SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION GERENCIAL II - TOMA DE DECISIONES

Fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq bn fh bkwrbqh

\BKH 2.+ FH \IKH LB LBA@Q@INBQ LB FH BKW_BQH 2.8.+ Fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq. Ain|`nrhkbn|b& fhq wbqinhq lbobn bfbj` bn|b th`hq iwaìnbq hxrbffh xrb ainq`lbhn kèq aintbn`bn|b. Bq lba`& chn lb |ikh jhn ahn|`lhl lb lba`qìnbq bn qr t`lh ai|`l`hnh& bn khpi i kbni jhli `kwi|hn|bq& h fh tb} xrb dèa`fbq i l`dëa`fbq lb hliw|h bn drna`ñn lb fhq ainqbarbna`hq i bqrf|hliq lb`thliq lb ahlh rnh lb bffhq.

Bq wiqòfb |hqfhlh bq|b wfhn|bhk`bn|i jbnbhf hf èko`|i lb fh bkwbqh. Fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq hohah h fhq arh|iq drnaìnbq hlk`n`q|h|`thq& hqë fiq hlk`n`q|hlibq arhnli wfhnbhn& ijhn`}hn& ainlrabn p ain|ifhn& qb fbq lbnik`nh ain dbarbna`h fiq xrb |ikhn fhq lba`qìnbq.

Hcih o`bn= ¹xrà qb bn|`bnlb wi lba`l`9 Qachaefb lbd`nb fh lba`q`ñn aiki rn ai|b bn|b bf whqhli p bf dr|ri. I|iq hr|ibq lbd`nbn fh lba`q`ñn aiki fh bfbaa`ñn bn|b th`hq hf|bnh|`thq wiqòfbq& |bn`bnli bn arbn|h fh f`k`|ha`ñn lb barqiq p ain bf èn`ki lb ainqbjr` hfjýn bqrf|hli lbqbhli.

Aiki |ikh rnh lba`q`ñn qrwinb bqaijb fh kbmi hf|bnh|`th lb bn|b fhq wiqòfbq& qb nbabq`|h `ndikha`ñn qiob ahlh rnh lb bq|hq hf|bnh|`thq p qrq ainqbarbna`hq bqwba|i h nrbq|i iomb|`ti. Fh `kwi|hna`h lb fh `ndikha`ñn bn fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq lba`qìnbq xrblh wh|bn|b bn fh lbd`nà`ñn lb lba`q`ñn wiwrbq|h wi Dibq|b& bn|bnl`bnli wi bq|h /bf wiabqi lb |hnqdikha`ñn lb fh `ndikha`ñn `ndikha`ñn bn haa`ñn/.

Fh

`ndikha`ñn bq fh kh|b`h w`kh& bf `nwr| lb fh lba`q`ñn& p rnh tb} |h|hlh hlbarhlhkbn|b lbn|i lbf wiabqi lb fh |ikh lb lba`q`ñn qb io|`bnb aiki ir|wr| fh haa`ñn h bmbar|h. Fh bhf`}ha`ñn lb fh haa`ñn bfbj`lh jbnbh nrbth `ndikha`ñn xrb qb `n|bjhè h fh `ndikha`ñn bs`q|bn|b whh qbt` lb ohqb h rnh nrbth lba`q`ñn i`jbn lb rnh nrbth haa`ñn p hqë qrabq`thkbn|b. \ili bffi lbo`li h rnh lb fhq ahha|bëq|àhq lb fiq q`q|bkhq aòbnà|àiq xrb bq fh b|ihf`kbn|ha`ñn i Dbbl+ohae.

LBA@Q@ÑN

HAA@ÑN

@NDI_KHA@ÑN

Dblohae

Kbnjr}}h|i p _bnhr& #80085 wèj <<)

8


Fb Ki`jnb lbd`nb bf |àk`ni lba`l` aiki `lbn|`dàh p bqiftb fiq wiofbkhq xrb qb fb wbqbn|h h |ilh ijhn`}ha`ñn. Wi |hn|i& bf lbqbnahlbnhn|b lbf wiabqi lb |ikh lb lba`qìnbq bq fh bs`q|bna`h lb rn wiofbkh& wbi ¹arènli bs`q|b rn wiofbkh9 Whh Crob bs`q|`è rn wiofbkh arhnli chp l`dbbna`h bn|b fh q`|rha`ñn bhf p fh q`|rha`ñn lbqbhlh. Fh qifra`ñn lbf wiofbkh wrblb wrblb ainq`q|` bn kil`dàh rnh r i|h q`|rha`ñn& wi bffi qb wrblb lbd`n` aiki bf wiabqi ainqa`bn|b lb blra` fh l`dbbna`h bn|b hkohq q`|rhaìnbq.

Jbbnziil hd`kh xrb fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq whh fh hlk`n`q|ha`ñn bxr`thfb bqbna`hfkbn|b h fh bqifra`ñn lb wiofbkhq bkwbqh`hfbq. Fiq l`hjnñq|àiq lb wiofbkhq& fhq oýqxrblhq p fhq bthfrhaìnbq lb hf|bnh|`thq p fh bfbaa`ñn d`nhf lb rnh lba`q`ñn& ainq|`|rpbn fhq b|hwhq oèqàhq bn bf wiabqi lb |ikh lb lba`qìnbq p bqifra`ñn lb wiofbkhq. w iofbkhq.

2.8.8. B|hwhq bn bf wriabqi lb |ikh lb lba`qìnbq Wi fi jbnbhf cbkiq lbd`n`li fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq aiki fh ‖qbfbaa`ñn bn|b hf|bnh|`thq. Bq|h khnbh lb ainq`lbh fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq bq ohq|hn|b q`kwf`q|h& wixrb fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq bq rn wiabqi bn frjh lb rn q`kwfb ha|i lb bqaijb bn|b l`dbbn|bq hf|bnh|`thq. Fh d`jrh q`jr`bn|b niq krbq|h bf wiabqi lb |ikh lb lba`qìnbq aiki rnh qb`b lb iaci whqiq xrb aik`bn}h ain fh `lbn|`dàha`ñn lbf wiofbkh& fiq whqiq whh qbfbaaình rnh hf|bnh|`th xrb wrblh bqiftb bf wiofbkh& p ainafrpbn ain fh bthfrha`ñn lb fh bdàha`h lb fh lba`q`ñn. Bq|b wiabqi qb wrblb hwfàh |hn|i h qrq lba`qìnbq wbqinhfbq aiki h rnh haa`ñn lb rnh bkwbqh& h qr tb} |hko`àn qb wrblb hwfàh |hn|i h lba`qìnbq `nl`t`lrhfbq aiki jrwhfbq. Thkiq h bq|rl`h ain khpi widrnl`lhl fhq l`tbqhq b|hwhq h qbjr` whh rn khpi ainia`k`bn|i lbf wiabqi=

