UNIVERSIDAD UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERIA CIVIL DEPARTAMENTO ACADEMICO DE ESTRUCTURAS
ANALISIS ANALISIS SISMICO SISMICO DEL TERREMOTO EN LA REGION DE ANCASH 1970
TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACION INVESTIGACION Presentado por: GOMEZ PATRICIO, EDWIN WILLIAMS _20101150B
ENCISO MUÑOZ, GERSON JOEL _ 20101052k CONDORI CONDORI MAMANI,IVAN MAMANI,IVAN DANIEL DANIEL _ 20101063B Presentado a: Ing. FERNADO LAZARES
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Lima - Perú 2012
INDICE DEL CONTENDIDO CONTENDIDO. CAPITULO I
MARCO CONCEPTUAL 1.1 DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA 1.2 OBJETIVOS DEL TRABAJO 1.2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 1.2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS CAPITULO II
CONCEPTOS GENERALES 2.1 SISMO, TEMBLOR, TERREMO T ERREMOTO TO 2.2 PLACAS TECTONICAS 2.3 MAGNITUD 2.4 INTENSIDAD 2.5 MAPA DE ISOSISTAS 2.6 EPICENTRO 2.7 HIPOCENTRO 2.8 TSUNAMI, MAREMOTO CAPITULO III
ASPECTOS GENERALES DEL SISMO ESTUDIADO
3.1 UBICACION Y CARACTERISTICAS CAPITULO IV
ASPECTOS ASPECTOS SISMOLOG SISMOLOGICOS ICOS (CARACTE (CARACTERISTICA RISTICAS S DEL SISMO SISMO))
4.1 MAGNITUD E INTENSIDAD 4.2 COORDENADAS GEOGRAFICAS DEL EPICENTRO: 4.3 PROFUNDIDAD PROFUNDIDAD 4.4 HORA 4.5 MAPA DE ISOSISTAS DEL SISMO ESTUDIADO CAPITULO V
ASPECTOS ASPECTOS GEOTECNIC GEOTECNICOS OS
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CAPITULO VII
EFECTOS DIRECTOS O INDIRECTOS DEL SISMO
CAPITULO I
MARCO CONCEPTUAL 1.1 DEFINICION DEL PROBLEMA Por acción de la naturaleza ocurren los eventos sísmicos, estos eventos sísmicos pueden dar origen a licuación de suelos, deslizamiento de taludes, aluviones, alud, huaycos, etc. Estos eventos eventos sísmicos se deben a la liberación liberación abrupta de energía acumulada entre entre las placas tectónicas, esto se da en un tiempo determinado, a la cuantificación de estos eventos sísmicos se le denomina magnitud, en el presente trabajo la magnitud será tomada en cuenta como una referencia en el que la asociaremos con los daños que causo el sismo estudiado, las aceleraciones en el suelo, en las edificaciones que ocasionó destrucción.
1.2 OBJETIVOS DEL TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACION 1.2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL Definir en qué instancia se produjo el evento evento sísmico, las especificaciones especificaciones del lugar , investigar si el sismo produjo otro tipo de acontecimiento simultaneo, los daños propiciados por este .
1.2.2 OJETIVOS ESPECIFICOS ESPECIFICOS Explicar el evento sismo de manera gráfica y notoria, mostrar los antecedentes sísmicos respecto al evento sísmico estudiado, llegar a conclusiones en los campos de la investigación.
