PUNTOS DE EBULLICION DE LAS L AS FRACCIONES DEL PETRÓLEO
ERIK GIOVANNI ORTIZ MARTINEZ 2120804 OSCAR MAURICIO HERRERA NUÑEZ 2112880
GRUPO: F1
DOCENTE: Julio Pérez
UNIVERSIDAD INDUSTRIAL DE SANTANDER FACTULTAD DE INGENIERÍAS FISICOUÍMICAS ESCUELA DE INGENIERIA DE PETROLEOS
B!"#$#%#&'# 201(
TABLA DE CONTENIDO 1) INTRODUCCION 2) GENERALIDADES 2)1 TIPOS DE HIDROCARBUROS 2)2 FAMILIAS QUÍMICAS DE HIDROCARBUROS *) FRACCIONES DEL PETRÓLEO 4) PUNTO DE EBULLICIÓN () +COMO SE SEPARAN FRACCIONES DE PETRÓLEO, -) TIPOS . USOS DE LOS HIDROCARBUROS DESTILADOS /) EERCICIO DE APLICACIÓN 8) CONCLUSIONES ) BIBLIOGRAFIA
1) INTRODUCCIÓN El petrleo e!t" #or$%&o por u'% $ez(l% &e )i&ro(%r*uro!+ lo! (u%le! !e pue&e' !ep%r%r $e&i%'te &e!til%(i' #r%((io'%&%+ *%!"'&o!e e' !u! &i#ere'te! ,ol%tili&%&e!.C$o !e pue&e !ep%r%r e' &i#ere'te! #r%((io'e! el petrleo/ El !e'ti&o (o$0' &i(e ue )%2 ue (%le't%rlo- A!3+ % $e&i&% ue !u*e l% te$per%tur%+ lo! (o$pue!to! (o' $e'o! "to$o! &e (%r*o'o e' !u! $olé(ul%! 42 ue !o' 5%!eo!o!6 !e &e!pre'&e' #"(il$e'te7 &e!pué! lo! (o$pue!to! l3ui&o! !e ,%poriz%' 2 t%$*ié' !e !ep%r%'+ 2 %!3+ !u(e!i,%$e'te+ !e o*tie'e' l%! &i#ere'te! #r%((io'e!E' l%! re#i'er3%! petroler%!+ e!t%! !ep%r%(io'e! !e e#e(t0%' e' l%! torre! &e #r%((io'%$ie'to o &e &e!til%(i' pri$%ri%E' el pre!e'te tr%*%8o !e $ue!tr% lo! pu'to! &e e*ulli(i' &e (%&% #r%((i'+ !u i$port%'(i% 2 %pli(%(i'-
2)
GENERALIDADES 2)1 TIPOS DE HIDROCARBUROS
El petrleo (ru&o 2 l%! #r%((io'e! ue pro,ie'e' &e él e!t"' (o'#or$%&o! &e $olé(ul%! &e'o$i'%&%! )i&ro(%r*uro! 2 por u'% (o$*i'%(i' &e "to$o! &e (%r*o'o tetr%,%le'te! (o' "to$o! &e )i&r5e'o $o'o,%le'te!- Pero e' el petrleo (ru&o 'o e9i!te' &eter$i'%&o! tipo! &e e!tru(tur%! $ole(ul%re!7 $ie'tr%! ue otr%! (o$o l%! #or$%! ole#3'i(%! i'e!t%*le!+ !i !e )%' #or$%&o+ !e tr%'!#or$%' &e $%'er% tot%l e 3'te5r%+ e' $olé(ul%! e!t%*le! e' lo! propio! 2%(i$ie'to! &ur%'te el tr%'!(ur!o &e lo! !i5lo!- Me&i%'te l% re%liz%(i' &e &i!ti'to! tr%t%$ie'to! !o*re el petrleo (ru&o+ el re#i'%&or pue&e )%(er re%p%re(er e!t%! (o$*i'%(io'e! $ole(ul%re! i'e9i!te'te!- Por otro l%&o+ el petrleo (ru&o (o'tie'e+ %zu#re+ o935e'o 2 'itr5e'o *%8o l% #or$% &e (o$pue!to! t%le! (o$o !ul#uro &e )i&r5e'o+ $er(%pt%'o! R:SH+ &i!ul#uro! 2 poli!ul#uro! 4RS:S:R6'+ "(i&o! '%#té'i(o!+ et(- Fi'%l$e'te+ 2 'o o*!t%'te u'% &e(%'t%(i' prolo'5%&%+ !e o*!er,%' e' el petrleo (ru&o !e&i$e'to! 2 %5u% !%l%&%+ pro,e'ie'te! &el 2%(i$ie'to o &el tr%'!porte e' *uue! petrolero!-
