Dr Hammida 1
ﺣﯿﺚ ﺗﻜﻮن ﻛﻞ اﻟﺨﻮازﻳﻖ -اﻷوﺗﺎد -ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﻤﺴﻠﺤﺔ
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Earth Retaining Structures » Contiguous Piled Walls
Contiguous Piled Walls A retaining wall construction method in which walls are constructed with small gaps between adjacent piles. The size of the space is determined by the nature of the soils. وﺑﯿﺘﻢ اﺳﺘﺨﺪام اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿﺖ ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ وﺟﻮد ﻣﯿﺎة ﺟﻮﻓﯿﺔ ﺑﻤﻨﺴﻮب أﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻤﻨﺴﻮب
اﻟﺤﻔﺮن وﺑﯿﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿﺖ أوﻻ ﺛﻢ ﺑﯿﻦ ﻛﻞ ﺧﺎزوﻗﯿﻦ ﺑﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿﺖ ﯾﺘﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﯿﺬ ﺧﺎزوق ﺧﺮﺳﺎﻧﻰ ﺑﺤﯿﺚ ﯾﺘﺪاﺧﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﺒﻨﺘﻮﻧﯿﺖ أﺛﻨﺎءاﻟﺘﻨﻔﻲ وﻻ ﺗﺄﺛﯿﺮ اﻧﺸﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﮫ ﺳﻮاء اﻻﻣﻼء وﺳﻨﺪ اﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ
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An increasingly popular method of creating basement spaces for new build’s or inside existing buildings. Normal Augered or Continuous Flight Auger piles are installed at an engineers pre determined spacing's and depth. A capping beam is then placed on top of the piles to link them together. Following this the excavation of the internal space can begin.
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SECANT PILED WALLS
Secant Piled wall construction procedures: 1. Disposition of the wall location with the proper piles center-tocenter distances (the spacing, center to center, of Secant piles is a matter for judgments by the piling contractor). 2. Guide walls are advisable for the formation of Secant Piles construction to secure the wall alignment and reduce the construction costs and timing. 3. The overlapping pile diaphragm wall is carried out by boring and concreting the primary (female) plastic piles, with the proper center-to-center distances. 7
4. Secondary (male) piles are then bored at mid-distance between the female piles, the boring equipment cutting a secant section from them. Male piles are bored through Female piles before the concrete has achieved much of its strength; should this operation be delayed, wear on the cutting edge to the casing is likely to be much increased. 1. When the whole area is completed; the pile diaphragm wall thick is about the pile diameter for maximum and 80% of the pile as minimum (subject to the overlapping distance). 2. Excavation starts and inner guide wall is demolished. 3. Spaced anchors or struts may be used to support Secant Piling using steel waling members or in-situ concrete bearing pads. When this case occurs, the excavation stops at these levelsto execute the proper strutting (by means of anchors or horizontal struts …etc.)
Advantages
of
Secant
Piled
wall
construction:
Secant Piled wall owes much of its later popularity to its many advantages that will be pointed out. 1. Low costs and speed of construction for temporary and permanent soil support where drilling conditions are conductive. 2. Clearness and comparative quietness of the installation process; low level of vibration during piles installation. 3. Wide range of soil conditions in which CFA piles can be used ; soft clay, granular soils, cohesive soils, intermediate (c-ф) soils and soft rocks; e.g. soft marls and chalk and although mudstone as are suitable. 4. Inclined walls in secant pilling may also be installed at a small inclination to the vertical line. 5. The internal side of Secant Piled wall may be lined to have a uniformity of finishing. 8
6. The Secant Piled method also provides a waterproof wall, which can be built to a considerable depth, in the range 30 to 40m, and can cope with various types of obstruction. 7. Junction with the floor and raft slabs can be made with Secant Piled walls using bend-out bars or bar connectors and polystyrene block work secured to the reinforcement cage.
