INDICE GENERAL
CAPITULO CAPITULO 1. MARCO TEÓRI TEÓRICO......................................................................................... CO......................................................................................... 13 1.1 ÉSTERES ÉSTERES.......................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................... 13 1.2 ACETATO ACETATO DE DE ETILO ...................................................................................................... 14
1.2.1 GENERALI GENERALIDADE DADESS ..................................................................................................... 14 1.2.2 OBTENCIÓ OBTENCIÓN N .............................................................................................................. 15 1.3 HIDROXIDO HIDROXIDO DE SODIO.................................................................................................. SODIO.................................................................................................. 16
1.3.1 GENERALI GENERALIDADE DADESS ..................................................................................................... 16 1.3.2 OBTENCIÓ OBTENCIÓN N .............................................................................................................. 17 CAPITULO CAPITULO 2. DISEÑO DISEÑO DEL TRABAJO TRABAJO EXPERI EXPERIMENTA MENTAL L ............................................... 19 2.1 OBJETIVOS OBJETIVOS DEL EXPERIMENTO EXPERIMENTO ................................................................................. 19
2.1.1 OBJET OBJETIVO IVO GENERAL................................................................................................ GENERAL................................................................................................ 19 2.1.2 OBJETIV OBJETIVOS OS ESPECÍFI ESPECÍFICOS COS ....................................................................................... 20 2.2 MODELO MODELO CINÉTICO....................................................................................................... CINÉTICO....................................................................................................... 20 2.3 DISEÑO DISEÑO EXPERIMEN EXPERIMENTAL.............................................................................................. TAL.............................................................................................. 21
2.3.1 RECOLECCI RECOLECCIÓN ÓN DE DATOS DATOS...................................................................................... ...................................................................................... 23 2.4 DESCRIPCIÓN DESCRIPCIÓN DEL APARATO APARATO EXPERIMENTA EXPERIMENTAL L ....................................................... 23 2.5 MATERIAL MATERIALES ES Y MÉTODOS.......................................................................................... MÉTODOS.......................................................................................... 25
2.5.1 SUPOSICI SUPOSICIÓNES ÓNES GENERALE GENERALES................................................................................... S................................................................................... 25 2.5.3 MÉTODOLOG MÉTODOLOGIA IA ........................................................................................................ 26 2.6 ANÁLISIS ANÁLISIS DE DATOS..................................................................................................... DATOS..................................................................................................... 26
CAPITULO CAPITULO 3. TRABAJO TRABAJO EXPERIMEN EXPERIMENTAL TAL........................................................................ ........................................................................ 29 3.1 DESCR DESCRIPCIÓN IPCIÓN DEL EXPERIMENTO EXPERIMENTO ............................................................................ 29
3.1.1 PREPARAC PREPARACIÓN IÓN DE LAS SOLUCION SOLUCIONES ES ................................................................... 30 CAPITULO CAPITULO 4. ANÁLI ANÁLISIS SIS DE RESULTADO RESULTADOS S ....................................................................... 35 4.1 CÀLCULOS CÀLCULOS...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 35 4.2 ANÀLISIS......................................................................................................................... ANÀLISIS......................................................................................................................... 40
CAPITULO CAPITULO 5. CONCLUSIONES CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIO RECOMENDACIONES NES............................................... ............................................... 43 5
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REFERENCIA REFERENCIAS S ........................................................................................................................ 45 ANEXOS ANEXOS .................................................................................................................................... 51
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INDICE DE FIGURAS Figura 1.1 1.1 Planta Planta Tokuyama Tokuyama (Yamaguchi, (Yamaguchi, Japón) Japón)............................................................ ............................................................ 16 Figura 1.2 Planta Planta de producción producción de Soda cáustica. cáustica............................................................. ............................................................ 18 Figura 3.1 Aparato experimental experimental diseñado diseñado ........................................................................ 30 Figura 4.1.........................................................................................................................38 Figura. 4.2........................................................................................................................39 Figura. 4.3........................................................................................................................40 Figura. Figura. B.1 ....................................................................................................................... 58 Figura. Figura. B.2 ....................................................................................................................... 60 Figura. Figura. B.3 ....................................................................................................................... 62 Figura. Figura. B.4 ....................................................................................................................... 65
