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}n{e`m`y yncg~`l`c m`c y`cht` y`t`{ %a`{on} te`{n*, tnk`ljocz` yncjcho`}`c `chh`{`c jol`c ynt`jch kn{ynch`{~e cnh`}jb }n{e`m`y }jcho`} yncg~`l`c m`c a`{on} te`{n ynt`jchcz` %M`{a`mj M~{j`c}f, ;994 m`l`a Z~mj B`{fl`, ;99>*# C`a~c }jm`o tna~` y{fm~o m`y`} mjy{faftjo`c mnch`c jol`c anl`l~j anmj`!anmj`# T`l`e t`}~cz` `m`l`e y{fm~o fk`}!fk`}`c %b`{a`tj*# ]jm`o tna~` y{fm~o fk`} oe~t~tcz` fk`} z`ch }jm`o mjg~`l knk`t m`y`} mjy{faftjo`c anl`l~j jol`c mj anmj` o`{nc` `m`cz` XEF N}ejd`l D{j}n{j` bf{ Anmjdjc`l M{~h Y{faf}jfc z`ch mjonl~`{o`c flne XEF y`m`
}`e~c 0:55# O{j}n{j` n}jo ~c}~o y{faftj fk`} jcj anch`}~{ y{faftj z`ch mj}~g~o`c k`hj y{fbntj ontne`}`c a`~y~c a`tz`{`o`}# ]~g~`ccz` `m`l`e ~c}~o ancm~o~ch m`c ancjcho`}o`c ontne`}`c a`tz`{`o`} anl`l~j ynchh~c``c fk`}!fk`}`c tnd`{` {`tjfc`l# Ofayfcnc!ofayfcnc z`ch mj`}~{ anljy~}j onhj`}`c y{faftj, yn{jol`c`c mnch`c t`t`{`c y{fbntj ontne`}`c, yn{jol`c`c mnch`c t`t`{`c a`tz`{`o`}, anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt, ynakn{j`c t`aynl fk`}, tjayftj~a m`c yn{}na~`c jlaj`e, yncnlj}j`c y`td` yna`t`{`c, ync`cm``c m`c ynchn}jon}`c, jcbf{a`tj ~c}~o ynchh~c` fk`} %y`tjnc*, m`c y{faftj ~c}~o fk`} z`ch mjnotyf{# O{j}n{j` n}jo XEF jcj anch`}~{ jol`c z`ch mj}~g~o`c k`hj a`tz`{`o`} l~`t anchjch`} k`e`z` z`ch m`y`} mj`ojk`}o`c flne jcbf{a`tj fk`} z`ch }jm`o fkgno}jb, }jm`o lncho`y, m`c ancznt`}o`c# Fk`}!fk`} z`ch m`y`} ancznk`ko`c on}n{h`c}~ch`c m`c yncz`l`eh~c``c, fk`} on{`t, tn{}` fk`} z`ch e`{~t mnch`c {ntny mfo}n{ }jm`o kflne mjjol`co`c# Anc~{~} Ony~}~t`c Ony`l` K`m`c YFA Cfaf{ EO#99#9>#4#9;892 }`e~c ;99; Y`t`l >, y{faftj fk`} anl`l~j anmj` `~mjf rjt~`l m`c nlno}{fcjo e`cz` mjyn{kflneo`c ~c}~o fk`} knk`t m`c fk`} knk`t }n{k`}`t# %T{j T~{z`x`}j, ;994* Flne o`{nc` yn{~t`e``c b`{a`tj }jm`o mjyn{kflneo`c ~c}~o anchjol`co`c y{fm~o fk`} z`ch }jm`o mjg~`l knk`t knk `t a`o`, yn{~t`e``c b`{a`tj k`cz`o z`ch anchh~c`o`c t}{`}nhj mn}`jljch# T}{`}nhj jcj anchnmny`co`c y{faftj yncg~`l`c tnd`{` }`}`y a~o` l`cht~ch mnch`c mfo}n{ a`~y~c y{`o}jtj ontne`}`c l`jccz`# F{`ch z`ch anl`o~o`ccz` tn{jch mjtnk~} mnch`c anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt z`ch kn{}~h`t ~c}~o kn{jc}n{`otj mnch`c mfo}n{ m`c anakn{jo`c jcbf{a`tj anchnc`j on~chh~l`c y{fm~ocz`# Anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt m`l`a yn{~t`e``c b`{a`tj an{~y`o`c t~akn{ m`z` a`c~tj` z`ch e`{~t mjonlfl` mnch`c k`jo o`{nc` an{no`l`e ~g~ch }fak`o yna`t`{`c y{fm~o yn{~t`e``c z`ch `o`c ancnc}~o`c knt`{ ondjlcz` yncg~`l`c yn{~t`e``c# Tn}j`y yn{~t`e``c kn{~y`z` `h`{ o`{z`x`ccz` m`y`} anakn{jo`c y{nt}`tj on{g` z`ch tn}jchhj a~chojc# Tnf{`ch anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt z`ch an{~y`o`c o`{z`x`c yn{~t`e``c b`{a`tj mj}~c}~} ~c}~o m`y`} knon{g` ananc~ej }`{hn} yncg~`l`c z`ch }nl`e mj}nc}~o`c# E`l!e`l z`ch m`y`} anaynch`{~ej ojcn{g` y`{` o`{z`x`c y`m` ~a~acz`
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tnd`{` l`cht~ch a`~y~c }jm`o l`cht~ch `m`l`e l`}`{ knl`o`ch yncmjmjo`c, on}n{`ayjl`c, mjtjyljc, af}jr`tj, tjo`y m`c n}jo` on{g`, hjwj m`c ontne`}`c, }jcho`} ynche`tjl`c, g`ajc`c ljcho~ch`c m`c jolja on{g`, e~k~ch`c jcm~t}{j`l, }nocflfhj, t`{`c` y{fm~otj, a`c`gnanc m`c ontnay`}`c kn{y{nt}`tj %X`c` C~t` m`l`a T~a`{tfcf, ;994 7 24!2=* Y]# M`{z` R`{j` an{~y`o`c t`l`e t`}~ yn{~t`e``c b`{a`tj mj Jcmfcntj`# Yn{~t`e``c jcj anay~cz`j m~` mjrjtj z`j}~ mjrjtj fk`} {ntny %N}ejd`l* m`c fk`} knk`t %Frn{ ]en Df~c}n{ — F]D*# ^cj} F]D ana`t`{o`c y{fm~o fk`} knk`t tnyn{}j C`}~{!N, T}fy Dflm m`c l`jc!l`jc anchh~c`o`c t`{`c` y{faftj anl`l~j anmj` a`tt` tnyn{}j }nlnrjtj m`c tnk`h`jcz`# Tnm`cho`c mjrjtj n}ejd`l z`ch }n{mj{j m`{j ^cj} M`{z`!R`{j` N}ejd`l m`c Y{`b` N}ejd`l kn{hn{`o m`l`a y`t`{ fk`} z`ch anchh~c`o`c {ntny mfo}n{ %}jm`o mjg~`l knk`t* tnejchh` y{faftj yna`t`{`ccz` }jm`o kflne anchh~c`o`c anmj` `~mjf rjt~`l a`~y~c nlno}{fcjo# Mjrjtj fk`} {ntny z`ch lnkje knt`{ yf{tjcz` m`{jy`m` mjrjtj fk`} knk`t anc~c}~} yn{~t`e``c ~c}~o ancn{`yo`c t}{`}nhj mn}`jljch ~c}~o ana`t`{o`c y{fm~ocz`# T}{`}nhj yna`t`{`c z`ch mjl`o~o`c flne y`{` anmjd`l tn{rjdnt {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt jcj }n{g~c l`cht~ch on l`y`ch`c ~c}~o anay{faftjo`c y{fm~o fk`} {ntny ony`m` mfo}n{# An{no`l`e z`ch kn{}`chh~ch g`x`k }n{e`m`y `cho` yncg~`l`c yn{~t`e``c# Y] M`{z` R`{j` anay~cz`j g`cho`~`c yna`t`{`c z`ch l~`t# Tn}j`y anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt anx`ojlj yn{~t`e``c ~c}~o t~`}~ m`n{`e `}`~ `{n` }n{}nc}~# D`o~y`c