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CAPITULO II
CONCEPTOS GENERALES 2.1 SISMO, TEMBLOR, TEMBLOR, TERREMOTO TERREMOTO Los especialistas afirman que la diferencia entre estos términos es exclusivamente etimológica, ya que mientras la palabra sismo procede del griego “σεισμός”, que significa temblor, la palabra terremoto deriva del latín: terra=tierra y moto=movimiento, pero ambas se refieren al mismo fenómeno, y ninguna de ambas alude a una intensidad, origen o ninguna otra característica, distintiva, por lo cual son términos absolutamente intercambiables entre sí. También en ingles aparecen dos denominaciones diferentes: seim, tomada igualmente del griego, y earthquake (temblor de tierra). En conclusión estos tres términos son estrictamente sinónimos. No obstante, en muchos países hispanoparlantes, el uso vulgar ha comenzado a preferir, sin ningún fundamento, la palabra sismo para los de menor intensidad y terremoto para los más severos. Un terremoto es el movimiento de la Tierra (referido al planeta), causado por la brusca liberación de energía acumulada durante un largo tiempo. La corteza de la Tierra está conformada por una docena de placas de aproximadamente 70 km de grosor, cada una con diferentes características físicas y químicas. Estas placas ("tectónicas") se están acomodando en un proceso que lleva millones de años y han ido dando la forma que hoy conocemos a la superficie de nuestro planeta, originando los continentes y los relieves geográficos en un proceso que está lejos de completarse. Habitualmente estos movimientos son lentos e imperceptibles, pero en algunos casos estas placas chocan entre sí como gigantescos témpanos de tierra sobre un océano de magma presente en las profundidades de la Tierra, impidiendo su desplazamiento. Entonces una placa comienza a desplazarse sobre o bajo la otra originando lentos cambios en la topografía. Pero si el desplazamiento es dificultado comienza a acumularse una energía de tensión que en algún momento se liberará y una de las placas se moverá bruscamente contra la otra rompiéndola y liberándose entonces, una cantidad variable de energía que origina el Terremoto.
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Las placas tectónicas son capas de la tierra, que tiene la propiedad de desplazarse como si fueran bloques gigantes bajo la superficie de la Tierra. Los continentes e incluso la superficie oceánica, se encuentran montados por así decirlo sobre estas; el movimiento de las placas, estudiado por la teoría de la Tectónica de Placas, explicaría en gran parte los terremotos y la actividad volcánica en el planeta.
2.2.1 PLACAS TECTONICAS QUE AFECTAN AL PERU La actividad sísmica en el país es el resultado de la interacción de las placas tectónicas de Nazca y Sudamericana y de los reajustes que se producen en la corteza terrestre como consecuencia de la interacción y la morfología alcanzada por el Aparato Andino. 2.2.2 PRINCIPALES RASGOS TECTÓNICOS Los principales rasgos tectónicos de la región occidental de Sudamérica, como son la Cordillera de los Andes y la Fosa Oceánica Perú-Chile, están relacionados con la alta actividad sísmica y otros fenómenos telúricos de la región, como una consecuencia de la interacción de dos placas convergentes cuya resultante r esultante más saltante precisamente es el proceso orogénico contemporáneo constituido por los Andes. La teoría que postula esta relación es la Tectónica de Placas o Tectónica Global (Isacks et al, 1968). La idea básica de esta teoría es que la envoltura más superficial de la tierra sólida, llamada Litósfera (100 Km), está dividida en varias placas rígidas que crecen a lo largo de estrechas cadenas meso-oceánicas casi lineales; dichas placas son transportadas en otra envoltura menos rígida, la Astenósfera, y son comprimidas o destruidas en los límites compresionales de interacción, donde la corteza terrestre es comprimida en cadenas montañosas o donde existen fosas marinas (Berrocal (Berrocal et al, 1975). Los rasgos tectónicos superficiales superficiales más importantes en el área de estudio son: - La Fosa Fosa Oceánica Perú-Chile. La Dorsal Dorsal de Nazca.
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2.3 MAGNITUD La escala de magnitud surge ante la necesidad de clasificar objetivamente las condiciones locales del suelo. La primera persona en usar el término de magnitud fue el científico japonés Wadati en 1931, para comparar el tamaño tamaño de los sismos en Japón. La magnitud magnitud se puede definir como: el logaritmo de la máxima amplitud del terreno instrumentalmente registrada. En 1935 Richter determino la mundialmente conocida escala de magnitud, Richter designo como Ml las magnitudes superficiales para sismos locales donde: Ml-log (A/Ao) Donde: A= es la amplitud máxima registrada registrada Ao= es una amplitud la cual representa el factor factor de corrección para la distancia de 100 Km desde la fuente a la estación. Los científicos norteamericanos Wood-Anderson, hicieron otras mediciones de sismos más distantes registrados instrumentalmente. Definieron la magnitud Ms de ondas superficiales para periodos entre 17 y 23 seg., la cual viene dada por: Ms= log(A)+1.656 Log(D)+1.818+S Donde:
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fórmula para las ondas de cuerpo internas: Mb=log (A/T)máx. + Q(D,h)+ Donde : (A/T)máx.= es la relación entre periodo –amplitud máxima de las ondas mencionadas Q(D,h) = es un factor de calibración la cual depende de la distancia epicentral (D), de la profundidad h y del tipo de onda. El termino magnitud como una medida cuantitativa del tamaño de un sismo fue inicialmente aceptada en 1949 después de la sismicidad de la tierra y los fenómenos asociados a ella. En la Republica Dominicana es necesario a la luz de todos estos adelantos que en nuestro país se desarrolle una fórmula de magnitud acorde con nuestra realidad tectónico-sísmica la cual será parte importante en la evaluación del riesgo sísmico.
