Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca Dipartimento di Informatica, Sistemistica e Comunicazione Corso di laurea in Informatica
Progetto e realizzazione di una distribuzione Linux a scopi didattici Relatore: Luca Bernardinello Co-relatore: Claudio Ferretti
Relazione della prova finale di: Federico Valentini Valentini Matricola 726584
Anno Accademico Accademico 2012-2013
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Indice 1 Intro duzione
1
1.1
Problema affrontato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
1.2
Obiettivi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.3 1.3
Chee cos’ Ch os’`e una distri tribuzi uzione Liv Live? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
1.4 1.4
Pan anooram ramica distrib ribuzioni Live esi esisten tenti . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
1.4.1
Tiny Core Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
1.4.2
Kali Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
2 GNU/Linux: da ieri ad oggi
5
2.1
La storia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
2.2
Kernel: la la sua architettura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
3 Progettaz Progettazione ione e costru costruzione zione di di una distribuz distribuzione ione a fini didattici 3.1 3.1
3.2 3.2
11
Introd troduz uziione a Lin Linux From rom Scra Scrattch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1.1
Che cos’`e? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
3.1. 3.1.22
Perc erch´e Lin Linux From rom Scra Scratc tch? h? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3.1. 3.1.33
Andare are oltre tre Linux From rom Scra Scrattch . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Prep Prepaarazi razion onee dell’amb ambiente ente di lavoro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.2.1
Prerequisiti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3.2. 3.2.22
Creaz reaziione del della parti artizi zion onee LFS
3.2.3
Creazione del file system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.2. 3.2.44
Mon onttare la nuo uov va pa parrtizi tizioone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
. . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
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ii
INDICE 3.2.6 3.3
Ultime preparazioni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Costruzione del sistema LFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3.1
Introduzione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.3. 3.3.22
Cost Co stru ruzi zion onee di un sist sistem emaa temp tempor oran aneo eo . . . . . . . . . 20
3.3.3
Costruzione di LFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.3. 3.3.44
Impos Imposta tazi zion onee scri script pt d’a d’avvio vvio del del sist sistem emaa . . . . . . . . . 24
3.4 Person Personali alizzaz zzazion ionee del sistema sistema : Beyond Beyond Linux Linux From From Scratc Scratch h . . 29 3.4.1
Introduzione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.2
Post LFS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.4.3
Una prima analisi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3.4.4
Interfaccia grafica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 Conclusioni e sviluppo futuro
39
4.1
Problemi incontrati . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
4.2
Possibili sviluppi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Bibliografia
41
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Capitolo 1 Introduzione
1.1 1.1
Prob Proble lema ma affro affron ntato tato
Il problema problema affrontato affrontato in questo stage `e stata la progettazione progettazione e la costruzione di un sistema GNU/Linux autonomo e funzionante partendo dalla compilazione dei sorgenti che lo compongono. Per fare ci´ o ho utilizzato il libro Linux libro Linux From Scratch 1 di Gerard Beekmans nel quale vengono fornite tutte le informazioni per la creazione di un sistema Linux Linux minimal minimalee da seguire seguire passo a passo. passo. [1] Dopodi Dop odich´ ch´e la l a mia m ia attenzione atten zione si ´e spos s postata tata verso il libro li bro Beyond Linux From Scratch2 il quale presenta tutta la parte di personalizzazione del proprio sistema precedentemente creato, in base alle proprie esigenze e all’obiettivo che si vuole raggiungere. raggiun gere. [2] La cosa co sa interessante di quest’ultimo libro ´e che il lettore risulta essere totalmente indipendente, ovvero pu´ o approfondire solo le parti che decide essere utili al fine di creare la propria distribuzione, che sia un sistema utente oppure un router o un server. La filosofia di quest’ultima guida ´e appunto: you appunto: you only install what you need . 1
http://www.linuxfromscratch.org
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2
1. Intro duzione
1.2
Obiet bietti tivi vi
L’obiettivo che mi sono prefissato pre fissato ´e stata la creazione di una distribuzione che possa essere utile in ambito accademico affrontando in particolare il caso in cui uno studente si iscriva al corso di Informatica nell’Universit´ nell’Universit´ a degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca , anche se potenzialmente potrebbe essere allargata ad un qualsiasi utente iscritto ad una facolt´ a legata all’ambit all’ambitoo dell’informati dell’informatica. ca. Per Per questo questo motiv motivoo la mia idea ´e stata stata quella quella di creare creare una distrib distribuzio uzione ne desktop molto snella e veloce ma d’altra parte anche completa della parte software che ogni studente di informatica dovrebbe avere a sua disposizione per affrontare il suo persorso di studi. Analizzando tutti questi requisiti iniziali sono arrivato alla conclusione che questa distribuzione Linux doveva essere di tipo LIVE-CD tipo LIVE-CD per per potere essere eseguita in maniera indipendente in qualsiasi PC portatile e/o fisso senza dover ricorrere ad una installazione su hard disk in quanto questa distribuzione dovrebbe essere vista dall’utente come un ambiente di lavoro e non come un sistema operativo o perativo a s´e, e, anche se tecnicamente t ecnicamente risulta essere tale.
