comp compos ose e tiss tissue ue mono monoco coty tyled ledon on lea/olium organ and dicotyledone. *. To under nders stand and vari variou ous s comp compo ose tiss issue corn orn stem orga organ n or monoco monocoty tyle le and peanut stem $ rachi rachis s hypoge hypogea% a% or +arak +arak stem stem $0icinus comunis% or dicotyledone. . To unde unders rsta tand nd dife difere renc nces es comp compos ose e tiss tissue ue mono monoco coty tyle ledo don n stem stem organ and dicotyledon.
I1.
2iterature . 2ea / olium -rgan 2ea/olium anatomy structure that watched microscopicaily in dismemberment has crossing as ollows3 ". 4pidermis Tissue 4pidermis shaped one cell layer which cell wall was e5periences thickened rom substance o kutin $cuticle% or sometmes rom lignin. In epidermis has ound stomata $lea/olum mouth% that 6anked by two casing cells. 7tomata there located in surace on or e5ample in plant 6oating the lea/olium $in lotus lea/olium%, there on the surace o under and there also ound at second lea/olium surace $on and under%. icus plants has epidermis structured on two cell layers. 4pidermis also can correlating modi(cation be trichome and an cell. Tricome come rom e5trusion epidermis. Trichome can ormed hair, thorn, bubble or tube. The unction o trichome is protected and bounce back sunlight radiation. $ 7yamsuri I, '88)%. '. 9esophyl tissue 9esophyl consist o cells parenchyma structured so that many ound space beetwen o cell. Inma+ority plant dicotyledon mesophyl diferentiation be pole tissue $palosade% and sponge, while plant monocotyledon not diferentiation. Tissue cells palisade in dicotyledon ormed cylinder, tight compiled, and contain chlorophyll, usually only ound on the suraceunder the epidermis cells, but also there ound at second surace and that called isobilateral. 7ponge tissue cells is compiled on cells its or both regular, correlating branches and ull chloroplast and the cell composition rather distant. $ 9aryanti 7, "::;3)* % ). Transport bundle Transport bundle $5ilem and phloem% has ound at lea/olium bone and has composition likes the stem/caulis, although not or the width o ound on stick. It
. 7tem -rgan 7tem/ caulis anatomy structure not difer ar with root/radi5. The structure diference in root/radi5 ound endodermis in stem/caulis and while not ound in endodermis. 7tem/caulis composers layer rom outside into shall be as ollows3 ". 4pidermis Tissue epidemis compiled by single layer cell, tight compiled, without space between o cell, the cell wall outside has ound cuticule that unctioned to protect a stem/caulis rom lose o water too much. In old wood plant that ound cork cambium that replace primary tissue unction. =ork cambium activities split up at outside rom phelem and up at in rom pheloderm. !helem will orm lenticel that unctioned or gas transer.$Tim penyusun, '88)% '. =orte5 =orte5 compiled by several cell layers parenchya, which both regular and has a thin wall, many spaces between cell ound a collenchyma and schlerenchim with that unctioned as contributor and body lasting, corte5 cell hal in that contain amilum that called phloeterma $6our cover%. ). 7tele $=entral cylinder% 7tele in part o inmost rom stick. t the outside layer rom o cylinder center is limitted by pericycle or parenchyma. The stele is composed by 5ylem, phloem,vascular cambium,pith. In plant dicotyledon side part stele limited by 9eristem tissue, that is cambium, in monootyledon not ound cambium. =ambium lay between transport bundle with parenchyma called vascular cambium., while the cambium lay between transport bundle is called cambium intravascular. Transport bundle monocotyledon the location widespread not regular. 4ach transport bundle in monocotyledon repasked transport bundle cover. #ile transport bundle structure dicotyledon e>ual to rood/radi5 monocotyledon that still young, that is rom regular circle.$?. !ratiwi,"::;3)
1.
#ypothesis ". =ells be composed epdermis tissue llium cepa has shape like a beam and that parts will consist o cell wall, cytoplasm and nucleus. '. 1arious tissue and various o modi(cation in orn lea/olium organ compose tissue $ea mays% or monocotyledon and rubber lea/olium $icus elastica% are epidermis tissue, mesophyl tissue and transport bundle. ). The diference compses tissue monocotyledon lea/olium organ and dicotyledon are in ma+ority plant dicotyledon mesophyl diferentiaton be pole tissue $palisade% and sponge, while plant monocotyledon not diferentiation. *. 1arious compose tissue corn stem organ or monocotyle and panut stem $rachis hypogea% or +arak stem $0icins comunis% or dicotyledon are epidermis, core5, stele $central cylinder%. . ?iferences compose tissue monocotyledon stem organ and dicotyledon are in plant dicotyledon side part stele limited by meristem tissue, that is cambium, in monocotyledon not ound cambium.
1I.