@lbn|`dàha`ñn lb rn iofbkh

@lbn|`dàha`ñn lb fiq

Hq`jnha`ñn lb wbqiq

a`|bìq lb lba`q`ñn

#winlbhaìnbq)

h

Lbqhrriffi lb hf|brnh|`thq

fiq a`|bìq

Bthfha`ñn lb fh bdàha`h lb fh lba`q`ñn

@kwfhn|ha`ñn lb fh hf|brnh|`th

Qbfbaa`ñn lb nh hf|brnh|`th

Hnèf`q`q lb hf|brnh|`thq

_ioo`nq& Q.W. #800<5 wèj 82:)

B|hwh 8.+ Fh `lbn|`dàha`ñn lb n wriofbkh Bf wiabqi lb |ikh lb lba`qìnbq aik`bn}h ain rn wiofbkh& bq lba`& fh l`qabwhna`h bn|b rn bq|hli ha|rhf lb aiqhq p rn bq|hli xrb qb lbqbh. Hcih o`bn& hn|bq xrb qb wrblh ahha|b`}h hfjrnh aiqh aiki rn wiofbkh fiq hlk`n`q|hlibq |`bnbn xrb qb ainqa`bn|bq lb fhq l`qabwhna`hq& bq|h ohmi wbq`ñn whh xrb qb ?


|ikbn haaìnbq p |bnb fiq barqiq nbabqhìq. Fiq hlk`n`q|hlibq wrblbn wbaò` xrb |`bnbn rnh l`qabwhna`h wi aikwhha`ñn bn|b bf bq|hli ha|rhf lb aiqhq p hfjrnh nikh& nikh xrb wrblb qb bf lbqbkwbøi whqhli& kb|hq d`mhlhq ain hn|bì`lhl i bf lbqbkwbøi lb hfjrnh i|h rn`lhl lbn|i lb fh ijhn`}ha`ñn i bn i|hq ijhn`}haìnbq. Hlbkèq& lbob bs`q|` hfjýn |`wi lb wbq`ñn bn bq|h l`qabwhna`h l`qabwhna`h ph xrb q` ni bf wiofbkh qb wrblb wiqwinb chq|h hfjýn |`bkwi bn bf dr|ri. Hqë& whh `nà`h bf wiabqi lb lba`q`ñn& bf wiofbkh lbob bmbab hfjýn |`wi lb wbq`ñn qiob bf hlk`n`q|hli whh xrb àq|b ha|ýb. Bq|h wbq`ñn wrblb `nafr` wifë|àhq lb fh ijhn`}ha`ñn& dbachq fëk`|bq& a`q`q d`nhna`bhq& rnh wñs`kh bthfrha`ñn lbf lbqbkwbøi b|a.

Wi ýf|`ki& bq wiai dha|òfb xrb fiq hlk`n`q|hlibq ahf`d`xrbn h hfjrnh aiqh lb wiofbkh q`ni |`bnbn fh hr|i`lhl& l`nbi& `ndikha`ñn& r i|iq barqiq nbabqhìq whh wilb ha|rh& ph xrb q`ni lbqaòbn fh q`|rha`ñn aiki rnh bn fh xrb qb fbq aifiah hn|b bswba|h|`thq ni bhf`q|hq.

Whqi ?.+ Fh `lbn|`dàha`ñn lb fiq ar`|brìq whrh fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq. Rnh tb} xrb qb ainiab fh bs`q|bna`h lbf wiofbkh& qb lbobn `lbn|`dàh fiq a`|bìq lb lba`q`ñn xrb qbèn bfbthn|bq whh fh bqifra`ñn lbf wiofbkh. Ahlh wbqinh xrb |ikh lba`qìnbq qrbfb |bnb rniq a`|bìq xrb fiq jrëhn bn qr lba`q`ñn. Bq|b whqi niq `nlàh xrb qin |hn `kwi|hn|bq fiq a`|bìq xrb qb `lbn|`dàhn aiki fiq xrb ni5 ph xrb rn a`|bì xrb ni qb `lbn|`dàh qb ainq`lbhè `bfbthn|b wi bf |ikhli lb lba`qìnbq.

Whqi 1.+ Fh hq`jnha`ñn lb winlbrhaìnbq h fiq ar`|brìq. Fiq a`|bìq qbfbaaìnhliq bn fh dhqb hn|bì ni |`bnbn |iliq fh k`qkh `kwi|hna`h& wi |hn|i& bq nbabqhì winlbh fhq th`hofbq xrb qb `nafrpbn bn fhq f`q|h bn bf whqi hn|bì& h d`n lb lhfbq fh wì`lhl aiba|h bn fh lba`q`ñn. Bq|b whqi fi wrblb ffbth h ahoi lènlifb bf khpi thfi hf a`|bì wbdbbn|b p frbji aikwhh fiq lbkèq whh thfihfiq bn bfha`ñn hf wbdbbn|b.

Whqi 2.+ Bf lbqhrriffi lb hf|brnh|`thq. Bq|b whqi ainq`q|b bn fh io|bna`ñn lb |ilhq fhq hf|bnh|`thq t`hofbq xrb wrblhn |bnb às`|i whh fh bqifra`ñn lbf wiofbkh.

Whqi 2.+ Hnèf`q`q lb fhq hf|brnh|`thq. Rnh tb} xrb qb chn lbqhiffhli fhq hf|bnh|`thq bf |ikhli lb lba`qìnbq lbob hnhf`}hfhq ar`lhliqhkbn|b. Fhq di|hfb}hq p lbo`f`lhlbq qb trbftbn bt`lbn|bq qbjýn qb fbq aikwhb ain fiq a`|bìq p thfibq bq|hofba`liq bn fiq whqiq ? p 1. Qb bthfýh ahlh hf|bnh|`th aikwhènlifh ain fiq a`|bìq. Hfjrnhq thfihaìnbq wrblbn fijhqb bn rnh dikh bfh|`thkbn|b iomb|`th& wbi& q`n bkohji& qrbfb bs`q|` hfji lb qromb|`t`lhl& wi fi xrb fh khpiëh lb fhq lba`qìnbq qrbfbn ain|bnb mràìq.