2.4 INTENSIDAD La intensidad es una medida de los efectos causados por un sismo en un lugar determinado de la superficie terrestre. En ese lugar, un sismo pequeño pero muy cercano puede causar alarma y grandes daños, en cuyo caso decimos que su intensidad es grande, en cambio un sismo muy grande pero muy lejano puede apenas ser sentido ahí y su intensidad, en ese lugar, será pequeña. Cuando se habla de la intensidad de un sismo, sin indicar dónde fue medida, ésta representa (usualmente) la correspondiente al área de mayor intensidad observada (área pleistocista). Una de las primeras escalas de intensidades es la de Rossi-Forel (de 10 grados), propuesta en 1883. En la actualidad existen varias escalas de intensidades, usadas en distintos países, por ejemplo, la escala MSK (de 12 grados) usada en Europa occidental desde 1964 y adoptada hace poco en la Unión Soviética (donde se usaba la escala semi instrumental GEOFIAN), la escala JMA (de 7 grados) usada en Japón, etc. Las escalas MM y MSK (propuesta como estándar internacional) resultan en valores parecidos entre sí (1 y 2). La escala más común en América es la escala modificada de Mercalli (mm) que data de 1931.
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superficial. Si ocurre entre los 70 y los 300 km se denomina intermedio y si es de mayor profundidad: profundo.
2.8 MAREMOTO, TSUNAMI TSUNAMIS EN EL PERÚ Afortunadamente, el Perú no ha sufrido los efectos efectos de los Tsunamis con la misma misma frecuencia que en otros lugares (Japón, Hawaii, etc.). Sin embargo, la historia nos dice que nuestro litoral ha sufrido los efectos destructivos de Tsunamis en el pasado como en: 1589, JULIO 09.- Maremoto a lo largo de la costa de Lima, el mar subió 4 brazas, destruyendo propiedades unos 300 metros tierra adentro. Las olas inundaron aproximadamente 10 Km2. Esta ola fue ocasionada por un sismo de intensidad VIII cuyo epicentro estuvo cerca de la costa de Lima y que destruyo la ciudad perdiendo la vida cerca de 22 personas. 1644, MAYO 12: Maremoto en la costa de Pisco (Ica) el mar invadió parte de la población, registrándose 70 muertos. El maremoto fue ocasionado por fuerte sismo ocurrido a las 04:00 horas se estima que fue sentido en Ica con intensidad VI. 1678, JUNIO 17: La ola causó en el Callao y otros puertos vecinos muchos estragos, fue ocasionado por un sismo cuyo epicentro estuvo al norte de Lima, con una intensidad de VII, haciendo que el mar retrocediera y regresara con fuerza destructiva. 1687, OCTUBRE 20: Gran ola en el Callao, y otros puertos, ocasionado por el sismo ocurrido a las 16:00 horas, con epicentro al norte de Lima, con una intensidad de IX que dejó la mayor parte de Lima en ruinas, registrándose mas de 200 muertos, causando destrucción y pérdidas materiales en muchas propiedades. 1705, NOVIEMBRE 26: Maremoto a lo largo de la costa sur especialmente desde Arequipa hasta Chile; Arica fue destruida destruida por esta ola. 1716, FEBRERO 10: Maremoto que causó fuertes daños en Pisco, fue ocasionado por un sismo que ocurrió en Camaná, que fue sentido con intensidad IX.