xjl`z`e jcj mjtnt~`jo`c mnch`c knk`c on{g` m`c yf}nctj yna`t`{`c y{fm~o fk`{ n}ejd`l yn{~t`e``c# Tna`ojc knt`{ `{n`cz` a`o` }`chh~ch g`x`k y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt jcj tna`ojc knt`{# ]`{hn} yncg~`l`c z`ch e`{~t mjong`{ y~c tna`ojc }jchhj# ^c}~o anak`}`tj l~`tcz` d`o~y`c yncnlj}j`c a`o` ync~ljt anak`}`tj ~c}~o anl`o~o`c yncnlj}j`c mj Y]# M`{z` R`{j` d`k`ch K`cm~ch z`ch anljy~}j `{n` yna`t`{`c G`x` K`{`} tnyn{}j o`k~y`}nc m`c of}` K`cm~ch, ]`tjoa`l`z`, Dj`ajt, K`cg`{, T~o`k~aj, m`c O`{`x`ch# Y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt Y]# M`{z` R`{j` d`k`ch K`cm~ch kn{}~h`t anay{faftjo`c y{fm~o fk`}
{ntny mj xjl`z`e!xjl`z`e xjl`z`e!xjl`z`e }n{tnk~} ~c}~o ancjcho`}o`c yncg~`l`c yn{~t`e``c#‖ M`{j knkn{`y` b`o}f{ z`ch anaynch`{~ej ojcn{g` o`{z`x`c z`ch }nl`e mjtnk~}o`c tnknl~acz`, b`o}f{ af}jr`tj m`c mjtjyljc on{g` an{~y`o`c b`o}f{ ync}jch z`ch m`y`} anaynch`{~ej yncjcho`}`c yncjcho`}`c ojcn{g`# Mnch`c `m`cz` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` z`ch }jchhj y`m` o`{z`x`c oe~t~tcz` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt mj Y]# M`{z` R`{j` d`k`ch K`cm~ch, a`o` mje`{`yo`c an{no` a`ay~ knon{g` m`c knon{g` t`a` mnch`c lnkje k`jo tnejchh` yncg~`l`c ancjcho`}# Tnm`cho`c `y`kjl` af}jr`tj on{g` o`{z`x`c }jchhj }n}`yj }jm`o anajljoj mjtjyljc on{g` z`ch }jchhj a`o` ojcn{g`cz` y~c `o`c anak~{~o z`ch kn{`{}j k`ex` }`{hn} yncg~`l`c m`y`} }jm`o }n{d`y`j# A`o`, mnch`c `m`cz` mjtjyljc on{g`
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m`c ont~chh~e`c m`l`a knon{g` tn{}` af}jr`tj z`ch }jchhj mje`{`yo`c m`y`} ancjcho`}o`c ojcn{g` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt z`ch `oej{cz` `o`c ancznk`ko`c yncjcho`}`c yncg~`l`c# Kn{m`t`{o`c l`}`{ knl`o`ch a`t`l`e }n{tnk~} mj `}`t a`o` ~c}~o yncnlj}j`c jcj g` Y`{` Anmjd`l On{ g` ync~ljt anch`akjl g~m~l “Ynch`{~e Af}jr`tj On{g` m`c Mjtjyljc On{
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K# Yn{~a~t`c A`t`l`e
Yncjcho`}`c yncg~`l`c t`ch`} ync}jch `{}jcz` k`hj yn{~t`e``c a`~y~c k`hj anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt z`ch kn{t`cho~}`c# K`hj yn{~t`e``c yncg~`l`c z`ch k`h~t kn{`{}j
ona`g~`c k`hj yn{~t`e``c m`y`} mjd`y`j, tnm`cho`c k`hj anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt }`{hn} yncg~`l`c z`ch }n{ync~ej `o`c m`y`} anaynch`{~ej onc`jo`c h`gj `}`~ jctnc}jb an{no`, g~h` `m` g`ajc`c on`a`c`c k`hj an{no` m`l`a knon{g`# ^c}~o ancjcho`}o`c yncg~`l`c k`cz`o d`{` z`ch m`y`} mjl`o~o`c# Mj`c}`{`cz` mnch`c ancjcho`}o`c af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g`# Kn{m`t`{o`c a`t`l`e }n{tnk~} mj`}`t, a`o` a`t`l`e m`l`a yncnlj}j`c jcj `m`l`e 7 0# @y`o`e af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt `o`c anaynch`{~ej ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c yn{~t`e``c6 yn{~t`e``c6 ;# Tnkn{`y` knt`{ ynch`{~e tnd`{` y`{tj`l m`c tja~l}`c `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt z`ch `o`c anaynch`{~ej ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c6
D# ]~g~`c Yncnlj}j`c
Tnt~`j mnch`c yn{at`l`e`c z`ch mj}nlj}j, a`o` }~g~`c z`ch `o`c mjd`y`j yncnlj}j`c jcj `m`l`e 7 0# ^c}~o anak~o}jo`c `m`cz` e~k~ch`c e~k~ch`c `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt mnch`c ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c yn{~t`e``c# yn{~t`e``c#
;# ^c}~o anchn}`e~j tnkn{`y` knt`{ ynch`{~e tnd`{` y`{tj`l m`c tja~l}`c `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt z`ch `o`c anaynch`{~ej }jcho`} yncg~`l`ccz`#
2
L@CM@T@C ]NF[J
@# ]jcg`~`c Y~t}`o` 0# Ynchn{}j`c Ojcn{g`
Anc~{~} knkn{`y` `elj a`c`gnanc, ojcn{g` `m`l`e `y` z`ch f{h`cjt`tj h~c`o`c ~c}~o anl`o~o`c t~`}~ ynon{g``c m`c anl`ot`c`o`ccz` mnch`c k`jo %D`ayknll n} `l#, 0::4, y#=9 m`l`a Tfccnc}`h m`c B{ntn, B{ ntn, ;990*# Anc~{~} A`cho~cnh`{` %;990* tnk`h`ja`c` mjo~}jy flne W`jc~l, Mxj E`cmfcf, m`c @ajc T~k`{h~t %;995* ynchn{}j`c ojcn{g` `m`l`e e`tjl on{g` tnd`{` o~`lj}`t m`c o~`c}j}`t z`ch mjd`y`j flne tntnf{`ch o`{z`x`c m`l`a ona`ay~`c anl`ot`c`o`c }~h`t!}~h`t tnt~`j mnch`c }`chh~ch g`x`k z`ch mjkn{jo`c flne `}`t`c ony`m`cz`# Tnl`jc j}~, ojcn{g` g~h` m`y`} mj`{}jo`c tnk`h`j t~`}~ e`tjl m`c ~t`e` tntnf{`ch z`ch mjd`y`j mnch`c `m`cz` ona`ay~`c m`c yn{k~`}`c m`l`a tj}~`tj }n{}nc}~#
;# Yncg~`l`c `# Ynchn{}j`c
Anc~{~} knkn{`y` `elj mnbjcjtj yncg~`l`c `m`l`e tnk`h`j kn{jo~} %m`l`a Tn}zf [jcj, ;99>* 7 0* T~}`a}f %0:8:* anchna~o`o`c k`ex` yncg~`l`c `m`l`e ~t`e` z`ch mjl`o~o`c a`c~tj` ~c}~o ancz`ay`jo`c k`{`ch onk~}~e`c z`ch }nl`e mje`tjlo`ccz` ony`m` an{no` z`ch anan{l~o`ccz` mnch`c jak`l`c ~`ch anc~{~} e`{h` z`ch mj}nc}~o`c `}`t yn{tn}~g~`c kn{t`a`# ;* Xjc`{mj %0::0* anchna~o`o`c yncg~`l`c tnk`h`j y{ftnt mja`c` t`ch yncg~`l ana`t}jo`c, anch`o}jbo`c, m`c ana~`to`c onk~}~e`c `}`~ onjchjc`c t`ch ynaknlj z`ch kn{onl`cg~}`c m`c anch~c}~cho`c onm~` knl`e yje`o# k# ]~g~`c Yncg~`l`c
Anc~{~} K`t~ Tx`t}e` %0::9* m`l`a Tn}zf [jcj %;99>* yn{~t`e``c y`m` ~a~acz` anay~cz`j }jh` }~g~`c m`l`a yncg~`l`ccz`, yncg~`l`ccz`, z`j}~ 7 `* Ancd`y`j rfl~an yncg~`l`c }n{}nc}~ k* Ancm`y`} l`k` }n{}nc}~ d* Anc~cg`ch yn{}~ak~e`c yn{~t`e``c