Whqi 4.+ Qbfbaa`ñn lb nh hf|brnh|`th. 1


Bq|b whqi ainq`q|b bn qbfbaaình fh kbmi hf|bnh|`th lb |ilhq fhq thfihlhq. Whqi :.+ Fh `kwfhn|ha`ñn lb fh hf|brnh|`th. K`bn|hq xrb bf wiabqi lb qbfbaa`ñn xrblh aikwfb|hli ain bf whqi hn|bì& q`n bkohji& fh lba`q`ñn wrblb dhffh q` ni qb ffbth h ahoi aiba|hkbn|b. Bq|b whqi `n|bn|h xrb fh lba`q`ñn qb ffbtb h ahoi& b `nafrpb lh h ainiab fh lba`q`ñn h fhq wbqinhq hdba|hlhq p fijh xrb qb aikwikb|hn ain fh k`qkh. Q` fhq wbqinhq xrb |`bnbn xrb bmbar|h rnh lba`q`ñn wh|à`whn bn bf wiabqi& bq kèq dèa`f xrb hwipbn ain bn|rq`hqki fh k`qkh. Bq|hq lba`qìnbq qb ffbthn h ahoi wi kblì lb rnh wfhn`dàha`ñn& ijhn`}ha`ñn p l`baa`ñn bdba|`thq.

Whqi 3.+ Fh bthfha`ñn lb fh bdba|`t`lhl lb fh lba`q`ñn. Bq|b ýf|`ki whqi mr}jh bf wiabqi bf bqrf|hli lb fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq whh tbqb qb ch aibj`li bf wiofbkh. Q` aiki bqrf|hli lb bq|h bthfrha`ñn qb bnarbn|h xrb |ilhtëh bs`q|b bf wiofbkh |bnlè xrb chab bf bq|rlì lb fi xrb qb c`}i khf. Fhq bqwrbq|hq h bq|hq wbjrn|hq niq wrblbn ffbth lb bjbqi h rni lb fiq w`kbiq whqiq b `nafrq`tb hf w`kb whqi.

Whh hliw|h hfjrniq |`wiq lb lba`qìnbq qb qrbfbn r|`f`}h kilbfiq. Bq|iq Bq|iq qb wrblbn lbd`n` aiki rnh bwbqbn|ha`ñn q`kwf`dàhlh lb rnh wh|b lb fh bhf`lhl& p bffi wixrb bn kraciq ahqiq fh bhf`lhl bq |hn aikwfbmh xrb& whh aikwbnlbfh chp xrb q`kwf`dàhfh |ikhnli lb bffh fiq hqwba|iq xrb bqrf|hn kèq bfbthn|bq whh bf hnèf`q`q lb xrb qb |h|b p ni |bn`bnli bn arbn|h fiq xrb bqrf|hn haabqiìq. Bf w`na`whf iomb|`ti lb rn kilbfi bq wbk`|` rnh kbmi aikwbnq`ñn p lbqa`wa`ñn lb fh wh|b lb fh bhf`lhl xrb bwbqbn|h. Bqh kbmi aikwbnq`ñn lb fh bhf`lhl wbk`|b |ikh kbmibq lba`qìnbq. Fiq kilbfiq qb wrblbn afhq`dàh h|bnl`bnli h nrkbiqiq a`|bìq bn|b bffiq=

8.

Kilbfiq iomb|`tiq p qromb|`tiq. Bn iahqìnbq fiq qrabqiq ni qb wrblbn bswb`kbn|h iomb|`thkbn|b& p ni bs`q|bn kà|iliq dikhfbq dikhfbq whh qr bq|rlì& wi fi xrb fiq kilbfiq chn lb qb `ndikhfbq& qromb|`tiq p ohqhqb bn fh `n|rà`ñn.

?

Kilbfiq hnhfë|àiq p lb q`krfha`ñn. Fiq kilbfiq hnhfë|àiq qin hxrbffiq xrb q`tbn whh io|bnb qifraìnbq& wi fi |hn|i chn lb qb bqrbf|iq. Fiq kilbfiq lb q`krfha`ñn qin bwbqbn|haìnbq q`kwf`dàhlhq lb fh bhf`lhl qiob fhq xrb qb iwbh whh bq|rl`h fiq bdba|iq lb fhq l`q|`n|hq hf|bnh|`thq lb ha|rha`ñn.

1.

Kilbfiq bq|è|àiq p l`nèkàiq. Fiq kilbfiq bq|è|àiq qin hxrbffiq xrb ni r|`f`}hn fh th`hofb |`bkwi& bn |hn|i xrb fiq l`nèkàiq qin hxrbffiq xrb `naiwihn bf |`bkwi aiki th`hofb i aiki whèkb|i drnlhkbn|hf.

2.

Kilbfiq lb|bk`n`q|hq p wioho`fëq|àiq. Bn fiq kilbfiq lb|bk`n`q|hq qb qrwinbn ainia`liq ain ab|b}h |iliq fiq lh|iq lb fh bhf`lhl xrb bwbqbn|hn. Q` rni i thìq lh|iq qb ainiabn qñfi bn |àk`niq lb wioho`f`lhlbq& bf kilbfi qb lbnik`nh wioho`fëq|ài& hfbh|iì i bq|iaèq|ài.

<


2.?.+ \`wiq lb lba`qìnbq \ilhq fhq lba`qìnbq ni qin `jrhfbq n` wilrabn fhq k`qkhq ainqbarbna`hq& n` |hkwiai qr hliwa`ñn bq lb `làn|àh bfbthna`h& bq wi bffi xrb bs`q|bn l`q|`n|iq |`wiq lb lba`qìnbq. Bs`q|bn th`hq wiwrbq|hq whh qr afhq`dàha`ñn lbq|hahbkiq fhq kèq bwbqbn|h|`thq.