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1868, AGOSTO 13: Maremoto ocasionó grandes daños desde Trujillo ( Perú ) hasta Concepción (Chile) en Arica una nave de guerra norteamericana fue depositada 400 m. tierra adentro. El Tsunami se dejó sentir en puertos tan lejanos como Hawaii, Australia y Japón. En Arequipa el movimiento fue sentido con intensidad VI aproximadamente. Epicentro frente Arica, máxima altura de la ola registrada 21 m en concepción (Chile). 1877, MAYO 09: Olas de gran violencia causaron daños desde Pisco (Perú) hasta Antofagasta (Chile). Grandes destrucciones destrucciones en Chile. Tsunami sentido en Japón, Japón, Nueva Zelandia, Hawaii, Samoa y California. Originado en Chile. Máxima onda registrada en costa 23 m. en Arica. 1878, ENERO 10: El mar inunda las ciudades costeñas comprendidas entre los puertos de los departamentos de Arequipa e Iquique. Máxima onda registrada en la costa 12 m., en la isla Tanna. 1883, AGOSTO 26: No hay registros de detalles en el Perú, originado por volcán Krakatoa. Máxima onda registrada 23 m. en Mera Java. 1942, AGOSTO 24: Movimiento submarino cerca de Pisco. Braveza de mar registrada en Matarani y en el Callao. Alguna evidencia de deslizamientos submarinos. Maremoto ocasionado por un sismo de magnitud 8.1° con epicentro en 15.1°s, 75.0°w, profundidad 60 Km. ocurrido a las 22h. 50' 24". 1946, ABRIL 01: Terremoto en Chile. Tsunami destructivo en una gran área en el Pacifico (Chile, Perú, Ecuador y Colombia). Cinco murieron en Alaska y en Hawaii, una onda de 6 m. de altura causa la muerte de 165 personas y pérdidas materiales por más de 25'000,000 de dólares. 1952, NOVIEMBRE 05: Fuerte maremoto azota las costas de Chile, Perú, Ecuador. Mayor destrucción en Chile. Registro de los mareógrafos: Libertad (Ecuador) 1.9 m., Callao (Perú) 2.0 m., Talcahuano (Chile) 3.7 m. 1957, MARZO 09: Maremoto originado en el Pacífico Norte. Daños por 3 millones de dólares en Hawaii. Oscilación de alrededor de 1.0 m en los mareógrafos de Chile. En el callao solamente de 0.25 m.
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(Jr. Loreto Cuadra 6 - Callao) 1996, FEBRERO 21: Sismo originado a 210 Km. al SW de Chimbote, magnitud 6.9°. La ola causó daños materiales y pérdidas de 15 vidas humanas en el departamento de Chimbote, en Salaverry causó daños materiales de poca consideración. 1996, NOVIEMBRE 12: Sismo originado a 93 Km SW de San Juan de Marcona, magnitud 6.4° profundidad 46 Km este Tsunami causó grandes daños materiales y pérdidas de vidas humanas. 2001, JUNIO 23: Tsunami en Camaná, originado por sismo con epicentro en el mar al NW de Ocoña, 6.9 en la escala de Ritcher. Generó tres olas, la mayor alcanzó una altura de 8.14 m., causando la muerte de 23 personas, 63 desaparecidos y cuantiosos daños materiales. 2007, AGOSTO 15: Tsunami en Pisco, originado por un sismo con epicentro en el mar a 60 km al Oeste de Pisco, de 7.0º de magnitud en la escala de Ritcher. Inundó la localidad de Lagunillas con un run-up de 5.6m. Causó algunas muertes (3) y muchos daños materiales, sin embargo, el terremoto en sí causó mas de 500 víctimas.
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CAPITULO III
ASPECTOS GENERALES DEL SISMO ESTUDIADO 3.1 UBICACION Y CARACTERISTICAS CARACTERISTICAS
SISMO DE ANCASH, PERÚ 1970 Terremoto Terremoto de Ancash de 1970 Cuadro N°1 31 de mayo de 1970
Magnitud
7.8 M W
Consecuencias: Zonas afectadas
Lima, Lima, Ancash, Ancash, Huánuco, La Libertad Libertad y toda la costa costa y los andes norteños, también parte del centro del Perú
Víctimas
100.000 (80.000 muertos y 20.000 desaparecidos)
muertos
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Actualmente, la Región está conformado conformado por 20 provincias y 166 distritos, distritos, su capital es la ciudad de Huaraz, la que por Ley del 18 de enero de 1823, le confirió el título de: “La Muy Generosa Ciudad de Huaraz”. Actualmente la división política del es de la siguiente forma región, provincias, y distritos. El peligro sísmico se evaluó en 20 puntos distribuidos en toda el área regional de Ancash, cubriendo así las capitales de las provincias como indica el Cuadro N°3.