1.3
Che cos’` cos’` e una distribuzion distribuzione e Live?
“L’espressione LiveCD, Live CD o LiveDistro (per esteso distribuzione live) viene genericamente utilizzata per indicare una distribuzione di un sistema operativo in grado di essere avviato in fase di boot del computer ed eseguito senza richiederne l’installazione su hard disk.” [3] L’utilizzo di una distribuzione live nel mio caso risulta molto pi´ u conveniente in quanto l’utente non avr´ a problemi riguardanti l’installazione di un sistema operativo (es. partizione del disco) inoltre potr´ a anche utilizzare un software per l’esecuzione di una una macchina virtuale virtuale come ad esempio esempio VirtualBox3 , gratuito ed open-source disponibile per la maggior parte dei sistemi operati-
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1.4 Panoramica distribuzioni Live esistenti vi attualmente in circolazione come Windows come Windows , Linux , Macintosh e Solaris .
1.4
Panoram anoramica ica distri distribuz buzion ionii Liv Live esiste esisten nti
Possiamo affermare che i primi sistemi operativi nati, come ad esempio le prime versioni di MS-DOS di MS-DOS e APPLE DOS , erano tecnicamente dei sistemi live mi live in in quanto venivano eseguiti su un supporto di archiviazione esterno, ovvero i vecchi Floppy vecchi Floppy Disk. Disk. Possiamo per´o iniziare a parlare di vere e proprie proprie distribuzioni live con con l’avvento dei CD-ROM dei CD-ROM.. La prima distribuzione live che ebbe una notevole notoriet´ a fu KNOPPIX fu KNOPPIX4 sviluppata da da Klaus Knopper e Knopper e rilasci rilasciata ata nel 2000. Il principal principalee utilizzo utilizzo di questa distribuzione distribuzione era di rescue per sistemi che risultav risultavano danneggiati ma trov´ o largo utilizzo anche come sistema desktop per un’utenza media e diede anche la possibilit´a di scegliere se essere usato in modalit´a live da cd/dvd da cd/dvd oppure di essere installata in maniera persistente su hard-disk su hard-disk Da qui in poi si ebbe un notevole susseguirsi di nuove distribuzioni live utilizzabili per i pi´u variegati scopi, da sistemi per l’analisi forense a sistemi specializzati in rilevamenti di vulnerabilit´a, a, da sistemi adatti allo sviluppo software ad antivirus in grado di ripulire un sistema corrotto. Segue una breve descrizione di due distribuzioni Live basate su kernel Linux nux per fare capire al lettore la potenza e la elasticit´ a che questo sistema operativo pu´ o offrire partendo da una distribuzione minimale ed in grado di essere avviata in uno spettro di macchine molto ampio, ad una distribuzione molto completa e versatile utilizzata in ambito di sicurezza.