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INDICE DE TABLAS Tabla 1.1 Propiedades Propiedades físicas del Acetato de etilo etilo ............................................................. 15 Tabla 1.2 Propiedades Propiedades físicas del Acetato de etilo etilo ............................................................. 17 Tabla 2.1 Instrumentos Instrumentos y Soluciones................................................................................. Soluciones................................................................................. 26 Tabla 3.1. Equipo de Laboratori Laboratorio...................................................................................... o...................................................................................... 29 Tabla 3.2. 3.2. Equipo Equipo para el reactor ...................................................................................... 30 Tabla 3.3 .......................................................................................................................... 32 Tabla 3.4 .......................................................................................................................... 32 Tabla 3.5 .......................................................................................................................... 33 Tabla 4.1 .......................................................................................................................... 37 Tabla 4.2 .......................................................................................................................... 38 Tabla 4.3 .......................................................................................................................... 39 Tabla 4.4. Porcentaj Porcentajes es de error en las mediciones mediciones .............................................................41 Tabla A.1.Instrum A.1.Instrumentos entos y soluciones soluciones ................................................................................53 Tabla A.2.Tiemp A.2.Tiempoo vrs. Titulación Titulación ..................................................................................... 54 Tabla B.1..........................................................................................................................57 Tabla B.2..........................................................................................................................58 Tabla B.3..........................................................................................................................59 Tabla B.4..........................................................................................................................60 Tabla B.5..........................................................................................................................61 Tabla B.6..........................................................................................................................62 Tabla B.7..........................................................................................................................63 Tabla B.8..........................................................................................................................65
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SIGLAS CPS
Chemistry Panel System
CSIRO
Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Resarch Organisation
E.U.A.
Estados Unidos de América
FIUBA
Facultad de Ingeniería de la Universidad de Buenos Aires
ITESM
Instituto Técnico de Monterrey
UNCU
Universidad Nacional de Cuyo
UPV
Universidad del País Vasco
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SIMBOLOGÍA C
Concentración
ºC
Grados Celsius
cal
Caloría
cm
Centímetro
cP
Centipoise
dyn
Dina
g
Gramo
L
Conductividad
l
Litro
H
Hidrógeno
ml
Mililitro
mS
Milisiemens
mV
Milivolt
min
Minuto
N
Normal
N
Número de moles
pH
Potencial de hidrógeno
r
Velocidad de reacción
R
Representación de un radical orgánico
R’
Representación de un radical orgánico diferente de R
R’COOR
Fórmula general de un éster
Rpm
Revoluciones por minuto
s
Segundo
t
Tiempo
Torr
Torricelli (Unidad de presión)
V
Volumen
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CAPITULO 1. MARCO TEÓRICO
Si uno no sabe algo, lo mejor es saber dónde encontrarlo Samuel Johnson Se dice que la la ignorancia del ser humano humano es lo que le hace temer a lo desconocido; por esta razón siempre debemos vivir en un aprendizaje continuo para que la luz del conocimiento disipe las sombras de lo desconocido y lo incierto. En el presente capítulo se aborda de manera breve y puntual el estudio de las sustancias químicas con las que eventualmente se trabajará en la parte experimental, para el desarrollo de este trabajo; dándole así al lector un panorama general de las características, propiedades y usos de dichos compuestos, para una mejor comprensión.
1.1 ÉSTERES Estrechamente relacionadas con los ácidos carboxílicos, y entre sí, existe una serie de familias químicas conocidas como derivados funcionales de los ácidos carboxílicos . Los miembros de este particular grupo gr upo de compuestos co mpuestos son los cloruros cloruro s de ácido, anhídridos, amidas a midas y ésteres. [Morrison y Boyd. 1990: p.842] Los ésteres son compuestos formados al reaccionar el ácido carboxílico con un alcohol o un fenol.
