D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Concept Design e Progettazione Di Una Torre a S.paolo

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ZAINXBFMNFA HN ONICMA Vfuaic Ocstbr Grctbiin Zbsbmtn Ocstbr umnvbrsntcrna hn sbfamha invbiia nm Zrakbttcznamb hbiib strutturb nm fcifbstruzza crocta

FAMFBZX HBVNKM B ZTAKBXXCPNAMB HN RMC XATTB C VCM ZCAIA - DTCVNIB

Tbictarb0 Farrbictarn0

Zrag. Nmk. Cidbrta Grcmfln Nmk. Grcmfbsfa Narna Nmk. Hnbka Drufncgrbhha

Xbsn hn Ocstbr hn0 Iufc Ocmzamn

octr. <:63<3









































































Nmhnfb Nmtrahuznamb ...................................... ....................................................... ..................................... .................................. ............................ .............. W Cdstrcft...................................... ................................................... ................................ ...................................... ................................ .................... ....... WN 3

Akkbtta hn stuhna .................................. ..................................................... ...................................... ................................ ................. .... 3 3.3

4

Hbsfrnznamb hbii„bhngnfna ................................................ ........................................................................ ............................... ....... 3

Cmcinsn finoctnfc ................................. .................................................... ...................................... ................................ .................... ....... 2 4.3

Obtaha hbttckincta pbr ic vciutcznamb hbiic vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta .................. 2 4.3.3 Cfqunsnznamb hbiic dcsb hctn (vbiafntê obhnc b hnrbznamb hbi vbmta) .. 2 4.3.4 Famhnznamn hn rngbrnobmta ............................................................... ............................................................... < 4.3.6 Cmcinsn pradcdninstnflb ........................................... ................................................................... ........................ <

4.4

Tcpprbsbmtcznamb octboctnfc hbiic vbiafntê hbi vbmta ................................ ................................ 33 4.4.3 Zragnia iakcrntonfa ................................ ......................................................... ....................................... .............. 33 4.4.4 Wciutcznamb hbiic rukasntê hbi tbrrbma .......................................... .......................................... 32

4.6 Cmcinsn hbn hctn cmboaobtrnfn ........................................... .................................................................... ........................... 3< 4.6.3 Iafcinzzcznamb hbiic stcznamb obtbaraiaknfc.................................. .................................. 3> 4.6.4 Dcsb hctn nmnzncib............................................... ........................................................................ ........................... 4: 4.6.6 Famtraiia b farrbznamb hbiic dcsb hctn........................................... ........................................... 43 4.6.8 Cmcinsn pradcdninstnfc hbi ocssnoa cmmucib ............................ ................................... ....... 46 4.6.2 Vtuhna hbiic hnrbznamcintê hbi vbmta............................................. ............................................... .. 48 4.6.7 Vtuhna hbii„bspasnznamb .............................................................. ................................................................ .. 47

6

8

4.8

Wciutcznamb hbiic vbiafntê mbi snta hn prakbtta ............................................. ............................................. 6: 4.8.3 Cmcinsn hbiic rukasntê ............................................. ................................................................... ...................... 6: 4.8.4 Gcttarn hn trcspasnznamb ibkctn ciic rukasntê b cii„citbzzc .................. 64 4.8.6 Nmtbrgbrbmzc ............................................ ..................................................................... ................................... .......... 66

4.2

Vnmtbsn hbiib cmcinsn............................. cmcinsn................................................... .............................................. ................................. ......... 62 62 4.2.3 Wbiafntê hn prakbtta .............................. ...................................................... ...................................... .............. 62 4.2.4 Bggbtta faodnmcta faodnmct a hn hnrbznamcintê b rukasntê ................................. ................................. 67 4.2.6 Famgramta fam ic maroctnvc drcsnincmc .......................................... .......................................... 6; 4.2.8 Zragnia hbiib vbiafntê.............................................. .................................................................... ...................... 6<

Oahbiin hn fcifaia .............................. ............................................. .................................. ...................................... ........................ ..... 6> 6.3

Oahbiia kiadcib .............................................. ....................................................................... .......................................... ................. 6>

