Projeto de caixas acústicas utilizando alto-falantes Selenium.Descrição completa
SeleniumDeskripsi lengkap
Descrição: Descrição do falante
njh jhgjhgjgnjgnjgbhjgvhgb
Different Frameworks for Selenium automationFull description
Deskripsi lengkap
Selenium IT Testing Tool Tutorial for beginnersFull description
Selenium interview QuestionsFull description
Full description
selenium
Caixa Selenium SPM 1202AFull description
Descrição: SELENIUM CATÁLOGO PROFISIONAL 2013
ujknkjhkjFull description
seleniumFull description
SeleniumFull description
Descripción: dsdsdfsdf
selenium web driverFull description
Found on InternetFull description
CONTENTS 1.Framework a.General Data Driven Framework b. Testing Web Driver Data Driven Framework 2.JAVA 3.Sample Programs on Java 4.Interview Questions on Java 5.Selenium RC 6.TestNG and JUnit 7.Web Driver. 8.Sample Programs on Selenium 9.Interview Question on Selenium
Framework General Data Driven Framework & TestNG WebDriver Data Driven Framework Aim or Goals of Framework: ¾ Tests With Multiple Suite ¾ Run Selective Test Suite ¾ Run Selected Test Cases ¾ Generate Logs ¾ Repeat a test case – Parameterize ¾ Execute Test cases with multiple sets of data ¾ Run complete Project in Console or command line ¾ BAT file for execution through ANT ¾ Generate Html Reports using TestNG ¾ Generate XSLT Reports or Pie Graphs for Result
Prepare Test Cases and Test data xls for Test Suites. One xls file per test suite Introduce Runmodes Make eclipse Java project make package- suiteA make package- suiteB make package- suiteC make package- logs make package- util make package- base, in base create initialize function and declare global variables like xls files with path. make package- config, create OR.properties and config.properties make package- xls Put xls files in xls Prepare config.properties and OR.properties
Make TestUtil.java in util package Prepare function to check Runmode of a Test Suite - isSuiteRunnable ________________________________________________________________________
Prepare function to check Runmode of a Test Case in Test Suite isTestCaseRunnable Prepare function to return test data for a test case in two dim array getData Make TestBase.java Prepare initialize function to initialize the logs, Make TestSuiteBase.java class in each test Suite package Prepare all test classes in all suites Prepare testng.xml and individual suite xmls Batch run and check empty project Implement @BeforeSuite and @BeforeTest functions in Project to check Runmode of Suite and Test Batch run and check empty project Implement @dataprovider Functions in all test classes - PARAMETRIZING THE TEST CASES Implement build.xml and run project through command prompt Make a .bat file to run the frameworkDouble clicking on bat file your will or complete script will execute and generate the reports and logs.
INDEX of JAVA 1. Introduction to Java 1.1. History 1.2. Java Virtual machine 1.3. Java Runtime Environment vs. Java Development Kit 1.4. Characteristics of Java 1.5. Development Process with Java 1.6. Classpath 2. Installation of Java 3. Your first Java program 3.1. Write source code 3.2. Compile and run your Java program 3.3. Using the classpath 4. Integrated Development Environment 5. Your first graphical user interface application (GUI) 6. Statements 6.1. Boolean Operations 6.2. Switch Statement 7. Working with Strings 8. Type Conversion 8.1. Conversion to String 8.2. Conversion from String to Number 8.3. Double to int 8.4. SQL Date conversions 9. Cheat Sheets 9.1. Working with classes 9.2. Working with local variable ________________________________________________________________________
11. Questions and Discussion 12. Links and Literature
1. Introduction to Java 1.1. History Java is a programming language created by James Gosling from Sun Microsystems in 1991. The first publicly available version of Java (Java 1.0) was released in 1995. Over time new enhanced versions of Java have been released. The current version of Java is Java 1.7 which is also known as Java 7. From the Java programming language the Java platform evolved. The Java platform allows that the program code is written in other languages than the Java programming language and still runs on the Java virtual machine.
1.2. Java Virtual machine The Java virtual machine (JVM) is a software implementation of a computer that executes programs like a real machine. The Java virtual machine is written specifically for a specific operating system, e.g. for Linux a special implementation is required as well as for Windows. Java programs are compiled by the Java compiler into so-called bytecode. The Java virtual machine interprets this bytecode and executes the Java program.
1.3. Java Runtime Environment vs. Java Development Kit Java comes in two flavors, the Java Runtime Environment (JRE) and the Java Development Kit (JDK). The Java runtime environment (JRE) consists of the JVM and the Java class libraries and contains the necessary functionality to start Java programs. The JDK contains in addition the development tools necessary to create Java programs. The JDK consists therefore of a Java compiler, the Java virtual machine, and the Java class libraries.
1.4. Characteristics of Java The target of Java is to write a program once and then run this program on multiple operating systems. Java has the following properties: •
Platform independent: Java programs use the Java virtual machine as abstraction and do not access the operating system directly. This makes Java programs highly portable. A Java program which is standard complaint and follows certain rules can run unmodified on all supported platforms, e.g. Windows or Linux.
•
Object-orientated programming language: Except the primitive data types, all elements in Java are objects.
•
Strongly-typed programming language: Java is strongly-typed, e.g. the types of the used variables must be pre-defined and conversion to other objects is relatively strict, e.g. must be done in most cases by the programmer.
Interpreted and compiled language: Java source code is transferred into the bytecode format which does not depend on the target platform. These bytecode instructions will be interpreted by the Java Virtual machine (JVM).
•
The JVM contains a so called Hotspot-Compiler which translates performance critical bytecode instructions into native code instructions.
•
Automatic memory management: Java manages the memory allocation and deallocation for creating new objects. The program does not have direct access to the memory. The so-called garbage collector deletes automatically objects to which no active pointer exists.
The Java syntax is similar to C++. Java is case sensitive, e.g. the variables myValue and myvalue will be treated as different variables.
1.5. Development Process with Java The programmer writes Java source code in a text editor which supports plain text. Normally the programmer uses an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) for programming. An IDE supports the programmer in the task of writing code, e.g. it provides auto-formating of the source code, highlighting of the important keywords, etc. At some point the programmer (or the IDE) calls the Java compiler (javac). The Java compiler creates the bytecode instructions. . These instructions are stored in .class files and can be executed by the Java Virtual Machine.
1.6. Classpath The classpath defines where the Java compiler and Java runtime look for .class files to load. This instructions can be used in the Java program. For example if you want to use an external Java library you have to add this library to your classpath to use it in your program.
2. Installation of Java Java might already be installed on your machine. You can test this by opening a console (if you are using Windows: Win+R, enter cmd and press Enter) and by typing in the following command: java -version If Java is correctly installed, you should see some information about your Java installation. If the command line returns the information that the program could not be found, you have to install Java. The central website for installing Java is the following URL: http://java.com If you have problems installing Java on your system, search via Google for How to install JDK on YOUR_OS. This should result in helpful links. Replace YOUR_OS with your operating system, e.g. Windows, Mac OS X, etc.
3. Your first Java program 3.1. Write source code The following Java program is developed under Microsoft Windows. The process on other operating system should be similar but is not covered in this description.
Select a new directory which will contain your Java code. I will use the c:\temp\java which will be called javadir in the following description. Open a text editor which supports plain text, e.g. Notepad under Windows and write the following source code. You can start Notepad via Start → Run → Notepad and by pressing enter. // A small Java program public class HelloWorld { public static void main(String[] args) { System.out.println("Hello World"); } }
Save the source code in your javadir directory with the HelloWorld.java filename. The name of a Java source file must always equals the class name (within the source code) and end with the .java extension. In this example the filename must be HelloWorld.java because the class is called HelloWorld.
3.2. Compile and run your Java program
Switch to the command line, e.g. under Windows Start-> Run -> cmd. Switch to the javadir directory with the command cd javadir, for example in my case cd c:\temp\java. Use the command dir to see that the source file is in the directory. javac testjava.java Check the content of the directory with the command "dir". The directory contains now a file "testjava.class". If you see this file you have successfully compiled your first Java source code into bytecode. By default, the compiler puts each class file in the same directory as its source file. You can specify a separate destination directory with the -d compiler flag. ________________________________________________________________________
The system should write "learning selenium" on the command line.
3.3. Using the classpath You can use the classpath to run the program from another place in your directory. Switch to the command line, e.g. under Windows Start-> Run -> cmd. Switch to any directory you want. Type: java learning selenium
If you are not in the directory in which the compiled class is stored then the system should result an error message Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: test/TestClass To use the class type the following command. Replace "mydirectory" with the directory which contains the test directory. You should again see the " learning selenium " output. java -classpath "mydirectory" learning selenium
4. Integrated Development Environment The previous chapter explained how to create and compile a Java program on the command line. A Java Integrated Development Environment (IDE) provides lots of ease of use functionality for creating java programs. There are other very powerful IDE's available, for example the Eclipse IDE. . In the following I will say "Create a Java project SomeName". This will refer to creating an Eclipse Java project. If you are using a different IDE please follow the required steps in this IDE.
4.1. To Install Java: 1. Go to google and type “download JDK” 2. Now select your OS compatibility (32bit or 64bit) 3. Install in your system.
4.2. To Configure Eclipse IDE: 1. Go to google and type “download Eclipse” 2. Now select your OS compatibility (32bit or 64bit) 3. Save in your system and open folder and send shortcut to desktop ________________________________________________________________________
5. Your first graphical user interface application (GUI) Introduction of Eclipse and eclipse GUI. Now open eclipse short cut from the desktop as above explained. It’ll displays like below screenshot.
c a new Javva proje ect : Using Eclipse create Step 1: 1. Go to o file menu ÆNewÆsselect Java a Project _______ __________ __________ _________ __________ __________ __________ __________ ____
Step 6: 1. Type e class Nam me, Ex: BasicPrograms,, spaces it won’t allow w. 2. Selecct public sttatic void main m check box 3. Click k on finish button. b
6. Statements The following describes certain aspects of the software.
6.1. Boolean Operations Use == to compare two primitives or to see if two references refers to the same object. Use the equals() method to see if two different objects are equal. && and || are both Short Circuit Methods which means that they terminate once the result of an evaluation is already clear. Example (true || ....) is always true while (false && ...) always false is. Usage: (var !=null && var.method1()..) ensures that var is not null before doing the real check. Table 1. Boolean Operations ==
Description Is equal, in case of objects the system checks if the reference variable point to the same object, is will not compare the
a.equalsIgnoreCase(b) Checks if string a equals b while ignoring lower cases If (value ? false : true) {}
Return true if value is not true. Negotiation
6.2. Switch Statement The switch statement can be used to handle several alternatives if they are based on the same constant value. switch (expression) { case constant1: command; break; // Will prevent that the other cases or also executed case constant2: command; break; ... default: } Example: switch (cat.getLevel()) { ________________________________________________________________________
Returns the index of the last occurrence of the specified string. StringBuffer does not support this method. Hence first convert the StringBuffer to String via method toString.
Spits myString at / into Strings. Attention: the split string is a regular expression, so if you using special characters which have a meaning in regular expressions you need to quote them. In the second example the . is used and must be quoted by two backslashes.
8. Type Conversion If you use variables of different types Java requires for certain types an explicit conversion. The following gives examples for this conversion.
8.1. Conversion to String Use the following to convert from other types to Strings // Convert from int to String String s1 = String.valueOf (10); // "10" String s2 = // Convert from double to String String.valueOf (Math.PI); // "3.141592653589793" ________________________________________________________________________
String s3 = String.valueOf (1 < 2); // "true" // Convert from date to String String s4 = String.valueOf (new Date()); // "Tue Jun 03 14:40:38 CEST 2003"
8.2. Conversion from String to Number // Conversion from String to int int i = Integer.parseInt(String); // Conversion from float to int float f = Float.parseFloat(String); // Conversion from double to int double d = Double.parseDouble(String); The conversion from string to number is independent from the Locale settings, e.g. it is always using the English notification for number. In this notification a correct number format is "8.20". The German number "8,20" would result in an error. To convert from a German number you have to use the NumberFormat class. The challenges is that if the value is for example 98.00 then the NumberFormat class would create a Long which cannot be casted to Double. Hence the following complex conversion class. private Double convertStringToDouble(String s) { Locale l = new Locale("de", "DE"); Locale.setDefault(l); NumberFormat nf = NumberFormat.getInstance(); Double result = 0.0; try { if (Class.forName("java.lang.Long").isInstance(nf.parse(s))) { ________________________________________________________________________
How to do it public class MyNewClass { private String var1; } package test;
Create a Constructor for "MyNewClass which has a String parameter and assigns the value of it to the "var1" instance variable.
public class MyNewClass { private String var1; public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; } } package test; public class MyNewClass { private String var1;
Create a new method "doSomeThing" in class which do not return a value and has no parameters
public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; } public void doSomeThing() { } } package test;
Create a new method "doSomeThing2" in class which do not return a value and has two parameters, a int and a Person
public class MyNewClass { private String var1; public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; }
How to do it public void doSomeThing() { } public void doSomeThing2(int a, Person person) { } } package test; public class MyNewClass { private String var1; public MyNewClass(String para1) { var1 = para1; // or this.var1= para1; } public void doSomeThing() {
Create a new method "doSomeThing2" in class which do return an int value and has three parameters, two Strings and a Person
} public void doSomeThing2(int a, Person person) { } public int doSomeThing3(String a, String b, Person person) { return 5; // Any value will do for this example } } package test;
Create a class "MyOtherClass" with two instance variables. One will store a String, the other will store a Dog. Create getter and setter for these variables. public class MyOtherClass { ________________________________________________________________________
How to do it String myvalue; Dog dog; public String getMyvalue() { return myvalue; } public void setMyvalue(String myvalue) { this.myvalue = myvalue; } public Dog getDog() { return dog; }
}
public void setDog(Dog dog) { this.dog = dog; }
9.2. Working with local variable A local variable must always be declared in a method.
Declare a (local) variable of type string and assign "Test" to it. Declare a (local) variable of type Person
String variable2 = "Test"; Person person;
Declare a (local) variable of type Person, create a new Object and assign the variable to this object. Declare a array of type String
Person person = new Person(); String array[];
Declare a array of type Person and create an array for this variable which can hold 5 Persons. Assign 5 to the int variable var1 (which was already declared); Assign the existing variable pers2 to the exiting variable pers1; Declare a ArrayList variable which can hold
Person array[]= new Person[5];
var1 = 5;
pers1 = pers2;
ArrayList persons;
objects of type Person Create a new ArrayList with objects of type Person and assign it to the existing variable
persons = new ArrayList();
persons Declare a ArrayList variable which can hold objects of type Person and create a new Object for it.
Java basic program- Program-1: package Pack1; public class JavaBasic_Commands { public static void main(String[]args){ System.out.println("learning selenium"); int a=10; //32bit it can store the numeric values int b=11,c=12; long l=67; //64 bit it can store the numeric values double d=45.6; //it can any decimal values double d1=35; System.out.println(a+d); char c1='j'; //it can strore a single char String str="selenium"; System.out.println(str); } }
Out put: learning selenium ________________________________________________________________________
Program-2: package Pack1; public class String_functions { public static void main (String[]args){ String str="learning"; //it can store no.of chars or group of words, String str1="the rain have been started"; System.out.println(str+"===="+str1); int length=str1.length(); System.out.println(length); //String[] test=str1.split(" "); } }
Out put: learning====the rain have been started 26
For loops Program-3: package Pack1; public class For_Loops { public static void main(String[] args) { ________________________________________________________________________
If conditions programs-4: package Pack1; public class If_Conditions { public static void main (String[]args){ /*int a=120, b=25; if(a>b){ System.out.println("a is the greatest value= "+a); }else{ System.out.println("b is the greatest value= "+b); //type syso+contl+spacebar } */ //< > + ‐ / % & int a=14, b=13, c=45; if(a>b && a>c){ System.out.println("a is the greatest value= "+a); }else if(b>c){ ________________________________________________________________________
}else{ System.out.println("c is the greatest value= }
c is the greatest value= 45
While loop - programs-5: package Pack1; public class While_Loop { public static void main(String[] args) { int i=1; //initializtion while(i<=5){ //condition System.out.println(i); i++; //incremental or decremental } } } Out put: 1 2 3 4 5
Simple Date program - programs-6: import java.util.*; public class DateDemo { public static void main(String args[]) { ________________________________________________________________________
Date dNow = new Date(); System.out.println("Current Date: " + dNow); } }
Out put:
Current Date: Tue Apr 23 14:15:54 IST 2013
Find Smallest Number and Largest Number in an array: Program-7: public class FindLargestSmallestNumber { public static void main(String[] args) { int numbers[] = new int[]{32,43,53,54,32,65,63,98,111,23,21}; int smallest = numbers[0]; int largetst = numbers[0]; for(int i=1; i< numbers.length; i++){ if(numbers[i] > largetst) largetst = numbers[i]; else if (numbers[i] < smallest) smallest = numbers[i]; } System.out.println("Largest Number is : " + largetst); System.out.println("Smallest Number is : " + smallest); } }
Out put: Largest Number is : 111 Smallest Number is : 21 ________________________________________________________________________
Factorial Print for number - Program-8: public class Example1 { public static void main(String[] args) { int numbers[]=new int[]{2,3,5,1,8,6,9,25,‐5}; int smallest=numbers[0]; int largest=numbers[0]; for(int i=1;ilargest) largest=numbers[i]; else if(numbers[i]
Out put:
Enter a Factorial Number = 25 2076180480
Matrix print - Program-9: public class MatricsPrint { public static void main(String[] args) { for(int i=1;i<=9;i=i+3){ for(int j=i;j
________________________________________________________________________
SumTotal - Program-11: public class SumTotal { public static void main(String[] args) { int x[]=new int []{2,3,5,23,25,12}; int sum=0; for(int i=0;i
Out put:70
Java Important Interview Questions: Q: What is the difference between an Interface and an Abstract class?