8
4# T}{`}nhj Mn}`jljch
T}{`}nhj mn}`jljch y`m` ~a~acz` `m`l`e t~`}~ t}{`}nhj ona`ay~`c ofa~cjo`tj ~c}~o ancz`ay`jo`c jcbf{a`tj anchnc`j t~`}~ y{fm~o ony`m` }`{hn} `~mjncdn z`j}~ y`{` y{`o}jtj ontne`}`c# Ofa~cjo`tj yna`t`{`c y`m` jcm~t}{j b`{a`tj jcj mjl`o~o`c flne y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt# Kn{knm` mnch`c t}{`}nhj y{faftj l`jccz` z`ch lnkje ancno`co`c }`{hn} y`m` ofct~anc l`cht~ch, t}{`}nhj jcj lnkje anc`{hn}o`c y`m` y`{` mfo}n{ z`ch anchnl~`{o`c {ntny %O~{} K{noon m`c Ajde`nl O~ec, ;99>*# O~cdj onkn{e`tjl`c t}{`}nhj jcj `m`l`e ona`ay~`c kn{dn{j}` ~c}~o ancz`ay`jo`c ynt`c %t}f{z }nlljch* mnch`c anch~`t`j jcbf{a`tj y{fm~o % k{`cm *, *, anchn}`e~j ynt`c o~cdj %onz antt`hnt*, anchn}`e~j }`{hn} `~mjncdn, m`c anchn}`e~j yftjtj ofayn}j}f{ z`ch `m` z`ch mjt`ay`jo`c tnd`{` nbno}jb m`c knc`{ % {nlnr`c} *# *#
=# Af}jr`tj On{g` =#0# Ynchn{}j`c Af}jr`tj On{g`
Af}jr`tj
%af}jr`}jfc*
`m`l`e
on`m``c
ongjx``c
z`ch
ancmf{fch,
anch`o}jbo`c, m`c anchhn{`oo`c tn{}` ancz`l~{o`c yn{jl`o~, tjo`y m`c }jcm`o! }`cm~o tntnf{`ch z`ch tnl`l~ mjo`j}o`c mnch`c yncd`y`j`c }~g~`c# G`mj af}jr`tj `m`l`e tnk~`e mf{fch`c z`ch mj`}~{ flne }~g~`c m`c g`{`ch a~cd~l m`l`a onoftfch`c %Tj`hj`c, 0::> 7 0=; m`l`a E# C`{afmf m`c X`gmj, ;99=*# Tnl`jc j}~ af}jr`tj `m`l`e onjchjc`c m`l`a mj{j tntnf{`ch z`ch ancznk`ko`c f{`ch }n{tnk~} kn{}jcm`o o`{nc` t`}~ `l`t `c z`j}~ ~c}~o ancd`y`j }~g~`c# G`mj af}jr`tj `m`l`e tnk~`e mf{fch`c z`ch mj`}~{ flne }~g~`c m`c g`{`ch a~cd~l m`l`a onoftfch`c %[fkn{} L# A`}ejt m`c Gfec E# G`dotfc, G `dotfc, ;992 m`l`a Y# Encm`{, ;99:*# Anc~{~} Tnm`{a`z`c}j %;990 7 22* m`l`a T`at~mjc %;994*, af}jr`tj m`y`} mj`{}jo`c tnk`h`j t~`}~ m`z` yncmf{fch % m{jrjch bf{dn* z`ch ancznk`ko`c f{`ch kn{k~`} tnt~`}~ `}`~ z`ch mjyn{k~`} o`{nc` }`o~} `o`c tnt~`}~# Yjcmn{ %0::5* m`l`a Y# D`{mfc` %;994* anch`}`o`c k`ex` af}jr`tj on{g` `m`l`e t~`}~ tn} ona`ay~`c jc}n{c`l m`c not}n{c`l z`ch anaknc}~o yn{jl`o~ on{g` m`c ancn}`yo`c knc}~ocz`, `{`e, jc}nctj}`t, m`c m~{`tj# Anc~{~} L~}e`ct %0::5* m`l`a [# T`lnna %;909*, af}jr`tj `m`l`e y{ftnt z`ch anak`choj}o`c, anakn{jo`c ncn{hj, anch`{`eo`c, m`c ananlje`{` yn{jl`o~ m`c ojcn{g`# Y{ftnt }n{tnk~} anakn{jo`c t}ja~l~t ony`m` o`{z`x`c ~c}~o kn{}jcm`o m`c ~c}~o ancd`y`j }~h`t z`ch mjjchjco`c#
5
=#;# ]nf{j Af}jr`tj On{g`
]nf{j z`ch ancm`t`{o`c ancm`t`{o`c ~t`e` ~t`e` ynakn{j`c af}jr`tj af}jr`tj on{g` `m`l`e 7 =#;#0# ]nf{j Ejn{`{oj Onk~}~e`c @k{`e`a A`tlfx
M`l`a }nf{j jcj, A`tlfx ancz`}`o`c k`ex` a`c~tj` `o`c ananc~ej onk~}~e`c z`ch y`ljch ancmnt`o m`c kn{m`t`{o`c ynch`l`a`c f{`ch j}~ y`m` t~`}~ ejn{`{oj m`{j onk~}~e`c m`{j z`ch {ncm`e t`ay`j z`ch y{jf{j}`t }jchhj# Onk~}~e`c a`c~tj` mjk`hj ancg`mj lja` o`}nhf{j z`ch c`jo m`l`a ~{~}`c }n{}nc}~# Tnknl~a onk~}~e`c z`ch lnkje ancm`t`{ }n{ync~ej, tntnf{`ch }jm`o `o`c kn{~t`e` ~c}~o ananc~ej onk~}~e`c z`ch lnkje }jchhj# Ejn{`{oj A`tlfx z`ch }n{onc`l }n{mj{j `}`t 7 `* Onk~}~e`c Bjtjo % Yeztjflfhjd`l Cnnmt*
Onk~}~e`c jcj an{~y`o`c onk~}~e`c z`ch mjyn{l~o`c ~c}~o anayn{}`e`co`c onl`cht~ch`c ejm~y tntnf{`ch, tnyn{}j ~m`{`, a`o`c, ajc~a, y`o`j`c, yn{~a`e`c m`c l`jc!l`jccz`# Onk~}~e`c bjtjo jcj }n{a`t~o onk~}~e`c m`t`{ z`ch e`{~t mjync~ej m`e~l~ tnknl~a onk~}~e`c!onk~}~e`c
l`jccz`#
X`l`~
mnajoj`c
onk~}~e`c
jcj
an{~y`o`c }jcho`} onk~}~e`c z`ch kfkf}cz` y`ljch {ncm`e# k* Onk~}~e`c On`a`c`c m`c Ontnl`a`}`c %T`bn}z `cm Tnd~{j}z Cnnmt *
Tn}nl`e onk~}~e`c bjtjo }n{ync~ej a`c~tj` `o`c anak~}~eo`c on`a`c`c m`c ontnl`a`}`c# Onk~}~e`c jcj an{~y`o`c onk~}~e`c ~c}~o yn{ljcm~ch`c mj{j m`c ona`cmj{j`c nofcfaj# A`c~tj` anak~}~eo`c yn{ljcm~ch`c mj{j m`{j tnh`l` `cd`a`c tnejchh` an{`t` `a`c m`{j `cd`a`c ondnl`o``c m`c ontnl`a`}`c m`l`a anl`o~o`c ynon{g``c# d* Onk~}~e`c Tftj`l % @bbjlj`}jfc @bbjlj`}jfc f{ @ddny}`cdn Cnnmt *
A`c~tj` y`m` m`t`{cz` `m`l`e a`oel~o tfdj`l z`ch tnl`l~ jchjc ejm~y
kn{tftj`ljt`tj
z`ch
anak~}~eo`c
{`t`
t`ljch
anajljoj,
yn{t`e`k`}`c, djc}`, m`c o`tje t`z`ch# ]jm`o tnf{`ch y~c a`c~tj` jchjc ejm~y anczncmj{j mj }nay`} }n{yncdjl# m* Onk~}~e`c T}`}~t & Ono~`t``c % Nt}nna f{ T}`}~t Cnnmt*
Onk~}~e`c jcj `m`l`e onk~}~e`c `o`c ynche`{h``c mj{j, ynch`o~`c ynch`o~`c tn{}` y{nt}jtn m`{j o`{z`x`c, a`tz`{`o`}# m`c ljcho~ch`ccz`# Jmn`lcz` y{nt}jtn }jak~l o`{nc` `m`cz` y{nt}`tj, }n}`yj }jm`o tnl`a`cz` mnajoj`c# Tna`ojc }jchhj onm~m~o`c tntnf{`ch m`l`a a`tz`{`o`} `}`~ yftjtj
:
tntnf{`ch
m`l`a
t~`}~
yn{~t`e``c
a`o`
tna`ojc
}jchhj
y~l`
ynchef{a`}`ccz`# n* Onk~}~e`c @o}~`ljt`tj Mj{j % Tnlb @d}~`ljw`}jfc Cnnmt *
Onk~}~e`c `o}~`ljt`tj mj{j anchh~c`o`c ond`o`y`c, ona`ay~`c, on}{`ayjl`c, m`c yf}nctj fy}ja`l z`ch mjajljojcz` ~c}~o ancd`y`j y{nt}`tj on{g` z`ch m`y`} mj`o~j mnch`c t`ch`} ana~`to`c flne a`tz`{`o`} ~a~a# ]nf{j Ejn{`{oj Onk~}~e`c A`tlfx m`y`} mjh`ak`{o`c tnk`h`j kn{jo~} 7
H`ak`{ 0# ]`}` ]jcho`} Onk~}~e`c A`tlfx