<.?.8.+ \`wifijëh wir n`tbfbq. Bq|h afhq`dàha`ñn bq|è ainba|hlh ain bf ainabw|i lb bq|ra|rh ijhn`}h|`th p fh `lbh lb mbhxrëh xrb qb lb`th lb fh k`qkh. Fhq lba`qìnbq qb afhq`dàhn bn drna`ñn lb fh wiqà`ñn mbèxràh i n`tbf hlk`n`q|h|`ti iarwhli wi bf lba`qi. Lbqlb bq|b wfhn|bhk`bn|i l`q|`njr`bkiq=

h) Lba`qìnbq bq|h|àjàhq #i lb wfhn`dàha`ñn). Qin lba`qìnbq hliw|hlhq wi lba`qibq q`|rhliq bn bf èwàb lb fh w`èk`lb mbèxràh i hf|iq l`ba|`tiq. Bq|hq lba`qìnbq qb bd`bbn w`na`whfkbn|b h fhq bfhaìnbq bn|b fh ijhn`}ha`ñn i bkwbqh p qr bn|ini. Qin lba`qìnbq lb rnh jhn |hnqabnlbna`h wrbq|i xrb lbd`nbn fiq d`nbq p iomb|`tiq jbnbhfbq xrb hdba|hn h fh |i|hf`lhl lb fh ijhn`}ha`ñn5 h qr tb} wbd`fhn fiq wfhnbq h fhji wfh}i whh fijh bqiq iomb|`tiq. Qin lba`qìnbq q`njrfhbq h fhji wfh}i p ni bwb|`|`thq& wi fi xrb fh `ndikha`ñn bq bqahqh p qrq bdba|iq qin l`dëa`fkbn|b btbqòfbq5 fiq bibq bn bq|b |`wi lb lba`qìnbq wrblbn aikwikb|b bf lbqhiffi lb fh bkwbqh p bn lb|bk`nhliq ahqiq qr qrwbt`tbna`h& wi fi xrb bxr`bbn rn hf|i jhli lb bdfbs`ñn p mràì.

Qin lba`qìnbq bq|h|àjàhq fhq bfh|`thq h lñnlb qb lbobn fiahf`}h fhq wfhn|hq wilra|`thq& arèfbq lbobn qb fiq barqiq lb ahw`|hf p xrà afhqb lb wilra|iq qb lbobn dhoàh.

o.+ Lba`qìnbq |èa|àhq i lb w`fi|hmb. Qin lba`qìnbq |ikhlhq wi l`ba|`tiq `n|bkblìq. \h|hn lb hq`jnh bdà`bn|bkbn|b fiq barqiq l`qwinòfbq whh hfahn}h fiq iomb|`tiq d`mhliq h n`tbf bq|h|àjài. Bq|hq lba`qìnbq wrblbn qb bwb|`|`thq p bf jhli lb bwb|à`ñn bq qrdà`bn|b whh aind`h bn wbablbn|bq. Qrq ainqbarbna`hq qrbfbn wilra`qb bn rn wfh}i ni fhji lb |`bkwi p qin jbnbhfkbn|b btbqòfbq. Fiq bibq ni `kwfàhn qhnaìnbq krp drb|bq h ni qb xrb qb thphn harkrfhnli. Wi bmbkwfi lba`qìnbq bfhaìnhlhq ain fh l`qwiqà`ñn lb wfhn|h& fh l`q|òra`ñn lbf wbqrwrbq|i i fh wfhn`dàha`ñn lb fh wilraa`ñn.

a.+ Lba`qìnbq iwbh|`thq& hliw|hlhq wi bmbar|`tiq xrb qb q`|ýhn bn bf n`tbf kèq `ndbì. Qin fhq bfhaìnhlhq ain fhq ha|`t`lhlbq ai`bn|bq lb fh bkwbqh. Bf jhli lb bwb|`|`t`lhl bq bfbthli= qb |hlrabn h kbnrli bn r|`nhq p wiabl`k`bn|iq hr|ikè|àiq& wi fi xrb fh `ndikha`ñn nbabqh`h bq dèa`fkbn|b l`qwinòfb. Fiq bibq qb wrblbn aibj` èw`lhkbn|b ph xrb bf wfh}i hf xrb hdba|h bq h ai|i p fhq qhnaìnbq qin kën`khq. Wi bmbkwfi fh hq`jnha`ñn lb |hohmiq h |hohmhlibq& lb|bk`nh bf `ntbn|hì h khn|bnb b|a.

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Wi |hn|i& tbkiq xrb bs`q|b rnh aibqwinlbna`h bn|b bf n`tbf lb bqwinqho`f`lhl i n`tbf mbèxrài hf arhf qb |ikhn fiq l`q|`n|iq |`wiq lb lba`qìnbq bnrna`hliq p bf n`tbf lb l`dàrf|hl lb làchq lba`qìnbq.

<.?.?.+ \`wifijëh wir kà|iliq. Bq|h afhq`dàha`ñn qb lbob h Q`kin #80::) xr`bn bhf`}h rnh afhq`dàha`ñn ohqènliqb bn fh q`k`f`|rl lb fiq kà|iliq bkwfbhliq whh fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq& `nlbwbnl`bn|bkbn|b lb fiq n`tbfbq lb lba`q`ñn. Hqë l`q|`njrb rnh qb`b ain|`nrh lb lba`qìnbq bn arpiq bs|bkiq bq|èn fhq lba`qìnbq wijhkhlhq p ni wijhkhlhq.

Qb bn|`bnlb wi lba`qìnbq wijhkhlhq hxrbffhq xrb qin bwb|`|`thq p r|`nh`hq& arhnli qb ch lbd`n`li rn wiabl`k`bn|i i qb ch bq|hofba`li rn a`|bì #i bjfh lb lba`q`ñn) xrb dha`f`|h chabfbq dbn|b& wbk`|`bnli bf ni qb |h|hlhq lb nrbti ahlh tb} xrb qb lbob |ikh rnh lba`q`ñn. Bq bwb|`|`th wixrb bf wiofbkh iarb ain a`b|h dbarbna`h lb khnbh xrb qb `lbh rn wiabl`k`bn|i cho`|rhf whh qifraìnhfi& wi bmbkwfi arèn|i whjh h rn lb|bk`nhli bkwfbhli& arènli dikrfh rn wbl`li h rn witbbli ainab|i b|a.

Fi drnlhkbn|hf bn bq|b |`wi lb lba`qìnbq ni bq fh khpi i kbni l`dàrf|hl bn lba`l` q`ni xrb qb bnarbn|h bn fh bwb|`|`t`lhl p fh wiqò`f`lhl lb wblba` p hnhf`}h qrq bfbkbn|iq aikwinbn|bq wi krp aikwfbmiq xrb bqrf|bn àq|iq.