A: An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior and all methods are implicitly abstract. An interface has all public members and no implementation. An abstract class is a class which may have the usual flavors of class members (private, protected, etc.), but has some abstract methods.
Q: What is the difference between a constructor and a method? A: A constructor is a member function of a class that is used to create objects of that class. It has the same name as the class itself, has no return type, and is invoked using the new operator. A method is an ordinary member function of a class. It has its own name, a return type (which may be void), and is invoked using the dot operator.
Q: What is an Iterator? A: Some of the collection classes provide traversal of their contents via a java.util.Iterator interface. This interface allows you to walk through a collection ________________________________________________________________________
of objects, operating on each object in turn. Remember when using Iterators that they contain a snapshot of the collection at the time the Iterator was obtained; generally it is not advisable to modify the collection itself while traversing an Iterator.
Q: State the significance of public, private, protected, default modifiers both singly and in combination and state the effect of package relationships on declared items qualified by these modifiers. A: public : Public class is visible in other packages, field is visible everywhere (class must be public too) private : Private variables or methods may be used only by an instance of the same class that declares the variable or method, A private feature may only be accessed by the class that owns the feature. protected : Is available to all classes in the same package and also available to all subclasses of the class that owns the protected feature.This access is provided even to subclasses that reside in a different package from the class that owns the protected feature. default :What you get by default ie, without any access modifier (ie, public private or protected).It means that it is visible to all within a particular package. TOP
Q:What is an abstract class? A: Abstract class must be extended/subclassed (to be useful). It serves as a template. A class that is abstract may not be instantiated (ie, you may not call its constructor), abstract class may contain static data. Any class with an abstract method is automatically abstract itself, and must be declared as such. ________________________________________________________________________
A class may be declared abstract even if it has no abstract methods. This prevents it from being instantiated.
Q:What is static in java? A: Static means one per class, not one for each object no matter how many instance of a class might exist. This means that you can use them without creating an instance of a class.Static methods are implicitly final, because overriding is done based on the type of the object, and static methods are attached to a class, not an object. A static method in a superclass can be shadowed by another static method in a subclass, as long as the original method was not declared final. However, you can't override a static method with a nonstatic method. In other words, you can't change a static method into an instance method in a subclass.
Q:What is final? A: A final class can't be extended ie., final class may not be subclassed. A final method can't be overridden when its class is inherited. You can't change value of a final variable (is a constant). Q:What if the main method is declared as private? A: The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not public." message.
Q:What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method? A: Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError". ________________________________________________________________________
Q:What if I write static public void instead of public static void? A: Program compiles and runs properly.
Q:What if I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method? A: Program compiles but throws a runtime error "NoSuchMethodError".
Q:What is the first argument of the String array in main method? A: The String array is empty. It does not have any element. This is unlike C/C++ where the first element by default is the program name. Q:If I do not provide any arguments on the command line, then the String array of Main method will be empty or null? A: It is empty. But not null.
Q:How can one prove that the array is not null but empty using one line of code? A: Print args.length. It will print 0. That means it is empty. But if it would have been null then it would have thrown a NullPointerException on attempting to print args.length.
Q:Can an application have multiple classes having main method? ________________________________________________________________________
A: Yes it is possible. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for the Main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned. Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple classes having main method.
Q:Can I have multiple main methods in the same class? A: No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the class.
Q:Do I need to import java.lang package any time? Why ? A: No. It is by default loaded internally by the JVM.
Q:Can I import same package/class twice? Will the JVM load the package twice at runtime? A: One can import the same package or same class multiple times. Neither compiler nor JVM complains abt it. And the JVM will internally load the class only once no matter how many times you import the same class.
Q:What are Checked and UnChecked Exception? A: A checked exception is some subclass of Exception (or Exception itself), excluding class RuntimeException and its subclasses. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal with the possibility that the exception will be thrown. eg, IOException thrown by ________________________________________________________________________
Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could be thrown. eg, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method· Checked exceptions must be caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be.
Q: What is Overriding? A: When a class defines a method using the same name, return type, and arguments as a method in its superclass, the method in the class overrides the method in the superclass. When the method is invoked for an object of the class, it is the new definition of the method that is called, and not the method definition from superclass. Methods may be overridden to be more public, not more private.
Q:What are different types of inner classes? A: Nested top-level classes, Member classes, Local classes, Anonymous classes Nested top-level classes- If you declare a class within a class and specify the static modifier, the compiler treats the class just like any other top-level class. Any class outside the declaring class accesses the nested class with the declaring class name acting similarly to a package. eg, outer.inner. Top-level inner classes implicitly have access only to static variables.There can also be inner interfaces. All of these are of the nested top-level variety. ________________________________________________________________________
Member classes - Member inner classes are just like other member methods and member variables and access to the member class is restricted, just like methods and variables. This means a public member class acts similarly to a nested top-level class. The primary difference between member classes and nested top-level classes is that member classes have access to the specific instance of the enclosing class. Local classes - Local classes are like local variables, specific to a block of code. Their visibility is only within the block of their declaration. In order for the class to be useful beyond the declaration block, it would need to implement a more publicly available interface.Because local classes are not members, the modifiers public, protected, private, and static are not usable. Anonymous classes - Anonymous inner classes extend local inner classes one level further. As anonymous classes have no name, you cannot provide a constructor.
Q: Are the imports checked for validity at compile time? e.g. will the code containing an import such as java.lang.ABCD compile? A: Yes the imports are checked for the semantic validity at compile time. The code containing above line of import will not compile. It will throw an error saying,can not resolve symbol symbol : class ABCD location: package io import java.io.ABCD;
Q: Does importing a package imports the subpackages as well? e.g. Does importing com.MyTest.* also import com.MyTest.UnitTests.*? ________________________________________________________________________
A: No you will have to import the subpackages explicitly. Importing com.MyTest.* will import classes in the package MyTest only. It will not import any class in any of it's subpackage.
Q: What is the difference between declaring a variable and defining a variable? A: In declaration we just mention the type of the variable and it's name. We do not initialize it. But defining means declaration + initialization. e.g String s; is just a declaration while String s = new String ("abcd"); Or String s = "abcd"; are both definitions.
Q:Can a top level class be private or protected? A: No. A top level class can not be private or protected. It can have either "public" or no modifier. If it does not have a modifier it is supposed to have a default access.If a top level class is declared as private the compiler will complain that the "modifier private is not allowed here". This means that a top level class can not be private. Same is the case with protected. Q: What type of parameter passing does Java support? A: In Java the arguments are always passed by value. Q: Objects are passed by value or by reference? A: Java only supports pass by value. With objects, the object reference itself is passed by value and so both the original reference and parameter copy both refer to the same object. Q: What is Externalizable interface? ________________________________________________________________________
A: Externalizable is an interface which contains two methods readExternal and writeExternal. These methods give you a control over the serialization mechanism. Thus if your class implements this interface, you can customize the serialization process by implementing these methods.
Oops Interview Questions: 1. What are the principle concepts of OOPS? There are four principle concepts upon which object oriented design and programming rest. They are: •
Abstraction
•
Polymorphism
•
Inheritance
•
Encapsulation (i.e. easily remembered as A-PIE).
2. What is Abstraction? Abstraction refers to the act of representing essential features without including the background details or explanations. 2. What is Encapsulation? Encapsulation is a technique used for hiding the properties and behaviors of an object and allowing outside access only as appropriate. It prevents other objects from directly altering or accessing the properties or methods of the encapsulated object. 3. What is the difference between abstraction and encapsulation? ________________________________________________________________________
Abstraction focuses on the outside view of an object (i.e. the interface) Encapsulation (information hiding) prevents clients from seeing it’s inside view, where the behavior of the abstraction is implemented.
•
Abstraction solves the problem in the design side while Encapsulation is the Implementation.
•
Encapsulation is the deliverables of Abstraction. Encapsulation barely talks about grouping up your abstraction to suit the developer needs.
4. What is Inheritance? •
Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of objects of another class.
•
A class that is inherited is called a superclass.
•
The class that does the inheriting is called a subclass.
•
Inheritance is done by using the keyword extends.
•
The two most common reasons to use inheritance are: o
To promote code reuse
o
To use polymorphism
5. What is Polymorphism? Polymorphism is briefly described as "one interface, many implementations." Polymorphism is a characteristic of being able to assign a different meaning or usage to something in different contexts - specifically, to allow an entity such as a variable, a function, or an object to have more than one form. 6. How does Java implement polymorphism?
(Inheritance, Overloading and Overriding are used to achieve Polymorphism in java). Polymorphism manifests itself in Java in the form of multiple methods having the same name. •
In some cases, multiple methods have the same name, but different formal argument lists (overloaded methods).
•
In other cases, multiple methods have the same name, same return type, and same formal argument list (overridden methods).
7. Explain the different forms of Polymorphism. There are two types of polymorphism one is Compile time polymorphism and the other is run time polymorphism. Compile time polymorphism is method overloading. Runtime time polymorphism is done using inheritance and interface. Note: From a practical programming viewpoint, polymorphism manifests itself in three distinct forms in Java: •
Method overloading
•
Method overriding through inheritance
•
Method overriding through the Java interface
8.What is runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch? In Java, runtime polymorphism or dynamic method dispatch is a process in which a call to an overridden method is resolved at runtime rather than at compile-time. In this process, an overridden method is called through the reference variable of a superclass. The determination of the method to be called is based on the object being referred to by the reference variable.
10.What is Dynamic Binding? Binding refers to the linking of a procedure call to the code to be executed in response to the call. Dynamic binding (also known as late binding) means that the code associated with a given procedure call is not known until the time of the call at run-time. It is associated with polymorphism and inheritance.
11.What is method overloading? Method Overloading means to have two or more methods with same name in the same class with different arguments. The benefit of method overloading is that it allows you to implement methods that support the same semantic operation but differ by argument number or type. Note: •
Overloaded methods MUST change the argument list
•
Overloaded methods CAN change the return type
•
Overloaded methods CAN change the access modifier
•
Overloaded methods CAN declare new or broader checked exceptions
•
A method can be overloaded in the same class or in a subclass
12.What is method overriding? Method overriding occurs when sub class declares a method that has the same type arguments as a method declared by one of its superclass. The key benefit of overriding is the ability to define behavior that’s specific to a particular subclass type. Note: ________________________________________________________________________
The overriding method cannot have a more restrictive access modifier than the method being overridden (Ex: You can’t override a method marked public and make it protected).
•
You cannot override a method marked final
•
You cannot override a method marked static
13.What are the differences between method overloading and method overriding? Overloaded Method
Overridden Method
Arguments
Must change
Must not change
Return type
Can change
Can’t change except for covariant returns
Exceptions
Can change
Can reduce or eliminate. Must not throw new or broader checked exceptions
Access
Can change
Must not make more restrictive (can be less restrictive)
Invocation
Reference type determines which
Object type determines which
overloaded version is selected.
method is selected. Happens at
Happens at compile time.
runtime.
14.Can overloaded methods be override too? Yes, derived classes still can override the overloaded methods. Polymorphism can still happen. Compiler will not binding the method calls since it is overloaded, because it might be overridden now or in the future. ________________________________________________________________________
15.Is it possible to override the main method? NO, because main is a static method. A static method can't be overridden in Java.
16.How to invoke a superclass version of an Overridden method? To invoke a superclass method that has been overridden in a subclass, you must either call the method directly through a superclass instance, or use the super prefix in the subclass itself. From the point of the view of the subclass, the super prefix provides an explicit reference to the superclass' implementation of the method. // From subclass super.overriddenMethod(); 17.What is super? super is a keyword which is used to access the method or member variables from the superclass. If a method hides one of the member variables in its superclass, the method can refer to the hidden variable through the use of the super keyword. In the same way, if a method overrides one of the methods in its superclass, the method can invoke the overridden method through the use of the super keyword. Note: •
You can only go back one level.
•
In the constructor, if you use super(), it must be the very first code, and you cannot access any this.xxx variables or methods to compute its parameters.
A constructor is a special method whose task is to initialize the object of its class.
•
It is special because its name is the same as the class name.
•
They do not have return types, not even void and therefore they cannot return values.
•
They cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class constructor.
•
Constructor is invoked whenever an object of its associated class is created.
32.How does the Java default constructor be provided? If a class defined by the code does not have any constructor, compiler will automatically provide one no-parameter-constructor (default-constructor) for the class in the byte code. The access modifier (public/private/etc.) of the default constructor is the same as the class itself.
33.Can constructor be inherited? No, constructor cannot be inherited, though a derived class can call the base class constructor.
34.What are the differences between Contructors and Methods?
lowercase letter by convention -usually the name of an action
this
Refers to another constructor in
Refers to an instance of the
the same class. If used, it must
owning class. Cannot be used by
be the first line of the
static methods.
constructor super
Calls the constructor of the
Calls an overridden method in the
parent class. If used, must be the
parent class
first line of the constructor Inheritance
Constructors are not inherited
Methods are inherited
35.How are this() and super() used with constructors? •
Constructors use this to refer to another constructor in the same class with a different parameter list.
•
Constructors use super to invoke the superclass's constructor. If a constructor uses super, it must use it in the first line; otherwise, the compiler will complain.
36.What are the differences between Class Methods and Instance Methods? ________________________________________________________________________
Instance Methods Instance methods on the other hand require an instance of the class to exist
Class methods are methods which are
before they can be called, so an instance
declared as static. The method can be
of a class needs to be created by using
called without creating an instance of the
the new keyword.
class
Instance methods operate on specific instances of classes.
Class methods can only operate on class
Instance methods of the class can also
members and not on instance members as
not be called from within a class method
class methods are unaware of instance
unless they are being called on an
members.
instance of that class.
Class methods are methods which are declared as static. The method can be
Instance methods are not declared as
called without creating an instance of
static.
the class.
37.How are this() and super() used with constructors? •
Constructors use this to refer to another constructor in the same class with a different parameter list.
•
Constructors use super to invoke the superclass's constructor. If a constructor uses super, it must use it in the first line; otherwise, the compiler will complain.
38.What are Access Specifiers? ________________________________________________________________________
One of the techniques in object-oriented programming is encapsulation. It concerns the hiding of data in a class and making this class available only through methods. Java allows you to control access to classes, methods, and fields via so-called access specifiers..
39.What are Access Specifiers available in Java? Java offers four access specifiers, listed below in decreasing accessibility: •
Public- public classes, methods, and fields can be accessed from everywhere.
•
Protected- protected methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to which the methods and fields belong, within its subclasses, and within classes of the same package.
•
Default(no specifier)- If you do not set access to specific level, then such a class, method, or field will be accessible from inside the same package to which the class, method, or field belongs, but not from outside this package.
•
Private- private methods and fields can only be accessed within the same class to which the methods and fields belong. private methods and fields are not visible within subclasses and are not inherited by subclasses.
Situation Accessible to class from same package? Accessible to class from different package?
public
protected
default
private
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no, unless it is a subclass
no
no
40.What is final modifier? ________________________________________________________________________
The final modifier keyword makes that the programmer cannot change the value anymore. The actual meaning depends on whether it is applied to a class, a variable, or a method. •
final Classes- A final class cannot have subclasses.
•
final Variables- A final variable cannot be changed once it is initialized.
•
final Methods- A final method cannot be overridden by subclasses.
41.What are the uses of final method? There are two reasons for marking a method as final: •
Disallowing subclasses to change the meaning of the method.
•
Increasing efficiency by allowing the compiler to turn calls to the method into inline Java code.
42.What is static block? Static block which exactly executed exactly once when the class is first loaded into JVM. Before going to the main method the static block will execute.
43.What are static variables? Variables that have only one copy per class are known as static variables. They are not attached to a particular instance of a class but rather belong to a class as a whole. They are declared by using the static keyword as a modifier. static type varIdentifier;
where, the name of the variable is varIdentifier and its data type is specified by type. Note: Static variables that are not explicitly initialized in the code are automatically initialized with a default value. The default value depends on the data type of the variables.
44.What is the difference between static and non-static variables? A static variable is associated with the class as a whole rather than with specific instances of a class. Non-static variables take on unique values with each object instance.
45.What are static methods? Methods declared with the keyword static as modifier are called static methods or class methods. They are so called because they affect a class as a whole, not a particular instance of the class. Static methods are always invoked without reference to a particular instance of a class. Note:The use of a static method suffers from the following restrictions: •
A static method can only call other static methods.
•
A static method must only access static data.
•
A static method cannot reference to the current object using keywords super or this.
To eliminate the errors or defects and improve the quality of application
2. Why defects occur? ¾ Hard coding ¾ While integrating the modules ¾ Lack of documentation ¾ Miscommunication ¾ Time pressure ¾ Dynamically changing requirements
3. What is automation Testing? It is a process of implementing particular work automatically by using a machine, to reduce the need of human work in the production of goods and services...
