DAFTAR ISI Daftar isi
Hal
Daftar isi ……………………………………………………………………………................................... ......... 1 BAB I. Pendahuluan 1.1.
Perancangan Perangkat Lunak ……………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………. …………………. 3
1.2.
……………………………………………………….……………….. …………….. 3 Data Flow Diagram (DFD) ……………………………………………………….…
1.3.
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) …………………………………………………………… 9
BAB II. Perancangan Dengan Dengan Power Designer Designer 2.1.
Perancangan Process Analyst Model (PAM) ………….………………………………… 15
2.2.
Perancangan Con ceptual Data Model (CDM) ………………………………………….. 15
2.3.
…………….….……………………………… … 16 Perancangan Physical Data Model (PDM) …………….….……………………………
2.4.
Pembuatan Aplika si dengan VB (Visual Basic) …………………………………………. 16
BAB III. Process Analyst 3.1.
Membuat dan membuka root proses ……………….…………………………… ……………….…………………………………….. ……….. 17
3.2.
Membuat dan mendefenisikan Entitas Eksternal . …………………………………… 20
3.3.
…………………………………………………………….. ……....... 20 Membuat Data Flow Di agram ………………………………………………………
3.4.
……………………………………………………………………….. ………………….. 21 Dekomposisi Root Proces s ……………………………………………………
3.5.
…………………………………………………………….. ……….. 24 Menampilkan Tree Pada P rocess ……………………………………………………
3.6.
Membuat Control Flow ……………………………………………………………………………. 24
3.7.
Membuat Item dan Domain …………………………………………………………………….. 25
3.8.
…………………………………………………………………………….. …………………………….. 31 Menyimpan Data I tem ………………………………………………
3.9.
…………………………………………………………..…… …………..…… 35 Pengujian Model (Check Er ror) ………………………………………………
BAB IV. Conceptual Data Model (CDM) 4.1. Konsep-Konsep Dari CDM ............................................... ..................................................................................36 ...................................36 4.2. Membuat Entitas ………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… …………………………………..36 …..36 4.3. Membuat atribut …………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………..38 ……..38 ……………………………………………………………………… …………………………………… … ..39 4.4. Mendefenisikan Relasi antar Entit as ……………………………………
4.5. Mendefenisikan turunan Entitas ………………………………………………………………………………..42 ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………. ………………. .45 4.6. Pengujian Model (Check Error) …………………………………
BAB V. Process Analyst Model (PDM) 5.1. Membuat PDM dari CDM ………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………46 ………………………46 ……………………………………………………….. 47 5.2. Mendefenisikan preferenced dan Opt ion PDM ………………………………………………………..
5.3. Pengujian Model (Check Erro r) ……………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………… …………….. 47
1
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BAB VI. Membuat aplikasi ………………………………………………………… ……… 6.1. Mendefenisikan option aplikasi pada CDM …………………………………………………
6.2. Generate Aplilkasi Pada Visual B asic ………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………. ……………………….
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BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1.
Perancangan Perangkat Lunak
Dalam perencanaan pengembangan suatu system perangkatlunak (software Project Plan) terdapat tiga hal pokok yang melandasinya. Ketiga pokok yang harus ditentukan adalah sebagai berikut: 1. What must be don’t to create a working system 2. Who will do this work 3. When the work will be done Perancangan suatu proyek perangakat lunak meliputi empat tahap utama, yakni: 1. Menentukan aktifitas dalam proyek 2. Menentukan urutan dari sekelompo pekerjaan yang telah ditentukan dalam proyek tersebut 3. Mengalokasikan Mengalokasikan waktu dan biaya yang dibutuhkan untuk setiap aktifitas dan 4. Keseluruhan proyek
1.2.