Fhq lba`qìnbq ni wijhkhlhq qin hxrbffhq xrb bqrf|hn nrbthq whh fh bkwbqh& bkwbqh& ni bq|ra|rhlhq b `kwi|hn|bq bn që k`qkhq. Ni bs`q|b n`njýn kà|ili wbbq|hofba`li whh khnbmh bf wiofbkh wixrb bq|b ni chph qrj`li hn|bq i wixrb qr nh|rhfb}h i bq|ra|rh qin aikwfbmhq& i wixrb bq |hn `kwi|hn|b xrb kbbab rn |h|hk`bn|i cbaci h kbl`lh5 wi bmbkwfi fh lba`q`ñn whh rnh bkwbqh lb bq|hofbab ha|`t`lhlbq bn rn nrbti whëq. \hko`àn qb r|`f`}h whh wiofbkhq xrb wrblhn iar` wb`ñlàhkbn|b wbi xr`}è bxr`bh lb bndixrbq kil`dàhliq lbo`li h ahkoìq bn fhq ainlàìnbq `n|bnhq i bs|bnhq.

Eiin|} p Zb`càc& winbn lb khn`d`bq|i fh bfha`ñn bn|b bf n`tbf hlk`n`q|h|`ti lñnlb qb |ikhn fhq lba`qìnbq& fh afhqb lb wiofbkh hf xrb qb bndbn|hn p bf |`wi lb lba`q`ñn xrb bq nbabqhì hliw|h whh chabfb dbn|b. Fiq l`ba|`tiq lb hf|i n`tbf qb bndbn|hn h lba`qìnbq ni wijhkhlhq& wrbq|i xrb qin wiofbkhq q`n bq|ra|rh p h kbl`lh xrb qb lbqa`bnlb bn fh mbhxrëh ijhn`}haìnhf& kèq bq|ra|rhliq i aikwbnqòfbq bqrf|hn fiq wiofbkhq p wi |hn|i& kèq wijhkhlhq bqrf|hèn fhq lba`qìnbq.

2.1. Hko`bn|bq lb lba`q`ñn Q|h ainq`lbh xrb rnh q`|rha`ñn lb lba`q`ñn bq|h dikhlh wi a`nai bfbkbn|iq oèqàiq=

4


Bq|rh|bj`hq. Arqiq lb haa`ñn i wfhnbq ainlàìnhfbq aikwrbq|iq wi th`hofbq ain|ifhofbq. Bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h. Bn jbnbhf& fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h qin fiq qrabqiq lb fiq xrb lbwbnlb fh lba`q`ñn p bn fiq xrb ni wrblb `ndfr` hwbnhq bf lba`qi. Lbqbnfhabq i rbqf|hliq Qin hxrbffiq xrb |`bnbn frjh hf bkwfbh rnh bq|h|bj`h bqwbaëdàh& lhli rn bq|hli ainab|i lb fh nh|rhfb}h. nh|r hfb}h. Wrblàaìnbq lb wrioho`f`lhl lb wrioho`f`lhl lb xrb qb wilr}ah ahlh rni lb fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h. Ar`|brì lb lba`q`ñn& xrb krbq|h bf kili lb r|`f`}h fh `ndikha`ñn hn|bì whh qbfbaaình bf wfhn h qbjr`.

Fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq bqrf|h kèq qbna`ffh arhn|i khpi bq fh `ndikha`ñn lb fh xrb qb l`qwinb. Wi bmbkwfi& q` qhob bf n`tbf xrb |bnlè fh lbkhnlh lb rn wilra|i& bq kèq qbna`ffi lba`l` q` ainq|r` rnh dèoàh jhnlb i wbxrbøh xrb q` qñfi qb qhob xrb wrblb qb lb 827.777 rn`lhlbq hf høi ain rnh a`b|h wioho`f`lhl& i lb :2.777 ain i|h wioho`f`lhl. Bn bq|b bmbkwfi& fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h qin fiq l`q|`n|iq n`tbfbq xrb wrblb |ikh fh lbkhnlh.

Bf n`tbf lb `ndikha`ñn lb|bk`nh lb|bk`nh bf |`wi lb hko`bn|b lb fh lba`q`ñn. Qbjýn Qbjýn Wbb} Jiiq|bjr` Jiiq|bjr` fiq hko`bn|bq lb lba`q`ñn qin fiq q`jr`bn|bq=

8.+Abr|b}h= Bf hko`bn|b lb ab|b}h bq hxràf bn bf xrb bf lba`qi ainiab ain hoqifr|h qbjr`lhl fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h xrb thn h wbqbn|hqb. ?.+ _`bqji= B q hxràf bn bf xrb bf lba`qi qhob xrà bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h qb wrblbn wbqbn|h p fh wioho`f`lhl xrb |`bnb ahlh rni lb bffiq lb wbqbn|hqb. bq|ra|rhlh= Bq hxràf bn bf xrb qb ainiabn fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h& wbi ni fh 1.+@nabr|`lkorb 1.+@nabr|`lkorb bq|ra|rhlh= wioho`f`lhl lb ahlh rni lb bffiq. 2.+ @nabr|`lkorb ni bq|ra|rhlh = Hxràf bn bf xrb n` q`xr`bh qb ainiabn fiq wiqòfbq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h.

Whh whqh lb rn |`wi lb hko`bn|b h i|i hn|bì bq nbabqhì io|bnb a`b|i jhli lb `ndikha`ñn wixrb arhn|i khpi qbh fh `ndikha`ñn kbni qbè fh `nab|`lrkob. Bn |biëh lb fh lba`q`ñn& hf wiabqi lb ainqbara`ñn lb `ndikha`ñn& xrb& bn hfjýn ahqi& wbk`|b whqh lb rn hko`bn|b h i|i& qb fb lbnik`nh wiabqi lb hwbnl`}hmb.

2.1.8.+ Hko`bn|b lb abr|b}h= Ar`|brìq lb lba`q`ñn. Bn fh lba`q`ñn bn ainlàìnbq lb ab|b}h& i q`|rhaìnbq lb wbt`q`ñn wbdba|h& bf ýnài wiofbkh bq bf nýkbi lb th`hofbq xrb h n`tbf |èa|ài wbqbn|hn fiq wfhnbq. Bq bf wfhn|bhk`bn|i |ëwài lb fh oýqxrblh bn|b krachq hf|bnh|`thq lb fiq kà|iliq lb wijhkha`ñn kh|bkè|àh. Ainia`li bf bq|hli lb fh nh|rhfb}h xrb qb th h wbqbn|h& bf wiofbkh qb blrab h thfih bn |àk`niq bainñkàiq fiq l`dbbn|bq lbqbnfhabq p bfbj` hxrbffh :


bq|h|bj`h xrb ainlrab hf bqrf|hli kèq dhtihofb. H kili lb bmbkwfi a`|h fhq |àanàhq lb iw|`k`}ha`ñn r|`f`}hlhq bn kàibainikëh.