Y{ftnt mj`}`t anc~cg~oo`c k`ex` onk~}~e`c t`ljch kn{h`c}~ch t`}~ t`a` l`jc# Onk~}~e`c }n{}nc}~ z`ch }nl`e }n{ync~ej }jm`o l`hj ancg`mj af}jr`}f{ ~}`a` }n}`yj `o`c mjh`c}jo`c flne onk~}~e`c z`ch l`jc# ]nf{j Ejn{`{oj Onk~}~e`c A`tlfx jcj m`y`} mjh~c`o`c m`l`a a`c`gnanc af}jr`tj, o`{nc` ofctnycz` {nl`}jb m`c k~o`c yncgnl`t`c z`ch kn{tjb`} a~}l`o }nc}`ch tna~` yn{jl`o~ a`c~tj`, tnejchh` e`l jcj kjt` mjh~c`o`c tnk`h`j ynmfa`c a`c`gn{ m`l`a anchnlfl` t~akn{ m`z` a`c~tj` yn{~t`e``c#
=#;#;# ]nf{j M~` B`o}f{ %]xf B`d}f{t ]enf{z * m`{j B{nmn{jdo En{wkn{h
]nf{j m~` b`o}f{ m`{j En{wkn{h kn{~t`e` ancd`{j tnk`k!tnk`k `m`cz` {`t` y~`t m`c {`t` }jm`o y~`t m`{j tntnf{`ch }n{e`m`y ynon{g``c z`ch mjl`o~o`ccz`# Mnch`c mjon}`e~jcz` tnk`k!tnk`k }n{tnk~}, a`o` `o`c
09
mj~t`e`o`c ~c}~o m`y`} mjdjy}`o`c ony~`t`c tnejchh` y`{` ynon{g` m`y`} }n{mf{fch `}`~ }n{af}jr`tj ~c}~o knon{g` mnch`c lnkje k`jo# Kn{m`t`{o`c e`tjl yncnlj}j`c }n{e`m`y `o~c}`c m`c `elj }nocjo @an{jo` Tn{jo`} m`{j kn{k`h`j Jcm~t}{j, En{wkn{h anchnak`cho`c }nf{j af}jr`tj m~` b`o}f{ %D~tex`z `cm Lfmhn, 0::> 7 045 m`l`a T`at~mjc, ;994*# Anc~{~} }nf{j jcj `m` m~` b`o}f{ z`ch anaynch`{~ej ofcmjtj ynon{g``c tntnf{`ch z`j}~7 `# B`o}f{ Af}jr`tj % Af}jr`}jfc B`d}f{t*
B`o}f{ jcj tn{jch mjtnk~} g~h` tnk`h`j b`o}f{ yna~`t %t`}jtbjn{* `}`~ jc}{jctjd af}jr`}jfc z`j}~ `m`l`e m`z` mf{fch z`ch }jak~l m`{j m`l`a mj{j
a`tjch!a`tjch
f{`ch
}n{e`m`y
e`tjl
ynon{g``ccz`
m`c
ona~mj`c
ancdjy}`o`c yn{`t``c kn{y{nt}`tj, mje`{h`j, anayn{flne ona`g~`c, }nl`e anchn{g`o`c z`ch d~o~y ync}jch tn{}` {`t` }`chh~ch g`x`k# O`{z`x`c z`ch }n{mf{fch tnd`{` jc}{jctjo `o`c ancznc`chj ynon{g``c z`ch ana~chojccz` anchh~c`o`c o{n`o}jrj}`t m`c jcfr`tjcz`, knon{g` mnch`c }jcho`} f}fcfaj z`ch }jchhj m`c }jm`o yn{l~ mj`x`tj mnch`c on}`}# Ony~`t`c mj tjcj }jm`o }j m`o tnl`l~ mjo`j}o`c mnch`c yn{flne`c e`l!e`l z`ch kn{tjb`} a`}n{j# Knkn{`y` b`o}f{ af}jr`tj `c}`{` l`jc 7 0* Yn{}`chh~chg`x`k`c Yn{}`chh~chg`x`k`c % [ntyfctjkjlj}z* ;* Ynch`o~`c % [ndfhcj}jfc* 4* Yncd`y`j`c E`tjl % @dejnrnanc} * =* Yn{}~ak~e`c %H{fx}e* >* ]`c}`ch`c %De`llnchn* k# B`o}f{ Ontne`}`c % Ezhjncnt B`d}f{ *
@m`cz` b`o}f{ ontne`}`c kn{`{}j }n{djy}`cz` ljcho~ch`c on{g` z`ch tne`} k`jo tne`} bjtjo a`~y~c tne`} anc}`l# Tn{jch mjtnk~} g~h` tnk`h`j b`o}f{ on}jm`oy~`t`c % mjt`}jtbjn{ * `}`~ not}{jctjd af}jr`}jfc z`j}~ m`z` mf{fch z`ch m`}`ch m`{j l~`{ mj{j tntnf{`ch `}`~ ljcho~ch`ccz`, }n{~}`a` m`{j f{h`cjt`tj }nay`} an{no` knon{g`# An{no` z`ch lnkje }n{mf{fch flne b`o}f{!b`o}f{ not}{jctjo dncmn{~ch anlje`} ony`m` `y` z`ch mjkn{jo`c flne f{h`cjt`tj ony`m` an{no`# Knkn{`y` b`o}f{ ontne`}`c `c}`{ l`jc 7 0* Onkjg`o`c Yn{~t`e``c % Dfay`cz Yfljdz* ;* H`gj %T`l`{z* 4* T~yn{rjtj %T~yn{rjtjfc*
00
Tfdj`l Jc}n{`d}jfc* =* Jc}n{`otj Tftj`l %Tfdj`l Jc}n{`d}jfc
>* Ofcmjtj On{g` %Xf{ojch Dfcmj}jfc*
Onm~` b`o}f{ }n{tnk~} z`j}~ t`}jtbjn{ b`d}f{ m`c ezhjncn b`d}f{ e`{~t }n{tnmj` `}`~ mjtnmj`o`c flne a`c`gn{ tnejchh` }n{g`mj mf{fch`c ~c}~o knon{g` kn{t`a` tnd`{` nbno}jb m`c nbjtjnc# Jayljo`tj }nf{j jcj k`ex` tnf{`ch ynon{g` anay~cz`j mf{fch`c ~c}~o kn{o`{z` }jm`o tnonm`{ ancd`{j c`bo`e `o`c }n}`yj tnk`h`j x`e`c` ~c}~o ana~`to`c kn{k`h`j onync}jch`c m`c onk~}~e`ccz`# %Tj`hj`c, 0::>7 02> m`l`a M`{z`}aj, ;99;*
=#4# Gncjt!gncjt Af}jr`tj
Anc~{~} T`{mja`c %0::; 752* m`l`a A~w`pj %;998*, gncjt!gncjt af}jr`tj kn{m`t`{ `}`t ynaknc}~o`ccz` ynaknc}~o`ccz` }n{k`hj `}`t ; %m~`* gncjt, z`j}~7 `# Af}jr`tj k`x```c , z`j}~ af}jr`tj z`ch }nl`e `m` m`l`a }~k~e tntnf{`ch z`ch }nl`e mjk`x`e tng`o l`ej{# Af}jr`tj k`x``c `}`~ mjtnk~} g~h` mnch`c af}jr`tj y{jan{ }n{g`mj mnch`c tncmj{jcz` }`cy` anl`l~j y{ftnt knl`g`{# k# Af}jr`tj z`ch mjynl`g`{j , z`j}~ af}jr`tj z`ch }n{g`mj o`{nc` o`{nc` `m`cz` ofa~cjo`tj m`c jtz`{`} tftj`l tn{}` tnd`{` tnch`g` mjynl`g`{j flne a`c~tj`# Af}jr`tj jcj mjtnk~} g~h` af}jr`tj tno~cmn{ , a~cd~l anl`l~j y{ftnt ynaknl`g`{`c tnt~`j mnch`c }jcho`} ynchn}`e~`c m`c ynch`l`a`c tntnf{`ch#
Kn{m`t`{o`c `t`l mf{fch`ccz`, af}jr`tj mjk`hj ancg`mj 7 0# Af}jr`tj Jc}n{c`l
Z`j}~ af}jr`tj z`ch kn{t~akn{ m`l`a mj{j tntnf{`ch m`c }jm`o mjynch`{~ej flne mf{fch`c m`{j ljcho~ch`c l~`{# Dfc}fecz` `m`l`e a`o`c, ajc~a, }jm~{, kn{y{nt}`tj, kn{jc}n{`otj mnch`c f{`ch l`jc, m`c l`jc!l`jc# ;# Af}jr`tj Not}n{c`l
Z`j}~ af}jr`tj z`ch mjt`ayjch kn{t~akn{ m`{j m`l`a g~h` mjynch`{~ej flne mf{fch`c m`{j l~`{, `}`~ mnch`c o`}` l`jc af}jr`tj tntnf{`ch mjynch`{~ej flne ljcho~ch`c, `}`~ kn{onak`ch anl`l~j y{ftnt knl`g`{ %A`{jef} ]~` N#E, ;99; 7 442*#
0;
Kn{m`t`{o`c }jcho`}`ccz` af}jr`tj mjk`hj ancg`mj 7 0# Af}jr`tj y`m` on}`o~}`c % Bn`{ Af}jr`}jfc*
Af}jr`tj y`m` on}`o~}`c `{}jcz` af}jr`tj z`ch }n{g`mj o`{nc` on}`o~}`c tntnf{`ch `o`c tnt~`}~ gjo` j` }jm`o anl`o~o`c tnt~`}~# Dfc}fecz` on}jo` tntnf{`ch o`{z`x`c }`o~} ancm`y`} t`cotj m`{j `}`t`ccz`, flne o`{nc` j}~ o`{z`x`c }n{tnk~} }n{af}jr`tj ~c}~o tnhn{` knon{g` mnch`c k`jo o`{nc` }jm`o a`~ ancm`y`}o`c t`cotj# ;# Af}jr`tj ~c}~o ancm`y`}o`c tnt~`}~ % @dejnrnanc} Af}jr`}jfc*