Data Flow Diagram (DFD)
1.2.1. Sekilas Tentang DFD
Gane dan Garson menyatakan bahwa pada tingkat logis pemakaian diagram alur data sebagai alat kunci untuk mengetahui dan untuk mengerjakan system pada tiap kesemournaan, serta untuk membatasi model bagi pemakaian pada tahap analisis ( Diperkenalkan pada awal 1970) Data Flow Diagram (DFD) adalah alat pembuatan model yang memungkinkan profesional sistem untuk menggambarkan system sebagai suatu jaringan proses fungsional yang dihubungkan satu sama lain dengan alur data, baik secara manual maupun komputerisasi. DFD ini sering disebut juga dengan nama Bubble chart, Bubble diagram,
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DFD ini adalah salah satu alat pembuatan model yang sering digunakan, khususnya bila fungsi-fungsi sistem merupakan bagian yang lebih penting dan kompleks dari pada data yang dimanipulasi oleh sistem. Dengan kata lain, DFD adalah alat pembuatan model yang memberikan penekanan hanya pada fungsi sistem. DFD ini merupakan alat perancangan sistem yang berorientasi pada alur data dengan konsep dekomposisi dapat digunakan untuk penggambaran analisa maupun rancangan sistem yang mudah dikomunikasikan oleh professional
1.2.2. Simbol-Simbol DFD Symbol symbol DFD adalah symbol yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan jalannya suatu proses. Terdapat berapa symbol yaitu: 1)
Alur Data
Alur data disimbolkan dengan gambar anak panah yang dipakai untuk menunjukan alur data (informasi atau objek). Nama alur data dituliskan pada garis atau disampingnya. Contoh:
Flow_3
2)
[Nota Pembayaran]
Proses
Proses digambarkan dengan gambar lingkaran yang dipakai untuk menunjukan proses yang mamnual ataupun otomatis. Gambar ini tidak hanya menunjukkan alur data input ke dalalm lingkaran, tetapi juga menunjukkan transformasi data ke dalam output. Nama proses dituliskan pada garis atau disampingnya berupa kata perintah. Contoh proses: 1 Sistem Informasi kasir Restoran
2 Prcs_2
+
Gbr (a). symbol proses menurut OMT Funtional Model
gbr (b). Menurut Gane & Sarson
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3)
External Entity
Simbol External Entity digambarkan dengan segi empat. Keadaan External Entity adalah untuk menunjukkan tepat asal data(sumber) atau tujuan data. Nama sumber serta tujuan ditulis dalam kotak segi empat, dalam bentuk tunggal. Terminator mewakili eksternal entity yang berkomunikasi berkomunikasi dengan sistem yang sedang dikembangkan. Terdapat dua jenis terminator terminator :
o
Terminator Sumber ( source) : merupakan terminator yang menjadi sumber.
o
Terminator Tujuan ( sink ) : merupakan terminator yang menjadi tujuan data /
informasi sistem .
Kasir Pelanggan
Gbr (a). symbol proses menurut Gane & Sarson gbr (b). terminator dgn tujuan dan sumber
dan OMT Funtional Model
4. Data Store Simbol data store digambarkan dengan persegi empat terbuka. Data Store digunakan untuk membuat model sekumpulan paket data dan diberi nama dengan kata benda jamak,
misalnya
Mahasiswa.
Data
store
ini
biasanya
berkaitan
dengan
penyimpananpenyimpanan, seperti file atau database yang berkaitan dengan penyimpanan secara komputerisasi, misalnya file disket, file harddisk, file pita magnetik. Data store juga berkaitan dengan penyimpanan secara manual seperti buku alamat, file folder, dan agenda. Suatu data store dihubungkan dengan alur data hanya pada komponen proses, tidak dengan komponen DFD lainnya. Alur data yang menghubungkan data store dengan suatu proses mempunyai pengertian sebagai berikut : Alur data dari data store yang berarti sebagai pembacaan atau pengaksesan satu paket
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· Alur data ke data store yang berarti sebagai pengupdatean data, seperti menambah satu paket data baru atau lebih, menghapus satu paket atau lebih, atau mengubah/memodifikasi mengubah/memodifika si satu paket data d ata atau lebih.