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CAPITULO IV
ASPECT ASPECTOS OS SISMOLO SISMOLOGI GICO COS S (CARACTERISTICAS DEL SISMO) 4.1 MAGNITUD E INTENSIDAD El simo Tuvo una duración aproximada de 45 segundos, con una magnitud de 7.7 Mw y VII – VIII MM (Escala Mercalli Modificada).
Lugar
Inte Intens nsid idad ad de la Magnitud de la zona zona (M) (Richter)
Samanco
X
8,1
Casma
IX-X
7,9
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Yurimaguas,, Huancayo Yurimaguas Huancayo,, Iquitos Iquitos,, Tarapoto V
6.1
4.2 COORDENADAS GEOGRAFICAS DEL EPICENTRO Movimiento telúrico del 31 de mayo de 1970. Su epicentro se ubicó a 75 Km al NNO de la ciudad de Huaraz.
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4.3 PROFUNDIDAD: 43 km
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locales locales del suelo sobre el cual se encuentran encuentran cimentadas cimentadas,, pero es en los años recientes recientes que datos instrumentales y estudios analíticos han provisto base segura para mejorar nuestros nuestros conocimientos conocimientos acerca de los aspectos aspectos fundamenta fundamentales les que intervienen intervienen en la respuesta del suelos a las solicitaciones de tipo sísmico. Es por eso que actualmente no dudamos en atribuir gran importancia al aspecto suelo con respecto a la influencia que tienen la magnitud de los desperfectos y perdidas de vida que ocasionan los sismos. Esta última circunstancia ha quedado muy bien definida en la catástrofe del 31 de mayo de 1970 1970,, en los los 8100 81000 0 kiló kilóme metr tros os cuad cuadra rados dos que que ocup ocupan an las las área áreass afec afecta tadas das de los los departamentos de Ancash, La Libertad, Huánuco y Lima (Fig. 1), en donde los daños han ocasionado cuantiosas pérdidas de vida que elevan la cifra de 50000 muertos y pérdidas materiales estimadas en veintidós mil millones de soles.
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compactados por movimientos de suelo inducidos por terremoto, dando como resultado apreciables asentamientos totales o peligrosos asentamientos diferenciales del estrato superfici superficial al del suelo. Por otro lado, esta tendencia a compacta compactarse rse de este tipo de suelos suelos puede dar como resultado el desarrollo de exceso de presión hidrostática en el agua que ocup ocupa a los los vací vacíos os del del suel suelo, o, que que pued pueden en lleg llegar ar a tene tenerr tal tal magn magnititud ud que que caus causen en la licuefacción del suelo, originando grandes asentamientos o hundimientos de estructuras import important antes, es, así como como tambié también n la combina combinació ción n de esfuer esfuerzos zos dinámico dinámicoss y presio presiones nes intersticiales del agua originadas por las vibraciones sísmicas pueden dar como resultado grande grandess desliz deslizami amient entos os de talude taludess natura naturales les y artifi artificia ciales les,, motiv motivand ando o desper desperfec fectos tos importantes en las estructuras que soportan o se encuentran cercanas a ellos. Todos estos efectos han ocurrido en la zona del sismo de Ancash, unos en mayor grado que otros o combinación de dos o más fenómenos que han podido ser apreciados en las princi principal pales es ciuda ciudades des de las costa en donde donde los depósi depósitos tos de suelos suelos granular granulares es por
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del relleno para arrastrar en sentido horizontal todo todoss los los elem elemen ento toss que que se encu encuen entr tran an cimentados sobre la masa en movimiento. Puede observarse la posición de los postes de teléf teléfono onoss que han quedad quedado o inclin inclinado adoss en el sentido de corrimiento, así como también los vehíc ehícul ulos os que que en el momen omento to del del sism ismo trans transita itaban ban por la Carre Carreter tera a Paname Panameric ricana ana Norte. Los daños en estructura de todo tipo, debido al cambio de volumen del suelo como producto de los efectos de compactación por vibración,
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efectivos se anulan y la arena suelta pierde completamente su resistencia al esfuerzo cortante ocurriendo el flujo de arena y la pérdida total de capacidad de carga, lo que hace que las ciment cimentaci acione oness que se apoye apoyen n en ella ella fallen fallen por hundimie hundimiento ntoss de suelo. suelo. La licuefacción de las arenas saturadas puede desarrollarse en cualquier zona donde la ri mbin mbin ió de la ndic ndicio io lo le del del el la defo defo ion
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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Trusted by over 1 million members
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