Tools and materials Tools3 a. 9icroscope and tools b. 0a@or c. -b+ect glass and cover glass d. Twee@ers
9aterials3 ". 2ea/olium and stem/caulis o peanut or +arak '. !lant rubber lea/olium or banyan $icus elastica%
). -nion tuber $llium cepa% *. !otato or =arrot
1II. Working !rocedure ". 4pidermis preparate o llium =epa a. Break the tuber o llium cepaake a depth part o membrane b. !ut above mentioned membrane ob+ect $don
'. =ross pro(le preparate o icus elastic lea/olium organ and lea/olium o corn plant $ea mays% a. Take a leafolium o icus elastica or another lea/olium and cut o the si@e 'cm A ' cm. b. 9ake potato slice or carrot o the si@e ) cm A ) cm A * cm and then incise one part o the side in ", cm. c. Insert the icus 4lastica lea/olium or another lea/oum in toes potato notch or carrot, cut the lea/olium so that 6at with potato surace carrot. d. 9ake lea/olium cross section as thin as may be by using ra@or blade $to get thin result instructs dismemberment to you your body% e. !ut thin lea/olium cros section in ob+ect glass and drip the water and closed with cover glass. .
!erceive with microscope with weak magni(cation and when less clear use strong magni(cation.
g. When does it
h. When does microscope observation result it
). 2engthwise pro(le preparate o corn lea/olium $ea mays% a. Take a lea/olium o ea mays and bandage at one o your (nger. b. =ut a slice o surace part on lea/olium as thin as. c. !ut above mantioned slice on ob+ect glass and drip water driblet and close with cover glass. d. !erceive with microscope with a weak magni(cation then it was with strong magni(cation.
*. =ross pro(le preparate o corn stem/caulis plant $ea mays% and peanut stem/caulis plant $rachis hypogea% or stic +arak plant $0icinus communis% a. Take a corn or stem/caulis peanut and make cross section as thin as. b. !ut above mentioned stem/caulis slice on ob+ect glass and drip the water driblet by using pipette at cover with cover glass. c. !erceive with microscope with a weak magni(cation then it was with strong magni(cation. d. 9ake a picture rom your observation result and give e5planation in part o that picture.
1III.
-bervation 0esult
IA.
?iscussion ". !reparat epidermis lium cepa 7etalah diamati, pada bagian epidermis llium cepa terdapat bagianbagian yang mampunyai ungsi masingmasing. Bagiab bagian tersebut akan di +elaskan di bawah ini beserta ungsi dan peranannya. a. ?inding sel Berungsi sebagai pelindung sel atau pembatas sel. 7elain itu +uga sebagai tempat pertukaran @at $osmosis, diusi% reseptor dari rangsangan luar. b. 7itoplasma ungsi utama dari sitiplasma adalah sebagai pengatur kekentalan, pembentukan barang spindel, mikrotubulus, mio(bril dan keratin. 7itoplasma ini tersusun atas beberapa unsur penyususn yaitu3 nutrien, ion,en@im,garam,air dan mol organik. Wu+ud dari sitoplasma ada yag lembek dan ada yang cair. c. Inti sel $nukleus% Inti sel adalag bagian yang paling penting pada suatu sel, karena ia mempunyai ungsi yang sangat penting pula, yaitu sebagai pembawa ?C dan 0C. d. 0uang ntar 7el ?alam epidermis llium cepa ada ruang atau rongga antar sel yang disebut ruang antar sel.
?ari pengamatan epidermis llium cepa yang dilakukan menggunakan mikroskop dan membandingkan dengan gambar dari internet, dapat diketahui bahwa bentuk dari selsel epidermis llium cepa adalah berbentuk balokbalok tersusun seperti batu bata.
'. !reparat !enampang melintang icus elastica 7etelah diamati, bagianbagian dari penampang melintang icus elastica adalah3
a. Dutikula 2apisan lilin yang melapisi epidermis. b. 4pidermis ?alam penampangmelintang daun icus elastica terdapat dua lapisan +aringan epidermis. Eaitu epidermis atas dan epidermis bawah. Faringan epidermis pada daun icus 4lastica termodi(kasi men+adi beberapa bagaian, yaitu kutikula yang menyebabakan permukaan daun icus 4lastica men+adi keras dan 7tomata atau mulut daun yang berungsi untuk otosintesis. c. Faringan 9eso(l Faringan dasar daun icus elastica tersusun oleh selsel parenkim yang terdeensiasi men+adi3 !alisaden3 yang berbentuk 9emngandung banyak kloroplas.
seperti
pagar
bertingkat.
7pons3 terdapat berkas pengankut, pada spons terdapat kloroplas namun tidak terlalu banyak. Faringan ini +uga disebut +aringan bunga karang. d. Berkas pengankut Terletak antara +aringan spons, terdiri dari 6oem dan 5ilem yang melinkar.