Af}jr`tj jcj `o`c a~cd~l on}jo` tntnf{`ch t`ch`} anchjchjco`c tnt~`}~# Dfc}fecz` on}jo` tnf{`ch o`{z`x`c anlje`} o`{z`x`c l`jc z`ch tnm`ch anchncm`{`j afkjl anx`e, l`l~ a~cd~l af}jr`tj m`l`a mj{j o`{z`x`c }n{tnk~} ~c}~o anch~ay~lo`c ~`ch mnch`c }~g~`c `oej{ anaknlj afkjl anx`e }n{tnk~}# 4# Af}jb`tj m`{j m`l`a mj{j tncmj{j % Jccn{ Jccn{ Af}jr`}jfc*
Af}jr`tj jcj a~cd~l mjtnk`ko`c flne mf{fch`c m`{j m`l`a mj{jcz` tncmj{j# Kj`t`cz` jccn{ af}jr`}jfc tn{jch kn{o`j}`c mnch`c }~g~`c ejm~y, djc}`, m`c tnk`h`jcz`# G`mj jccn{ af}jr`}jfc }jm`o `o`c a~cd~l knhj}~ t`g`# Af}jr`tj z`ch y`ljch t~t`e a~cd~l `m`l`e jccn{ af}jr`}jfc, o`{nc` af}jr`tj m`}`ch knc`{!knc`{ m`{j m`l`a mj{j tncmj{j#
># Mjtjyljc On{g` >#0# Ynchn{}j`c Mjtjyljc On{g`
Mjtjyljc `m`l`e onhj`}`c a`c`gnanc ~c}~o ancg`l`co`c t}`cm`{!t}`cm`{ f{h`cjt`tjfc`l# Tnd`{` n}jfaflfhjt, o`}` “mjtjyljc‑ kn{`t`l m`{j o`}` L`}jc “mjdjyljc`‑ z`ch kn{`{}j l`}je`c `}`~ yncmjmjo`c ontfy`c`c m`c on{fe`cj`c tn{}` ynchnak`ch`c }`kj`} %Af~ojg`}, 0:5= m`l`a A~e`jajc, ;99=*# Mjtjyljc on{g` m`y`} mj`{}jo`c tnk`h`j t~`}~ tjo`y m`c yn{jl`o~ z`ch mjl`o~o`c tnd`{` t~o`{nl` mnch`c ync~e ont`m`{`c m`c ontnmj``c anchjo~}j yn{`}~{`c!yn{`}~{`c z`ch }nl`e mj}n}`yo`c flne yn{~t`e``c `}`~ `}`t`c, k`jo }n{}~ljt a`~y~c }jm`o }n{}~ljt %[fkkjct, 0:5; m`l`a M# @{zt`cmj, ;99=* Mjtjyljc on{g` g~h` mj`{}jo`c tnk`h`j tjo`y on}``}`c tntnf{`ch }n{e`m`y t~`}~ `}~{`c & on}nc}~`c z`ch kn{l`o~ m`l`a f{h`cjt`tj z`j}~ anchh`k~cho`c mj{j m`l`a f{h`cjt`tj j}~ `}`t m`t`{ `m`cz` ont`m`{`c m`c onjctz`b`c k~o`c o`{nc` `m`cz` ~ct~{ y`ot``c %X`{tfcf, 0::8 70=8 m`l`a M# O~t~a`x`{cj, ;998*#
04
Anc~{~} M`rjt %;99;* m`l`a E# C`{afmf m`c X`gmj %;99=*, mjtjyljc `m`l`e }jcm`o`c a`c`gnanc ~c}~o anakn{jo`c tna`ch`} ony`m` ynl`ot`c``c t}`cm`{ f{h`cjt`tj, jcj `m`l`e ynl`}je`c z`ch anch`{`e y`m` ~y`z` anaknc`{o`c m`c anljk`}o`c ynchn}`e~`c!ynchn}`e~`c tjo`y m`c yn{jl`o~ ynh`x`j tnejchh` `m` ona`~`c y`m` mj{j ~c}~o anc~g~ y`m` on{g`t`a` m`c y{nt}`tj z`ch lnkje k`jo# Tnm`cho`c m`{j t~m~} y`cm`ch Rnj}ew`l [jr`l %;994 7 ===* m`l`a Y# Encm`{ %;99:*, mjtjyljc on{g` `m`l`e t~`}~ `l`} z`ch mjh~c`o`c y`{` a`c`gn{ ~c}~o kn{ofa~cjo`tj kn{ofa~cjo`tj mnch`c o`{z`x`c o `{z`x`c `h`{ an{no` kn{tnmj` ~c}~o anch~k`e t~`}~ ~y`z` ~c}~o ancjcho`}o`c ont`m`{`c m`c ontnmj``c tntnf{`ch anc}``}j tna~` yn{`}~{`c yn{~t`e``c yn{~t`e``c m`c cf{a`!cf{a` cf{ a`!cf{a` tftj`l z`ch kn{l`o~# M`{j knkn{`y` yncm`y`} }n{tnk~}, m`y`} mj`akjl ontjay~l`c k`ex` mjtjyljc an{~y`o`c on}``}`c tntnf{`ch `}`~ tnonlfayfo f{`ch z`ch tnt~`j y{ftnm~{ tn{}` }n{e`m`y yn{`}~{`c k`jo tnd`{` }n{}~ljt a`~y~c }jm`o }n{}~ljt, z`ch }n{x~g~m m`l`a tjo`y,
yn{jl`o~,
m`c
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on}n{`}~{`c,
one`{afcjt`c, }jm`o `m` yn{tnljtje`c, tn{}` on`m``c!on`m``c k`jo l`jccz`## Mnch`c `m`cz` tjo`y mjtjyljc z`ch }jchhj m`l`a knon{g` a`o` mje`{`yo`c }~g~`c f{h`cjt`tj m`y`} }n{d`y`j#
>#; @tyno!`tyno Mjtjyljc On{g`
@a{j`cz m`l`a Y# Encm`{ %;99:* ancznk~}o`c ancznk~}o`c `tyno!`tyno `tyno!`tyno mjtjyljc on{g` z`j}~ 7 0# One`mj{`c Tntnf{`ch mjg`mx`lo`c e`{~t e`mj{ }ny`} y`m` x`o}~cz` x `o}~cz` on}jo` knon{g`# ;# X`o}~ on{g` X`o}~ on{g` an{~y`o`c g`cho` x`o}~ t``} ynon{g` z`ch kn{t`cho~}`c e`{~t e`mj{ ~c}~o ana~l`j ynon{g``c, x`o}~ jt}j{`e`}, m`c `oej{ ynon{g``c# 4# Ony`}~e`c }n{e`m`y yn{jc}`e Z`j}~ gjo` tntnf{`ch anl`o~o`c `y` z`ch mjo`}`o`c `}`~ mjyn{jc}`eo`c ony`m`cz`# =# Ony`}~e`c }n{e`m`y yn{`}~{`c Yn{`}~{`c!yn{`}~{`c z`ch mj}n}`yo`c flne yn{~t`e``c an{~y`o`c }~c}~}`c k`hj o`{z`x`c `h`{ y`}~e, tnejchh` m`y`} anaknc}~o yn{jl`o~ z`ch ananc~ej t}`cm`{ yn{~t`e``c# ># Y{fm~o}jrj}`t on{g` Y{fm~o}jrj}`t on{g` z`j}~ anche`tjlo`c lnkje k`cz`o m`c kn{o~`lj}`t lnkje k`jo, mnch`c ~t`e` z`ch t`a`#
0=
>#4# Gncjt!Gncjt Mjtjyljc On{g`
Anc~{~} H#[# ]n{{z %0::4 7 ;05* m`l`a Mxj O~t~a`x`{m`cj, ;998, mjtjyljc on{g` m`y`} }jak~l m`{j mj{j tncmj{j m`c m`{j yn{jc}`e, z`ch }n{mj{j m`{j 7 `# Tnlb Jcyftnm Mjdjyljcn Z`j}~ mjtjyljc z`ch }jak~l m`{j mj{j tncmj{j `}`t m`t`{ t~o` {nl`, ont`m`{`c m`c k~o`c }jak~l `}`t m`t`{ y`ot``c# Mjtjyljc jcj }jak~l o`{nc` tntnf{`ch an{`t` }nl`e ancg`mj k`hj`c m`{j f{h`cjt`tj tnejchh` f{`ch `o`c }n{h~h`e e`}jcz` ~c}~o t`m`{ m`c tnd`{` t~o`{nl` ananc~ej tnh`l` yn{`}~{`c z`ch kn{l`o~# k# Dfaa`cm Mjdjyljcn
Z`j}~ mjtjyljc z`ch }jak~l o`{nc` y`ot``c, yn{jc}`e m`c e~o~a`c tn{}` ono~`t``c# G`mj mjtjyljc jcj k~o`c }jak~l o`{nc` yn{`t``c joel`t m`c ont`m`{`c `o`c }n}`yj }jak~l o`{nc` `m`cz` y`ot``c m`{j f{`ch l`jc#
>#=# Yncmjtjyljc`c