3
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4
1. Intro duzione
1.4. 1.4.1 1
Tin Tiny Core Core Lin Linux
p i´ u miniTiny Core Linux 5 ´e sicuramente una delle distribuzioni Linux pi´ mali mai create. Se viene messo a confronto risulta essere da
1 400
a
1 100
della
dimensione dei maggiori sistemi operativi utilizzati. Nonostante la sua dimensione ridottissima (il core pesa indicativamente 10MB e viene eseguito completamente in RAM) risulta essere una distribuzione molto stabile e molto customizzabile per quanto riguarda la parte software (esiste un App Browser che Browser che permette diverse tipologie di installazioni per garantire sempre un ambiente il pi´ u ottimizzato possibile) e risulta anche molto veloce e altrettanto supportato a livello di sviluppo e rilasci, il che fa di questa distribuzione un ottimo strumento di recovery di recovery ma ma anche di desktop di desktop environment .
1.4. 1.4.2 2
Kali Kali Lin Linux
Una qualsiasi persona interessata all’ambiente legato alla sicurezza informatica avr´a perlomeno sentito parlare di di Backtrack Backtrack 6, una distribuzione basata sulla struttura di Ubuntu7 /Debian8 che aveva come obiettivo quello di racchiudere in un unico sistema tutti i principali software e tools che un tester di sicurezza necessitava. Dalle ceneri cene ri di questo quest o progett pro gettoo ´e nato nat o Kali Linux9 , distribuzione che al giorno d’oggi conta pi´ u di 300 tools di penetration di penetration testing testing divisi per tipologia: dall’analisi dall’analisi di vulnerabilit´ a ai tools ai tools di exploitation , dallo sniffing dallo sniffing agli attacchi agli attacchi a rete wireless fino fino al reverse al reverse engineering e engineering e agli stress agli stress testing .
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Capitolo 2 GNU/L GNU/Lin inux ux:: da ieri ieri ad oggi oggi 2.1
La storia
Gli inizi Ideato da da Linus Torvalds, Torvalds, Linux vide uscire la sua prima versione nel settembre del 1991 come come variante di Minix , un sistema operativo creato a fini didattici dal professore professore Andrew S. Tanenbaum dell’Universit´a Vrije di Amsterdam. [4] Immediata fu la decisione, da parte di Linus, di rendere disponibile il codice sorgente del sistema operativo appena creato e questo diede vita ad una
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6
2. GNU/Linux: da ieri ad oggi
I primi sviluppi Con il passare dei primi rilasci Linux acquist´o una notevole popolarit´ a tra gli sviluppatori e la comunit´a inizi´o a crescere in maniera esponenziale sistemando i principali bug che ancora lo caratterizzavano. In questo momento Linux inizi´o ad essere considerato per la prima volta una vera e propria alternativa ai sistemi operativi gi´ a esistenti, quali Windows, Unix e Solaris. Anche se questo sistema operativo si stava man mano consolidando e stava creando intorno a s´e una realt´ a propria, il suo utilizzo trovava riscontro perlopi´ u in realt´a accademiche in quanto le procedure di installazione e configurazione risultavano molto complesse e poco adatte ad un generico utente desktop.
La crescita Durante la fine degli anni ’90, il kernel di Linux arriv´ o alla versione 2.2 e port´ o numerose novit´a quali: supporto TCP/IP, TCP/IP, multiprogrammazi multiprogrammazione, one, gestione memoria virtuale, supporto audio e file system e gestione della rete che permetteva l’analisi del traffico a livello di singoli pacchetti. Tutti questi miglioramenti non furono decisivi per entrare nel mercato de-
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2.2 Kernel: la sua architettura
L’arrivo delle distribuzioni Nonostante la notoriet´ a di Linux stesse crescendo in maniera esponenziale, il mercato dei PC risultava ancora dominato da Microsoft e Apple in quanto chi voleva installarsi Linux doveva scaricare i sorgenti, editare manualmente i file di configurazione, provvedere personalmente alla compilazione del kernel e installarsi la componente software. Chiaramente tutto questo insieme di tecnicismi scoraggiava gran parte degli utenti desktop e fu anche una spinta per gli sviluppatori di creare una procedura di installazione il pi´ u user friendly possibile. A questo punto iniziarono a nascere le distribuzioni le distribuzioni di di Linux (al momento contiamo pi´ u di 300 progetti in sviluppo1 ), ovvero delle versioni complete di pacchetti software e solitamente provviste anche di interfaccia grafica, quindi dedicate ad ambienti desktop.