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Los ésteres se hidrolizan en presencia de un catalizador ácido para producir un ácido carboxílico y un alcohol. Sin embargo esta reacción no llega a completarse porque se da la formación de éster a partir del alcohol a lcohol y el e l ácido, es decir, la reacción inversa. Por esta razón razó n la hidrólisis hidró lisis de los ésteres por lo general se realiza r ealiza en disoluciones básicas. Es de hacer notar not ar que el álcali empleado no actúa como catalizador, sino que se consume en la reacción. [Chang. 1992: p.1011] Chang et al. [1992: p.1011] menciona que el término saponificación saponificación fue utilizado originalmente para describir la hidrólisis alcalina de d e los ésteres de los ácidos á cidos grasos para producir moléculas de jabón; de hecho, es una de d e las reacciones químicas qu ímicas más antiguas que se conocen; co nocen; como ejemplo, ya era utilizada en la época de galos y romanos. Sin embargo en la actualidad el término se ha generalizado para la hidrólisis alcalina de cualquier tipo de éster.
1.2 ACETATO DE ETILO
1.2.1 GENERALIDADES El Acetato de etilo es un líquido incoloro, con olor a frutas, menos denso que el agua y ligeramente miscible con ella. Sus vapores son más densos que el aire. [Márquez. Sin fecha] El acetato de etilo etilo es ampliamente utilizado en la industria de procesos químicos debido a su fino fino poder de soluci so lución ón y a su abundante a bundante disponibilidad d isponibilidad por po r su bajo costo. co sto. Comúnmente Co múnmente es utilizado en
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Propiedades Peso molecular
88.11
Punto de ebullición ebullición
77.11 ºC
Presión de vapor
73.0 Torr a 20 ºC
Punto de congelación
– 83.97 ºC
Índice de refracción
1.3724 a 20 ºC
Densidad
0.9006 g/ml a 20 ºC 0.8945 g/ml a 25 ºC
Constante dieléctrica
6.02 a 25 °C
Viscosidad
0.45 cP a 20 ºC
Tensión Superficial
23.75 dyn/cm a 20 °C
Tabla 1.1 Propiedades físicas del Acetato de etilo [Lousiana State University. Sin fecha]
1.2.2 OBTENCIÓN De los posibles caminos de síntesis del acetato de etilo, sólo se han empleado hasta ahora dos procedimientos industriales. La materia de partida, según el país, es el etanol o el acetaldehído. En E.U.A., donde el alcohol es muy barato, se obtiene a partir de la esterificación esterificación del ácido acético
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El catalizador empleado es una disolución de alcoholato de aluminio en una mezcla de etanol/acetato de etilo con iones de Zn+ y CI-. En esta disolución y con enfriamiento a 0 – 5 ºC se produce la reacción exotérmica del acetaldehído a acetato de etilo etilo [Anónimo [Anónimo 1. Sin fecha] Cabe mencionar que de los métodos actuales de producción de acetato de etilo, la obtención por medio de acetaldehído presenta un menor costo e inversión [Chang. 2001]. El acetato de etilo es un disolvente oxigenado, que se utiliza sobre todo en la fabricación de tintas y pinturas. También es utilizado en la fabricación de productos farmacéuticos [Anónim [ Anónimoo 2. 2001]. 2001] .