4. What is meant by Automation in software testing? It is a process of testing an application(executing the tests, comparing expected and actual results under some controlled conditions and generating the reports) automatically by using a 'Tool' to reduce the need of human effort. This tool may be Selenium / QTP / RFT / SilkTest /sahi/watir etc…
5. Why you choose selenium? ¾ Selenium is a open source tool ¾ It can Automate any Web Application ¾ It is a perfect tool for Browser Automation ¾ In the market very demand Automation Tool ¾ Around 60-70% companies are using selenium ¾ In future it may be 90% ¾ Job opportunities are very high ________________________________________________________________________
¾ Once we prepare the code in the windows platform we can run in any OS, platform independent. ¾ We can integrate with No. of tools and languages
6. Types of Automation Tools ¾ Functional Automation Tools: QTP, Winrunner, Silktest, Selenium, Sahi, watir etc. ¾ Performance Tools: LoadRunner, RFT, SOAP etc. ¾ Management tools: Test Director, Quality center, Testlink, Rally etc. ¾ Bugtracking tools: Jira, Bagzilla ¾ Build Tools: ANT and Rake
7. What is Selenium? ¾ Selenium is Functional Automation tool ¾ Selenium is Browser or Web based Automation Tool ¾ Selenium is suite of tools, SeleniumIDE, RC, WebDriver, Grid ¾ It can record or automate any web application but it can’t support for client or desktop application. ¾ It can support many languages java, C#, Ruby, python ¾ Data driven is possible ¾ User can enhance script in any following language JAVA, C#, PHP, Ruby, Python ¾ Selenium is a Functional Testing Tool can be used for Regression testing of Web applications in a variety of browsers and platforms ¾ Selenium was developed by ThoughtWorks, now takeover by sauce labs. ¾ It's an Open Source Tool ¾ Selenium supported platforms are Windows, Linux, Mac OS
1. What to Automate or Not to Automate? Is automation always advantageous? When should one decide to automate test cases? It is not always advantageous to automate test cases. There are times when manual testing may be more appropriate. For instance, if the application’s user interface will change considerably in the near future, then any automation would need to be rewritten. Also, sometimes there simply is not enough time to build test automation. For the short term, manual testing may be more effective. If an application has a very tight deadline, there is currently no test automation available, and it’s imperative that the testing get done within that time frame, then manual testing is the best solution. However, automation has specific advantages for improving the long-term efficiency of a software team’s testing processes.
Test automation supports: • Frequent regression testing • Rapid feedback to developers during the development process • Virtually unlimited iterations of test case execution • Customized reporting of application defects • Support for Agile and eXtreme development methodologies • Disciplined documentation of test cases • Finding defects missed by manual testing
5. Test Automation for Web Applications? Many, perhaps most, software applications today are written as web-based applications to be run in an Internet browser. The effectiveness of testing these applications varies widely among companies and organizations. In an era of continuously improving software processes, such as eXtreme programming (XP) and Agile, it can be argued that disciplined testing and quality assurance practices are still underdeveloped in many organizations. Software testing is often conducted manually. At times, this is effective; however there are alternatives to manual testing that many organizations are unaware of, or lack the skills to perform. Utilizing these alternatives would in most cases greatly improve the efficiency of their software development by adding efficiencies to their testing. Test automation is often the answer. Test automation means using a tool to run repeatable tests against the target application whenever necessary.
3. Introducing Selenium Selenium is a robust set of tools that supports rapid development of test automation for web-based applications. Selenium provides a rich set of testing functions specifically geared to the needs of testing of a web application. These operations are highly flexible, allowing many options for locating UI elements and comparing expected test results against actual application behavior. One of Selenium’s key features is the support for executing one’s tests on multiple browser platforms.
4. Selenium Components Selenium is composed of three major tools. Each one has a specific role in aiding the development of web application test automation.
4.1 Selenium-IDE Selenium-IDE is the Integrated Development Environment for building Selenium test cases. It operates as a Firefox add-on and provides an easy-to-use interface for developing and running individual test cases or entire test suites. Selenium-IDE has a recording feature, which will keep account of user actions as they are performed and store them as a reusable script to play back. It also has a context menu (right-click) integrated with the Firefox browser, which allows the user to pick from a list of assertions and verifications for the selected location. Selenium-IDE also offers full editing of test cases for more precision and control. Although Selenium-IDE is a Firefox only add-on, tests created in it can also be run against other browsers by using Selenium-RC and specifying the name of the test suite on the command line.
4.2 Selenium-RC (Remote Control) Selenium-RC allows the test automation developer to use a programming language for maximum flexibility and extensibility in developing test logic. For instance, if the application under test returns a result set, and if the automated test program needs to run tests on each element in the result set, the programming language’s iteration support can be used to iterate through the result set, calling Selenium commands to run tests on each item. Selenium-RC provides an API (Application Programming Interface) and library for each of its supported languages: HTML, Java, C#, Perl, PHP, Python, and Ruby. This ability to use Selenium-RC with a highlevel programming language to develop test cases also allows the automated testing to be integrated with a project’s automated build environment.
4.3 Selenium-Grid Selenium-Grid allows the Selenium-RC solution to scale for large test suites or test suites that must be run in multiple environments. With Selenium-Grid, multiple instances of Selenium-RC are running on various operating system and browser configurations. Each of these when launching register with a hub. When tests are sent to the hub they are then redirected to an available Selenium-RC, which will launch the browser and run the test. This allows for running tests in parallel, with the entire test suite theoretically taking only as long to run as the longest individual test.
Selenium 1.0 and Selenium-RC. This is the old, support platform for Selenium 1.0. It should still apply to the Selenium 2.0 release of Selenium-RC. Browser
4.1 Introduction The Selenium-IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is the tool you use to develop your Selenium test cases. It’s an easy-to-use Firefox plug-in and is generally the most efficient way to develop test cases. It also contains a context menu that allows you to first select a UI element from the browser’s currently displayed page and then select from a list of Selenium commands with parameters pre-defined according to the context of the selected UI element. This is not only a time-saver, but also an excellent way of learning Selenium script syntax. This chapter is all about the Selenium IDE and how to use it effectively.
4.2 Installing the IDE Using Firefox, first, download the IDE from the Seleniumhq.org downloads page When downloading from Firefox, you’ll be presented with the following window. After Installing Selenium IDE will display like below:
1. IDE Features 1.1 Menu Bar The File menu allows you to create, open and save test case and test suite files. The Edit menu allows copy, paste, delete, undo and select all operations for editing the commands in your test case. The Options menu allows the changing of settings. You can set the timeout value for certain commands, add user-defined user extensions to the base set of Selenium commands, and specify the format (language) used when saving your test cases. The Help menu is the standard Firefox Help menu; only one item on this menu–UI-Element Documentation–pertains to Selenium-IDE.
1.2 Toolbar The toolbar contains buttons for controlling the execution of your test cases, including a step feature for debugging your test cases. The right-most button, the one with the red-dot, is the record button.
Speed Control: controls how fast your test case runs.
Run All: Runs the entire test suite when a test suite with multiple test cases is loaded.
Run: Runs the currently selected test. When only a single test is loaded this button and the Run All button have the same effect.
Pause/Resume: Allows stopping and re-starting of a running test case.
Step: Allows one to “step” through a test case by running it one command at a time. Use for debugging test cases.
Record: Records the user’s browser actions.
1.3 Test Case Pane Your script is displayed in the test case pane. It has two tabs, one for displaying the command and their parameters in a readable “table” format.
Insert Command Table View Select the point in your test case where you want to insert the command. Right-click and select Insert Command. Now use the command editing text fields to enter your new command and its parameters.
Source View Select the point in your test case where you want to insert the command, and enter the HTML tags needed to create a 3-column row containing the Command, first parameter (if one is required by the Command), and second parameter (again, if one is required). Be sure to save your test before switching back to Table view.
Insert Comment Comments may be added to make your test case more readable. These comments are ignored when the test case is run.In order to add vertical white space (one or more blank lines) in your tests, you must create empty comments. An empty command will cause an error during execution.
Table View Select the point in your test case where you want to insert the comment. Right-click and select Insert Comment. Now use the Command field to enter the comment. Your comment will appear in purple font.
Source View: Select the point in your test case where you want to insert the comment. Add an HTML-style comment, i.e., .
Edit a Command or Comment Table View Simply select the line to be changed and edit it using the Command, Target, and Value fields.
Source View Since Source view provides the equivalent of a WYSIWYG editor, simply modify which line you wish– command, parameter, or comment.
1.5 Opening and Saving a Test Case The File=>Open, Save and Save As menu commands behave similarly to opening and saving files in most other programs. When you open an existing test case, SeleniumIDE displays its Selenium commands in the test case pane. Test suite files can also be opened and saved via the File menu. However, such operations have their own menu entries near the bottom; the Open, Save, and Save As items are only for files.
Note: At the time of this writing, there’s a bug, where at times, when the IDE is first opened and then you select File=>Open, nothing happens. If you see this, close down ________________________________________________________________________
the IDE and restart it (you don’t need to close the browser itself). This will fix the problem.
1.6 Running Test Cases The IDE allows many options for running your test case. You can run a test case all at once, stop and start it, run it one line at a time, run a single command you are currently developing, and you can do a batch run of an entire test suite. Execution of test cases is very flexible in the IDE. Run a Test Case Click the Run button to run the currently displayed test case. Run a Test Suite Click the Run All button to run all the test cases in the currently loaded test suite. Stop and Start The Pause button can be used to stop the test case while it is running. The icon of this button then changes to indicate the Resume button. To continue click Resume. Stop in the Middle You can set a breakpoint in the test case to cause it to stop on a particular command. This is useful for debugging your test case. To set a breakpoint, select a command, right-click, and from the context menu select Toggle Breakpoint. Start from the Middle You can tell the IDE to begin running from a specific command in the middle of the test case. This also is used for debugging. To set a startpoint, select a command, right-click, and from the context menu select Set/Clear Start Point.
Run Any Single Command Double-click any single command to run it by itself. This is useful when writing a single command. It lets you immediately test a command you are constructing, when you are not sure if it is correct. You can double-click it to see if it runs correctly. This is also available from the context menu.
1. Introduction Selenium-RC is the solution for tests that need more than simple browser actions and linear execution. Selenium-RC uses the full power of programming languages to create more complex tests like reading and writing files, querying a database, emailing test results. You’ll want to use Selenium-RC whenever your test requires logic not supported by Selenium-IDE. What logic could this be? For example, Selenium-IDE does not directly support: ¾ condition statements ¾ iteration ¾ logging and reporting of test results ¾ error handling, particularly unexpected errors ¾ database testing ¾ test case grouping ¾ re-execution of failed tests ¾ test case dependency ¾ screenshot capture of test failures ________________________________________________________________________
Although these tasks are not supported by Selenium directly, all of them can be achieved by using programming techniques with a language-specific Selenium-RC client library. In the Adding Some Spice to Your Tests section, you’ll find examples that demonstrate the advantages of using a programming language for your tests.
2. How Selenium-RC Works First, we will describe how the components of Selenium-RC operate and the role each plays in running your test scripts.
5.1 RC Components Selenium-RC components are: ¾ The Selenium Server which launches and kills browsers, interprets and runs the Selenese commands passed from the test program, and acts as an HTTP proxy, intercepting and verifying HTTP messages passed between the browser and the AUT. ¾ Client libraries which provide the interface between each programming language and the Selenium-RC Server. Here is a simplified architecture diagram....
The diagram shows the client libraries communicate with the Server passing each Selenium command for execution. Then the server passes the Selenium command to the browser using Selenium-Core JavaScript commands. The browser, using its JavaScript interpreter, executes the Selenium command. This runs the Selenese action or verification you specified in your test script.
2.2 Selenium Server ________________________________________________________________________
Selenium Server receives Selenium commands from your test program, interprets them, and reports back to your program the results of running those tests. The RC server bundles Selenium Core and automatically injects it into the browser. This occurs when your test program opens the browser (using a client library API function). Selenium-Core is a JavaScript program, actually a set of JavaScript functions which interprets and executes Selenese commands using the browser’s built-in JavaScript interpreter. The Server receives the Selenese commands from your test program using simple HTTP GET/POST requests. This means you can use any programming language that can send HTTP requests to automate Selenium tests on the browser.
2.3 Client Libraries The client libraries provide the programming support that allows you to run Selenium commands from a program of your own design. There is a different client library for each supported language. A Selenium client library provides a programming interface (API), i.e., a set of functions, which run Selenium commands from your own program. Within each interface, there is a programming function that supports each Selenese command. The client library takes a Selenese command and passes it to the Selenium Server for processing a specific action or test against the application under test (AUT). The client library also receives the result of that command and passes it back to your program. Your program can receive the result and store it into a program variable and reporting it as a success or failure, or possibly taking corrective action if it was an unexpected error. So to create a test program, you simply write a program that runs a set of Selenium commands using a client library API. And, optionally, if you already have a Selenese ________________________________________________________________________
test script created in the Selenium-IDE, you can generate the Selenium-RC code. The Selenium-IDE can translate (using its Export menu item) its Selenium commands into a client-driver’s API function calls. See the Selenium-IDE chapter for specifics on exporting RC code from Selenium-IDE.
2.3 Installation After downloading the Selenium-RC zip file from the downloads page, you’ll notice it has several subfolders. These folders have all the components you need for using Selenium-RC with the programming language of your choice. Once you’ve chosen a language to work with, you simply need to: ¾ Install the Selenium-RC Server. ¾ Set up a programming project using a language specific client driver.
5.2 Installing Selenium Server The Selenium-RC server is simply a Java jar file (selenium-server.jar), which doesn’t require any special installation. Just downloading the zip file and extracting the server in the desired directory is sufficient.
3.2 Running Selenium Server Before starting any tests you must start the server. Go to the directory where Selenium-RC’s server is located and run the following from a command-line console. java -jar selenium-server.jar
This can be simplified by creating a batch or shell executable file (.bat on Windows and .sh on Linux) containing the command above. Then make a shortcut to that executable on your desktop and simply double-click the icon to start the server. For the server to run you’ll need Java installed and the PATH environment variable correctly configured to run it from the console. You can check that you have Java correctly installed by running the following on a console: java –version If you get a version number (which needs to be 1.5 or later), you’re ready to start using Selenium-RC.
3.3 Using the Java Client Driver ¾ Download Selenium-RC from the SeleniumHQ downloads page. ¾ Extract the file selenium-java-client-driver.jar. ¾ Open your desired Java IDE (Eclipse, NetBeans, IntelliJ, Netweaver, etc.) ¾ Create a new project. ¾ Add the selenium-java-client-driver.jar files to your project as references. ¾ Add to your project classpath the file selenium-java-client-driver.jar. ¾ From Selenium-IDE, export a script to a Java file and include it in your Java. project, or write your Selenium test in Java using the selenium-java-client API. The API is presented later in this chapter. You can either use JUnit, or TestNg to run your test, or you can write your own simple main() program. These concepts are explained later in this section. ¾ Run Selenium server from the console. ________________________________________________________________________
Selenium RC Basic Program-3: package Selenium_RC; import org.junit.Test; public class Methodcall { @Test public void testcall(){ Junit_Annotations ja=new Junit_Annotations(); //Object creating ja.CloseBrowser(); //using the object calling methods ja.OpenBrowser(); ja.test1(); ja.test2(); } }
Gmail Test Using JUnit Program-4: package Selenium_RC; import org.junit.Ignore; ________________________________________________________________________
Handle Radio Buttons Program-6: package Selenium_RC; import com.thoughtworks.selenium.DefaultSelenium; import com.thoughtworks.selenium.Selenium; public class Handle_RadioButtons {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception
Gmail Get Title using If condition Program-7: package ExceptionHandling; import org.testng.annotations.Test; import com.thoughtworks.selenium.DefaultSelenium; import com.thoughtworks.selenium.Selenium; public class IFCondition {
JUnit 4 and TestNG are both very popular unit test framework in Java. Both frameworks look very similar in functionality. Which one is better? Which unit test framework should i use in Java project? Defference between JUnit 4 and TestNG.
1. Annotation Support The annotation supports are implemented in both JUnit 4 and TestNG look similar. Feature
JUnit 4
TestNG
test annotation
@Test
@Test
run before all tests in – this suite have run
@BeforeSuite
run after all tests in this suite have run
–
@AfterSuite
run before the test
–
@BeforeTest
run after the test
–
@AfterTest
run before the first test method that belongs to any of these groups is
1. In JUnit 4, we have to declare “@BeforeClass” and “@AfterClass” method as static method. TestNG is more flexible in method declaration, it does not have this constraints. 2. 3 additional setUp/tearDown level: suite and group (@Before/AfterSuite, @Before/AfterTest, @Before/AfterGroup). JUnit 4 @BeforeClass public static void oneTimeSetUp() { // one-time initialization code System.out.println("@BeforeClass - oneTimeSetUp"); } TestNG @BeforeClass public void oneTimeSetUp() { // one-time initialization code System.out.println("@BeforeClass - oneTimeSetUp"); } In JUnit 4, the annotation naming convention is a bit confusing, e.g “Before”, “After” and “Expected”, we do not really understand what is “Before” and “After” do, and what we “Expected” from test method? TestNG is easier to understand, it using “BeforeMethod”, “AfterMethod” and “ExpectedException” instead.