2.2 2.2
Kern Kernel el:: la su sua a arc archi hite tett ttur ura a
Con il termine kernel indichiamo un software che costituisce il nucleo di un sistema operativo, il quale ha compito di mediare l’accesso, da parte dei processi in esecuzione su un calcolatore, all’hardware, in modo sicuro ed indipendente. Il kernel kernel di Linux Linux ´e un kernel kernel monolitico, monolitico, ovvero definisce un’interfaccia sull’hardware in grado di implementare tutti i servizi richiesti dal sistema operativo che possono essere raggruppati in questi gruppi:
7
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2. GNU/Linux: da ieri ad oggi • Gestione dell’I/O • Gestione della rete
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thum commons/thumb/5/5b/Lin b/5/5b/Linux ux kernel map.png/800px-Linux map.png/800px-Linux kernel map.png
Il gestor gestore e dei process processii ´e la parte parte del kernel kernel responsab responsabile ile per la gestiogestione dei processi, dalla loro creazione alla esecuzione fino alla loro rimozione
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2.2 Kernel: la sua architettura chiamata chiamata del sistema sistema deve accedere ad un file sfrutta il file il file system virtuale, virtuale, un’interfaccia che permette di accedere al file system (esempio ext2 (esempio ext2 e NFS ). NFS ). Linux fornisce anche una una gestion gestione e della rete, rete, cio´e un insieme di servizi mirati allo scambio di dati tra pi´u elaboratori connessi ad una rete. [5]
9
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2. GNU/Linux: da ieri ad oggi
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Capitolo 3 Progettazione e costruzione di una distribuzione a fini didattici 3.1
Introdu Introduzio zione ne a Linux Linux From Scratc Scratch h
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3.1.2
Perch´ Perch´ e Linux From From Scratch?
Una delle pi´ u frequenti domande che viene posta agli utenti di LFS2 ´e il perch´e una persona debba intraprendere intraprender e un percorso cosi lungo e impegnativo imp egnativo per costruirsi una propria distribuzione Linux quando al giorno d’oggi ne esistono gi´a centinaia e centinaia disponibili gratuitamente sul web e adatte alla maggior parte degli scopi. Il perch´ p erch´e della de lla mia mi a scelta sce lta ´e dovuto dovut o principa pri ncipalmente lmente all’interesse all’inte resse personal per sonalee verso questo sistema operativo e questo tipo di lavoro, ovvero analisi di GNU/Linux e progettazione di una distribuzione distribuzione autonoma e funzionante, funzionante, mi ha permesso di approfondire molto questo sistema operativo operativo per p er capire in effetti come esso lavori . Un’ altra motivazione che pu´ o spingere un utente ad affrontare questo tipo di percorso ´e che quando installiamo installiamo una distribuzione distribuzione creata da terzi, si accetta di installare anche pacchetti software e tools che molto spesso non vengono neanche utilizzati, costringendoci ad una perdita di spazio sul disco fisso e ad un conseguente calo di prestazioni. Utilizzando Utilizzando LFS ´e possibile possibile creare distribuzioni distribuzioni perfettamente perfettamente funzionanti funzionanti
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3.2 Preparazione dell’ambiente di lavoro Questa guida ha una modalit´a di lettura molto diversa rispetto a LFS in quanto non si presenta come un percorso lineare da seguire dall’inizio alla fine ma il lettore deve ricercare direttamente le sezioni che lo riguardano (per esempio security security, disk management management o graphics libraries) libraries) e procedere alle configurazioni, compilazioni ed installazioni dei pacchetti scelti.