Figura 1.1 1.1 Planta Tokuyama (Yamagu (Yamaguchi, chi, Japón)
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A continuación se listan algunas de sus propiedades físicas:
Propiedades Peso molecular
40.01
Punto de fusión
318.4 ºC
Punto de ebullición ebullición
1390 ºC
Densidad
2.13 g/ml a 20 ºC
Calor de fusión
40 cal/g
Tabla 1.2 Propiedades físicas del Acetato de etilo [CSIRO Atmosferic Research. 2002] El hidróxido de sodio es ampliamente utilizado en la producción de rayón y en la industria jabonera. Además, en la industria textil se utiliza para desengrasar, blanquear, teñir, etc. Tiene múltiples aplicaciones aplicaciones como co mo reactivo químico, químico, en la fabricación de sustancias orgánicas, industrias industrias de papel, vidrio, cuero caucho explosivos, pinturas y barnices y muchas otras industrias. [Kirk y Othmer. 1961: vol. 1: p.679]
1.3.2 OBTENCIÓN El hidróxido de sodio puede prepararse por dos métodos distintos [Babor y Aznáres. 1963: p.699]: tratando carbonato de sodio con cal apagada en un proceso llamado caustificación o por electrólisis
Castner-Kellner [Liptrot. de una solución de cloruro de sodio, también conocido como Proceso Castner-Kellner
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Células de Mercurio . En éstas, el mercurio constituye el cátodo donde se electrodeposita el sodio y es esta amalgama la que se hace pasar por agua para formar el hidróxido.
Células de Diafragma : En este proceso se utiliza asbesto (o algún sustituto alternativo), para separar el e l cloro y la soda so da cáustica producidos pro ducidos en la electrólisis. elect rólisis. Como la concentración concentr ación de NaOH presente en el “licor de la celda” es muy baja, éste pasa por una serie de evaporadores de múltiple efecto para aumentarla.
Células de Membrana : Este proceso utiliza una membrana selectiva para separar los iones Na+ que luego se harán reaccionar con agua para obtener el hidróxido.
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CAPITULO 2. DISEÑO DEL TRABAJO EXPERIMENTAL
Entre más grande grande es el obstáculo obstáculo,, más grande es la la gloria al vencerlo vencerlo Moliére Todos los problemas son llamadas de atención para nuestra creatividad y, precisamente, la ingeniería química es la profesión que requiere la aplicación creativa de principios científicos para sortear los obstáculos con los que se enfrenta. La solución adecuada a los problemas requiere que se describa cuantitativamente o se modele el comportamiento de los elementos involucrados en el mismo. Teniendo esto en cuenta, en el presente capítulo se aborda el diseño experimental y la metodología a seguir para, en base a los objetivos y lineamientos planteados, desarrollar el trabajo de laboratorio; para luego, en un posterior análisis, determinar det erminar el modelo cinético de la reacción en estudio que mejor represente r epresente los datos obtenidos.
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2.1.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS
Determinar la variación de la conductividad en el tiempo.
Utilizar el método de análisis integral para determinar los parámetros cinéticos de reacción como lo son la la constante de Arrehenius y el órden de la reacción reacción
2.2 MODELO CINÉTICO El estudio experimental de las velocidades de reacción se realiza midiendo las concentraciones en función del tiempo a determinadas temperaturas. Sin embargo, en el caso de reacciones muy rápidas se deben llevar a cabo las mediciones correspondientes de manera alternativa. Los procedimientos de análisis se pueden dividir en dos amplios grupos, químicos y físicos, cuya diferencia principal es que en el primero se separa una cantidad de sustancia del reactor para su
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Para esta reacción la ecuación de velocidad se puede formular por medio de la siguiente expresión, que relaciona la velocidad de desaparición r NaOH con las concentraciones de los reactivos y los productos: a
− r NaOH = K 1[CH 3COOC 2 H 5 ]
[ NaOH ]b − K 1[CH 3COONa ]c [C 2 H 5OH ]d (Ec. 2.2) −