2. Exception Test The “exception testing” means what exception throw from the unit test, this feature are implemented in both JUnit 4 and TestNG. JUnit 4 @Test(expected = ArithmeticException.class) public void divisionWithException() { int i = 1/0; } TestNG @Test(expectedExceptions = ArithmeticException.class) public void divisionWithException() { int i = 1/0; }
3. Ignore Test The “Ignored” means whether it should ignore the unit test, this feature are implemented in both JUnit 4 and TestNG . JUnit 4 @Ignore("Not Ready to Run") @Test public void divisionWithException() { System.out.println("Method is not ready yet"); } ________________________________________________________________________
public void divisionWithException() { System.out.println("Method is not ready yet"); }
4. Time Test The “Time Test” means if an unit test takes longer than the specified number of milliseconds to run, the test will terminated and mark as fails, this feature is implemented in both JUnit 4 and TestNG . JUnit 4 @Test(timeout = 1000) public void infinity() { while (true); } TestNG @Test(timeOut = 1000) public void infinity() { while (true); }
5. Suite Test The “Suite Test” means bundle a few unit test and run it together. This feature is implemented in both JUnit 4 and TestNG. However both are using very different method to implement it. ________________________________________________________________________
The “@RunWith” and “@Suite” are use to run the suite test. The below class means both unit test “JunitTest1” and “JunitTest2” run together after JunitTest5 executed. All the declaration is define inside the class. @RunWith(Suite.class) @Suite.SuiteClasses({ JunitTest1.class, JunitTest2.class }) public class JunitTest5 { } TestNG XML file is use to run the suite test. The below XML file means both unit test “TestNGTest1” and “TestNGTest2” will run it together. TestNG can do more than bundle class testing, it can bundle method testing as well. With TestNG unique “Grouping” concept, every method is tie to a group, it can categorize tests according to features. For example, ________________________________________________________________________
Here is a class with four methods, three groups (method1, method2 and method3) @Test(groups="method1") public void testingMethod1() { System.out.println("Method - testingMethod1()"); } @Test(groups="method2") public void testingMethod2() { System.out.println("Method - testingMethod2()"); } @Test(groups="method1") public void testingMethod1_1() { System.out.println("Method - testingMethod1_1()"); } @Test(groups="method4") public void testingMethod4() { System.out.println("Method - testingMethod4()"); } With the following XML file, we can execute the unit test with group “method1” only. ________________________________________________________________________
With “Grouping” test concept, the integration test possibility is unlimited. For example, we can only test the “DatabaseFuntion” group from all of the unit test classes.
6. Parameterized Test The “Parameterized Test” means vary parameter value for unit test. This feature is implemented in both JUnit 4 and TestNG. However both are using very different method to implement it. JUnit 4 The “@RunWith” and “@Parameter” is use to provide parameter value for unit test, @Parameters have to return List[], and the parameter will pass into class constructor as argument. @RunWith(value = Parameterized.class) public class JunitTest6 { private int number; public JunitTest6(int number) { this.number = number; } ________________________________________________________________________
@Parameters public static Collection data() { Object[][] data = new Object[][] { { 1 }, { 2 }, { 3 }, { 4 } }; return Arrays.asList(data); } @Test public void pushTest() { System.out.println("Parameterized Number is : " + number); } } It has many limitations here; we have to follow the “JUnit” way to declare the parameter, and the parameter has to pass into constructor in order to initialize the class member as parameter value for testing. The return type of parameter class is “List []”, data has been limited to String or a primitive value for testing. TestNG XML file or “@DataProvider” is use to provide vary parameter for testing. XML file for parameterized test. Only “@Parameters” declares in method which needs parameter for testing, the parametric data will provide in TestNG’s XML configuration files. By doing this, we can reuse a single test case with different data sets and even get different results. In addition, even end user, QA or QE can provide their own data in XML file for testing. Unit Test public class TestNGTest6_1_0 { ________________________________________________________________________
@Test @Parameters(value="number") public void parameterIntTest(int number) { System.out.println("Parameterized Number is : " + number); } } XML File @DataProvider for parameterized test. While pulling data values into an XML file can be quite handy, tests occasionally require complex types, which can’t be represented as a String or a primitive value. TestNG handles this scenario with its @DataProvider annotation, which facilitates the mapping of complex parameter types to a test method. @DataProvider for Vector, String or Integer as parameter ________________________________________________________________________
@DataProvider for object as parameter P.S “TestNGTest6_3_0” is an simple object with just get set method for demo. @Test(dataProvider = "Data-Provider-Function") public void parameterIntTest(TestNGTest6_3_0 clzz) { System.out.println("Parameterized Number is : " + clzz.getMsg()); System.out.println("Parameterized Number is : " + clzz.getNumber()); } //This function will provide the patameter data @DataProvider(name = "Data-Provider-Function") public Object[][] parameterIntTestProvider() {
TestNGTest6_3_0 obj = new TestNGTest6_3_0(); obj.setMsg("Hello"); obj.setNumber(123); return new Object[][]{ {obj} }; } TestNG’s parameterized test is very user friendly and flexible (either in XML file or inside the class). It can support many complex data type as parameter value and the possibility is unlimited. As example above, we even can pass in our own object (TestNGTest6_3_0) for parameterized test
7. Dependency Test The “Parameterized Test” means methods are test base on dependency, which will execute before a desired method. If the dependent method fails, then all subsequent tests will be skipped, not marked as failed. JUnit 4 JUnit framework is focus on test isolation; it did not support this feature at the moment. TestNG It use “dependOnMethods “ to implement the dependency testing as following @Test public void method1() { System.out.println("This is method 1"); } ________________________________________________________________________
@Test(dependsOnMethods={"method1"}) public void method2() { System.out.println("This is method 2"); } The “method2()” will execute only if “method1()” is run successfully, else “method2()” will skip the test.
1. What is WebDriver? WebDriver uses a different underlying framework from Selenium’s javascript Selenium-Core. It also provides an alternative API with functionality not supported in Selenium-RC. WebDriver does not depend on a javascript core embedded within the browser, therefore it is able to avoid some long-running Selenium limitations. WebDriver’s goal is to provide an API that establishes ¾ A well-designed standard programming interface for web-app testing. ¾ Improved consistency between browsers. ¾ Additional functionality addressing testing problems not well-supported in Selenium 1.0. The Selenium developers strive to continuously improve Selenium. Integrating WebDriver is another step in that process. The developers of Selenium and of WebDriver felt they could make significant gains for the Open Source test automation
community be combining forces and merging their ideas and technologies. Integrating WebDriver into Selenium is the current result of those efforts.
2. When to Use WebDriver? One should use WebDriver when requiring improved support for ¾ Mult-browser testing including improved functionality for browsers not wellsupported by ¾ Selenium-1.0. ¾ Handling multiple frames, multiple browser windows, popups, and alerts. ¾ Page navigation. ¾ Drag-and-drop. ¾ AJAX-based UI elements.
3. About WebDriver: WebDriver is a tool for automating testing web applications, and in particular to verify that they work as expected. It aims to provide a friendly API that’s easy to explore and understand, which will help make your tests easier to read and maintain. It’s not tied to any particular test framework, so it can be used equally well with JUnit, TestNG or from a plain old “main” method. This “Getting Started” guide introduces you to WebDriver’s Java API and helps get you started becoming familiar with it. Start by Downloading the latest binaries and unpack them into a directory. From now on, we’ll refer to that as $WEBDRIVER_HOME. Now, open your favourite IDE and: ¾ Start a new Java project in your favourite IDE ¾ Add all the JAR files under $WEBDRIVER_HOME to the CLASSPATH
You can see that WebDriver acts just as a normal Java library does: it’s entirely selfcontained, and you don’t need to remember to start any additional processes or run any installers before using it. You’re now ready to write some code. An easy way to get started is this example, which searches for the term “Cheese” on Google and then outputs the result page’s title to the console. You’ll start by using the HtmlUnit Driver. This is a pure Java driver that runs entirely in-memory. Because of this, you won’t see a new browser window open.
4.Which Implementation of WebDriver Should I Use? WebDriver is the name of the key interface against which tests should be written, but there are several implementations. These are: Name of driver
You can find out more information about each of these by following the links in the table. Which you use depends on what you want to do. For sheer speed, the HtmlUnit Driver is great, but it’s not graphical, which means that you can’t watch what’s happening. As a developer you may be comfortable with this, but sometimes it’s good to be able to test using a real browser, especially when you’re showing a demo of ________________________________________________________________________
your application (or running the tests) for an audience. Often, this idea is referred to as “safety”, and it falls into two parts. Firstly, there’s “actual safety”, which refers to whether or not the tests works as they should. This can be measured and quantified. Secondly, there’s “perceived safety”, which refers to whether or not an observer believes the tests work as they should. This varies from person to person, and will depend on their familiarity with the application under test, WebDriver, and your testing framework. To support higher “perceived safety”, you may wish to choose a driver such as the Firefox Driver. This has the added advantage that this driver actually renders content to a screen, and so can be used to detect information such as the position of an element on a page, or the CSS properties that apply to it. However, this additional flexibility comes at the cost of slower overall speed. By writing your tests against the WebDriver interface, it is possible to pick the most appropriate driver for a given test. To keep things simple, let’s start with the
4.1 HtmlUnit Driver: WebDriver driver = new HtmlUnitDriver();
4.2 Navigating The first thing you’ll want to do with WebDriver is navigate to a page. The normal way to do this is bycalling “get”: driver.get( "http://www.google.com" ); WebDriver will wait until the page has fully loaded (that is, the “onload” event has fired) before returning control to your test or script. It’s worth noting that if your ________________________________________________________________________
page uses a lot of AJAX on load then WebDriver may not know when it has completely loaded. If you need to ensure such pages are fully loaded then you can use “waits”.
4.3 Interacting With the Page Just being able to go to places isn’t terribly useful. What we’d really like to do is to interact with the pages, or, more specifically, the HTML elements within a page. First of all, we need to find one. WebDriver offers a number of ways of finding elements. For example, given an element defined as: you could find it using any of: WebElement element; element = driver.findElement(By.id( "passwd-id" )); element = driver.findElement(By.name( "passwd" )); element = driver.findElement(By.xpath( "//input[@id=’passwd-id’]" )); You can also look for a link by its text, but be careful! The text must be an exact match! You should also be careful when using XPATH in WebDriver. If there’s more than one element that matches the query, then only the first will be returned. If nothing can be found, a NoSuchElementException will be thrown. WebDriver has an “Object-based” API; we represent all types of elements using the same interface: Web Element. This means that although you may see a lot of possible methods you could invoke when you hit your IDE’s auto-complete key combination, not all of them will make sense or be valid. Don’t worry! WebDriver will attempt to do the Right Thing, and if you call a method that makes no sense (“setSelected()” on a “meta” tag, for example) an exception will be thrown. ________________________________________________________________________
So, you’ve got an element. What can you do with it? First of all, you may want to enter some text into a text field: element.sendKeys( "some text" ); You can simulate pressing the arrow keys by using the “Keys” class: element.sendKeys( " and some" , Keys.ARROW_DOWN); It is possible to call sendKeys on any element, which makes it possible to test keyboard shortcuts such as those used on GMail. A side-effect of this is that typing something into a text field won’t automatically clear it. Instead, what you type will be appended to what’s already there. You can easily clear the contents of a text field or textarea: element.clear(); Filling In Forms -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ We’ve already seen how to enter text into a textarea or text field, but what about the other elements? You can “toggle” the state of checkboxes, and you can use “setSelected” to set something like an OPTION tag selected. Dealing with SELECT tags isn’t too bad: WebElement select = driver.findElement(By.xpath( "//select" )); List allOptions = select.findElements(By.tagName( "option" )); for (WebElement option : allOptions) { System.out.println(String.format( "Value is: %s" , option.getValue())); ________________________________________________________________________
This will find the first “SELECT” element on the page, and cycle through each of it’s OPTIONs in turn, printing out their values, and selecting each in turn. As you can see, this isn’t the most efficient way of dealing with SELECT elements. WebDriver’s support classes include one called “Select”, which provides useful methods for interacting with these. Select select = new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath( "//select" ))); select.deselectAll(); select.selectByVisibleText( "Edam" ); This will deselect all OPTIONs from the first SELECT on the page, and then select the OPTION with the displayed text of “Edam”. Once you’ve finished filling out the form, you probably want to submit it. One way to do this would be to find the “submit” button and click it: driver.findElement(By.id( "submit" )).click(); // Assume the button has the ID "submit" :) Alternatively, WebDriver has the convenience method “submit” on every element. If you call this on an element within a form, WebDriver will walk up the DOM until it finds the enclosing form and then calls submit on that. If the element isn’t in a form, then the NoSuchElementException will be thrown: element.submit();
4.4 Getting Visual Information And Drag And Drop ________________________________________________________________________
Sometimes you want to extract some visual information out of an element, perhaps to see if it’s visible or where it is on screen. You can find out this information by casting the element to a RenderedWebElement: WebElement plain = driver.findElement(By.name( "q" )); RenderedWebElement element = (RenderedWebElement) element; Not all drivers render their content to the screen (such as the HtmlUnit Driver), so it’s not safe to assume that the cast will work, but if it does you can gather additional information such as the size and location
4.5 Moving Between Windows and Frames It’s rare for a modern web application not to have any frames or to be constrained to a single window. WebDriver supports moving between named windows using the “switchTo” method: driver.switchTo().window( "windowName" ); All calls to driver will now be interpreted as being directed to the particular window. But how do you know the window’s name? Take a look at the javascript or link that opened it: Click here to open a new window Alternatively, you can pass a “window handle” to the “switchTo().window()” method. Knowing this, it’s possible to iterate over every open window like so: ________________________________________________________________________
for (String handle : driver.getWindowHandles()) { driver.switchTo().window(handle); } You can also swing from frame to frame (or into iframes): driver.switchTo().frame( "frameName" ); It’s possible to access subframes by separating the path with a dot, and you can specify the frame by its index too. That is: driver.switchTo().frame( "frameName.0.child" ); would go to the frame named “child” of the first subframe of the frame called “frameName”. All frames are evaluated as if from *top*.
4.6 Navigation: History and Location Earlier, we covered navigating to a page using the “get” command (driver.get("http://www.example.com")) As you’ve seen, WebDriver has a number of smaller, task-focused interfaces, and navigation is a useful task. Because loading a page is such a fundamental requirement, the method to do this lives on the main WebDriver interface, but it’s simply a synonym to: driver.navigate().to( "http://www.example.com" );
To reiterate: “navigate().to()” and “get()” do exactly the same thing. One’s just a lot easier to type than the other! The “navigate” interface also exposes the ability to move backwards and forwards in your browser’s history: driver.navigate().forward(); driver.navigate().back(); Please be aware that this functionality depends entirely on the underlying browser. It’s just possible that something unexpected may happen when you call these methods if you’re used to the behaviour of one browser over another.
4.7 Cookies Before we leave these next steps, you may be interested in understanding how to use cookies. First of all, you need to be on the domain that the cookie will be valid for: // Go to the correct domain driver.get( "http://www.example.com" ); // Now set the cookie. This one’s valid for the entire domain Cookie cookie = new Cookie( "key" , "value" ); driver.manage().addCookie(cookie);
// And now output all the available cookies for the current URL Set allCookies = driver.manage().getCookies(); for (Cookie loadedCookie : allCookies) { System.out.println(String.format( "%s -> %s" , loadedCookie.getName(), loadedCookie.getValue())); ________________________________________________________________________
6. WebDriver Implementations 5.1 HtmlUnit Driver This is currently the fastest and most lightweight implementation of WebDriver. As the name suggests, this is based on HtmlUnit. ¾ Fastest implementation of WebDriver ¾ A pure Java solution and so it is platform independent. ¾ Supports JavaScript ¾ Emulates other browser’s JavaScript behavior
JavaScript in the HtmlUnit Driver None of the popular browsers uses the JavaScript engine used by HtmlUnit (Rhino). If you test JavaScript using HtmlUnit the results may differ significantly from those browsers. When we say “JavaScript” we actually mean “JavaScript and the DOM”. Although the DOM is defined by the W3C each browser out there has its own quirks and differences in their implementation of the DOM and in how JavaScript interacts with it. HtmlUnit has an impressively complete implementation of the DOM and has good support for using JavaScript, but it is no different from any other browser: it has its own quirks and differences from both the W3C standard and the DOM implementations of the major browsers, despite its ability to mimic other browsers. With WebDriver, we had to make a choice; do we enable HtmlUnit’s JavaScript capabilities and run the risk of teams running into problems that only manifest themselves there, or do we leave JavaScript disabled, knowing that there are more ________________________________________________________________________
and more sites that rely on JavaScript? We took the conservative approach, and by default have disabled support when we use HtmlUnit. With each release of both WebDriver and HtmlUnit, we reassess this decision: we hope to enable JavaScript by default on the HtmlUnit at some point.