2)2 FAMILIAS UÍMICAS DE HIDROCARBUROS D%&% l% tetr%,%le'(i% &el "to$o &e (%r*o'o 2 &e l% $o'o,%le'(i% &el )i&r5e'o+ l%! &i!ti't%! po!i*ili&%&e! &e (o$*i'%(i' &e e!to! "to$o! pue&e' (l%!i#i(%r!e !e50' &o! re5l%! 5e'er%le!; %&i(i' &e lo! "to$o! &e (%r*o'o e' (%&e'%! o e' (i(lo! 2 (o' !%tur%(i'+ o 'o•
Hi&ro(%r*uro! %li#"ti(o!-
A) S#!$#35; P%r%#3'i(o! &e #r$ul% 5e'er%l C&H2&62) : C%&e'% re(t% 0'i(%; p%r%#3'i(o! 'or$%l Fr$ul% De!%rroll%&%;
+ pri$ero &e l% !erie+ el et%'o+ el prop%'o 2 el ':*ut%'o !o' 5%!eo!o! % te$per%tur% %$*ie'te7 &el ':pe't%'o %l ':(et%'o+ C1?+ !o' l3ui&o!7 l%! $olé(ul%! p%r%#3'i(%! 'or$%le! &e pe!o $ole(ul%r !uperior !o' !li&%! 2 (o'!titu2e' l% p%r%#i'%- To&o! e!to! )i&ro(%r*uro! !e e'(ue'tr%' e' el petrleo (ru&o- : C%&e'% r%$i#i(%&%; i!op%r%#i'%! So' #or$%! i!$er%! &e lo! )i&ro(%r*uro! p%r%#3'i(o! 'or$%le!+ e! &e(ir+ ue (o' el $i!$o '0$ero &e "to$o! &e (%r*o'o+ tie'e' i5u%l pe!o $ole(ul%r-
Se lo! &i#ere'(i% &e lo! %'teriore! utiliz%'&o el pre#i8o i!o= %'o- Fr$ul% &e!%rroll%&% &el i!o*ut%'o; C>H 1@
L% i!o$eriz%(i' 'o e! po!i*le $"! ue p%r% l%! (o$*i'%(io'e! e' l% (u%l i'ter,ie'e' (u%tro "to$o! &e (%r*o'o o $"!- Cu%'to $%2or e! el '0$ero &e "to$o! &e (%r*o'o+ $%2or e! el &e i!$ero! po!i*le!-
TABLA 1:
B) N 5#!$#35; ole#3'i(o! o eilé'i(o! Se50' el '0$ero &e &o*le! e'l%(e!+ l% #r$ul% &e e!t%! $olé(ul%! !er"; C'H'+ C'H'+ C'H'>+ et(- Lo! (%r*o'o! !e &i!po'e' e' (%&e'% re(t% o r%$i#i(%&%- E!to! )i&ro(%r*uro! ole#3'i(o! 'o !e e'(ue'tr%' e' el petrleo (ru&o- : C%&e'% re(t%; 1 &o*le e'l%(e; ole#i'%! 'or$%le!; C'H'
4) PUNTO DE EBULLICIÓN E!te !e &e#i'e (o$o l% te$per%tur% % l% (u%l u' l3ui&o puro+ p%!% %l e!t%&o &e ,%por % u'% pre!i' pree!t%*le(i&% e' (u%luier pu'to &e !u $%!% l3ui&%P%r% to&%! l%! !erie! &e )i&ro(%r*uro! )o$lo5o!+ el pu'to &e e*ulli(i' !e i'(re$e't% (o' el '0$ero &e "to$o! &e (%r*o'o ue (o'#or$%' l% $olé(ul%e'er%l$e'te+ lo! %ro$"ti(o! po!ee' pu'to! &e e*ulli(i' $"! %lto! ue lo! (orre!po'&ie'te! '%#té'i(o! o p%r%#3'i(o!- E' el (%!o &e $ez(l%!+ % pre!i' (o'!t%'te+ e9i!te u' r%'5o &e te$per%tur%! e' el (u%l el ,%por 2 el l3ui&o (oe9i!te' e' euili*rio- E' e!te r%'5o el l3$ite i'#erior e! l% te$per%tur% &e *ur*u8% 2 el !uperior l% &e ro(3o- E!t%! te$per%tur%! 