En esta expresión, a, b, c y d representan los órdenes desconocidos de la reacción, k 1 y k -1 son las constantes de velocidad hacia la derecha e izquierda, respectivamente, y las fórmulas entre paréntesis denotan las concentraciones conce ntraciones de los compuestos. co mpuestos. Para el análisis integral de los datos es necesario suponer una forma forma funcional de la ecuación de reacción (es decir, orden cero, primer orden, segundo orden con respecto a un reactivo determinado), que posteriormente se introduce en un balance de materia dentro del reactor. Los valores en la literatura indican que la constante de equilibrio para esta reacción es muy grande ( k 1 / k 1 → ∞ ), por lo tanto la reacción es irreversible. −
Como primera suposición, la reacción se puede considerar de primer orden para ambos reactivos. Por consiguiente,
− r NaOH =
k [ EtAc ]1[ NaOH ]1 , donde k representa la constante de velocidad de
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El balance de materia transitorio para el NaOH para un reactor discontinuo e isotérmico es (NaOH que entra) – ( NaOH que sale) + (NaOH total generados) = (NaOH acumulado). Para este sistema [Chopey y Hick. 1990: p.5-2 – 5-7]:
+ r NaOH V =
dN NaOH dt
(Ec. 2.4)
Donde: r = velocidad de generación V= volumen del reactor N = número número de moles moles t = tiempo Reordenando: − d [ NaOH ]
dt
=
k [ NaOH ]2
(Ec. 2.5)
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1 Si la gráfica obtenida al representar los valores experimentales de [ NaOH ]0
−
1 vrs [ NaOH ]
tiempo es una línea recta, la reacción es de segundo orden, siendo la pendiente de la recta la constante de velocidad. [Timmermann, 2002], [Chopey y Hick. 1990: p.5-2 – 5-7] La elaboración de esta gráfica y la consecuente comprobación del modelo cinético propuesto deben llevarse a cabo a partir de datos de concentración y tiempo. Estos datos serán obtenidos de forma experimental utilizando un reactor discontinuo.
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•
Estructura Estructura de montaje o chasis
Consiste en tres niveles de montaje para el resto de los instrumentos de medición. Con este propósito, está provisto de cuatro rieles para facilitar el deslizamiento horizontal del resto del equipo de medición.
Sonda de temperatura temperatura
Es un termopar de NiCr – Ni. Mide rangos desde –200 ºC hasta 1200 ºC. No debe utilizarse utilizarse en líquidos líquidos que sean sean abrasivos abrasivos para el níquel. níquel. Su tiempo
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El agitador tiene dos campos de revoluciones: Campo I: 40 – 400 rpm Campo II: 200 – 2000 rpm El equipo consta de un control térmico para evitar daños en caso de sobrecarga o bloqueo. En tal caso, el aparato se detiene de manera automática. Medidor de de conductividad conductividad WTW LF 320 320
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2.5.3 MÉTODOLOGIA Materiales IN STR UM EN TOS
SOLUCIONES
Equ quiipo Laybold old Didactic NaOH NaOH 0.1 N Medi Medido dorr de con conduct ductiividad Acet Acetat ato o de Et Etilo 0.1 0.1 N 2 Pipetas de 100 ml 1 Erlenmeyer de 250 ml 2 Baños Termostáticos a 40ºC
Tabla 2.1 Instrumentos y Soluciones
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[ NaOH ] =
K A1 − K 1 * [ NaOH ]0 K 0 − K 1
(Ec. 2.8)
Donde: CA1 es la conductividad medida Ko es la conductividad antes de añadir el éster K 1 es la conductividad al final de la reacción. Una vez expresados los datos en la forma requerida (inverso de la concentración y tiempo) se realiza una regresión lineal donde el inverso de la concentración es nuestra variable dependiente y
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CAPITULO 5. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES RECOMENDACIONES Yo solo sé que no sé nada
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REFERENCIAS PÁGINAS WEB Y OTRAS REFERENCIAS CONSULTADAS
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http://www.chlorchemicals.com/pressoffice/picturearchive/man/Man_Anhydrous_Caustic_Soda_Plant.html Planta de producción de soda cáustica en Runcorn, Reino Unido
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http;//www.modeladoeningenieria.edu.ar/utnfrro/ingenieria_reacciones/tp/tp1/pdf Trabajo Práctico Nº1 de la Cátedra de Ingeniería de las Reacciones de la UTNFRRO.
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