M`l`a tn}j`y f{h`cjt`tj z`ch mjjchjco`c `m`l`e gncjt mjtjyljc z`ch }jak~l m`{j mj{j tncmj{j `}`t m`t`{ on{nl``c m`c ont`m`{`c# @o`c }n}`yj m`l`a oncz`}``c tnl`l~ ancz`}`o`c k`ex` mjtjyljc j}~ lnkje k`cz`o mjtnk`ko`c `m`cz` y`ot``c m`{j l~`{# @{}jcz` yn{jl`o~ mjtjyljc o`{z`x`c tnk`hj`c knt`{ an{~y`o`c tnt~`}~ z`ch }jm`o a~cd~l mnch`c tncmj{jcz`, }n}`yj yn{l~ mjknc}~o# Flne o`{nc` j}~, ynaknc}~o`c yn{jl`o~ mjtjyljc on{g`, anc~{~} anc~{~} Dfaajcht %0:5=* m`l`a A~e`jajc %;99=* m`y`} mjl`o~o`c anl`l~j m~` d`{`, z`j}~ 7 0# Mjtjyljc Y{nrnc}jb % Y{nrnc}jrn Y{nrnc}jrn Mjtdjyljcn*
An{~y`o`c }jcm`o`c z`ch mj`akjl ~c}~o ancmf{fch y`{` o`{z`x`c `h`{ anchjo~}j kn{k`h`j t}`cm`{m m`c `}~{`c, tn{}` cf{a`!cf{a` z`ch `m` tnejchh` ynl`chh`{`c m`y`} mjdnh`e# ]~g~`ccz` `m`l`e ~c}~o anayn{}jchhj ont`m`{`c ynon{g` }nc}`ch onkjg`ot`c`c m`c yn{`}~{`c ynch`l`a`c on{g`cz`# ;# Mjtjyljc Of{no}jb %Df{{nd}jrn Mjtdjyljcn*
@m`l`e }jcm`o`c z`ch mj`akjl ~c}~o anc`ch`cj ynl`chh`{`c }n{e`m`y `}~{`c!`}~{`c tnejchh` mje`{`yo`c yn{jl`o~ o`{z`x`c mj a`t` z`ch `o`c m`}`ch m`y`} ana`}~ej `}~{`c m`c cf{a` z`ch kn{l`o~# Onhj`}`c of{no}jb jcj m`y`} kn{~y` e~o~a`c `}`~ }jcm`o`c yncmjtjyljc`c % mjtdjyljcn `d}jfc* z`ch x~g~mcz` m`y`} kn{~y` yn{jch`}`c `}`~ kn{~y` tdef{tjch %E`cmfof, 0::2 7 0;: m`l`a Mxj O~t~a`x`{m`cj, ;998 7 08*
0>
>#># Y{jctjy!Y{jctjy Mjtjyljc On{g`
^c}~o anchofcmjtjo`c o`{z`x`c yn{~t`e``c `h`{ kn{tjo`y mjtjyljc, a`o` }n{m`y`} knkn{`y` y{jctjy yncmjtjyljc`c tnk`h`j kn{jo~} 7 0# Yncmjtjyljc`c mjl`o~o`c tnd`{` y{jk`mj#
Yncmjtjyljc`c jcj mjl`o~o`c mnch`c anchejcm`{j ancnh~{ ont`l`e`c mj mny`c f{`ch k`cz`o `h`{ o`{z`x`c z`ch kn{t`cho~}`c }jm`o an{`t` a`l~ m`c t`oj} e`}j# ;# Yncmjtjyljc`c e`{~t kn{tjb`} anak`ch~c#
Tnl`jc anc~cg~oo`c ont`l`e`c z`ch }nl`e mjl`o~o`c e`{~tl`e mjjo~}j mnch`c yn{}~cg~o d`{` ynand`e`ccz` z`ch kn{tjb`} anak`ch~c tnejchh` o`{z`x`c }jm`o an{`t` kjch~ch m`l`a anayn{k`joj ont`l`e`c z`ch }nl`e mjl`o~o`c# 4# Yncmjtjyljc`c m`y`} mjl`o~o`c tnd`{` l`cht~ch mnch`c tnhn{`#
T~`}~ }jcm`o`c z`ch mjl`o~o`c mnch`c tnhn{` tn}nl`e }n{k~o}j `m`cz` ont`l`e`c tnejchh` o`{z`x`c m`y`} anch~k`e tjo`ycz` tndny`} a~chojc# =# On`mjl`c m`l`a yncmjtjyljc`c t`ch`} mjyn{l~o`c#
]jcm`o`c yncmjtjyljc`c e`{~t mjl`o~o`c tnd`{` `mjl }`cy` yjlje o`tje# Tj`y`y~c z`ch }nl`e anl`o~o`c ont`l`e`c e`{~t ancm`y`} }jcm`o`c yncmjtjyljc`c tnd`{` `mjl }`cy` anaknm`!knm`o`c# anaknm`!knm`o`c# ># Yjayjc`c encm`ocz` }jm`o tne`{~tcz` anakn{jo`c yncmjtjyljc`c y`m` x`o}~ k`x`e`c tnm`ch `ktnc#
Yncmjtjyljc`c encm`ocz` mjl`o~o`c mj e`m`y`c o`{z`x`c z`ch kn{t`cho~}`c tnd`{` y{jk`mj `h`{ }`e~ ont`l`e`c z`ch }nl`e mjl`o~o`ccz`# 2# Tn}nl`e yncmjtjyljc`c tjo`y m`{j yjayjc`c e`{~tl`e x`g`{ onak`lj#
Tjo`y x`g`{ encm`ol`e mjl`o~o`c yjayjc`c }n{e`m`y o`{z`x`c z`ch }nl`e anl`o~o`c ont`l`e`c }n{tnk~} y{ftnt on{g` m`y`} kn{g`l`c l`cd`{ onak`lj m`c }jm`o o`o~ m`l`a kn{tjo`y %[`c~y`cmfzf, 0::4 7 ;=0 m`l`a Mxj O~t~a`{m`cj, ;998 7 05*#
Tna~` onhj`}`c yncmjtjyljc`c }n{tnk~} }nc}~l`e e`{~t kn{tjb`} yftj}jb m`c }jm`o ana`}`eo`c tna`ch`} on{g` y`{` o`{z`x`c g~h` e`{~t kn{tjb`} ancmjmjo m`c anchf{notj ononlj{~`c `h`{ mj a`t` m`}`ch }jm`o }n{~l`ch onak`lj ont`l`e`c! ont`l`e`c z`ch t`a`#
02
2#4# Jcmjo`}f{!jcmjo`}f{ Onmjtjyljc`c
Y`m` m`t`{cz` k`cz`o jcmjo`}f{ z`ch anaynch`{~ej }jcho`} onmjtjyljc`c o`{z`x`c t~`}~ f{h`cjt`tj, mj `c}`{`cz` 7 – 0# ]~g~`c m`c Ona`ay~`c ]~g~`c %ynon{g``c* z`ch mjknk`co`c ony`m` o`{z`x`c e`{~t tnt~`j mnch`c ona`ay~`c o`{z`x`c kn{t`cho~}`c, `h`{ mj` knon{g` t~chh~e!t~ahh~e m`c mjtjyljc m`l`a anchn{g`o`ccz`# anchn{g`o`ccz`# ;# ]nl`m`c Yjayjc`c Mnch`c }nl`m`c onynajayjc`c z`ch k`jo, onmjtjyljc`c k`x`e`c y~c `o`c jo~} k`jo# Tnk`ljocz` gjo` }nl`m`c yjayjc`c o~{`ch k`jo %o~{`ch mjtjyljc*, y`{` k`x`e`c y~c `o`c o~{`ch mjtjyljc# 4# K`l`t G`t` K`l`t g`t` %h`gj m`c ontng`e}n{``c* m`y`} anaynch`{~ej onmjtjyljc`c o`{z`x`c o`{nc` k`l`t g`t` `o`c anakn{jo`c ony~`t`c m`c ancjcho`}o`c lfz`lj}`t o`{z`x`c }n{e`m`y yn{~t`e``c# =# On`mjl`c On`mjl`c z`ch mjg`mjo`c tnk`h`j m`t`{ onkjg`o`c m`l`a ynakn{j`c k`l`t g`t` %{nx`{m * `}`~ e~o~a`c % y~cjteanc} * `o`c ancmf{fch }n{djy}`cz` onmjtjyljc`c o`{z`x`c z`ch lnkje k`jo# ># Ynch`x`t`c Anlno`} @}`t`c e`{~t tnc`c}j`t` `o}jb m`c l`cht~ch anch`x`tj yn{jl`o~, af{`l, tjo`y, h`j{`e on{g`, m`c y{nt}`tj on{g` k`x`e`ccz`# 2# T`cotj E~o~a`c Mnch`c t`cotj e~o~a`c z`ch tna`ojc kn{`}, o`{z`x`c `o`c tna`ojc }`o~} ~c}~o anl`chh`{ yn{`}~{`c!yn{`}~{`c yn{~t`e``c, yn{~t`e``c, tnejchh` tjo`y m`c yn{jl`o~ o`{z`x`c z`ch }jm`o mjtjyljc `o`c kn{o~{`ch# 8# On}nh`t`c On}nh`t`c yjayjc`c m`l`a anche~o~a tn}j`y o`{z`x`c z`ch }jm`o mjtjyljc `o`c anx~g~mo`c }jcho`} onmjtjyljc`c z`ch lnkje k`jo y`m` yn{~t`e``c }n{tnk~}# 5# E~k~ch`c Ona`c~tj``c ]n{djy}`cz` e~k~ch`c `c`}`{ a`c~tj` z`ch tn{`tj `o`c anx~g~mo`c ljcho~ch`c m`c t~`t`c` on{g` z`ch cz`a`c# Onmjtjyljc`c o`{z`x`c `o`c }n{djy}` `y`kjl` e~k~ch`c ona`c~tj``c m`l`a f{h`cjt`tj }n{tnk~} k`jo %E`tjk~`c, ;999 7 0:; m`l`a Y{ja` Encm`{, ;99: 7 40 *#
08
K# ]nl``e Lj}n{`}~{