'o !e &e*e' (o'#u'&ir (o' el pu'to i'i(i%l 2 #i'%l &e e*ulli(i' &e u'% &e!til%(i'- L%! #r%((io'e! ue !e o*tie'e' e' el pro(e!%$ie'to &el (ru&o e!t"' &%&%! por el r%'5o &e e*ulli(i' 2 l% pre!i' &e ,%por &el pro&u(to- Fr%((io'e! (o' te$per%tur%! &e e*ulli(i' por &e*%8o &e lo! @@GC+ !e u!%' (o$o (o$*u!ti*le! &e $otore! % i5'i(i' por *u83%! 2 !e e'(ue'tr%' %5rup%&%! e' l%! &e'o$i'%&%! '%#t%!- E' l%! $i!$%!+ 'o !e %&$ite' ele,%&%! (%'ti&%&e! &e )i&ro(%r*uro! &e %lt% ,ol%tili&%& 2 lo! &e %lto pu'to &e e*ulli(i' (o'lle,%' &i#i(ult%&e! e' l% &i!tri*u(i' &e l% $ez(l% e' lo! (ili'&ro!- L% #r%((i' &e e*ulli(i' (o$pre'&i&% e'te lo! 1@ 2 @@GC (u$ple reueri$ie'to! &e ilu$i'%(i' 2 e! &e!i5'%&% (o$o ero!e'e- E' é!to!+ 'o !e %&$ite' )i&ro(%r*uro! &e %lt% ,ol%tili&%& por $oti,o! &e !e5uri&%&7 lo! &e pe!o $ole(ul%r !uperior pro&u(e' ll%$%! )u$e%'te!+ $ie'tr%! ue lo! )i&ro(%r*uro! &e%lt%! ,i!(o!i&%&e! i$po!i*ilit%' u' #lu8o re5ul%r % tr%,é! &e l%! $e()%! &e lo! %rte#%(to!- De!&e el pu'to &e ,i!t% &el% e!t%*ili&%& tér$i(% 2 el $e8or po&er %'ti&eto'%'te+ lo! %ro$"ti(o! !o' &e!e%*le! e' l%! '%#t%!+ 'o o*!t%'te u' ele,%&o (o'te'i&o &e é!to! e' el ero!e'e pro&u(e ll%$%! (o' )oll3'- El ero!e'e 'o &e*e po!eer te'&e'(i% % l% #or$%(i' &e )oll3'+ )u$o o (e'iz%! %l !er utiliz%&o (o$o (o$*u!ti*le p%r% tur*i'%! &e %,i%(i'- L% #r%((i' (o$pre'&i&% e'tre lo! @ 2 @GC e! l% &e'o$i'%&% 5%! oil+ l% (u%l re!ult% %&e(u%&% (o$o (o$*u!ti*le &e i5'i(i' por (o$pre!i' 4Die!el6- E' é!t% e! ele$e't%l l% e!t%*ili&%& tér$i(% &e lo! )i&ro(%r*uro!+ &%&o ue e' lo! $otore! &ie!el el 5%!oil !e e'(ie'&e por l% ele,%&% te$per%tur% ue !e 5e'er% por l% (o$pre!i'- Por otro l%&o+ lo! p%r%#3'i(o! e9i!te'te! e' e!te r%'5o &e e*ulli(i'+ !e !oli&i#i(%' % te$per%tur% %$*ie'te pro,o(%'&o t%po'%$ie'to!- L% ,i!(o!i&%& &e e!t% #r%((i' t%$*ié' e! rele,%'te+ &%&o ue el (o$*u!ti*le e! %to$iz%&o &e'tro &el (ili'&ro+ u'% %lt% ,i!(o!i&%& 5e'er% $%l% %to$iz%(i' 2 (o' ello u' e'(e'&i&o &e#e(tuo!o+ $ie'tr%! ue !i e! &e$%!i%&o *%8%+ pro&u(e 5oteo %&e$"! &e i'(re$e't%r el &e!5%!te e' el euipo i'2e(tor- L% #r%((i' re!t%'te &el petrleo 4K@GC6 e! &e'o$i'%&% re!i&uo l%r5o 2 pue&e !er; p%r%#3'i(o; !i pre&o$i'% e' !u (o$po!i(i' e!te tipo &e )i&ro(%r*uro!+ o %!#"lti(o; !i pre&o$i'%' lo! '%#té'i(o! o %ro$"ti(o!- Lo! p%r%#3'i(o!