3.2 3.2.1 3.2.1
Prepar Preparaz azion ione e dell’ dell’am ambie bien nte di lav lavoro Prer Prereq equi uisit sitii
Un sistema LFS viene costruito partendo da una distribuzione GNU/Linux gi´a presente nella propria macchina (nel mio caso Lubuntu3 13.10, d’ora in poi chiamato sistema chiamato sistema host), host), il quale viene utilizzato come sistema d’appoggio tramite l’utilizzo di un compilatore, linker e shell per la costruzione del nostro sistema LFS. Nella guida ´e presente un paragrafo introduttivo4 dove vengono introdotti i
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• Diffutils-2.8.1 • Findutils-4.2.31 • Gawk-4.0.1 • GCC-4.1.2 • Glibc-2.5.1 • Grep-2.5.1a
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3.2 Preparazione dell’ambiente di lavoro
3.2.2 3.2.2
Creazi Creazione one della della partiz partizion ione e LFS
L’ambien L’ambiente te ideale per p er la creazione di un sistema LFS, come qualsiasi altro sistema operativo, op erativo, ´e una partizione dedicata d edicata vuota vuo ta in grado di ospitarlo. La guida ci informa che la grandezza minima della partizione in grado di contenere contenere i tarballs tarballs dei sorgenti sorgenti e le loro compilazioni compilazioni ´e 2.8 GB, GB, mentre se si ha gi´a l’intenzione di creare un sistema operativo completo di interfacce grafich grafichee e softw software are aggiun aggiuntiv tivoo sta all’ute all’utente nte dare una stima stima inizia iniziale le della della partizione (nel mio caso ho optato per una partizione di 20GB di 20GB). ). Un buona idea, sempre sempr e suggerita dalla guida, ´e quella di costruire una piccola partizione swap5 secondo i seguenti criteri:
15
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grandi dimensioni e ridurre i danni causati da malfunzionamenti, come ad esempio i cali di tensione, utilizzando tecnologie derivate dai database. [7] Per la creazione di un file system ext4 nella partizione dedicata a LFS si esegue il seguente comando: mkfs −v − t e x t4 t 4 / de d e v / Poi viene inizializzata la partizione swap nel seguente modo: mksw mkswap ap /d ev/
3.2.4 3.2.4
Montar Montare e la nuov uova parti partizio zione ne
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3.2 Preparazione dell’ambiente di lavoro Il metodo pi´ u semplice per scaricare tutti i sorgenti ´e quello di utilizzare una wget-list una wget-list6 che contiene gli url dei pacchetti e lanciarlo con il seguente comando: wget − i w g et et− l i s t −P $LFS / s o u r c e s
3.2.6 3.2.6
Ulti Ultime me prep prepar araz azio ioni ni
Siccome in questa guida verr´ a molto spesso utilizzata la variabile $LFS variabile $LFS che contiene il path del punto di mounting, nel mio caso /mnt/lfs caso /mnt/lfs , ´e semp se mpre re buona regola controllare lo stato della variabile (specie quando il calcolatore
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groupadd groupadd l f s useradd − s / b i n / b a sh sh −g l f s −m −k / de dev / n u l l l f s passwd passwd l f s chown −v l f s $LFS/ to o ls chown −v l f s $LFS / s o u r c e s su − l f s
Configurazione dell’ambiente Nei sistemi Linux, dopo il login il login di di un utente, la shell legge le sue confi-
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3.3 Costruzione del sistema LFS directories saranno accessibili accessibili in modalit´ a • unmask unmask 022: i nuovi files e/o directories scrittura solo scrittura solo dal proprietario, mentre saranno accessibili da tutti in modalit´a lettura ed ed esecuzione
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3.3.2 3.3.2
Costru Costruzio zione ne di di un un siste sistema ma temporan temporaneo eo
L’obiettivo di questa sezione sezion e ´e quello di creare crear e un’area un’are a temporanea temp oranea che sia in grado di contenere al suo interno una buona serie di strumenti totalmente
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3.3 Costruzione del sistema LFS le linee guida date dal manuale. Quando tutti questi pacchetti saranno effettivament effettivamentee installati, installati, il sistema LFS acquisir´a un maggiore grado di indipendenza dal dal sistema host, in quanto
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3. Progettazione e costruzione di una distribuzione a fini didattici Entrare nell’ambiente di installazione Come Come antic anticipat ipatoo nel paragraf paragrafoo precende precendent nte, e, per entrar entraree dentro dentro questo questo ambiente viene utilizzato il chroot. Il chroot, nei sistemi Unix, ´ un’operazione che ´ in grado di cambiare il n
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3.3 Costruzione del sistema LFS Creazione file passwd e group Affinch´ Affi nch´e l’ut l’ utent entee root possa eseguire un login, ´e necessario necessario creare il file che contiene tutte le informazioni informazioni sugli utenti del sistema. sistema. Si /etc/passwd che procede con la creazione in questo modo:
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