Fh khpiëh lb fiq kilbfiq lb lba`q`ñn |hlàìnhfbq bn fh bkwbqh qb wfhn|bhn bn ainlàìnbq lb ab|b}h& qrwin`bnli xrb fiq thfibq lb fhq khjn`|rlbq khjn`|rlbq r|`f`}hlhq wbkhnbabèn wbkhnbabèn `nhf|bhliq bn bf |`bkwi. |`bkwi. Bf wiofbkh hlàh wrbq& bn kbl` bf bi aikb|`li wi làch qrwiqà`ñn. 2.1.?. Hko`bn|b lb r`bqji= Ar`|brìq lb lba`q`ñn. Aiki cbkiq kbnaìnhli hn|bìkbn|b& bf hko`bn|b lb `bqji bq hxràf bn bf xrb bf lba`qi qhob xrà bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h qb wrblbn wbqbn|h p fh wioho`f`lhl xrb |`bnb ahlh rni lb bffiq lb wbqbn|hqb. Ohmi bq|hq ainlàìnbq rn a`|bì lb lba`q`ñn hwfàhofb bq bf lbnik`nhli ‖ar`|brì ‖ ar`|brì lbf thfir kinb|hrì bqwbrhli‛. bqwbrhli‛. Bq|b a`|bì ainq`q|b bn ahfarfh bf thfi kinb|hì lb ahlh hf|bnh|`th lb lba`q`ñn p bfbj` hxràffh xrb wbqbn|h rn thfi kinb|hì kès`ki. Bf thfi kinb|hì lb ahlh hf|bnh|`th hf| bnh|`th fi ahfarfhbkiq=

n

Thfir kinb|hrì bqwbrhli ;

∘ W m L`m m ;8

Linlb W m bq fh wioho`f`lhl lb ahlh bq|hli lb fh nh|rhfb}h m& L` m bq bf lbqbnfhab lb ahlh bq|hli lb fh nh|rhfb}h m p fh lba`q`ñn i hf|bnh|`th `. Rnh tb} ahfarfhli bf thfi kinb|hì kinb|hì bqwbhli whh ahlh hf|bnh|`th iw|hbkiq wi hxrbffh xrb wbqbn|b rn thfi khpi.

2.1.1.+ Hko`bn|b lb `nabr|`lkorb= Ar`|brìq lb lba`q`ñn. Bn rn bn|ini lb |hn|h bqahqb} lb `ndikha`ñn aiki bq bf lb `nab|`lrkob ch lb `n|btbn` bn jhn kbl`lh fh qromb|`t`lhl. Q` fh `nab|`lrkob qb bnarbn|h ni bq|ra|rhlh& n` wrblb io|bnbqb khpi `ndikha`ñn& p ch lb |ikhqb rnh lba`q`ñn& àq|h qb ohqhè& wi |hn|i& bn fh kbh `n|rà`ñn. Q` fh `nab|`lrkob qb bnarbn|h bq|ra|rhlh& fh lba`q`ñn ain|`nýh `naiwihnli rnh ahjh lb qromb|`t`lhl krp bfbthlh& lb kili xrb wbqinhq l`dbbn|bq |ikhëhn l`dbbn|bq lba`qìnbq& lbwbnl`bnli lb qr iw|`k`qki i wbq`k`qki& wbq`k`qki& lb qr htbq`ñn hf `bqji i hf dhahqi& b|a.

Fiq w`na`whfbq a`|bìq lb lba`q`ñn bn rn hko`bn|b lb `nab|`lrkob bq|ra|rhlh qin fiq q`jr`bn|bq=

8.+ Ar`|brì lb Fhwfhab& rhaìnhf`q|h i lb `jhf tbriq`k`f`|l. Wh|b lbf wiq|rfhli lb Ohpbq& qbjýn àq|b q` ni qb ainiabn fhq wioho`f`lhlbq hqia`hlhq h ahlh rni lb fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h& ni chp h}ñn whh wbnqh xrb rniq |bnjh kèq wioho`f`lhlbq xrb i|iq& hq`jnhnli h ahlh rni lb bffiq fh k`qkh wioho`f`lhl lb iarbna`h. Rnh tb} hq`jnhlhq fhq wioho`f`lhlbq qb ahfarfh bf thfi kinb|hì bqwbhli whh ahlh rnh lb fhq f hq hf|bnh|`thq i bq|h|bj`hq.

?.+Ar`|brì iw|`k`q|h.

3


Bq bf a`|bì xrb qbjr`ëh rnh wbqinh xrb& wbnqhh xrb arhfxr`bh xrb drbh fh bq|h|bj`h bq|h|bj`h xrb bf`j`bh& bf bq|hli xrb qb wbqbn|hëh qbëh bf kèq dhtihofb whh bffh. H bq|b a`|bì |hko`àn qb fb lbnik`nh a`|bì lbf khs`+khs= qb lb|bk`nh arèf bq bf bqrf|hli kèq dhtihofb xrb wrblb hfahn}hqb ain ahlh bq|h|bj`h p lbqwràq qb bf`jb fh hf|bnh|`th xrb aibqwinlb hf kès`ki lb bq|iq kès`kiq. Arhnli fiq bqrf|hliq qin lbqdhtihofbq qb r|`f`}h bf a`|bì lbf k`n`+k`n= Qb lb|bk`nh arèf bq bf kbmi bqrf|hli xrb wrblb io|bnbqb ain ahlh bq|h|bj`h #bf kbni) p wiq|bìkbn|b qb bf`jb bf `jb hxràffh xrb aibqwinlh hf kën`ki lb fiq kën`kiq.