Yncnlj}j`c!yncnlj}j`c tnknl~acz` % y{nljajc`{z {ntn`{de * z`ch anch`c`ljt` }nc}`ch af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` `c}`{` l`jc 7 0# Yncnlj}j`c @wnna A`eaffm m`c [jwx`c T`lnna %;909*
M`l`a yncnlj}j`c an{no` z`ch kn{g~m~l “@ [ntn`{de T}~mz fc ]en Nbbnd} fb Xf{o Af}jr`}jfc fc Gfk T`}jtb`d}jfc‑ anczjay~lo`c k`ex` 7 “]en{n jt yftj}jrn {nl`}jfctejy kn}xnnc }en af}jr`}jfc `cm gfk t`}jtb`d}jfc‑ # C`a~c e~k~ch`c `c}`{`
af}jr`tj on{g` m`c ony~`t`c on{g` }n{tnk~} }jm`o knhj}~ tjhcjbjo`c# Tnejchh` an{no` anch`}`o`c 7 “]en{n a~t} kn tfan f}en{ r`{j`klnt }e`} `{n jc}n{rncjch jc f~{ afmnl `cm a`ojch dfc}{jk~}jfc `} ` tjhcjbjd`c} lnrnl‑ #
;# Yncnlj}j`c A~e`jajc %;99=*
A~e`jajc anl`o~o`c yncnlj}j`c anchnc`j e~k~ch`c `c}`{` ony~`t`c on{g` mnch`c mjtjyljc on{g` mnch`c g~m~l 7 “E~k~ch`c “ E~k~ch`c @c}`{` Ony~`t`c On{g` Mnch`c Mjtjyljc On{g` O`{z`x`c Fyn{`}f{ Te`xjch Dfay~}n{ K`hj`c Y{fm~otj Y`m` Y] Y{ja`{jcmf @tj` Jcb{`t}{~o}~{ ]ko Mj K`cm~ch‑# E`tjl m`{j yncnlj}j`c jcj `m`l`e }n{cz`}` `tyno ony~`t`c on{g` k`jo `tyno ezhjncn b`d}f{ a`~y~c `tyno af}jr`}f{ b`d}f{ anay~cz`j of{nl`tj z`ch yftj}jb m`c tjhjcjbjo`c mnch`c `tyno mjtjyljc on{g`#
4#
Yncnlj}j`c Mfc`lm Y# Afzcje`c m`c T`cg`z O# Y`cmnz%;998*
M`l`a yncnlj}j`c an{no` z`ch kn{g~m~l “Bjcmjch Xf{o`kln Lnrn{t frn{ Xf{o Af}jr`}jfc 7 Dfay`{jch Gfk T`}jtb`d}jfc, Gfk Jcrflrnanc} `cm F{h`cjw`}jfc`l `c`hn{t e`rn r`{zjch mnh{nnt fb Dfaaj}anc}‑ Dfaaj}anc}‑ an{no` anczjay~lo`c k`ex` 7 “A `c`hn{t jcbl~ncdn frn{ }entn mjbbn{nc} `tynd}t fb xf{o af}jr`}jfc, xj}e h{n`}nt} jcbl~ncdn frn{ gfk t`}jtb`d}jfc `cm ln`t} jcbl~ncdn frn{ gfk jcrflrnanc}# @ c~akn{ fb r`{j`klnt `{n jayf{}`c} bf{ xf{o af}jr`}jfc, jcdl~mjch y~kljd tn{rjdn af}jr`}jfc, `mr`cdnanc} fyyf{}~cj}jnt, {fln dl`{j}z, gfk {f~}jcncntt, `cm h{f~y d~l}~{n‑#
=# Yncnlj}j`c Mxj O~t~a`x`{cj %;998*
Mxj O~t~a`x`{cj ancnlj}j ynch`{~e tna`ch`} on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m` y{fm~o}jrj}`t on{g` o`{z`x`c y`m` YM@A O`k~y`}nc O~m~t# E`tjl yncnlj}j`ccz` `m`l`e `m` ynch`{~e yftj}jb `c}`{` tna`ch`} on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m`y y{fm~o}jrj}`t on{g` o`{z`x`c y`m` YM@A o`k~y`}nc O~m~t#
05
># Yncnlj}j`c @mnzjco` ]nll`, D#F# @zncj, T#F# Yfyffl`, Ye#M %;998*
Yncnlj}j`c
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kn{g~m~l
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on{g`, ony~`t`c on{g` m`c ofaj}anc f{h`cjt`tj m`l`a ancd`y`j }~g~`c# Yncnlj}j`c jcj anczjay~lo`c 7 “ Jc f{mn{ }f a`on naylfznnt t`}jtbjnm `cm dfaaj}}nm }f }enj{ gfkt jc `d`mnajd `cm {ntn`{de ljk{`{jnt, }en{n jt cnnm bf{ t}{fch `cm nbbnd}jrn af}jr`}jfc `}}en r`{jf~t lnrnlt, mny`{}anc}t, `cm tnd}jfct fb }en ljk{`{z‑#
YNCHNAK@CH@C EJYF]NTJT
@# Mnbjcjtj R`{j`knl Fyn{`tjfc`l 0# R`{j`knl Knk`t % Jcmnyncmnc} R`{j`kln* `# Af}jr`tj On{g`
Af}jr`tj on{g` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt m`y`} mjcjl`j anl`l~j ynanc~e`c onk~}~e`c bjtjo, ynanc~e`c onk~}~e`c on`a`c`c m`c ontnl`a`}`c, ynanc~e`c onk~}~e`c tftj`l, ynanc~e`c onk~}~e`c t}`}~t & ono~`t``c %tnlb nt}nna*, m`c ynanc~e`c onk~}~e`c `o}~`ljt`tj mj{j tnt~`j mnch`c ]nf{j Ejn{`{oj Onk~}~e`c @k{`e`a A`tlfx %E`tjk~`c, ;994 7 09>!098 m`l`a Y{ja` Encm`{, ;99:*# k# Mjtjyljc On{g`
Mnch`c `m`cz` mjtjyljc on{g` `o`c m`y`} kn{ynch`{~e }n{e`m`y y{fm~o}jrj}`t on{g` o`{z`x`c kn{~y` ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c z`ch k`jo# Mjtjyljc on{g` m`y`} mjcjl`j mnch`c ony`}~e`c y`m` yn{`}~{`c yn{~t`e``c, on}ny`}`c m`c ontnt~`j`c m`l`a ancn{`yo`c t}{`}nhj mn}`jljch, m`c on}ny`}`c x`o}~ }n{e`m`y k`}`t x`o}~ %mn`mljcn* ~c}~o ancd`y`j }`{hn} yncg~`l`c#
;# R`{j`knl ]n{jo`} % Mnyncmnc} R`{j`kln*
Ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c `o`c mjh~c`o`c tnk`h`j r`{j`knl }n{jo`} % mnyncmnc} r`{j`kln* mj m`l`a yncnlj}j`c jcj# Anch`d~ y`m` yncm`y`} K`t~ Tx`t}` %0::9 7
=94* m`l`a Tn}zf [jcj %;99>* jcmjo`}f{ z`ch mjh~c`o`c m`l`a ynch~o~{`c ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c z`ch an{~y`o`c }~g~`c m`{j yncg~`l`c anljy~}j o~`c}j}`t %rfl~an* yncg~`l`c, l`k` yncg~`l`c, m`c yn{}~ak~e`c yncg~`l`c yn{~t`e``c#
0:
K# On{`cho` Kn{yjoj{
]~g~`c m`{j t~`}~ yn{~t`e``c `m`l`e ~c}~o anayn{flne on~c}~ch`c# ]~g~`c }n{tnk~} m`y`} mjyn{flne `y`kjl` yncg~`l`c ancjcho`}# ^c}~o ancjcho`}o`c g~al`e yncg~`l`c oe~t~tcz` mj yn{~t`e``c b`{a`tj, mjyn{l~o`c `m`cz` }nc`h` on{g` z`ch m`y`} anakn{jo`c jcbf{a`tj z`ch knc`{ }n{~}`a` mj kjm`ch fk`} n}ejd`l ony`m` y`{` y{`o}jtj ontne`}`c# ]nc`h` on{g` z`ch anl`o~o`c yna`t`{`c }n{tnk~} z`j}~ y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt e`{~tl`e anajljoj on`elj`c, on}n{`ayjl`c m`c ynchn}`e~`c m`l`a
knon{g`# @y`kjl` }nc`h` on{g` }n{tnk~} }jm`o anajljoj on`elj`c m`c on}n{`ayjl`c m`l`a kn{ofa~cjo`tj kn{ofa~cjo`tj tn{}` ynchn}`e~`c ynchn}`e~`c `o`c y{fm~o `y` z`ch `o`c mjt`ay`jo`c }nc}~cz` `o`c anak~`} }`{hn} `~mjncdn m`l`a e`l jcj y`{` y{`o}jtj ontne`}`c `o`c ancg`mj {`h~ m`l`a anajlje y{fm~o }n{tnk~} m`c `o`c kn{`ojk`} anc~{~co`c yncg~`l`c m`c an{~hjo`c yn{~t`e``c#