5.2 Declaring Browsers in WebDriver WebDriver Run with Firefox Browser: WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(); WebDriver Run with InternetExplorer Browser: WebDriver driver = new InternetExplorerDriver(); Convert Selenium-RC code to WebDriver code:
//First Declare WebDriver: WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
// Create the Selenium implementation Selenium selenium = new WebDriverBackedSelenium(driver, baseUrl); // Perform actions with selenium selenium.open( "http://www.google.com" ); selenium.type( "name=q" , "cheese" ); selenium.click( "name=btnG" ); //Now you can Execute
Suppose that you wanted to modify the user agent string (as above), but you’ve got a tricked out Firefox profile that contains dozens of useful extensions. There are two ways to obtain this profile. Assuming that the profile has been created using Firefox’s profile manager (firefox -ProfileManager): ProfileIni allProfiles = new ProfilesIni(); FirefoxProfile profile = allProfiles.getProfile( "WebDriver" ); profile.setPreferences( "foo.bar" , 23); WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile); Alternatively, if the profile isn’t already registered with Firefox: File profileDir = new File( "path/to/top/level/of/profile" ); FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile(profileDir); profile.addAdditionalPreferences(extraPrefs); WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile); Enabling features that might not be wise to use in Firefox As we develop features in the Firefox Driver, we expose the ability to use them. For example, until we feel native events are stable on Firefox for Linux, they are disabled by default. To enable them: FirefoxProfile profile = new FirefoxProfile(); profile.setEnableNativeEvents(true); WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver(profile);
7. Locators or Properties ________________________________________________________________________
Other methods: we can create our own xpath 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
//input[@id=’give id’] //button[@class=’give class name’ ] //a[@href=’give the link’ ] //div[starts-with(@id, ‘give id starts’) ] //div[ends-with(@class, ‘give id give ends of class’) ] //div[contains(@id, ‘give id starts’) ]
1. What are the few Challenges that you faced with Selenium Automation in your company? ¾ Very difficult to find good documentation. Hardcore programming. ¾ Less inbuilt features for reporting/test case management. ¾ Finding locators/xpaths. ¾ Sometimes selenium is not able to recognize elements. We have to use JavaScript. in that case - especially in Selenium RC. ¾ We can’t run scripts from step as we can do in QTP. SO script generation takes a lot of time. ¾ Difficult to generate reports. ¾ Password encryption is not possible. ¾ Bitmap comparison is not supported by Selenium. ¾ You need to learn any one of the native language like (.Net, Java, Perl, Python, PHP, Ruby) to work efficiently with the scripting side of selenium. ¾ Sometimes stopping the selenium server it shows error, selenium server is running but actually it won’t run. ¾ Since Selenium is a freeware tool, there is no direct support if one is in trouble with the support of applications. ¾ There is no object repository concept in Selenium, so maintainability of the objects is very high.
¾ There are many challenges if one have to interact with Win 32 windows even when. ¾ you are working with Web based applications. ¾ Bitmap comparison is not supported by Selenium. ¾ Any reporting related capabilities, you need to depend on third party tools.
3. Advantages of Selenium? ¾ Selenium is a open source tool ¾ It can Automate any Web Application ¾ It is a perfect tool for Browser Automation ¾ In the market very demand Automation Tool ¾ It can support no.of languages ¾ Once we prepare the code in the windows platform we can run in any OS, platform independent. ¾ We can integrate with No. of tools
4. Disadvantages of Selenium? ¾ Selenium Can’t record the Desktop application ¾ Selenium IDE can’t Record on IE Browser ¾ Bitmap comparison is not possible in selenium ¾ Handle dynamic Objects little bit tricky ________________________________________________________________________
5. What do you know about Selenium? 6. Selenium is a suite of tools for web automation testing. Selenium first came to life in 2004 when Jason Huggins was testing an internal application at ThoughtWorks. Selenium was a tremendous tool, it wasn’t without it’s drawbacks. Because of its Javascript based automation engine and the security limitations browsers apply to Javascript, different things became impossible to do. Selenium Suite of projects include: Selenium IDE Selenium Core Selenium 1 (known as. Selenium RC or Remote Control) Selenium 2 (known as. Selenium Webdriver) Selenium-Grid
7. What are the technical challenges with selenium? As you know Selenium is a free ware open source testing tool. There are many challenges with Selenium. 1. Selenium Supports only web based applications 2. It doesn’t support any non web based (Like Win 32, Java Applet, Java Swing, .Net Client Server etc) applications 3. When you compare selenium with QTP, Silk Test, Test Partner and RFT, there ________________________________________________________________________
are many challenges in terms of maintainability of the test cases 4. Since Selenium is a freeware tool, there is no direct support if one is in trouble with the support of applications 5. There is no object repository concept in Selenium, so maintainability of the objects is very high 6. There are many challenges if one have to interact with Win 32 windows even when you are working with Web based applications 7. Bitmap comparison is not supported by Selenium 8. Any reporting related capabilities, you need to depend on third party tools 9. You need to learn any one of the native language like (.Net, Java, Perl, Python, PHP, Ruby) to work efficiently with the scripting side of selenium
8. What are the capabilities of Selenium IDE? Selenium IDE (Integrated Development Environment) works similar to commercial tools like QTP, Silk Test and Test Partner etc. The below mentioned points describes well about Selenium IDE. 1. Selenium IDE is a Firefox add-on. 2. Selenium IDE can support recording the clicks, typing, and other actions to make a test cases. 3. Using Selenium IDE A Tester can play back the test cases in the Firefox browser 4. Selenium IDE supports exporting the test cases and suites to Selenium RC. 5. Debugging of the test cases with step-by-step can be done 6. breakpoint insertion is possible 7. Page abstraction functionality is supported by Selenium IDE 8. Selenium IDE can supports an extensibility capability allowing the use of addons or user extensions that expand the functionality of Selenium IDE
9. What are the challenges with Selenium IDE? ________________________________________________________________________
Selenium-IDE does not directly support: 1. condition statements 2. iteration or looping 3. logging and reporting of test results 4. error handling, particularly unexpected errors 5. database testing 6. test case grouping 7. re-execution of failed tests 8. test case dependency 9. capture screenshots on test failures 10. Results Report generations
10. Which are the browsers supported by Selenium IDE? 1. Selenium can record only on firefox and It can support or run only on firefox
11. How to execute a single line command from Selenium IDE? Single line command from Selenium IDE can be executed in two ways 1.Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Execute This Command" 2.Select the command in Selenium IDE and press "X" key on the keyboard
12. How to insert a start point in Selenium IDE? Start point Selenium IDE can be set in two ways 1. Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Set / Clear Start Point" 2. Select the command in Selenium IDE and press "S" key on the keyboard ________________________________________________________________________
4. If you have already set one start point and you selected other command as start point. Then the first start point will be removed and the new start point will be set
13. How to insert a break point in Selenium IDE? Break point can be set in two ways in Selenium IDE 1. Right click on the command in Selenium IDE and select "Toggle Break Point" 2. Select the command in Selenium IDE and press "B" key on the keyboard 3. If you want to clear the break point once again Spress "B" key on the keyboard 4. You can set multiple break points in Selenium IDE
14. How to debug the tests in Selenium IDE? To debug or execute the test cases line by line. Follow the below mentioned steps 1. Insert a break point (see the question to know more How to insert a break point in Selenium IDE? )from the location where you want to execute step by step 2. Run the test case 3. execution will be paused at the given break point 4. Click on the step (Blue) button to continue with the next statement 5. Click on Run button, to continue executing all the commands at a time
15. How to export the tests from Selenium IDE to Selenium RC in different languages? From selenium IDE the test cases can be exported into the languages 1. .Net, 2. Java, 3. Perl, 4. Python, 5. PHP, 6. Ruby The below mentioned steps can explain how to export the test cases 1. Open the test case from Selenium IDE 2. Select File -> Export Test Case As
16. Which is the command used for displaying the values of a variable into the output console or log? 1. The command used for displaying the values of a variable into the output console or log - echo 2. If you want to display a constant string. The below mentioned command can be used echo ex: echo "The sample message" 3. If you want to display the value of a variable it can be written like below echo ${> 4. ex: echo ${var1} 5. Note: Here var1 is the variable
17. Which are the browsers supported by Selenium RC? 1. Supported browsers for Selenium RC include: 2. 1. *firefox 2. *mock 3. *firefoxproxy 4. *pifirefox 5. *chrome 6. *iexploreproxy 7. *iexplore 8. *firefox3 9. *safariproxy 10. *googlechrome 11. *konqueror 12. *firefox2 13. *safari 14. *piiexplore 15. *firefoxchrome 16. *opera 17. *iehta 18. *custom 3. Note: Any third party browser is supported with *custom followed by the complete path of the browser with executable
18. Which are the Operating Systems supported by Selenium?
Works in Firefox 2+ Start browser, run tests Run tests Operating Systems Supported: 2. 1. Windows, 2. OS X 3. Linux 4. Solaris 5. Others whichever supports Firefox 2+ 3. Selenium Remote Control Used for starting browser and run tests Operating Systems Supported: 4. 1. Windows, 2. OS X 3. Linux 4. Solaris 5. Others 5. Selenium Core Used for running tests Operating Systems Supported: 6. 1. Windows, 2. OS X 3. Linux 4. Solaris 5. Others
1. Selenium-RC is the solution for tests that need a little more than just simple browser actions and a linear execution. Selenium-RC leverages the full power of programming languages, creating tests that can do things like read and write external files, make queries to a database, send emails with test reports, and practically anything else a user can do with a normal application. 2. You will want to use Selenium-RC whenever your test requires logic not supported by running a script from Selenium-IDE
20. Why Selenium RC is used?
1. Selenium-IDE does not directly support: 2. 1. condition statements 2. iteration 3. logging and reporting of test results 4. error handling, particularly unexpected errors 5. database testing 6. test case grouping 7. re-execution of failed tests 8. test case dependency 9. capture screenshots on test failures 3. The reason behind why Selenium-IDE does not support the above mentioned requirements is IDE supports only HTML language. Using HTML language we cannot achieve the above mentioned requirements. Because HTML does not support conditional, looping and external source connectives. 4. To overcome the above mentioned problems Selenium RC is used. 5. Since Selenium RC supports the languages .Net, Java, Perl, Python, PHP, and Ruby. In these languages we can write the programme to achieve the IDE issues ________________________________________________________________________
21. Which are the languages supported by Selenium RC? The languages supported by Selenium RC 1. .Net, 2. Java (Junt 3, Junt 4, TestNG, Groovy) 3. Perl, 4. Python, 5. PHP, 6. Ruby
22. What is Selenium Grid? Selenium Grid is part of Selenium suite of projects. Selenium Grid transparently distribute your tests on multiple machines so that you can run your tests in parallel, cutting down the time required for running in-browser test suites. This will dramatically speeds up in-browser web testing, giving you quick and accurate feedback you can rely on to improve your web application.
23. What is Selenium WebDriver or Google WebDriver or Selenium 2.0? ________________________________________________________________________
1. WebDriver uses a different underlying framework from Selenium’s javascript Selenium-Core. It also provides an alternative API with functionality not supported in Selenium-RC. WebDriver does not depend on a javascript core embedded within the browser, therefore it is able to avoid some long-running Selenium limitations. 2. WebDriver’s goal is to provide an API that establishes • A well-designed standard programming interface for web-app testing. • Improved consistency between browsers. • Additional functionality addressing testing problems not well-supported in Selenium 1.0. 3. The Selenium developers strive to continuously improve Selenium. Integrating WebDriver is another step in that process. The developers of Selenium and of WebDriver felt they could make significant gains for the Open Source test automation community be combining forces and merging their ideas and technologies. Integrating WebDriver into Selenium is the current result of those efforts.
24. What are the capabilities of Selenium WebDriver or Google WebDriver or Selenium 2.0? One should use WebDriver when requiring improved support for Mult-browser testing including improved functionality for browsers not wellsupported by Selenium-1.0. • Handling multiple frames, multiple browser windows, popups, and alerts. • Page navigation. • Drag-and-drop. • AJAX-based UI elements. ________________________________________________________________________
1. The Selenium Server which launches and kills browsers, and acts as an HTTP proxy for browser requests. 2. Client libraries for various programming languages, each of which instructs the Selenium Server in how to test the AUT by passing it your test script’s Selenium commands. 3. The diagram shows the client libraries communicate with the Server passing each Selenium command for execution. Then the server passes the Selenium command to the browser using Selenium-Core JavaScript commands. The browser, using its JavaScript interpreter, executes the Selenium command, which effectively, runs the check you specified in your Selenese test script.
26. What is the architecture of Selenium Grid? The below mentioned theory explains about the setup of Selenium Grid with architecture and how it works. 1. Selenium Grid builds on the traditional Selenium setup, taking advantage of the following properties: 2. * The Selenium test, the application under test, and the remote control/browser pair do not have to be co-located. They communicate through HTTP, so they can all live on different machines. * The Selenium tests and the web application under test are obviously specific to a ________________________________________________________________________
particular project. Nevertheless, neither the Selenium remote control nor the browser is tied to a specific application. As a matter of fact, they provide a capacity that can easily be shared by multiple applications and multiple projects. 3. Consequently, if only we could build a distributed grid of Selenium Remote Controls, we could easily share it across builds, applications, projects - even potentially across organizations. Of course we would also need to address the scalability issues as described earlier when covering the traditional Selenium setup. This is why we need a component in charge of: 4. * Allocating a Selenium Remote Control to a specific test (transparently) * Limiting the number of concurrent test runs on each Remote Control * Shielding the tests from the actual grid infrastructure 5. Selenium Grid calls this component the Selenium Hub. 6. * The Hub exposes an external interface that is exactly the same as the one of a traditional Remote Control. This means that a test suite can transparently target a regular Remote Control or a Selenium Hub with no code change. It just needs to target a different IP address. This is important as it shields the tests from the grid infrastructure (which you can scale transparently). This also makes the developer’s life easier. The same test can be run locally on a developer machine, or run on a heavy duty distributed grid as part of a build – without ever changing a line of code. * The Hub allocates Selenium Remote Controls to each test. The Hub is also in charge of routing the Selenese requests from the tests to the appropriate Remote Control as well as keeping track of testing sessions. * When a new test starts, the Hub puts its first request on hold if there is no available Remote Control in the grid providing the appropriate capabilities. As soon as a suitable Remote Control becomes available, the Hub will serve the request. For the whole time, the tests do not have to be aware of what is happening within the grid; it is just waiting for an HTTP response to come back.
27. Does Selenium support mobile internet testing? Selenium supports Opera. And opera is used in most of the Smart phones. So whichever Smart phone supports opera, selenium can be used to test. So, one can use Selenium RC to run the tests on mobiles.
28. Does Selenium support Google Android Operating System? Yes, Selenium Web Driver or Google Web Driver or Selenium 2.0 supports Android Operating System. There are several libraries written to support Android Operating System.
29. What are the types of text patterns available in Selenium? There are three types of patterns available in Selenium 1. globbing 2. regular expressions 3. Exact
30. How to use regular expressions in Selenium? ________________________________________________________________________
1. Regular expressions in Selenium IDE can be used with the keyword - regexp: as a prefix to the value and patterns needs to be included for the expected values. 2. For example if you want to use the regular expression for a command Command: verifyText Target: //font/font/b/font[1] Value: Flight Confirmation # 2011-05-02451 3. in the above example Flight Confirmation is continuously changing each time you run the test case. So this can be written with a regular expression as mentioned below 4. Command: verifyText Target: //font/font/b/font[1] Value: regexp:Flight Confirmation # [0-9]{4}-[0-9]{2}-[0-9]{5,10}
31. What are the regular expression patterns available in Selenium? 1. Selenium regular expression patterns offer the same wide array of special characters that exist in JavaScript. Below are a subset of those special characters
1. Selenium set of commands which are used for running the test are called as Selenese. 2. There are three types of Selenese, those are: 1. Actions - used for performing the operations and interactions with the target elements 2. Assertions - used as check points 3. Accessors - used for storing the values in a variable
33. How do you add check points or verification points in Selenium? 1. check points or verification points are known as Assertions in Selenium. The keywords with below mentioned prefix will be used for adding check points or verification points. 2. 1. verify 2. assert 3. waitFor
34. What is Assertion in Selenium? 1. Assertion is nothing but a check or verification point.
2. Assertion verifies the state of the application conforms to what is expected. Examples include “make sure the page title is X” and “verify that this checkbox is checked.
35. What are the types of Assertions there in Selenium? 1. Selenium Assertions can be used in 3 modes: 2. 1) assert - When an “assert” fails, the test will be aborted. If you are executing test suite, the next state case will start 3. 2) verify - When a “verify” fails, the test will continue execution, logging the failure. 4. 3) waitFor - “waitFor” commands wait for some condition to become true (which can be useful for testing Ajax applications). They will succeed immediately if the condition is already true. However, they will fail and halt the test if the condition does not become true within the current timeout setting
36. When to use Assert, Verify and WaitFor in Selenium? ________________________________________________________________________
1. 1) assert - If the expected value is mandatory to continue with the next set of steps we will use Assert. As Assert aborts the test, if the expected value doesn't match. It is good to use for any mandatory checks. 2. 2) verify - If the expected value is optional to continue with the next set of steps we will use Verify. As Verify continues executing with the next set of steps, if the expected value doesn't match. It is good to use for any optional checks. 3. 3) waitFor - If your test needs to wait, if the expected value is not matching we use waitFor. We normally use waitFor for AJAX kind of controls loading within a page
37. What is an Accessor in Selenium? 1. Accessor is one of the type of Selenese. 2. I. Accessors are used for storing the value of a target in a variable. 3. Ex: 1) storeTitle - Stores the title of a window in a variable 4. 2) storeText - Stores the target element text in a variable 5. II. Accessors are also used for evaluating the result and storing the result in a variable 6. Ex: storeTextPresent - Evaluates whether the text is present in the current window. If the text is present stores true in the variable else stores false 7. Ex: storeEementPresent - Evaluates whether the element is present in the current window. If the element is present stores true in the variable else stores false
38. When to use Accessors in Selenium? 1. Accessors are mostly used for storing the value in a variable. 2. The variable can be used for following reasons: 3. 1) To get the value from an element and comparing with some dynamic value 4. 2) To take a logical decision to execute the test steps ex: if the value of the variable true execute step1 and step2 else step3 and step4 5. 3) To execute some statements in a loop based on the value returned by the element
39. How to capture bitmaps in Selenium? 1. Bitmaps are captured using the Selenium set of commands. There are two modes of capturing the bitmaps 2. 1) Capture the bitmap for the entire page - it captures the browser main page area of AUT 2) Capture the bitmap for the screen shots - it captures the entire screen shot like the print scree that you give from your keyboard 3. Selenium doesn't support bitmap capturing for an element on AUT.