Pada pengertian pertama data store tidak berubah, jika suatu paket data/informasi berpindah dari data store ke suatu proses. Sebaliknya pada pengertian kedua data store berubah sebagai hasil alur yang memasuki data store. Dengan kata lain, proses alur data bertanggung jawab terhadap perubahan yang terjadi pada data store. Contoh: Tr ansaksi Penjualan Penjual an
Gbr (a).model OMT Funtional Model
5.
2
Tr ansaksi Penjualan Penjual an
Gbr (b). model Gane & Serson
Data dictionary (Kamus Data) Kamus data adalah tempat menyimpan informasi yang menyimpan informasi tentang semua
entity yang ditampilkan pada emodelan prposes DFD mauon pemodelan data . Kamus data pada
kegiatan pengembangan system, nama-nama yang dipakai untuk alur data, deskripsi proses, sumber dan penyimpanan harus dijelaskan.
1.2.3. Tujuan DFD Tujuan dari pemakaian DFD ini adalah:
Menunjukkan aliran data dalam system
Mendokmentasikan Mendokmentasikan batasan dari seistem secara grafik
Menunjukkan aliran data antara system dengan dunia luar atau dengan system lainnya
Sebagai alat bantu para analis system untuk memuudahkan dalam menganalisa
Membantu komunikasi antara analis dengan pengguna
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1.2.4. Keterbatasan dan Kelebihan DFD Seperti yang diketahui bahwa DFD menggambarkan pembagian system kedalam sub-sub system alur data pada dan simoanan data dan alur data masuk maupun alur data keluar, akan tetapi DFD memiliki kelemahan yaitu:
Tidak menunjukkan komposisi alur data pada system
Tidak menunjukkan syarta akses data dari data store
Tidak menunjukkan kalkulasi dan kuantitas data atau proses
1.2.5. Alasan Menggunakan DFD Alasan utama penggunaan DFD adalah: 1. DFD dapat membantu para analis system meringkas informasi tentang system, mengetahui komponen kunci tentannng system dan membantu menentukan fungsi-fungsi yang dapat dipakai kmbali. 2. DFD berfungsi sebagai alat komunikasi yang baik antara analis dengan pengguna Karena DFD tidak rumit 3. Dengan DFD analis system dapat mengambarkan sejumlah batas-batas untuk mengembangkan alternative system fisik 1.2.6. Contoh DFD
Kasi r Data Penjual an
3 Proses Transaksi
Data Tr ansaksi
Bukti Tra Tr ansaksi
Pelanggan
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1.2.7. Bentuk Data Flow Diagram
Terdapat dua bentuk DFD, yaitu Diagram Alur Data Fisik, dan Diagram Alur data Logika. Diagram alur data fisik lebih menekankan pada bagaimana proses dari sistem diterapkan, sedangkan diagram alur data logika lebih menekankan proses-proses apa yang terdapat di sistem.
1.
Diagram Alur Data Fisik (DADF) DADF lebih tepat digunakan untuk menggambarkan sistem yang ada (sistem yang lama). Penekanan dari DADF adalah bagaimana proses-proses dari system diterapkan (dengan cara apa, oleh siapa dan dimana), termasuk proses-proses manual. Untuk memperoleh gambaran bagaimana sistem yang ada diterapkan, DADF harus memuat : 1. Proses-proses manual juga digambarkan. d igambarkan. 2. Nama dari alur data harus memuat keterangan yang cukup terinci untuk menunjukkan bagaimana pemakai sistem memahami kerja sistem. 3. Simpanan data dapat menunjukkan simpanan non komputer. 4. Nama dari simpanan data harus menunjukkan tipe penerapannya apakah secara manual atau komputerisasi. Secara manual misalnya dapat menunjukkan buku catatat, meja pekerja. Sedang cara komputerisasi misalnya menunjukkan file urut, file database. 5. Proses harus menunjukkan nama dari pemroses, yaitu orang, departemen, sistem
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1.2.8. Syarat-Syarat Pembuatan Data Flow Diagram
Syarat pembuatan DFD ini akan menolong profesional sistem untuk menghindari pembentukkan DFD yang salah atau DFD yang tidak lengkap atau tidak konsisten secara logika. Beberapa syarat pembutan DFD dapat menolong profesional sistem untuk membentuk DFD yang benar, menyenangkan untuk dilihat dan mudah dibaca oleh pemakai.