1.+Ar`|brì wbq`k`q|h& i ar`|brì lb Zhfl. Bq bf xrb qbjr`ëh rnh wbqinh xrb wbnqhh xrb& arhfxr`bh xrb drbh fh bq|h|bj`h xrb bf`j`bh& bf bq|hli xrb qb wbqbn|hëh qbëh bf kbniq dhtihofb whh bffh. Q` fiq bqrf|hliq ainqbarbna`h lb fh lba`q`ñn h hliw|h qin dhtihofbq whh bf lba`qi& bf a`|bì h r|`f`}h r|`f` }h bq bf ‖khs`+k`n‛ ‖khs`+k`n‛ bq lba`& bf lba`qi bqaijbè whh whh ahlh rnh lb fhq hf|bnh|`thq bf bqrf|hli kèq lbqdhtihofb& qbjr`lhkbn|b lb bn|b bq|iq bqrf|hliq bqaijb bf kès`ki i fi xrb bq fi k`qki bf kbmi. Q` fiq bqrf|hliq ainqbarbna`h lb fh lba`q`ñn h hliw|h qin lbqdhtihofbq whh bf lba`qi& bf a`|bì h r|`f`}h bq bf ‖k`n`+khs‛ i fi xrb bq fi k`qki& bf lba`qi bqaijbè whh ahlh rnh lb fhq hf|bnh|`thq bf wbi bqrf|hli #bf khpi)& h ain|`nrha`ñn& bn|b bq|iq bqrf|hliq bqaijb bf kbmi bqrf|hli& xrb hf |h|hqb lb bqrf|hliq lbqdhtihofbq #wi bmbkwfi aiq|bq)& qbëh bf kèq blra`li.

<.+ Ar`|brì lb iw|`k`qki whra`hf lb Crzà}. Ainq|`|rpb rn aikwik`qi bn|b fiq a`|bìq iw|`k`q|h p wbq`k`q|h. Whh qr aèfarfi qb `n|ilrab rn aibdà`bn|b lb iw|`k`qki #θ) aikwbnl`li bn|b 7 p 8& p

bf aikwfbkbn|hì aikwfbkbn|hì xrb qbëh qbëh bf lbnik`nhli lbnik`nhli

aibdà`bn|b lb wbq`k`qki #8 + θ). Bf kbmi lb fiq bqrf|hliq lb ahlh bq|h|bj`h qb winlbh ain bf aibdà`bn|b lb iw|`k`qki& bn |hn|i xrb bf wbi lb fiq bqrf|hliq qb winlbh ain bf lb wbq`k`qki& qrkènliqb fiq bqrf|hliq lb hkoiq wilra|iq. Fh hf|bnh|`th h bfbj` qbjýn bq|b a`|bì bq hxràffh arph qrkh lb fiq bqrf|hliq kèq p kbniq dhtihofbq lbo`lhkbn|b winlbhliq qbh fh kbmi.

2.+ Ar`|brì lbf kën`ki wbqhr lb Qhthjb. Bq|b a`|bì lb lba`q`ñn bq bf xrb q`jrbn hxrbffiq xrb |`bnbn htbq`ñn h hbwbn|`qb wi bxr`tiahqb. Dikhfkbn|b& ch lb wh|`qb lb fh bfhoiha`ñn lb fh lbnik`nhlh kh|`} lb wbqhbq. Whh bffi lbobkiq ahfarfh fi xrb lbmhkiq lb jhnh wi ni chob qbfbaaìnhli bn ahlh rni lb fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h fh kbmi bq|h|bj`h. Hqë bn ahlh rni lb fiq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h fb bq|hkiq bf kbmi thfi lb fhq l`q|`n|hq bq|h|bj`hq aibqwinl`bn|b h làci bq|hli& hqë qb `ëh ainq|rpbnli fh kh|`} lb wbqhbq i aiq|bq lb iwi|rn`lhl. Rnh tb} ainq|r`lh làch kh|`}& qb qbfbaaìnhëh bf kès`ki thfi lb ahlh rnh lb fhq bq|h|bj`hq p lb bq|hq bf kën`ki.

2.<. Lba`qìnbq qbabna`hfbq. Èroifbq lb lba`q`ñn. Hn|bìkbn|b cbkiq hnhf`}hli bf ahqi bn xrb bf lba`qi |ikh rnh lba`q`ñn ýnàh. Q`n bkohji& qin krp dbarbn|bq bn fh bkwbqh fiq wiabqiq bn fiq xrb bf lba`qi lbob hliw|h rnh qbarbna`h lb lba`qìnbq 0


#lba`qìnbq wiq|bìbq lbwbnl`bn|bq lb fh lba`q`ñn `nà`hf)& ph xrb rnh lba`q`ñn bn bf kikbn|i ha|rhf wrblb ainlàình p bs`j` i|hq lba`qìnbq bn kikbn|iq lbf |`bkwi wiq|bìbq. Bn bq|iq ahqiq whh hprlhniq hprlhniq h fh |ikh lb lba`qìnbq qb r|`f`}h rnh |àanàh lbnik`nhlh èoif lb lba`q`ñn.

Rn èoif lb lba`q`ñn bq rn q`q|bkh lb bwbqbn|ha`ñn lbf wiabqi lba`qìnhf bn bf xrb qb bdfbmhn fhq wiqòfbq hf|bnh|`thq wi fhq xrb qb wrblb iw|h p fiq bqrf|hliq xrb aibqwinlbn h ahlh hf|bnh|`th qbjýn arhf qbh bf bq|hli lb fh nh|rhfb}h xrb qb wbqbn|b. \ili èoif ainq|h lb nrliq p hkhq. Fiq nrliq& |hko`àn ffhkhliq tà|àbq& bwbqbn|hn q`|rhaìnbq bn lba`qìnhfbq)& i bf lba`qi qb bndbn|h h l`q|`n|iq bq|hliq lb fhq arhfbq lbob |ikhqb rnh r i|h lba`q`ñn #nliq #nliq lba`qìnhfbq)& fh nh|rhfb}h i qrabqiq hfbh|iìq #nliq #nliq hfbh|irìq). hfbh|irìq). Fhq hkhq& |hko`àn lbnik`nhlhq h`q|hq& xrb wh|bn lb fiq nrliq lba`qìnhfbq bwbqbn|hn hf|bnh|`thq lb lba`q`ñn5 fhq xrb wh|bn lb nrliq hfbh|iìq bwbqbn|hn wiqòfbq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h& i qbh qrabqiq xrb wrblbn whqh p bn|b fiq xrb ni bq wiqòfb bfbj`. Arhnli qb ainiabn fhq wioho`f`lhlbq lb fiq l`tbqiq bq|hliq& àq|hq qb bdfbmhn qiob fhq hkhq xrb fbq bwbqbn|hn. Hf d`nhf lb ahlh ahk`ni #qrabq`ñn lb h`q|hq) qb bswbqh bf bqrf|hli xrb aibqwinlbëh h bqh qrabq`ñn lb lba`qìnbq p qrabqiq.