40. Which are the commands used for capturing the bitmaps? 1. captureEntirePageScreenshot Saves the entire contents of the current window canvas to a PNG file. Contrast this with the captureScreenshot command, which captures the contents of the OS viewport (i.e. whatever is currently being displayed on the monitor), and is implemented in the RC only. Currently this only works in Firefox when running in chrome mode, and in IE non-HTA using the ________________________________________________________________________
EXPERIMENTAL "Snapsie" utility. The Firefox implementation is mostly borrowed from the Screengrab! Firefox extension. Please see captureEntirePageScreenshot for more details 2. captureEntirePageScreenshotAndWait Saves the entire contents of the current window canvas to a PNG file. Contrast this with the captureScreenshot command, which captures the contents of the OS viewport (i.e. whatever is currently being displayed on the monitor), and is implemented in the RC only. Currently this only works in Firefox when running in chrome mode, and in IE non-HTA using the EXPERIMENTAL "Snapsie" utility. The Firefox implementation is mostly borrowed from the Screengrab! Firefox extension. Please see captureEntirePageScreenshotAndWait for details. 3. Note: This command runs with only mozilla firefox when you run the tests from RC. Other browsers it will not support
41. What is the difference between captureEntirePageScreenshot and CaptureScreenShot? 1. captureEntirePageScreenshot 1. This captures the AUT web page only 2. This supports only mozilla firefox 3. Accepts two arguments. one is the file name to be saved and other argument is back ground color 2. CaptureScreenShot 3. 1. This captures the System screen shot 2. This supports all the browsers when you run from Selenium RC 3. Accepts one argument. That is the file name to be saved. ________________________________________________________________________
42. How do you set user extensions in Selenium IDE? 1. 1. Open user-extensions.js with an editor (Notepad, etc.); it's found in the selenium\core\scripts folder. If it doesn't exist, just create it. 2. If you need to, commit the user-extensions.js file (like if you use subversion). 3. Open Selenium IDE and choose the Options menu and then Options... from that menu. 4. Make sure the path to your user-extensions.js file is entered in the Selenium Core extensions field (like \selenium\core\scripts\userextensions.js) 5. Press OK button on options 6. Restart the IDE to reflect your extensions. 2. Note: After reopen, Selenium IDE may show compilations errors if the userextensions.js file has any syntax errors.
43. What are the limitations of Selenium IDE 1. The limitations of Selenium IDE are: 2. 1) Selenium IDE uses only HTML language 2) Conditional or branching statements execution like using of if, select statements is not possible 3) Looping statements using is not possible directly in Selenium HTML language in ide 4) Reading from external files like .txt, .xls is not possible 5) Reading from the external databases is not possible with ide ________________________________________________________________________
6) Exceptional handling is not there 7) A neat formatted Reporting is not possible with ide 3. To eliminate the above issues we use Selenium RC
44. What are the pre-requisites to run Selenium RC tests with Junit? 1. The pre-requisites to run Selenium RC tests with Junit: 2. 1) Jre 1.5 or better version needs to be installed 2) /jre/bin folder must be added in environment variable "path" 3) Junit folder path must be added to path or build path in eclipse 4) Selenium Java Client drivers needs to be added to the path for execution
45. How to configure Selenium RC with eclipse to run Junit Tests? 1. 1) Download eclipse. click here to download the software 2) Open eclipse -> Workspace Launcher window will open 3) Create a workspace by giving meaningful name 3) Click on Workbench 4) Create a project of type java 5) Create a package under src folder of the package 6) Add Junit to the build path 7) Add selenium rc java client driver to the build path 8) Now drag and drop your test script (.which is exported from Selenium IDE) to the package created
46. Which is the command used for running the Selenium RC Server? The procedure followed to run the Selenium RC Server is: 1. Open the command prompt. ________________________________________________________________________
2. Change the folder path to Selenium RC Server 3. Issue the command "java -jar selenium-server.jar" 4. For more options on how to start selenium server. Please have a look at Selenium RC Server startup Options
47.
How do you run selenium commands in slow motion in Selenium
RC? You can run the selenium commands in RC slow motion by two ways: selenium.setSpeed thread.sleep
48. What is the difference between Thread.Sleep() and Selenium.setSpeed()? selenium.setSpeed 1. takes a single argument in string format ex: selenium.setSpeed("2000") - will wait for 2 seconds 2. Runs each command in after setSpeed delay by the number of milliseconds mentioned in setSpeed. 1. thread.sleep 1. takes a single argument in integer format ex: thread.sleep(2000) - will wait for 2 seconds 2. Waits for only once at the command given at sleep.
49. Why do you use assert and verify statements in Selenium RC without referring to selenium? 1. SeleneseTestCase is the class which is having ________________________________________________________________________
2. verifyTrue 3. assertEquals 4. verifyEquals 3. We use SeleneseTestCase class to extend the selenium test class file. 4. For Ex: the test class is declared as follows public class BookFlightSel1 extends SeleneseTestCase 5. In the above example SeleneseTestCase is the base class and BookFlightSel1 is the derived class. So, we can directly call and use the parent class methods verify and assert without instantiating the class in BookFlightSel1 class.
50. Which are the annotations generated with JUnit 4 tests in Selenium IDE? 1. The annotations generated with JUnit 4 tests in Selenium are: 2. 1. @Before public void method() - Will perform the method() before each test. This method can prepare the test 2. @Test public void method() - Annotation @Test identifies that this method is a test method.environment, e.g. read input data, initialize the class) 3. @After public void method() - Annotation @After is executed after the test is been executed and this method consists of post test operations such as closure of the application.
51. What are the challenges with Selenium RC test suites when running in JUnit? 1. The challenges with Selenium RC test suites when running in JUnit 1. Each test case of Selenium RC test will invoke the browser and closes ________________________________________________________________________
2. All the Test cases cannot run on a single browser session 3. If there is any dependency between the test cases, it is very difficult to execute 4. Running the test suites in junit will be helpful for only independent test cases. 2. Note: The dependent test case related issues can be addressed by using TestNG with junit
52. What are the advantages of using TestNG over Junit? The advantages of using TestNG over Junit: 1. The challenges of junit can be addressed using TestNG read What are the challenges with Selenium RC test suites when running in JUnit? for more details 2. You can execute the test cases dependent with each other read Runnning Selenium RC Tests Sequentially using TestNG for more details 3. You can execute test cases in a group read Use Group in TestNG framework for more details 4. You can generate the reports using TestNg
53. What are the basic annotations used to run TestNG tests in Selenium? 1. The basic annotations used to run TestNG tests in Selenium RC: 2. @BeforeClass: The annotated method with @BeforeClass will be run before the first test method in the current class is invoked. ________________________________________________________________________
2. @AfterClass: The annotated method with @AfterClass will be run after all the test methods in the current class have been run. 3. @BeforeMethod: The annotated method with @BeforeMethod will be run before each test method. 4. @AfterMethod: The annotated method with @AfterMethod will be run after each test method. 5. @Test: Marks a class or a method @Test with as part of the test.
54. How to run test cases with dependent in Selenium using TestNG? 1. The @Test should be followed by (dependsOnMethods = "testLogin") Note:- The test case will be executed after the testLogin case 2. Ex: @Test(dependsOnMethods = "testLogin")
55.
How to run Selenium IDE test suite with user
extensions using Selenium Remote Control? 1. Read this forum topic for How to run Selenium IDE TestSuite with Selenium Remote Control 2. to run Selenium IDE test suite with user extensions using Selenium Remote Control we need to use the below command. 3. java -jar selenium-server.jar -userExtensions user-extensions.js -htmlSuite "*" "" "" "" timeout
56. How to start selenium rc server with user extensions? 1. The command used is java -jar selenium-server.jar -userExtensions user-extensions.js ________________________________________________________________________
2. Note: In this case, the java script file user-extensions.js file name should always fixed. If the name or extension is changed the selenium rc server will not start.
57. What are the limitations of selenium RC 1. The limitations of selenium RC are: 1) Switching between the multiple instances of the same browser is not possible 2) Switching between the multiple instances of the different browsers is not possible 3) Browser navigation, like back and forward button emulations is not possible 4) Limited features in terms of drag and drop of objects 5) To work with Ajax based UI elements there are very limited features are there with Selenium RC
58. What is selenium webdriver? WebDriver is a Advanced version of RC, in this no need to start the server manually. It has Bigger API.
scale by distributing tests on several machines ( parallel execution ) manage multiple environments from a central point, making it easy to run the tests against a vast combination of browsers / OS. minimize the maintenance time for the grid by allowing you to implement custom hooks to leverage virtual infrastructure for instance.
Quick Start This example will show you how to start the Selenium 2 Hub, and register both a WebDriver node and a Selenium 1 RC legacy node. We’ll also show you how to call the grid from Java. The hub and nodes are shown here running on the same machine, but of course you can copy the selenium-server-standalone to multiple machines. Note: The selenium-server-standalone package includes the Hub, WebDriver, and legacy RC needed to run the grid. Ant is not required anymore. You can download the selenium-serverstandalone-*.jar from http://code.google.com/p/selenium/downloads/list. This walk-through assumes you already have Java installed. Step 1: Start the hub The Hub is the central point that will receive all the test request and distribute them the the right nodes. Open a command prompt and navigate to the directory where you copied the selenium-serverstandalone file. Type the following command: java -jar selenium-server-standalone-2.14.0.jar -role hub
The hub will automatically start-up using port 4444 by default. To change the default port, you can add the optional parameter -port when you run the command. You can view the status of the hub by opening a browser window and navigating to: http://localhost:4444/grid/console Step 2: Start the nodes Regardless on whether you want to run a grid with new WebDriver functionality, or a grid with Selenium 1 RC functionality, or both at the same time, you use the same selenium-serverstandalone jar file to start the nodes.
Note: The port defaults to 5555 if not specified whenever the "-role" option is provided and is not hub. For backwards compatibility "wd" and "rc" roles are still a valid subset of the "node" role. But those roles limit the types of remote connections to their corresponding API, while "node" allows both RC and WebDriver remote connections.
Using grid to run tests ( using java as an example ) Now that the grid is in-place, we need to access the grid from our test cases. For the Selenium 1 RC nodes, you can continue to use the DefaultSelenium object and pass in the hub information: Selenium selenium = new DefaultSelenium(“localhost”, 4444, “*firefox”, “http://www.google.com”);
For WebDriver nodes, you will need to use the RemoteWebDriver and the DesiredCapabilities object to define which browser, version and platform you wish to use. Create the target browser capabilities you want to run the tests against: DesiredCapabilities capability = DesiredCapabilities.firefox();
Pass that into the RemoteWebDriver object: WebDriver driver = new RemoteWebDriver(new URL("http://localhost:4444/wd/hub"), capability);
The hub will then assign the test to a matching node. A node matches if all the requested capabilities are met. To request specific capabilities on the grid, specify them before passing it into the WebDriver object. capability.setBrowserName(); capability.setPlatform(); capability.setVersion() capability.setCapability(,);
Example: A node registered with the setting: -browser
browserName=firefox,version=3.6,platform=LINUX
will be a match for: capability.setBrowserName(“firefox” ); capability.setPlatform(“LINUX”); capability.setVersion(“3.6”);
and would also be a match for capability.setBrowserName(“firefox” ); capability.setVersion(“3.6”);
The capabilities that are not specified will be ignored. If you specify capabilities that do not exist on your grid (for example, your test specifies Firefox version 4.0, but have no Firefox 4 instance) then there will be no match and the test will fail to run.
Configuring the nodes The node can be configured in 2 different ways; one is by specifying command line parameters, the other is by specifying a json file.
Configuring the nodes by command line By default, this starts 11 browsers : 5 Firefox, 5 Chrome, 1 Internet Explorer. The maximum number of concurrent tests is set to 5 by default. To change this and other browser settings, you can pass in parameters to each -browser switch (each switch represents a node based on your parameters). If you use the -browser parameter, the default browsers will be ignored and only what you specify command line will be used. -browser browserName=firefox,version=3.6,maxInstances=5,platform=LINUX
This setting starts 5 Firefox 3.6 nodes on a linux machine. If your remote machine has multiple versions of Firefox you’d like to use, you can map the location of each binary to a particular version on the same machine: -browser browserName=firefox,version=3.6,firefox_binary=/home/myhomedir/firefox36/fire fox,maxInstances=3,platform=LINUX -browser browserName=firefox,version=4,firefox_binary=/home/myhomedir/firefox4/firefox ,maxInstances=4,platform=LINUX
Tip: If you need to provide a space somewhere in your browser parameters, then surround the parameters with quotation marks: -browser “browserName=firefox,version=3.6,firefox_binary=c:\Program Files\firefox ,maxInstances=3, platform=WINDOWS”
Optional parameters • •
-port 4444 (4444 is default) -timeout 30 (30 is default) The timeout in seconds before the hub automatically releases a node that hasn't received any requests for more than the specified number of seconds.
After this time, the node will be released for another test in the queue. This helps to clear client crashes without manual intervention. To remove the timeout completely, specify timeout 0 and the hub will never release the node. Note: This is NOT the WebDriver timeout for all ”wait for WebElement” type of commands. •
-maxSession 5 (5 is default) The maximum number of browsers that can run in parallel on the node. This is different from the maxInstance of supported browsers (Example: For a node that supports Firefox 3.6, Firefox 4.0 and Internet Explorer 8, maxSession=1 will ensure that you never have more than 1 browser running. With maxSession=2 you can have 2 Firefox tests at the same time, or 1 Internet Explorer and 1 Firefox test).
•
-browser < params > If -browser is not set, a node will start with 5 firefox, 1 chrome, and 1 internet explorer instance (assuming it’s on a windows box). This parameter can be set multiple times on the same line to define multiple types of browsers.
Parameters allowed for -browser: browserName={android, chrome, firefox, htmlunit, internet explorer, iphone, opera} version={browser version} firefox_binary={path to executable binary} chrome_binary={path to executable binary} maxInstances={maximum number of browsers of this type} platform={WINDOWS, LINUX, MAC} •
-registerCycle = how often in ms the node will try to register itself again.Allow to restart the hub without having to restart the nodes.
•
Relly large (>50 node) Hub installations may need to increase the jetty threads by setting -DPOOL_MAX=512 (or larger) on the java command line.
Configuring timeouts (Version 2.21 required) Timeouts in the grid should normally be handled through webDriver.manage().timeouts(), which will control how the different operations time out. To preserve run-time integrity of a grid with selenium-servers, there are two other timeout values that can be set. On the hub, setting the -timeout command line option to "30" seconds will ensure all resources are reclaimed 30 seconds after a client crashes. On the hub you can also set -browserTimeout 60 to make the maximum time a node is willing to hang inside the browser 60 seconds. This will ensure all resources are reclaimed slightly after 60 seconds. All the nodes use these two values from the hub if they are set. Locally set parameters on a single node has precedence, it is generally recommended not to set these timeouts on the node. The browserTimeout should be: • •
Higher than the socket lock timeout (45 seconds) Generally higher than values used in webDriver.manage().timeouts(), since this mechanism is a "last line of defense".
Configuring the nodes by JSON java -jar selenium-server-standalone.jar -role node -nodeConfig nodeconfig.json A sample nodeconfig file can be seen
Hub diagnostic messages Upon detecting anomalious usage patterns, the hub can give the following message: Client requested session XYZ that was terminated due to REASON
Reason
Cause/fix
TIMEOUT
The session timed out because the client did not access it within the timeout. If the client has been somehow suspended, this may happen when it wakes up
BROWSER_TIMEOUT
The node timed out the browser because it was hanging for too long (parameter browserTimeout)
ORPHAN
A client waiting in queue has given up once it was offered a new session
CLIENT_STOPPED_SESSION
The session was stopped using an ordinary call to stop/quit on the client. Why are you using it again??
CLIENT_GONE
The client process (your code) appears to have died or otherwise not responded to our requests, intermittent network issues may also cause
FORWARDING_TO_NODE_FAILED
The hub was unable to forward to the node. Out of memory errors/node stability issues or network problems
CREATIONFAILED
The node failed to create the browser. This can typically happen when there are environmental/configuration problems on the node. Try using the node directly to track problem.
PROXY_REREGISTRATION
The session has been discarded because the node has re-registered on the grid (in mid-test)
Tips for running with grid If your tests are running in parallel, make sure that each thread deallocates its webdriver resource independently of any other tests running on other threads. Starting 1 browser per thread at the start of the test-run and deallocating all browsers at the end is not a good idea. (If one test-case decides to consume abnormal amounts of time you may get timeouts on all the other tests because they're waiting for the slow test. This can be very confusing)
What is Maven? Maven is a project management and comprehension tool. Maven provides developers a complete build lifecycle framework. Development team can automate the project's build infrastructure in almost no time as Maven uses a standard directory layout and a default build lifecycle. In case of multiple development teams environment, Maven can set-up the way to work as per standards in a very short time. As most of the project setups are simple and reusable, Maven makes life of developer easy while creating reports, checks, build and testing automation setups. Maven provides developers ways to manage following: •
Builds
•
Documentation
•
Reporting
•
Dependencies
•
SCMs
•
Releases
•
Distribution
•
mailing list To summarize, Maven simplifies and standardizes the project build process. It handles compilation, distribution, documentation, team collaboration and other tasks seamlessly. Maven increases reusability and takes care of most of build related tasks.