pre#ere'te$e'te i!op%r%#3'i(o! !o' %(o'!e8%*le! p%r% l% o*te'(i' &e %(eite! lu*ri(%'te!-
() +COMO SE SEPARAN FRACCIONES DE PETRÓLEO, Por $e&io &e &e!til%&o+ % $e&i&% ue !e%u$e't% l% te$per%tur% &el (ru&o+ lo! (o$pue!to! (o' $e'o! "to$o! &e (%r*o'o e' !u! $olé(ul%! !e &e!pre'&e' #"(il$e'te+ &e!pué! lo! (o$pue!to! l3ui&o! !e ,%poriz%' 2 t%$*ié' !e !ep%r%'-
F7'!$# 1: Mez(l% &e )i&ro(%r*uro! o*te'i&o! &el% &e!til%(i' #r%((io'%&% &el petrleoE' e!te (u%&ro i'(lui$o! lo! 5%!e! i'(o'&e'!%*le! 2 el 5%! li(u%&o 4LP6 porue é!to! !e e'(ue'tr%' &i!uelto! e' el (ru&o ue e'tr% % l% &e!til%(i' pri$%ri%+ % pe!%r &e ue !e !uele eli$i'%rlo! %l $"9i$o e' l%! torre! &e &e!pu'te ue !e e'(ue'tr%' %'te! &e pre(%le't%r el (ru&o &e #r%((io'%&ore!De lo! 5%!e! i'(o'&e'!%*le! el $et%'o e! el )i&ro(%r*uro $"! li5ero+ pue! (o'tie'e !lo u' "to$o &e (%r*o'o 2 (u%tro &e )i&r5e'o- El ue !i5ue e! el et%'o+ ue e!t" (o$pue!to por &o! &e (%r*o'o 2 !ei! &e )i&r5e'oEl pri$ero e! el pri'(ip%l (o$po'e'te &el 5%! '%tur%l- Se !uele ,e'&er (o$o (o$*u!ti*le e' l%! (iu&%&e!+ e' &o'&e !e (ue't% (o' u'% re& &e tu*er3%! e!pe(i%le! p%r% !u &i!tri*u(i'- E!te (o$*u!ti*le (o'tie'e (%'ti&%&e! !i5'i#i(%ti,%! &e et%'oEl 5%! LP e! el (o$*u!ti*le ue !e &i!tri*u2e e' (ili'&ro! 2 t%'ue! e!t%(io'%rio! p%r% (%!%! 2 e&i#i(io!- E!te 5%! e!t" #or$%&o por )i&ro(%r*uro! &e tre! 2 (u%tro "to$o! &e (%r*o'o &e'o$i'%&o! prop%'o 2 *ut%'o re!pe(ti,%$e'te-
L% !i5uie'te #r%((i' e!t" (o'!titui&% por l% 5%!oli'% ,ir5e'+ ue !e (o$po'e &e )i&ro(%r*uro! &e (u%tro % 'ue,e "to$o! &e (%r*o'o+ l% $%2or3% &e (u2%! $olé(ul%! e!t"' &i!tri*ui&%! e' #or$% li'e%l+ $ie'tr%! ue otr%! #or$%' (i(lo! &e (i'(o 2 !ei! "to$o! &e (%r*o'o- A e!te tipo &e (o$pue!to! !e le! ll%$% p%r%#3'i(o! 2 (i(lop%r%#3'i(o! re!pe(ti,%$e'teE!t% 5%!oli'%+ t%l (u%l+ 'o !ir,e p%r% !er u!%&% e' lo! %uto$,ile!7 e' el !i5uie'te (%p3tulo !e e9pli(%r" por uéL% #r%((i' ue (o'tie'e &e 1@ % 1> "to$o! &e (%r*o'o tie'e u'% te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i' &e 1> % GC+ ue (orre!po'&e % l% #r%((i' &e'o$i'%&% Nero!i'%+ &e l% (u%l !e e9tr%e el (o$*u!ti*le &e lo! %,io'e! &e tur*i'% ll%$%&o tur*o!i'%L% 0lti$% #r%((i' ue !e &e!til% &e l% torre pri$%ri% e! el 5%!leo+ ue tie'e u' i'ter,%lo &e e*ulli(i' &e @ % 1@ GC 2 (o'tie'e &e 1 % 1 "to$o! &e (%r*o'o- De %u3 !e o*tie'e el (o$*u!ti*le ll%$%&o &ie!el+ ue+ (o$o 2% &i8i$o!