Wi aintbnì& fiq nrliq lba`qìnhfbq qb bwbqbn|hn ain arhlhliq& bn |hn|i xrb h fiq hfbh|iìq qb fbq bwbqbn|h ain aëarfiq. Bf w`kb nrli bq q`bkwb lba`qìnhf& p bwbqbn|h fh w`kbh lba`q`ñn xrb ch lb |ikhqb.

Rnh tb} l`qbøhlh fh qbarbna`h lb lba`q`ñn+hain|ba`k`bn|iq xrb aikwinbn bf èoif bq nbabqhì bhf`}h rnhq iwbhaìnbq lb aèfarfi. Bn w`kb frjh bn ahlh tà|àb lb hain|ba`k`bn|iq choè xrb hq`jnh h fiq l`q|`n|iq bq|hliq lb fh nh|rhfb}h qrq bqwba|`thq wioho`f`lhlbq lb hwhà`ñn. Bn qbjrnli frjh ahlh rnh lb fhq wiqòfbq aiko`nhaìnbq lb lba`qìnbq p hain|ba`k`bn|iq lhè frjh h rn wiqòfb bqrf|hli xrb ch lb qb bthfrhli& o`bn qbh bn |àk`niq lb obnbdàì i aiq|b.

Fh |àanàh lb bqifra`ñn #kà|ili lb hthnab cha`h h|èq i _iff+ohae) qb ohqh bn ` lb|bk`nhnli fiq thfibq kinb|hìq bqwbhliq lb ahlh wrn|i hfbh|iì& bkwb}hnli wi fiq kèq wñs`kiq h fiq bqrf|hliq xrb qb q`|ýhn hf d`nhf lbf èoif linlb |bk`nhn fhq h`q|hq. Bf bqrf|hli qb winlëh bna`kh lbf nrli hfbh|iì. Bn fiq nrliq lba`qìnhfbq& qb bqaijbëh bf kbmi lb fiq thfibq lb fiq l`q|`n|iq nrliq hfbh|iìq i lba`qìnhfbq q`|rhliq hf d`nhf lb fhq hkhq xrb wh|bn lb àf. P hqë chq|h xrb qb ffbjh hf nrli `nà`hf. \hf tb} rn bmbkwfi qbna`ffi hprlb h aikwbnlb |iliq bq|iq ainabw|iq nbabqhìq wi i|h wh|b whh fh ainq|raa`ñn lb rn èoif lb lba`q`ñn. Liøh Khëh lbf Ahkbn& wiw`b|h`h lb fh oikoinbëh ‖fh `nthq`ñn‛ chab chab qrq wbl`liq h fh bkwbqh bkwbqh ‖hkhnifh‛& l`q|òr`lih lb fiq ahhkbfiq& oikoinbq p lbkèq jifiq`nhq aikba`hf`}hliq aikba`hf`}hliq wi bffh& hf w`na`wì lb ahlh kbq. Làciq wbl`liq t`bnbn q`bnli lb rn |hkhøi blra`li& ni ioq|hn|b& p hn|b fh wñs`kh hwb|rh lb rn aifbjì krp abahni h qr bq|hofba`k`bn|i qb bq|è wfhn|bhnli wfhn|bhnli fh wiqò`f`lhl lb chab rn wbl`li lb khpi khpi |hkhøi. Bffh bq|`kh xrb xrb fh wioho`f`lhl lb xrb bf nýkbi lb n`øiq xrb bn|bn bn qr bq|hofba`k`bn|i hf kbq kbq qbh 87


khpi i `jrhf h 8778 bq lbf 42"& bn|b 278 p 8777 bq lbf lbf 87" p xrb qbh `jrhf i `ndbì h 277 bq lbf lbf ?2". Q` Liøh Khëh lbf Ahkbn lba`lb bhf`}h rn wbl`li jhnlb fiq bqrf|hliq xrb io|bnlëh qbëhn= q` bf nýkbi lb n`øiq bq khpi i `jrhf h 8778 jhnhëh 8777 rn`lhlbq kinb|h`hq& bn|b 278 p 8777 jhnhëh 277 r.k. p q` drbh `jrhf i `ndbì h 277 wblbëh 877 r.k. Q` bhf`}h rn wbl`li lb |hkhøi kbl`hni jhnhëh 877 r.k. q` bf nýkbi lb n`øiq xrb thn h qr bq|hofba`k`bn|i bq khpi i `jrhf 8778& :77 r.k. q` iqa`fh bn|b 278 p 8777& wbl`bnli 87 r.k. ahqi lb qb `jrhf i `ndbì h 277. D`nhfkbn|b q` cà`bh rn wbl`li wbxrbøi wblbëh 277 r.k. q` bf nýkbi lb n`øiq bq khpi i `jrhf h 8778& jhnhëh 877 r.k. q` thëh bn|b 278 p 8777& jhnhnli 277 r.k. q` bq `jrhf i `ndbì h 277. Whh rnh kbmi `n|bwb|ha`ñn lbf èoif lb lba`q`ñn hn|bì cbkiq lb |bnb wbqbn|b fhq hafhhaìnbq q`jr`bn|bq= WJ = Wbl`li jhnlb& WK = Wbl`li kbl`hni& WW= Wbl`li wbxrbøi. 

8778 w; 7&42

_8 ; 8777

4:2 H

278+8777 w;7&87



277 w; 7&?2

_? ; 277

_1 ; +877

WJ



4:2

8778 w; &42

_< ; 877

81?&2 WK

O

278+8777 w;7&87

_2 ;:77

8 

WW

+ 807

A

277 w; 7&?2

_4 ; +87

8778 w; 7&42

_: ; +277

278+8777 w;7&87

_3 ; 877



_0 ; 277



277 w; 7&?2

H fh t`q|h lbf hn|bì èoif lb lba`q`ñn fh qbarbna`h lb lba`qìnbq ñw|`kh xrb lbob hliw|h Liøh Khëh lbf Ahkbn qbëh chab bf wbl`li jhnlb& qrq obnbdàìq bq|hèn bn drna`ñn lb fi xrb fh nh|rhfb}h fb lbwhb& bq lba`& lbf nýkbi lb n`øiq xrb rnh tb} ho`b|i bf nrbti aifbjì harlh h qr bq|hofba`k`bn|i. Whh ffbjh h fh qifra`ñn hn|bì cbkiq hwfàhli ‖bf kà|ili lb hthnab hthnab cha`h h|èq i iff+ ohae‛.

88

SISTEMAS DE INFORMACION GERENCIAL II - TOMA DE DECISIONES

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