Ona`ay~`c
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y{fm~ocz` m`c ancjcho`}o`c yncg~`l`ccz` t`ch`}l`e mjynch`{~ej flne kn{k`h`j b`o}f{ k`jo z`ch kn{e~k~ch`c mnch`c mj{j y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt j}~ tncmj{j a`~y~c b`o}f{!b`o}f{ l`jccz`, tnyn{}j l`}`{ knl`o`ch yncmjmjo`c, on}{`ayjl`c, mjtjyljc, af}jr`tj, tjo`y m`c n}jo` on{g`, hjwj m`c ontne`}`c, }jcho`} ynche`tjl`c, g`ajc`c ljcho~ch`c m`c jolja on{g`, t`{`c`, a`c`gnanc m`c ontnay`}`c kn{y{nt}`tj# Yncg~`l`c z`ch }jchhj m`y`} mjd`y`j flne anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt z`ch anay~cz`j af}jr`tj m`c mjtjyljc on{g` z`ch }jchhj m`l`a anl`ot`c`o`c }~h`t m`c onx`gjk`ccz`
ana`t`{o`c
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ona`ay~`c knon{g` tn{}` knon{g` t`a` z`ch tnd`{` }jm`o l`cht~ch `o`c ancjcho`}o`c yncg~`l`c yn{~t`e``c# Tna`ch`} on{g` z`ch }jchhj `o`c }n{dn{ajc kn{~y` ontnmj``c knon{g` on{`t mnch`c t~chh~e!t~chh~e, }no~c m`c kn{h`j{`e, knon{g` mnch`c tnc`ch m`c kn{}`chh~ch g`x`k }n{e`m`y }~h`t, `m`cz` e~k~ch`c z`ch e`{afcjt m`c knon{g` t`a` m`l`a knon{g` z`ch mjm~o~ch mnch`c ofcmjtj ljcho~ch`c on{g` z`ch k`jo m`c ontnay`}`c anchnak`cho`c anchnak`cho`c mj{j# Af}jr`tj on{g` e`{~t mjm~o~ch mnch`c mjtjyljc on{g`# @y`kjl` af}jr`tj on{g` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt }jchhj }n}`yj }jm`o anajljoj onmjtjyljc`c on{g` z`ch }jchhj a`o`
ona`ay~`c z`ch mjajljojcz` y~c }jm`o `o`c `m` e`tjlcz` o`{nc` an{no` }jm`o `o`c knon{g` tnt~`j mnch`c t}`cm`{ z`ch mjjchjco`c yn{~t`e``c# Mnch`c o`}` l`jc, b`o}f{ l`jc z`ch m`y`} anaynch`{~ej }jcho`} yncg~`l`c `m`l`e mjtjyljc on{g`# Mjtjyljc on{g` m`y`} mjo`}`o`c k`jo `y`kjl` y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt y`}~e y`m` yn{`}~{`c yn{~t`e``c, m`y`} anl`ot`c`o`c t}{`}nhj mn}`jljch tnt~`j t}`cm`{, }`chh~ch g`x`k z`ch }jchhj, m`c m`y`} ana`cb``}o`c x`o}~ mnch`c nbno}jb m`c nbjtjnc tnt~`j mnch`c }`{hn} yncg~`l`c#
;9
Ync~ljt kn{`t~atj k`ex` mnch`c ancjcho`}cz` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt `o`c kn{ynch`{~e y~l` mnch`c ancjcho`}cz` `cho` yncg~`l`c#
Tj}~`tj m`c ofcmjtj ljcho~ch`c, {`t` }`chh~ch g`x`k m`c e`{h` mj{j, yncn{`y`c mnafo{`tj z`ch }ny`} m`l`a }~h`t ynon{g``c anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt `o`c ancjcho`}o`c af}jr`tj on{g`# Af}jr`tj m`c mjtjyljc on{g` z`ch }jchhj m`{j y`{` anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt `o`c ancjcho`}o`c yncg~`l`c, tnm`cho`c ejl`chcz` af}jr`tj m`c mjtjyljc on{g` `o`c kn{ynch`{~e y`m` nbjtjnctj on{g` m`c nbno}jrj}`t }~h`t ynon{g``c z`ch `oej{cz` `o`c an{~hjo`c yn{~t`e``c# Kn{m`t`{o`c }nf{j!}nf{j mj`}`t m`y`} mjona~o`o`c k`ex` }n{ m`y`} ynch`{~e `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c, tnk`h`j on{`cho` ynajoj{`c yncz~t~c`c yncz~t~c`c yncnlj}j`c z`ch m`y`} mjh`ak`{o`c tnk`h`j kn{jo~} 7
AF]JR@TJ ON[G@ %U 0* Jcmjo`}f{ 7 Ynanc~e`c Onk~}~e`c Bjtjo Ynanc~e`c Onk~}~e`c On`a`c`c m`c Ontnl`a`}`c Ynanc~e`c Onk~}~e`c Tftj`l Ynanc~e`c Onk~}~e`c T}`}~t & Ono~`t``c
OJCN[G@ YNCG^@L@C %Z*
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D# Ejyf}ntjt Yncnlj}j`c Ejyf}ntjt m`y`} mjmnbjcjtjo`c tnk`h`j e~k~ch`c z`ch mjyn{oj{`o`c tnd`{` l fhjt mj `c}`{` m~` r`{j`kln `}`~ lnkje z`ch mj~cho`yo`c m`l`a knc}~o yn{cz`}``c z`ch m`y`} mj~gj %^a` Tno`{`c , ;994*# Ejyf}ntjt jcj mjk`hj ancg`mj ejyf}ntjt cfl m`c ejyf}ntjt `l}n{c`}jb# Ejyf}ntjt cfl %c~ll ezyf}entnt* z`j}~ yn{cz`}``c m~` `}`~ lnkje r`{j`knl z`ch }jm`o `m` e~k~ch`ccz` `}`~ }jm`o t`ljch anaynch`{~ej, tnm`cho`c ejyf}ntjt `l}n{c`}jb `m`l`e yn{cz`}``c z`ch anch~cho`y`c `m`cz` e~k~ch`c `c}`{` m~` r`{j`kln `}`~ lnkje# M`l`a yncnlj}j`c jcj ync~ljt anch`g~o`c ejyf}ntjt tnk`h`j kn{jo~} 7
Ejyf}ntjt Cfl % E 9 * 7 Ef 7 ]jm`o `m` ynch`{~e `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c anmjd`l 0
{ny{ntnc}`}jrnt y`m` Y]# M`{z` R`{j` K`cm~ch#
Ef; 7 ]jm`o `m` ynch`{~e `c}`{` mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt y`m` Y]# M`{z` R`{j` K`cm~ch#
Ef 7 ]jm`o `m` ynch`{~e `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` 4
yncg~`l`c anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt y`m` Y]# M`{z` R`{j` K`cm~ch#
Ejyf}ntjt `l}n{c`}jrn % E` * 7 E` 7 @m` ynch`{~e `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c anmjd`l 0
{ny{ntnc}`}jrnt y`m` Y]# M`{z` R`{j` K`cm~ch#
E`
;
7 @m` ynch`{~e `c}`{` mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` yncg~`l`c anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt y`m` Y]# M`{z` R`{j` K`cm~ch#
E` 7 @m` Ynch`{~e `c}`{` af}jr`tj on{g` m`c mjtjyljc on{g` }n{e`m`y ojcn{g` 4
yncg~`l`c anmjd`l {ny{ntnc}`}jrnt y`m` Y]# M`{z` R`{j` K`cm~ch#
;;