+ !ir,e p%r% lo! ,e)3(ulo! ue u!%' $otore! &ie!el (o$o lo! tr%(tore!+ lo(o$otor%!+ (%$io'e!+ tr%iler! 2 *%r(o!De lo! &e!til%&o! o*te'i&o! %l ,%(3o+ %uello! ue por !u! (%r%(ter3!ti(%! 'o !e &e!ti'e' % lu*ri(%'te! !e u!%r"' (o$o $%teri% pri$% p%r% (o',ertirlo! e' (o$*u!ti*le! li5ero! (o$o el 5%! li(u%&o+ l% 5%!oli'% &e %lto o(t%'o+ el &ie!el+ l% Nero!i'% 2 el 5%!leoEl re!i&uo &e ,%(3o (o'tie'e l% #r%((i' &e lo! (o$*u!tleo! pe!%&o! ue !e u!%' e' l%! (%l&er%! &e l%! ter$oelé(tri(%!De to&o lo ue )e$o! &e!(rito e' e!te (%p3tulo+ !e ,e (l%r%$e'te ($o (%!i el tot%l &e (%&% *%rril &e petrleo ue !e pro(e!% e' l%! re#i'er3%! !e &e!ti'% % l% #%*ri(%(i' &e (o$*u!ti*le!- L% (%'ti&%& &e 5%!oli'% ,ir5e' o*te'i&% &epe'&e &el tipo &e petrleo (ru&o 4pe!%&o o li5ero6+ 2% ue e' (%&% (%!o el por(e't%8e &e e!t% #r%((i' e! ,%ri%*leCo$o &i8i$o! %l pri'(ipio+ l% 5%!oli'% e! el (o$*u!ti*le ue tie'e $%2or &e$%'&%7 por lo t%'to+ l% (%'ti&%& &e 5%!oli'% '%tur%l ue !e o*tie'e &e (%&% *%rril !ie$pre e! i'!u#i(ie'te+ %u' (u%'&o !e &e!tile' (ru&o! li5ero!+ ue lle5%' % te'er )%!t% @ &e e!te pro&u(to- A&e$"!+ l%! (%r%(ter3!ti(%! &e e!t% 5%!oli'% 'o lle'%' l%! e!pe(i#i(%(io'e! &e o(t%'%8e 'e(e!%ri%! p%r% lo! $otore! &e lo! %uto$,ile!P%r% re!ol,er e!to! pro*le$%! lo! (ie't3#i(o! )%' &e!%rroll%&o u'% !erie &e pro(e!o! p%r% pro&u(ir $"! 2 $e8ore! 5%!oli'%! % p%rtir &e otr%! #r%((io'e! &el petrleoEl 9$;9 e!t" #or$%&o por u'% $ez(l% &e )i&ro(%r*uro!+ lo! (u%le! !e pue&e' !ep%r%r $e&i%'te &e!til%(i' #r%((io'%&%+ *%!"'&o!e e' !u! &i#ere'te! ,ol%tili&%&e!-
El #r%((io'%$ie'to (o$ie'z% (o' el (%le't%$ie'to &el (ru&o e' u' )or'o tu*ul%r % @@C+ %'te! &e e'tr%r e' l% (olu$'% &e &e!til%(i'- Se e$ple% u'% (olu$'% &e pl%to! p%r% !ep%r%r l%! &i#ere'te! #r%((io'e!L% #r%((i' &e $e'or pu'to &e e*ulli(i' 4@ :@C6+ ll%$%&% 5%! li5ero e!t" #or$%&% por; $et%'o+ et%'o+ ole#i'%!+ prop%'o+ *ut%'o- E!t% #r%((i' !e e$ple% (o$o (o$*u!ti*le pri'(ip%l$e'teter &e petrleo+ &e!til% e'tre 2 ?@C+ e$ple"'&o!e (o$o &i!ol,e'teL%! 5%!oli'% 2 '%#t% tie'e' pu'to! &e e*ulli(i' e'tre ?@ 2 1@C 2 !e e$pl%' p%r% (o$*u!ti*le &e ,e)3(ulo!Quero!e'o tie'e pu'to! &e e*ulli(i' e'tre @@ : @@C !e e$ple% (o$o &i!ol,e'te 2 (o$*u!ti*le%!leo+ @ : @C+ (o$*u!ti*le &ie!el 2 (%le#%((i'Co' $%2or pu'to &e e*ulli(i' te'e$o! %(etite! lu*ri(%'te! 2 ,%!eli'%Lo! pro&u(to! !li&o! ue re!ult%' &el #r%((io'%$ie'to !o'; p%r%#i'% !li&% 2 %!#%lto- Tie'e' u' pu'to &e #u!i' &e u'o! @ :?@C