Syarat-syarat pembuatan DFD ini adalah : 1. Pemberian nama untuk tiap komponen DFD 2. Pemberian nomor pada komponen proses 3. Penggambaran DFD sesering mungkin agar enak dilihat 4. Penghindaran penggambaran DFD yang rumit 5. Pemastian DFD yang dibentuk itu konsiten secara logika
1.3.
Entity
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
relationship adalah suatu suatu cara memodelkan suatu data ditingkat konseptual
dalam perancangan perancangan basis basis data. Model Entity-Relationship merupakan alat modeling data yang populer dan banyak digunakan oleh para perancang perancang database. database. Data model merupakan representasi abstrak dari data tentang entitas, kejadian, aktifitas dan asosiasinya dalam suatu organisasi. organisasi.
Tujuan dari pemodelan data adalah untuk
menyajikan data dan menjadikan data mudah dimengerti, sehingga mempermudah perancangan dan pengaksesan pengaksesan database.
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1.3.1.Model Entity-Relationship Entity-Relationship
Model E-R diperkenalkan pertama kali oleh P.P. Chen pada tahun 1976, walau model ini sudah ketinggalan jaman akan tetapi dalam penerapannya ER masih merupakan model yang efektif dalam upaya menggambarkan persepsi dari pemakai karena berisi objekobjek dasar yang disebut sebagai entitas dan hubungan antar entitas-entitas yang disebut relationship. Adapun model E-R dinotasikan dinotasikan sebagai berikut: Simbol
Arti
Uraian
Entitas
Entitas/Entity adalah sesuatu yang dibedakan dalam dunia nyata, diman informasi yang berkaitan dengannya dikumpulkan.
Entity set (Himpunan entitas) adalah
kumpulan dari entity yang sejenis, berupa proyek, kendaraan, pegawai, konsumen, pemasok, penjualan dan lain sebagainya. Relationship
Hubungan yang terjadi antara satu atau lebih entity. Relationship tidak mempunyai keberadaan fisik kecuali yang diwarisi dari hubungan antara entity tersebut.
Atribut
Karakteristik
dari
entity
atau
relationship
yang
menyediakan penjelasan detail tentang entity atau relationship tersebut. tersebut.
Attribute value) Nilai atribut ( Attribute
adalah suatu data aktual atau informasi tertentu yang disimpan pada tiap atribut di dalam suatu entitas atau relationship (Nonkey attribute). Identifier (key ) digunakan untuk menentukan suatu entity secara unik. Descriptor (nonkey attribute) digunakan untuk menspesifikasikan
karakteristik dari suatu entity yang tidak unik. Key
Atribut
Atribut yang digunakan untuk menentukan suatu entity
(Atribut Kunci)
secara unik.