Maven History Maven was originally designed to simplify building processes in Jakarta Turbine project. There were several projects and each project contained slightly different ANT build files. JARs were checked into CVS. Apache group then developed Maven which can build multiple projects together, publish projects information, deploy projects, share JARs across several projects and help in collaboration of teams.
Maven Objective Maven primary goal is to provide developer •
A comprehensive model for projects which is reusable, maintainable, and easier to comprehend.
•
plugins or tools that interact with this declarative model. Maven project structure and contents are declared in an xml file, pom.xml referred as Project Object Model (POM), which is the fundamental unit of the entire Maven system. Refer to Maven POM section for more detail.
Convention over Configuration Maven uses Convention over Configuration which means developers are not required to create build process themselves. Developers do not have to mention each and every configuration detail. Maven provides sensible default behavior for projects. When a Maven project is created, Maven creates default project structure. Developer is only required to place files accordingly and he/she need not to define any configuration in pom.xml. As an example, following table shows the default values for project source code files, resource files and other configurations. Assuming, ${basedir} denotes the project location: Item
Default
source code
${basedir}/src/main/java
resources
${basedir}/src/main/resources
Tests
${basedir}/src/test
Complied byte code
${basedir}/target/classes
distributable JAR
${basedir}/target
In order to build the project, Maven provides developers options to mention life-cycle goals and project dependencies (that rely on Maven pluging capabilities and on its default conventions). Much of the project management and build related tasks are maintained by Maven plugins. Developers can build any given Maven project without need to understand how the individual plugins work. Refer to Maven Plug-ins section for more detail.
Maven is Java based tool, so the very first requirement is to have JDK installed in your machine.
System Requirement JDK
1.5 or above.
Memory
no minimum requirement.
Disk Space
no minimum requirement.
Operating System
no minimum requirement.
Step 1 - verify Java installation in your machine Now open console and execute the following java command. OS
Task
Command
Windows
Open Command Console
c:\> java -version
Linux
Open Command Terminal
$ java -version
Mac
Open Terminal
machine:~ joseph$ java -version
Let's verify the output for all the operating systems: OS
Output
Windows
java version "1.6.0_21" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_21-b07) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 17.0-b17, mixed mode, sharing)
Linux
java version "1.6.0_21" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_21-b07) Java HotSpot(TM) Client VM (build 17.0-b17, mixed mode, sharing)
Mac
java version "1.6.0_21" Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.6.0_21-b07) Java HotSpot(TM)64-Bit Server VM (build 17.0-b17, mixed mode, sharing)
If you do not have Java installed, install the Java Software Development Kit (SDK) fromhttp://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html. We are assuming Java 1.6.0_21 as installed version for this tutorial.
Step 2: Set JAVA environment Set the JAVA_HOME environment variable to point to the base directory location where Java is installed on your machine. For example OS
Output
Windows
Set the environment variable JAVA_HOME to C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_21
Linux
export JAVA_HOME=/usr/local/java-current
Mac
export JAVA_HOME=/Library/Java/Home
Append Java compiler location to System Path. OS
Output
Windows
Append the string ;C:\Program Files\Java\jdk1.6.0_21\bin to the end of the system variable, Path.
Linux
export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin/
Mac
not required
Verify Java Installation using java -version command explained above.
Step 3: Download Maven archive Download Maven 2.2.1 from http://maven.apache.org/download.html OS
Archive name
Windows
apache-maven-2.0.11-bin.zip
Linux
apache-maven-2.0.11-bin.tar.gz
Mac
apache-maven-2.0.11-bin.tar.gz
Step 4: Extract the Maven archive
Extract the archive, to the directory you wish to install Maven 2.2.1. The subdirectory apache-maven2.2.1 will be created from the archive. OS
Location (can be different based on your installation)
Step 5: Set Maven environment variables Add M2_HOME, M2, MAVEN_OPTS to environment variables. OS
Output
Windows
Set the environment variables using system properties. M2_HOME=C:\Program Files\Apache Software Foundation\apache-maven-2.2.1 M2=%M2_HOME%\bin MAVEN_OPTS=-Xms256m -Xmx512m
Linux
Open command terminal and set environment variables. export M2_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven/apache-maven-2.2.1 export M2=%M2_HOME%\bin export MAVEN_OPTS=-Xms256m -Xmx512m
Mac
Open command terminal and set environment variables. export M2_HOME=/usr/local/apache-maven/apache-maven-2.2.1 export M2=%M2_HOME%\bin export MAVEN_OPTS=-Xms256m -Xmx512m
Step 6: Add Maven bin directory location to system path Now append M2 variable to System Path OS
Output
Windows
Append the string ;%M2% to the end of the system variable, Path.
Linux
export PATH=$M2:$PATH
Mac
export PATH=$M2:$PATH
Step 8: Verify Maven installation Now open console, execute the following mvn command. OS
Task
Command
Windows
Open Command Console
c:\> mvn --version
Linux
Open Command Terminal
$ mvn --version
Mac
Open Terminal
machine:~ joseph$ mvn --version
Finally, verify the output of the above commands, which should be something as follows: OS
POM stands for Project Object Model. It is fundamental Unit of Work in Maven. It is an XML file. It always resides in the base directory of the project as pom.xml. The POM contains information about the project and various configuration detail used by Maven to build the project(s). POM also contains the goals and plugins. While executing a task or goal, Maven looks for the POM in the current directory. It reads the POM, gets the needed configuration information, then executes the goal. Some of the configuration that can be specified in the POM are following: •
project dependencies
•
plugins
•
goals
•
build profiles
•
project version
•
developers
•
mailing list Before creating a POM, we should first decide the project group (groupId), its name(artifactId) and its version as these attributes help in uniquely identifying the project in repository.
Example POM 4.0.0com.companyname.project-groupproject1.0
It should be noted that there should be a single POM file for each project. • • •
All POM files require the project element and three mandatory fields: groupId, artifactId,version. Projects notation in repository is groupId:artifactId:version. Root element of POM.xml is project and it has three major sub-nodes : Node
Description
groupId
This is an Id of project's group. This is generally unique amongst an organization or a project. For example, a banking group com.company.bank has all bank related projects.
artifactId
This is an Id of the project.This is generally name of the project. For example, consumer-banking. Along with the groupId, the artifactId defines the artifact's location within the repository.
version
This is the version of the project.Along with the groupId, It is used within an artifact's repository to separate versions from each other. For example: com.company.bank:consumer-banking:1.0 com.company.bank:consumer-banking:1.1.
Super POM All POMs inherit from a parent (despite explicitly defined or not). This base POM is known as the Super POM, and contains values inherited by default. Maven use the effective pom (configuration from super pom plus project configuration) to execute relevant goal. It helps developer to specify minimum configuration detail in his/her pom.xml. Although configurations can be overridden easily. An easy way to look at the default configurations of the super POM is by running the following command: mvn help:effective-pom Create a pom.xml in any directory on your computer.Use the content of above mentioned example pom. In example below, We've created a pom.xml in C:\MVN\project folder. Now open command console, go the folder containing pom.xml and execute the following mvncommand. C:\MVN\project>mvn help:effective-pom Maven will start processing and display the effective-pom. [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] -[INFO] [INFO] [INFO] -[INFO] [INFO]
Scanning for projects... Searching repository for plugin with prefix: 'help'. ---------------------------------------------------------------------Building Unnamed - com.companyname.project-group:project-name:jar:1.0 task-segment: [help:effective-pom] (aggregator-style) ---------------------------------------------------------------------[help:effective-pom {execution: default-cli}]
C:\MVN\project\target/site In above pom.xml , you can see the default project source folders structure,output directory, plug-ins required, repositories, reporting directory which Maven will be using while executing the desired goals. Maven pom.xml is also not required to be written manually. Maven provides numerous archetype plugins to create projects which in order create the project structure and pom.xml
What is Build Lifecycle? A Build Lifecycle is a well defined sequence of phases which define the order in which the goals are to be executed. Here phase represents a stage in life cycle. As an example, a typical Maven Build Lifecycle is consists of following sequence of phases Phase
Handles
Description
prepare-resources
resource copying
Resource copying can be customized in this phase.
compile
compilation
Source code compilation is done in this phase.
package
packaging
This phase creates the JAR / WAR package as mentioned in packaging in POM.xml.
install
installation
This phase installs the package in local / remote maven repository.
There are always pre and post phases which can be used to register goals which must run prior to or after a particular phase. When Maven starts building a project, it steps through a defined sequence of phases and executes goals which are registered with each phase. Maven has following three standard lifecycles:
•
clean
•
default(or build)
•
site A goal represents a specific task which contributes to the building and managing of a project. It may be bound to zero or more build phases. A goal not bound to any build phase could be executed outside of the build lifecycle by direct invocation. The order of execution depends on the order in which the goal(s) and the build phase(s) are invoked. For example, consider the command below. The clean and package arguments are build phases while the dependency:copydependencies is a goal. mvn clean dependency:copy-dependencies package Here the clean phase will be executed first, and then the dependency:copy-dependencies goal will be executed, and finally package phase will be executed.
Clean Lifecycle When we execute mvn post-clean command, Maven invokes the clean lifecycle consisting of the following phases.
•
pre-clean
•
clean
•
post-clean Maven clean goal (clean:clean) is bound to the clean phase in the clean lifecycle. Its clean:clean goal deletes the output of a build by deleting the build directory. Thus when mvn clean command executes, Maven deletes the build directory. We can customize this behavior by mentioning goals in any of the above phases of clean life cycle. In the following example, We'll attach maven-antrun-plugin:run goal to the pre-clean, clean, and post-clean phases. This will allow us to echo text messages displaying the phases of the clean lifecycle. We've created a pom.xml in C:\MVN\project folder. 4.0.0com.companyname.projectgroupproject1.0org.apache.maven.pluginsmaven-antrun-plugin1.1id.pre-cleanpre-cleanrunpre-clean phaseid.cleancleanrunclean phaseid.post-cleanpost-cleanrun
post-clean phase Now open command console, go to the folder containing pom.xml and execute the following mvncommand. C:\MVN\project>mvn post-clean Maven will start processing and display all the phases of clean life cycle [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building Unnamed - com.companyname.projectgroup:project:jar:1.0 [INFO] task-segment: [post-clean] [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] [antrun:run {execution: id.pre-clean}] [INFO] Executing tasks [echo] pre-clean phase [INFO] Executed tasks [INFO] [clean:clean {execution: default-clean}] [INFO] [antrun:run {execution: id.clean}] [INFO] Executing tasks [echo] clean phase [INFO] Executed tasks [INFO] [antrun:run {execution: id.post-clean}] [INFO] Executing tasks [echo] post-clean phase [INFO] Executed tasks [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESSFUL [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: < 1 second [INFO] Finished at: Sat Jul 07 13:38:59 IST 2012 [INFO] Final Memory: 4M/44M [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------You can try tuning mvn clean command which will display pre-clean and clean, nothing will be executed for postclean phase.
Default (or Build) Lifecycle This is the primary life cycle of Maven and is used to build the application. It has following 23 phases. Lifecycle Phase
Description
validate
Validates whether project is correct and all necessary information is available to complete the build process.
initialize
Initializes build state, for example set properties
generate-sources
Generate any source code to be included in compilation phase.
process-sources
Process the source code, for example, filter any value.
generate-resources
Generate resources to be included in the package.
process-resources
Copy and process the resources into the destination directory, ready for packaging phase.
compile
Compile the source code of the project.
process-classes
Post-process the generated files from compilation, for example to do bytecode enhancement/optimization on Java classes.
generate-test-sources
Generate any test source code to be included in compilation phase.
process-test-sources
Process the test source code, for example, filter any values.
test-compile
Compile the test source code into the test destination directory.
process-test-classes
Process the generated files from test code file compilation.
test
Run tests using a suitable unit testing framework(Junit is one).
prepare-package
Perform any operations necessary to prepare a package before the actual packaging.
package
Take the compiled code and package it in its distributable format, such as a JAR, WAR, or EAR file.
pre-integration-test
Perform actions required before integration tests are executed. For example, setting up the required environment.
integration-test
Process and deploy the package if necessary into an environment where integration tests can be run.
post-integration-test
Perform actions required after integration tests have been executed. For example, cleaning up the environment.
verify
Run any check-ups to verify the package is valid and meets quality criterias.
install
Install the package into the local repository, which can be used as a dependency in other projects locally.
deploy
Copies the final package to the remote repository for sharing with other developers and projects.
There are few important concepts related to Maven Lifecycles which are wroth to mention:
•
When a phase is called via Maven command, for example mvn compile, only phases upto and including that phase will execute.
•
Different maven goals will be bound to different phases of Maven lifecycle depending upon the type of packaging (JAR / WAR / EAR). In the following example, We'll attach maven-antrun-plugin:run goal to few of the phases of Build lifecycle. This will allow us to echo text messages displaying the phases of the lifecycle. We've updated pom.xml in C:\MVN\project folder.
deploy phase Now open command console, go the folder containing pom.xml and execute the following mvncommand. C:\MVN\project>mvn compile Maven will start processing and display phases of build life cycle upto compile phase. [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building Unnamed - com.companyname.projectgroup:project:jar:1.0 [INFO] task-segment: [compile] [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] [antrun:run {execution: id.validate}] [INFO] Executing tasks [echo] validate phase [INFO] Executed tasks [INFO] [resources:resources {execution: default-resources}] [WARNING] Using platform encoding (Cp1252 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\MVN\project\src\main\resources [INFO] [compiler:compile {execution: default-compile}] [INFO] Nothing to compile - all classes are up to date [INFO] [antrun:run {execution: id.compile}] [INFO] Executing tasks [echo] compile phase [INFO] Executed tasks [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESSFUL [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 2 seconds [INFO] Finished at: Sat Jul 07 20:18:25 IST 2012 [INFO] Final Memory: 7M/64M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------
Site Lifecycle Maven Site plugin is generally used to create fresh documentation to create reports, deploy site etc. Phases
•
pre-site
•
site
•
post-site
•
site-deploy
In the following example, We'll attach maven-antrun-plugin:run goal to all the phases of Site lifecycle. This will allow us to echo text messages displaying the phases of the lifecycle. We've updated pom.xml in C:\MVN\project folder. 4.0.0com.companyname.projectgroupproject1.0org.apache.maven.pluginsmaven-antrun-plugin1.1id.pre-sitepre-siterunpre-site phaseid.sitesiterunsite phaseid.post-sitepost-siterunpost-site phaseid.site-deploysite-deployrun
site-deploy phase Now open command console, go the folder containing pom.xml and execute the following mvncommand. C:\MVN\project>mvn site Maven will start processing and display phases of site life cycle upto site phase. [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building Unnamed - com.companyname.projectgroup:project:jar:1.0 [INFO] task-segment: [site] [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] [antrun:run {execution: id.pre-site}] [INFO] Executing tasks [echo] pre-site phase [INFO] Executed tasks [INFO] [site:site {execution: default-site}] [INFO] Generating "About" report. [INFO] Generating "Issue Tracking" report. [INFO] Generating "Project Team" report. [INFO] Generating "Dependencies" report. [INFO] Generating "Project Plugins" report. [INFO] Generating "Continuous Integration" report. [INFO] Generating "Source Repository" report. [INFO] Generating "Project License" report. [INFO] Generating "Mailing Lists" report. [INFO] Generating "Plugin Management" report. [INFO] Generating "Project Summary" report. [INFO] [antrun:run {execution: id.site}] [INFO] Executing tasks [echo] site phase [INFO] Executed tasks [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESSFUL [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 3 seconds [INFO] Finished at: Sat Jul 07 15:25:10 IST 2012 [INFO] Final Memory: 24M/149M [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------
What is a Maven Repository? In Maven terminology, a repository is a place i.e. directory where all the project jars, library jar, plugins or any other project specific artifacts are stored and can be used by Maven easily. Maven repository are of three types
•
local
•
central
•
remote
Local Repository Maven local repository is a folder location on your machine. It gets created when you run any maven command for the first time. Maven local repository keeps your project's all dependencies (library jars, plugin jars etc). When you run a Maven build, then Maven automatically downloads all the dependency jars into the local repository.It helps to avoid references to dependencies stored on remote machine every time a project is build. Maven local repository by default get created by Maven in %USER_HOME% directory. To override the default location, mention another path in Maven settings.xml file available at %M2_HOME%\conf directory. C:/MyLocalRepository When you run Maven command, Maven will download dependencies to your custom path.
Central Repository Maven central repository is repository provided by Maven community. It contains a large number of commonly used libraries. When Maven does not find any dependency in local repository, it starts searching in central repository using following URL: http://repo1.maven.org/maven2/ Key concepts of Central repository
•
This repository is managed by Maven community.
•
It is not required to be configured.
•
It requires internet access to be searched. To browse the content of central maven repository, maven community has provided a URL:http://search.maven.org/#browse. Using this library, a developer can search all the available libraries in central repository.
Remote Repository Sometime, Maven does not find a mentioned dependency in central repository as well then it stopped build process and output error message to console. To prevent such situation, Maven provides concept of Remote Repository which is developer's own custom repository containing required libraries or other project jars. For example, using below mentioned POM.xml,Maven will download dependency (not available in central repository) from Remote Repositories mentioned in the same pom.xml. 4.0.0com.companyname.projectgroupproject1.0com.companyname.common-libcommon-lib1.0.0companyname.lib1http://download.companyname.org/maven2/lib1companyname.lib2http://download.companyname.org/maven2/lib2
Maven Dependency Search Sequence When we execute Maven build commands, Maven starts looking for dependency libraries in the following sequence:
• • • •
Step 1 - Search dependency in local repository, if not found, move to step 2 else if found then do the further processing. Step 2 - Search dependency in central repository, if not found and remote repository/repositories is/are mentioned then move to step 4 else if found, then it is downloaded to local repository for future reference. Step 3 - If a remote repository has not been mentioned, Maven simply stops the processing and throws error (Unable to find dependency). Step 4 - Search dependency in remote repository or repositories, if found then it is downloaded to local repository for future reference otherwise Maven as expected stop processing and throws error (Unable to find dependency).