). !reparat !enampang 9elintang ?aun ea 9ays 7ecara garis besar daun selalu terdiri dari +aringan epidermis, daging daun $meso(l% dan berkas pengangkut. 4pidermis daun memiliki banyak variasi bentuk dan derivatnya. !ada kenampakan melintang, sel epidermis daun yang terletak paling luar dilapisi oleh selapis kutikula. 9eso(l daun yang terdiri dari sel sel parenkim, pada tumbuhan monokotil tidak di+umpai adanya diferensiasi spons parenkim dan parenkim palisade seperti halnya pada daun tumbuhan dikotil. !ada parenkim meso(l banyak ditemukan variasi sel parenkim seperti misalnya3 sel minyak dan sel lendir, demikian pula banyak ditemukan ergastik sel. !ada kebanyakan ibu tulang daun, berkas pengangkut masih mengikuti tipe berkas pengangkut batangnya.Ailem dan 6oem terdapat pada tulang daun. a. Trikoma
7elsel epidermis yang berbentuk berupa rambut yang menon+ol ke arah luar. Berperan dalam penyerapan air dan garam mineral. b. 7el kipas 9erupakan alat tambahan pada epidermis bagian atas yang berungsi sebagai penyimapan air. Bila ter+adi penguapan yang relati besar, sel kipas akan mengempis sehingga daun akan menggulung untuk mengurai penguapan lebih lan+ut. c. 4pidermis Bagian epidermis pada daun ea 9ays terdapat dua, yaitu epidermis atas dan epidermis bawah. !ada epidermis yang terdapat trikoma adalah bagian epidermis atas, sedangkan epidermis yang terdapat sel kipas adalah epidermis bawah. d. Faringan meso(l !ada tumbuhan monokotil ini +aringan meso(lnya tidak terdeerensial. #anya terdiri dari +aringan spons yang berbentuk melingkar dan mengandung kloroplas untuk otosintesis. e. Berkas pengangkut Terdapat pada bagian +aringan meso(l yang terdiri dari 6oem dan 5ilem yang melingkar. .
7tomata 2ubang atau tempat keluar masuknya gasgas dalam tumbuhan.
*. !reparat !enampang Bu+ur daun ea 9ays ?ilakukan pengamatan daun ea mays secara membu+ur untuk mengamati stomata. a. ?inding 7el Berungsi untuk melindungi selsel. b. 7el !enutup ?isebut +uga sebagai sel pen+aga. 7el ini berisikan kloroplas yang berungsi untuk otosintesis. c. =elah 7tomata Terletak diantara sel pen+aga.
. !reparat !enampang melintang batang ea 9ays a. 4pidermis !ada batang tumbuhan monokitil lebih tebal dari dikotil. Terdapat penyimpan berupa tidak terlibatnya stomata dan bulu halus pada epidermis. b. Berkas pengankut Berupa 5ilem dan 6oem yang meligkar.
G. !reparat penampang melintang batang rachis hypogea a. 4pidermis !ada tumbuhan dikotil ini batangnya terdiri dari selapis tipis sel pipih yang tersusun rapat. 4pidermis berungsi melindungi +aringan yang ada di dalam batang. b. Dorteks Terletak pad abawah epidermis, yang terdiri dari3 Dlorenkim3 satu sel parenkim yang berkelompok dan men+adi pemisah stele dengan korteks. #ipodermis3 berada di bagian bawah epidermis. c. 7tele Terdapat pada bagian paling dalam $endodermis%. Darena tumbuhan ini merupakan tumbuhan dikotil, maka seharusnya berkas pengangkutnay tersusun melingkar empulur. !ada tumbuhan ini ditemukan berkas pengangkut berupa 5ilem, 6oem, +ari+ari empulur.
!ada saat melakukan percobaan ini. Terdapat beberapa masalah yang men+adi kendala, yaitu sulitnya memotong preparat denag tipis atau pemotongan kurang sempurna. 7ehingga, ob+ek pun susah untuk diamati.
A.
=onclution ". =ells be composed epdermis tissue llium cepa has shape like a beam and that parts will consist o cell wall, cytoplasm, nucleus and space between cell. '. 1arious tissue and various o modi(cation in orn lea/olium organ compose tissue $ea mays% or monocotyledon and rubber lea/olium $icus elastica% are epidermis tissue, mesophyl tissue and transport bundle. ). The diference compses tissue monocotyledon lea/olium organ and dicotyledon are in ma+ority plant dicotyledon mesophyl diferentiaton be pole tissue $palisade% and sponge, while plant monocotyledon not diferentiation. *. 1arious compose tissue corn stem organ or monocotyle and panut stem $rachis hypogea% or +arak stem $0icins comunis% or dicotyledon are epidermis, corte5, stele $central cylinder%. . ?iferences compose tissue monocotyledon stem organ and dicotyledon are in plant dicotyledon side part stele limited by meristem tissue, that is cambium, in monocotyledon not ound cambium.
AI.
0eerence
7usilowarno, 0. Hunawan. ?DD. '88;. Biologi 79 ntuk 79/9 kelas AI. Hrasindo.Fakarta.
Eogyakarta, '88: 9engetahui, Huru !embimbing
!raktikan
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Fuli