Weak Entity
Suatu entity yang mungkin memiliki suatu atribut yang bukan miliknya, dimana keberadaannya tergantung dari entity lain. Identifying
Entity lain tersebut dikatakan sebagai Owner dan
relationshipnya
dinamakan
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1.3.2. Derajat Relationship
Terdapat 3 macam derajat dari relationship, yaitu : Unary Degree (derajat satu),
Bila satu entity mempunyai relasi terhadap dirinya sendiri. Digambarkan sebagai berikut:
Binary degree (derajat dua) dan
Bila satu relasi menghubugkan dua entity, digambarkan sebagai berikut :
Ternary degree (derajat tiga)
Bila satu entity menghubungkan lebih dari dua entity. Digambarkan sebagai berikut :
1.3.3. Cardinality Ratio Constraint
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Hubungan 1 : M (One to Many/Many to One Relationship)
Yaitu suatu entity pada himpunan A dapat berhubungan dengan sejumlah entity pada himpunan B, tetapi entity yang berada pada himpunan B hanya dapat berhubungan dengan hanya satu entity entity dari himpunan A atau sebaliknya. sebaliknya. Digambarkan sebagai sebagai :
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1.3.4. Notasi Bentuk Lain
Bentuk lain dari Cardinality Ratio Constraint dapat ditunjukan dalam beberapa bentuk hubungan antar entitas ke entitas, entitas ke relationship, maupun sebaliknya yang digambarkan sebagai berikut : Simbol
Uraian
Simbol
Uraian Hubungan satu
Hubungan satu ke satu (optional) Hubungan many Hubungan satu atau lebih (optional) Hubungan many
1.3.5. Participation Constraint Berfungsi untuk menjelaskan keberadaan suatu entity yang tergantung dengan entitas
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BAB II Perancangan Dengan Power Designer 2.1. Perancangan Proses Analyst Model
Process Analyst Model atau disingkat dengan PAM merupakan gambaran hasil analisis fungsional dari sebuah sistem informasi. Model ini menganalisis fungsifungsi yang ditunjukkan oleh berbagai proses yang terjadi didalam sistem. PAM merupakan komplemen dari Conceptual Data Model (CDM). PAM menunjukkan dinamika diantara elemen-elemen yang terdapat didalam system. Sedangkan CDM menggambarkan data statis yang berada pada setiap elemen-elemen tersebut. Process Analyst menunjukkan aliran data dari satu elemen ke elemen yang lain serta tranformasi data yang sedang terjadi.Process Analyst Model didalam Power Designer veri 6.1 mendukung empat metode dalam penggambaran model analisis, yaitu : a.
The OMT functional model OMT model merupakan metode yang paling banyak digunakan dan merupakan tool analisis untuk menggambarkan struktur data dalam bentuk Data Flow Diagram
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2.2.
Perancangan Conceptual Data Model
Sebuah Conceptual data Model menggambarkan struktur logical secara keseluruh an dari sebuah database. Sebuah conceptual Model berisi data objek yang belum diimplementasikan diimplementasikan physical database. CDM memberikan sebuah gambaran untuk dijalan kan oleh pengguna.
Objek Pada CDM Beberapa objek dalam CDM adalah:
Domain
:
Data item
: Bagian terkecil dari informasi
Entity
: Entitas/Entity adalah sesuatu yang dibedakan dalam dunia nyata, diman
informasi yang berkaitan dengannya dikumpulkan. dikumpulkan. Entity set (Himpunan entitas) adalah adalah kumpulan dari entity yang sejenis, berupa proyek, kendaraan, pegawai, konsumen, pemasok, penjualan dan lain sebagainya.
Entity attribute
: Element dari informasi yang tergabung dalam entity
Relationship
: Penghubung antar dua entitas
Inheritance link
: Hubungan khusus yang menjelaskan sebuah dari entity
yang lebih umum
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1.
2. 3.
Menyelesaikan analisa rancangan suatu sitem sehingga dapat dipahami oleh pengguna yaitu berupa rancangan DFD, ERD penysunan kamus data,dan segal kebutuhan lainnya. Menuangkan hasil rancangan kedalam proses rancangan dimulai dari pembuatan PAM, mengubah dalam bentuk CDM dan PDM hingga generate dalam program. Mengecek hasil akhir apakah sudah sesuai dengan apa yang didinginkan pengguna sehingga aplikasi mudah dijalankan.