Creating Java Project using Maven Maven uses archetype plugins to create projects. To create a simple java application, we'll use mavenarchetype-quickstart plugin. In example below, We'll create a maven based java application project in C:\MVN folder. Let's open command console, go the C:\MVN directory and execute the following mvn command. C:\MVN>mvn archetype:generate -DgroupId=com.companyname.bank -DartifactId=consumerBanking -DarchetypeArtifactId=maven-archetype-quickstart -DinteractiveMode=false Maven will start processing and will create the complete java application project structure. INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] Searching repository for plugin with prefix: 'archetype'. [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building Maven Default Project
[INFO] task-segment: [archetype:generate] (aggregator-style) [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Preparing archetype:generate [INFO] No goals needed for project - skipping [INFO] [archetype:generate {execution: default-cli}] [INFO] Generating project in Batch mode [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Using following parameters for creating project from Old (1.x) Archetype: maven-archetype-quickstart:1.0 [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Parameter: groupId, Value: com.companyname.bank [INFO] Parameter: packageName, Value: com.companyname.bank [INFO] Parameter: package, Value: com.companyname.bank [INFO] Parameter: artifactId, Value: consumerBanking [INFO] Parameter: basedir, Value: C:\MVN [INFO] Parameter: version, Value: 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] project created from Old (1.x) Archetype in dir: C:\MVN\consumerBanking [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESSFUL [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 14 seconds [INFO] Finished at: Tue Jul 10 15:38:58 IST 2012 [INFO] Final Memory: 21M/124M [INFO] -----------------------------------------------------------------Now go to C:/MVN directory. You'll see a java application project created named consumerBanking (as specified in artifactId). Maven uses a standard directory layout as shown below:
Using above example, we can understand following key concepts
Folder Structure
Description
consumerBanking
contains src folder and pom.xml
src/main/java
contains java code files under the package structure (com/companyName/bank).
src/main/test
contains test java code files under the package structure (com/companyName/bank).
src/main/resources
it contains images/properties files (In above example, we need to create this structure manually).
If you see, Maven also created a sample Java Source file and Java Test file. Open C:\MVN\consumerBanking\src\main\java\com\companyname\bank folder, you will see App.java. package com.companyname.bank; /** * Hello world! * */ public class App { public static void main( String[] args ) { System.out.println( "Hello World!" ); } } Open C:\MVN\consumerBanking\src\test\java\com\companyname\bank folder, you will see AppTest.java. package com.companyname.bank; import junit.framework.Test; import junit.framework.TestCase; import junit.framework.TestSuite; /** * Unit test for simple App. */ public class AppTest extends TestCase { /** * Create the test case * * @param testName name of the test case */ public AppTest( String testName ) { super( testName ); } /** * @return the suite of tests being tested */
public static Test suite() { return new TestSuite( AppTest.class ); } /** * Rigourous Test :-) */ public void testApp() { assertTrue( true ); } } Developers are required to place their files as mentioned in table above and Maven handles the all the build related complexities. In next section, we'll discuss how to build and test the project using maven Maven Build & Test Project. What we learnt in Project Creation chapter is how to create a Java application using Maven. Now we'll see how to build and test the application. Go to C:/MVN directory where you've created your java application. Open consumerBanking folder.You will see the POM.xml file with following contents. 4.0.0com.companyname.projectgroupproject1.0junitjunit3.8.1 Here you can see, Maven already added Junit as test framework. By default Maven adds a source fileApp.java and a test file AppTest.java in its default directory structure discussed in previous chapter. Let's open command console, go the C:\MVN\consumerBanking directory and execute the followingmvn command. C:\MVN\consumerBanking>mvn clean package Maven will start building the project. [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO]
Scanning for projects... ------------------------------------------------------------------Building consumerBanking task-segment: [clean, package] -------------------------------------------------------------------
[INFO] [clean:clean {execution: default-clean}] [INFO] Deleting directory C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target [INFO] [resources:resources {execution: default-resources}] [WARNING] Using platform encoding (Cp1252 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\MVN\consumerBanking\src\main\ resources [INFO] [compiler:compile {execution: default-compile}] [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\classes [INFO] [resources:testResources {execution: default-testResources}] [WARNING] Using platform encoding (Cp1252 actually) to copy filtered resources, i.e. build is platform dependent! [INFO] skip non existing resourceDirectory C:\MVN\consumerBanking\src\test\ resources [INFO] [compiler:testCompile {execution: default-testCompile}] [INFO] Compiling 1 source file to C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\test-classes [INFO] [surefire:test {execution: default-test}] [INFO] Surefire report directory: C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\ surefire-reports ------------------------------------------------------T E S T S ------------------------------------------------------Running com.companyname.bank.AppTest Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.027 sec Results : Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [jar:jar {execution: default-jar}] [INFO] Building jar: C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\ consumerBanking-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar [INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESSFUL [INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 2 seconds [INFO] Finished at: Tue Jul 10 16:52:18 IST 2012 [INFO] Final Memory: 16M/89M [INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------You've built your project and created final jar file, following are the key learning concepts •
We give maven two goals, first to clean the target directory (clean) and then package the project build output as jar(package).
•
Packaged jar is available in consumerBanking\target folder as consumerBanking-1.0-SNAPSHOT.jar.
•
Test reports are available in consumerBanking\target\surefire-reports folder.
•
Maven compiled source code file(s) and then test source code file(s).
•
Then Maven run the test cases.
•
Finally Maven created the package. Now open command console, go the C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\classes directory and execute the following java command. C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\classes>java com.companyname.bank.App You will see the result Hello World!
Adding Java Source Files Let's see how we can add additional Java files in our project. Open C:\MVN\consumerBanking\src\main\java\com\companyname\bank folder, create Util class in it as Util.java. package com.companyname.bank; public class Util { public static void printMessage(String message){ System.out.println(message); } } Update App class to use Util class. package com.companyname.bank; /** * Hello world! * */ public class App { public static void main( String[] args ) { Util.printMessage("Hello World!"); } } Now open command console, go the C:\MVN\consumerBanking directory and execute the followingmvn command. C:\MVN\consumerBanking>mvn clean compile After Maven build is successful, go the C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\classes directory and execute the following java command. C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\classes>java -cp com.companyname.bank.App
You will see the result Hello World!
Maven External Dependencies
• •
Now as you know Maven does the dependency management using concept of Maven Repositories. But what happens if dependency is not available in any of remote repositories and central repository? Maven provides answer for such scenario using concept of External Dependency. For an example, let us do the following changes to project created in Maven Creating Project section. Add lib folder to src folder Copy any jar into the lib folder. We've used ldapjdk.jar, which is a helper library for LDAP operations. Now our project structure should look like following:
Here you are having your own library specific to project, which is very usual case and it can contain jars which may not be available in any repository for maven to download from. If your code is using this library with Maven then Maven build will fail because it cannot download or refer to this library during compilation phase. To handle the situation, let's add this external dependency to maven pom.xml using following way. 4.0.0com.companyname.bankconsumerBankingjar1.0-SNAPSHOTconsumerBankinghttp://maven.apache.orgjunitjunit3.8.1test
ldapjdkldapjdksystem1.0${basedir}\src\lib\ldapjdk.jar Look at the second dependency element under dependencies in above example which clears following key concepts about External Dependency.
•
External dependencies (library jar location) can be configured in pom.xml in same way as other dependencies.
•
Specify groupId same as name of the library.
•
Specify artifactId same as name of the library.
•
Specify scope as system.
•
Specify system path relative to project location. Hope now you are clear about external dependencies and you will be able to specify external dependencies in your Maven project.
Maven Project Documents This tutorial will teach you how to create documentation of the application in one go. So let's start, go to C:/MVN directory where you had created your java consumerBanking application. OpenconsumerBanking folder and execute the following mvn command. C:\MVN>mvn site Maven will start building the project. [INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building consumerBanking [INFO] task-segment: [site] [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] [site:site {execution: default-site}] [INFO] artifact org.apache.maven.skins:maven-default-skin: checking for updates from central [INFO] Generating "About" report. [INFO] Generating "Issue Tracking" report. [INFO] Generating "Project Team" report. [INFO] Generating "Dependencies" report. [INFO] Generating "Continuous Integration" report. [INFO] Generating "Source Repository" report. [INFO] Generating "Project License" report. [INFO] Generating "Mailing Lists" report. [INFO] Generating "Plugin Management" report.
That's it. Your project documentation is ready. Maven has created a site within target directory.
Open C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\site folder. Click on index.html to see the documentation.
Maven creates the documentation using a documentation-processing engine called Doxia which reads multiple source formats into a common document model.To write documentation for your project, you can write your content in a following few commonly used formats which are parsed by Doxia. Format Name
Maven Project Templates Maven provides users,a very large list of different types of project templates (614 in numbers) using concept of Archetype. Maven helps users to quickly start a new java project using following command mvn archetype:generate
What is Archetype? Archetype is a Maven plugin whose task is to create a project structure as per its template. We are going to use quickstart archetype plugin to create a simple java application here.
Using Project Template Let's open command console, go the C:\ > MVN directory and execute the following mvn command C:\MVN>mvn archetype:generate Maven will start processing and will ask to choose required archetype INFO] Scanning for projects... [INFO] Searching repository for plugin with prefix: 'archetype'. [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Building Maven Default Project [INFO] task-segment: [archetype:generate] (aggregator-style) [INFO] ------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Preparing archetype:generate ... 600: remote -> org.trailsframework:trails-archetype (-) 601: remote -> org.trailsframework:trails-secure-archetype (-) 602: remote -> org.tynamo:tynamo-archetype (-) 603: remote -> org.wicketstuff.scala:wicket-scala-archetype (-) 604: remote -> org.wicketstuff.scala:wicketstuff-scala-archetype Basic setup for a project that combines Scala and Wicket, depending on the Wicket-Scala project. Includes an example Specs test.) 605: remote -> org.wikbook:wikbook.archetype (-) 606: remote -> org.xaloon.archetype:xaloon-archetype-wicket-jpa-glassfish (-) 607: remote -> org.xaloon.archetype:xaloon-archetype-wicket-jpa-spring (-) 608: remote -> org.xwiki.commons:xwiki-commons-component-archetype (Make it easy to create a maven project for creating XWiki Components.) 609: remote -> org.xwiki.rendering:xwiki-rendering-archetype-macro (Make it easy to create a maven project for creating XWiki Rendering Macros.) 610: remote -> org.zkoss:zk-archetype-component (The ZK Component archetype) 611: remote -> org.zkoss:zk-archetype-webapp (The ZK wepapp archetype) 612: remote -> ru.circumflex:circumflex-archetype (-) 613: remote -> se.vgregion.javg.maven.archetypes:javg-minimal-archetype (-) 614: remote -> sk.seges.sesam:sesam-annotation-archetype (-) Choose a number or apply filter (format: [groupId:]artifactId, case sensitive contains): 203: Press Enter to choose to default option(203: maven-archetype-quickstart) Maven will ask for particular version of archetype Choose org.apache.maven.archetypes:maven-archetype-quickstart version: 1: 1.0-alpha-1 2: 1.0-alpha-2 3: 1.0-alpha-3 4: 1.0-alpha-4 5: 1.0 6: 1.1 Choose a number: 6:
Press Enter to choose to default option(6: maven-archetype-quickstart:1.1) Maven will ask for project detail. Enter project detail as asked.Press Enter if default value is provided. You can override them by entering your own value. Define Define Define Define
value value value value
for for for for
property property property property
'groupId': : com.companyname.insurance 'artifactId': : health 'version': 1.0-SNAPSHOT: 'package': com.companyname.insurance:
Maven will ask for project detail confirmation. Press enter or press Y Confirm properties configuration: groupId: com.companyname.insurance artifactId: health version: 1.0-SNAPSHOT package: com.companyname.insurance Y: Now Maven will start creating project structure and will display the following: [INFO] ---------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Using following parameters for creating project from Old (1.x) Archetype: maven-archetype-quickstart:1.1 [INFO] ---------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Parameter: groupId, Value: com.companyname.insurance [INFO] Parameter: packageName, Value: com.companyname.insurance [INFO] Parameter: package, Value: com.companyname.insurance [INFO] Parameter: artifactId, Value: health [INFO] Parameter: basedir, Value: C:\MVN [INFO] Parameter: version, Value: 1.0-SNAPSHOT [INFO] project created from Old (1.x) Archetype in dir: C:\MVN\health [INFO] ---------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] BUILD SUCCESSFUL [INFO] ---------------------------------------------------------------------[INFO] Total time: 4 minutes 12 seconds [INFO] Finished at: Fri Jul 13 11:10:12 IST 2012 [INFO] Final Memory: 20M/90M [INFO] ----------------------------------------------------------------------
Created Project Now go to C:\ > MVN directory. You'll see a java application project created named health which was given as artifactId at the time of project creation. Maven will create a standard directory layout for the project as shown below:
Created POM.xml Maven generates a POM.xml file for the project as listed below: 4.0.0com.companyname.insurancehealth1.0-SNAPSHOTjarhealthhttp://maven.apache.orgUTF-8junitjunit3.8.1test
Created App.java Maven generates sample java source file, App.java for the project as listed below: Location: C:\ > MVN > health > src > main > java > com > companyname > insurance > App.java
package com.companyname.insurance; /** * Hello world! * */ public class App { public static void main( String[] args ) { System.out.println( "Hello World!" ); } }
Created AppTest.java Maven generates sample java source test file, AppTest.java for the project as listed below: Location: C:\ > MVN > health > src > test > java > com > companyname > insurance > AppTest.java package com.companyname.insurance; import junit.framework.Test; import junit.framework.TestCase; import junit.framework.TestSuite; /** * Unit test for simple App. */ public class AppTest extends TestCase { /** * Create the test case * * @param testName name of the test case */ public AppTest( String testName ) { super( testName ); } /** * @return the suite of tests being tested */ public static Test suite() { return new TestSuite( AppTest.class ); } /** * Rigourous Test :-) */ public void testApp() { assertTrue( true );
} } That's it. Now you can see the power of Maven. You can create any kind of project using single command in maven and can kick-start your development.
Maven Eclispe IDE Integration Eclipse provides an excellent plugin m2eclipse which seamlessly integrates Maven and Eclipse together. Some of features of m2eclipse are listed below •
You can run Maven goals from Eclipse.
•
You can view the output of Maven commands inside the Eclipse using its own console.
•
You can update maven dependencies with IDE.
•
You can Launch Maven builds from within Eclipse.
•
It does the dependency management for Eclipse build path based on Maven's pom.xml.
•
It resolves Maven dependencies from the Eclipse workspace without installing to local Maven repository (requires dependency project be in same workspace).
•
It automatic downloads required dependencies and sources from the remote Maven repositories.
•
It provides wizards for creating new Maven projects, pom.xml and to enable Maven support on existing projects
•
It provides quick search for dependencies in remote Maven repositories
Installing m2eclipse plugin Use one of the following links to install m2eclipse: Eclipse
URL
Eclipse 3.5 (Gallileo)
Installing m2eclipse in Eclipse 3.5 (Gallileo)
Eclipse 3.6 (Helios)
Installing m2eclipse in Eclipse 3.6 (Helios)
Following example will help you to leverage benefits of integrating Eclipse and maven.
Import a maven project in Eclipse •
Open Eclipse.
•
Select File > Import > option.
•
Select Maven Projects Option. Click on Next Button.
•
Select Project location, where a project was created using Maven. We've create a Java Project consumerBanking.See Maven Creating Project to see how to create a project using Maven.
•
Click Finish Button.
Now, you can see the maven project in eclipse.
Now, have a look at consumerBanking project properties.You can see that Eclipse has added Maven dependencies to java build path.
Now, Its time to build this project using maven capability of eclipse. •
Right Click on consumerBanking project to open context menu.
•
Select Run as option
•
Then maven package option Maven will start building the project. You can see the output in Eclipse Console [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO]
Scanning for projects... ------------------------------------------------------------------Building consumerBanking Id: com.companyname.bank:consumerBanking:jar:1.0-SNAPSHOT task-segment: [package] ------------------------------------------------------------------[resources:resources] Using default encoding to copy filtered resources. [compiler:compile] Nothing to compile - all classes are up to date
[INFO] [resources:testResources] [INFO] Using default encoding to copy filtered resources. [INFO] [compiler:testCompile] [INFO] Nothing to compile - all classes are up to date [INFO] [surefire:test] [INFO] Surefire report directory: C:\MVN\consumerBanking\target\surefire-reports ------------------------------------------------------T E S T S ------------------------------------------------------Running com.companyname.bank.AppTest Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0, Time elapsed: 0.047 sec Results : Tests run: 1, Failures: 0, Errors: 0, Skipped: 0 [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO] [INFO]
[jar:jar] ------------------------------------------------------------------BUILD SUCCESSFUL ------------------------------------------------------------------Total time: 1 second Finished at: Thu Jul 12 18:18:24 IST 2012 Final Memory: 2M/15M -------------------------------------------------------------------
Now, right click on App.java. Select Run As option. Select As Java Application. You will see the result Hello World!