-) TIPOS . USOS DE LOS HIDROCARBUROS DESTILADOS G#595 7&"&39&5#<;95: &e'tro &e lo! #r%((io'%&o! !e e'(ue'tr% el $et%'o 4CH>62 elet%'o 4CH?6+ lo! )i&ro(%r*uro! $"! li5ero! &elo! #r%((io'%&o!- El pri$ero e! el (o$po'e'te pri'(ip%l &el 5%! '%tur%lG#5 ;7"!#3 =LP>: e! lo! (o$*u!ti*le! o(up%&o! &i!tri*ui&o! e' (ili'&ro! 2 e!t%'ue! e!t%(io'%rio! p%r% (%!%! 2 e&i#i(io!For$%&o pri'(ip%l$e'te por prop%'o 2 *ut%'oG#5;7&# ?7$'9&: !e (o$po'e &e )i&ro(%r*uro! &e (u%tro % 'ue,e "to$o! &e (%r*o'o+ l% $%2or3% &e (u2%! $olé(ul%! e!t"' &i!tri*ui&%! e' #or$% li'e%l+ $ie'tr%! ue otr%! #or$%' (i(lo! &e (i'(o 2!ei! "to$o! &e (%r*o'o- A e!te tipo &e(o$pue!to! !e le! ll%$% p%r%#3'i(o! 2 (i(lop%r%#3'i(o! re!pe(ti,%$e'te- E!t% 5%!oli'%+ t%l (u%l+ 'o !ir,e p%r% !er u!%&% e' lo! %uto$,ile! K9$57&#: e! l% #r%((i' ue (o'tie'e &e 1@ % 1 "to$o! &e (%r*o'o tie'e u'% te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i' &e 1> % GC + % p%rtir &e e!t% !e e9tr%e el (o$*u!ti*le &e lo! %,io'e! &e tur*i'% ll%$%&o tur*o!i'% G#5;9; e! l% 0lti$% #r%((i' ue !e &e!til% &el% torre pri$%ri% ue tie'e u' i'ter,%lo &e e*ulli(i' &e @ % 1@ @C 2 (o'tie'e &e 1( %18 "to$o! &e (%r*o'o- De %u3 !e o*tie'e el(o$*u!ti*le &e'o$i'%&o Die!el ue !ir,ep%r% lo! ,e)3(ulo! ue u!%' $otore! &e (i(lo&e Die!el (o$o lo! tr%(tore!+ lo(o$otor%!+(%$io'e!+ tr%iler! 2 *%r(o!-
/) EERCICIO DE APLICACIÓN L%! #r%((io'e! $ol%re! &el l3ui&o 2 ,%por e' euili*rio 2 l%! te$per%tur%! &e e*ulli(i' p%r% $ez(l%! &e *e'(e'o 2 tolue'o !o' l%! !i5uie'te!;
#> Tr%(e el &i%5r%$% &e pu'to! &e e*ulli(i' &el !i!te$% *e'(e'otolue'o <> Deter$i'e l% te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i' &e l% $ez(l% l3ui&% &e #r%((i' $ol%r e' *e'(e'o @- 2 l% (o$po!i(i' &el ,%por e' euili*rio "> Si !e (%lie't% u'% $ez(l% eui$ole(ul%r &e *e'(e'o 2 tolue'o )%!t% ue l% te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i' %u$e'te e' GC+ (%l(ule l% (o$po!i(i' &e l% $ez(l% l3ui&% 2 l% (%'ti&%& &e l3ui&o ue )% p%!%&o % ,%por- 4D%to!; M4Be'(e'o6 5$ol:17 M4Tolue'o6 5$ol:16 SOLUCIÓN: #> Slo )%2 ue repre!e't%r e' lo! ,%lore! &e te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i' &e l% t%*l% e' #u'(i' &e l% #r%((i' $ol%r e' l% $ez(l% l3ui&%+ V+ 2 &e l% #r%((i' $ol%r e' l% $ez(l% 5%!eo!% e' euili*rio (o' el l3ui&o+ W-