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BAB III PROCESS ANALYST 3.1. MEMBUAT DAN MEMBUKA ROOT PROSES Langkah pertama adalah membuat proses awal ( root process). Proses awal ini menggambarkan fungsi umum dari semua fungsi-fungsi yang terdapat didalam ruang lingkup analisis. Dalam contoh kasus ini, proses awalnya adalah fungsi system informasi kasir restoran. Didalam model ini, pelangga dan kasir restoran disebut sebagai entitas eksternal (External Entity ). Sebuah entitas eksternal adalah aktor (pelaku) yang berkaitan dengan sebuah proses baik sebagaik sumber data yang akan diproses maupun sebagai penerima data yang sudah diproses. Sebuah entitas eksternal memiliki peranan yang lebih pasif dibandingkan dengan sebuah proses. Proses mempengaruhi data dengan
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Membuat dan Mendefinisikan Process
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Setelah model option diatur sesuai dengan setting seperti gambar diatas, maka selanjutnya klik objek process pada Tool. Berbagai jenis objek pada Tool dapat dilihat pada gambar dibawah ini.
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Selanjutnya adalah membuat Entitas Eksternal. Didalam kasus sistem percetakan ini, ada tiga entitas eksternal yaitu Kasir, Pemilik resetoran dan Pelanggan. Untuk membuat entitas eksternal, klik object External Entity pada Tool, dan drag drop di halaman kerja. Beri nama entitas eksternal itu dengan cara Double Klik sebagaimana cara memberi nama pada objek proses. Hasil dari pembuatan entitas ekternal itu seperti gambar dibawah ini.
Pelanggan
Pemilik Restoran
Kasir
3.3 MEMBUAT DATA FLOW DIAGRAM
Setelah membuat objek proses dan entitas ekternal, selanjutnya memberikan data flow yang akan menunjukkan aliran data dari entitas menuju proses atau dari proses
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Data flow juga diberi nama sebagaimana objek yang lain. Nama data flow biasanya menunjukkan aktivitas yang dilakukan berkaitan dengan hubungan entitas dengan proses. Contoh diatas menunjukkan bahwa hubungan Penulis dengan Percetakan adalah penulis mengusulkan bukunya untuk dicetak. Kemudian, buat data flow untuk objek proses Sistem Percetakan dengan entitas Toko Buku. Hasil diagram DFD level 0 seperti dibawah ini. 1 Sistem Informasi kasi r Restoran +
Pelanggan Informasi data Pel Pel angg angg an
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Setelah membuat proses baru didalam halaman kerja sub proses Sistem Percetakan, maka selanjutnya mengatur agar objek didalam halaman kerja tersebut saling terhubung sehingga terbentuk aliran data level 1 (DFD Level 1). Lakukan langkah berikut :
Klik Data Flow Tool, hubungkan antara objek proses Seleksi Buku dan Cetak Buku.
Double Klik Data Flow tersebut dan akan muncul jendela properti berikut.
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4
Data Transaksi
Bukti Tr ansaksi
laporanTr ansaksi
Transaksi
Kewaj iban Mel akukan transaksi
+
pelangg an Data Pelaggan Data Penjualan 7
Transaksi Penjualan
pendataan pelanggan
Informasi data Pelangg an
Daftar Menu Yang Dijual
5
Pelanggan
Daftar Pemesanan
Pendataan Menu
Data M enu Makanan Kasir Data Menu Mi
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DeMarco. Control Flow merupakan flow yang menggambarkan sebuah perintah. Misalnya pada DFD Level 1 pada metode Gane & Sarson terdapat flow "perintah untuk cetak" dengan mengubah metode menjadi Yourdon/DeMarco, maka data flow "perintah untuk mencetak' dapat diubah menjadi control flow dengan cara Double Klik Data Flow > Type>Control.
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pada suatu data item dapat didefinisikan dengan cara mengisi Check Parameter pada data item tersebut. Didalam Check Parameter dapat didefinisikan nilai minimum, maximum atau besar nilai yang diterima.
1. Membuat Data Item
Klik Dictionary > List of Data Items > lalu akan muncul jendela list data item seperti
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