What are Secant Pile Walls? Secant piles are constructed so that there is an intersection of one pile with another. The usual practice is to construct alternative piles along the line of the wall leaving a clear space of a little under the diameter of the required intermediate piles. The exact spacing is determined by the construction tolerances which can be achieved. These initially placed piles do not have to be constructed to the same depth as the intermediate piles which follow, depending on the way in which the wall has been designed and reinforced. 9
Concrete is added and before it has fully set the intermediate holes are drilled along a parallel, but slightly offset, line so that the holes cut into the first piles.
The intermediate piles are placed through a heavy casing whose cutting edge is toothed and enables the casing to cut into the concrete of the initial piles on either side. Subsequent concreting results in a continuous wall. The concrete chosen will often have a slow rate of setting in order to ease the problem of cutting one pile into another.
Schematic Plan View of a Secant Pile Wall
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A. Primary Pile (Female Pile) B.
The female pile will be constructed as the primary piles for the secant pile wall. The primary pile will be filled with the specified strength of mass concrete without any steel reinforcement.
B. Secondary Pile (Male Pile)
The secondary pile will be constructed in between the primary piles and overlap with the primary piles with the specified strength of concrete after the reinforcement cages are lowered into the bored hole. The secondary pile formed by cutting into the primary piles to form the interlocking joint by using the specified coring tools. The boring process for the secondary pile shall only commence upon initial set of the primary piles.
A secant wall is made up of several steps: 1. The initial step is to construct a guide wall to set up the positioning of the secant pile wall. 2. Drill and Installation of the 1 meter temporary casing. 3. Drilling of the Primary Columns, 1,3,5,7, etc etc. 4. Concreting of Primary Columns. 5. Drilling of the Overlapping Secondary (Reinforced) Column, 2.4.6. etc, etc. 6. Install the Steel Cage or I-Beam. 7. Concreting of Secondary Column. 8. Repeating the above steps.
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Secant Wall Piles Alternate female piles are formed using a slow-gain (soft) concrete mix. The installation sequence is normally to install 1 pile every other 3 piles. After a sufficient curing period (2-4 days) and once each alternate pile is formed, the reinforced 'male' piles are installed using a standard (hard) concrete mix. The male and female piles overlap by approximately 75-100mm. The secant between male and female piles ensures that water ingress is minimised and fines wash-out is prevented. The interlocking secant wall is not watertight; however water flow is greatly reduced. Similar pile sizes and retained heights to contiguous piling can be offered.
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The secant piles wall consists of two types of piles:
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Piling - Contiguous, Interlocking and Secant Bored cast in-situ piles are often used as an efficient and cost effective means of constructing temporary or permanent retaining walls. Typically used in the construction of new build basements, substructures in close proximity to existing structures requiring restraint and where working space is limited. The techniques avoids excessive excavation and assists in the control of ground movement.
Typically there are three types of bored pile in current use.
Contiguous
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Typically this technique is suitable to retain stiff and cohesive subsoils and where ground water levels are below the eventual depth of excavation. Pile diameters range between 450mm and 900mm and are generally installed at pile centres of between 500 and 1000mm respectively thereby leaving gaps between the piles between 15 and 100mm.
Interlocking Piles
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Firm pile concrete ‘Firm’ primary pile concrete is a lower strength concrete that fills the gap between the ‘hard’ secondary piles. The concrete mix is designed to be soft enough to allow the secondary pile to be cut into the adjacent piles.
Hard pile concrete ‘Hard’ secondary pile concrete is a reinforced concrete mix that is installed in between the ‘soft or firm’ primary piles when forming a secant wall
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Secant wall made with grout through drill system
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Tangent Pile Wall
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Tangent pile walls are a variation of secant pile walls and soldier pile walls. However, tangent pile walls are constructed with no overlap and ideally one pile touches the other. Compared to secant pile walls, tangent pile walls offer the following advantages:
1. Increased construction alignment flexibility. 2. Easier and quicker construction.
The main disadvantages of tangent pile walls are: 1. They are can not be used in high groundwater tables without dewatering. 2. Each pile is independent from adjacent piles 22
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