<> A p%rtir &e l% repre!e't%(i' 5r"#i(% re%liz%&% e' el %p%rt%&o %6+ p%r% u'% (o$po!i(i' &e V*@- tr%z%$o! u'% l3'e% re(t% p%r%lel% %l e8e &e te$per%tur%! 4,%$o! !u*ie'&o l% te$per%tur%6 )%!t% ue lle5% u' $o$e'to e' el ue &i()% l3'e% !e (ort% (o' l% (ur,% ue 'o! $%r(% l%! te$per%tur%! % l%! (u%le! el l3ui&o e$piez% % e,%por%r!e % l% pre!i' &e 1 %t$ 4Te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i'6+ por t%'to !lo )%2 ue tr%z%r u'% p%r%lel% %l e8e &e %*!(i!%! % p%rtir &e &i()o pu'to )%(i% el e8e &e te$per%tur%! 2 )%(er l% le(tur% (orre!po'&ie'te- A(tu%'&o &e e!t% $%'er% o*te'e$o! ue; Te*4V*@-6 - GC P%r% o*te'er l% (o$po!i(i' &el ,%por e! 'e(e!%rio+ % p%rtir &el pu'to &e (orte %'terior+ e! &e(ir % l% te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i'+ tr%z%r u'% p%r%lel% %l e8e &e %*!(i!%! )%!t% e'(o'tr%r el pu'to &e (orte (o' l% (ur,% ue 'o! $%r(% el #i'%l &e l% e,%por%(i' e' u' (%le't%$ie'to- A p%rtir &e e!te 'ue,o pu'to &e (orte tr%z%'&o u'% p%r%lel% %l e8e &e or&e'%&%! po&e$o! re%liz%r l% le(tur% &e (o$po!i(i' %!o(i%&% %l ,%por e' euili*rio (o' el l3ui&o- Co$o !e pue&e o*!er,%r el 5r"#i(o e!t% (o$po!i(i' e!; W 4V*@-6 @- "> U'% $ez(l% eui$ole(ul%r i$pli(% ue V* @- Se50' el 5r"#i(o &el %p%rt%&o %6 % u'% te$per%tur% C por e'(i$% &e l% te$per%tur% &e e*ulli(i' &e u'% &i!olu(i' &e (o$po!i(i' V* @-+ T > C+
8) CONCLUSIONES
El petrleo e!t" #or$%&o por u'% $ez(l% &e )i&ro(%r*uro!+ lo! (u%le! !e pue&e' !ep%r%r $e&i%'te &e!til%(i' #r%((io'%&%+ *%!"'&o!e e' !u! &i#ere'te! ,ol%tili&%&e!El pu'to &e e*ulli(i' e! el #%(tor &eter$i'%'te p%r% )%(er el #r%((io'%$ie'to+ &e!&e el $"! *%8o 4@GC:%! li5ero6 )%!t% el $"! %lto 4>@@GC: A(eite! lu*ri(%'te!6 El #r%((io'%$ie'to e! u' #%(tor $u2 i$port%'te e' l% i'&u!tri% &el petrleo+ $"! e!pe(3#i(%$e'te e' l% re#i'%(i' 2 l% pro&u((i' &e to&o! lo! &i#ere'te! &eri,%&o! &el petrleo-
) BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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El Pozo Ilu!tr%&o I+ II+III+I- E&i(io'e! PDSA- C%r%(%!:e'ezuel%Qu3$i(% P%r% el
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E&itori%l M(r%Y Hill