6.4

Oahbiin pcrzncin ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ..................... 8:

Cznamn suiic fastruznamb ........................ ........................................ ................................... ..................................... .................. 83





































8.3.6 8.3.8

Fabggnfnbmtn hn prbssnamb.............................................. ...............................................................8; .................8; Zrbssnamb bsbrfntctc hci vbmta............................................. ......................................................28 .........28

8.4 Cznamb snsonfc ............................................. ...................................................................... .............................................7 ....................78 8 8.4.3 Zbrnfaiasntê snsonfc ............................................ ..................................................................... .........................72 72 8.4.4 Vpbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa.............................................. ...........................................................7; .............7; 8.4.6 Gcttarb hn strutturc............................................. ...................................................................... .........................7> 7> 8.4.8 Vpbttra hn prakbtta............................................. ...................................................................... .........................;3 ;3 8.4.2 Cmcinsn stctnfc inmbcrb .............................................. ...................................................................; .....................;6 6 8.6 Cmcinsn hbn fcrnfln ................................. .......................................................... ................................................. ............................;2 ....;2 8.6.3 Zbsa praprna strutturcib (K3) ................................................. ........................................................;2 .......;2 8.6.4 Zbsa praprna mam strutturcib (K4) ................................................. .................................................;2 ;2 8.6.6 Wcrncdnin (S) ........................................... .................................................................... .....................................;2 ............;2 8.8 2

Faodnmcznamn hbiib cznamn .......................... ................................................... .................................................; ........................;7 7

Octbrncin strutturcin ................................ ................................................... ...................................... ................................ ............... ;> 2.3

Fcifbstruzza ............................................ ..................................................................... .............................................. ........................;> ...;>

2.4 Cffncna pbr fcifbstruzza crocta ........................ ................................................. .........................................;> ................;> 2.6 Cffncna pbr strutturb obtciinflb .............................................. ..................................................................; ....................;> > 7

Cznamn nmtbrmb b vbrngnflb ................................... ...................................................... ...................................... ..................... .. <3 7.3

Zrakrcoon hn fcifaia ............................................. ...................................................................... ....................................<3 ...........<3

7.4

Vaicna c pncstrc ..................................................... .............................................................................. ....................................<4 ...........<4 7.4.3 Cznamn nmtbrmb .................................... ............................................................. .........................................<4 ................<4 7.4.4 Wbrngnfc c Gibssnamb (VIR) ............................................... ............................................................<8 .............<8 7.4.6 Wbrngnfc c Xckina (VIR)............................................ .................................................................> .....................>3 3 7.4.8 Wbrngnfc ci Zumzamcobmta (VIR) .............................................. ...................................................>4 .....>4 7.4.2 Wbrngnfc hn Hbgarocdnintê (VIB) ....................... ................................................ ..............................>8 .....>8 7.4.7 Wbrngnfc hn Gbssurcznamb (VIB) ............................................. .................................................... ....... 3:3 7.4.; Wbrngnfc hbiib Xbmsnamn hn bsbrfnzna (VIB) ..................................... ..................................... 3:4

7.6

Faiammc 7.6.3 7.6.4 7.6.6 7.6.8 7.6.2

7.8

faopastc cffncna-fcifbstruzza ............................................... ..................................................... ...... 3:6 Bibobmtn strutturcin ’sbfamhcrn‟ ............................... .................................................. ...................3:6 Cznamn nmtbrmb .................................... ............................................................. ....................................... .............. 3:2 Wbrngnfc c Faoprbssnamb (VIR) ............................................ ................................................... ....... 3:; Wbrngnfc hbn rbqunsntn hn rnknhbzzc gibssnamcib, smbiibzzc b famtrnduta obffcmnfa hbii„cffncna ............................................ ............................................................... ...................3:< Cmcinsn hnobmsnamcib bh bfamaonfc hbiic sbznamb rbsnstbmtb ......... 3:>

Zcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb ...................................... ............................................................. ....................... 338 7.8.3 Inontcznamn kbaobtrnflb b hn crocturc ........................................ ........................................ 338





































7.8.2 7.8.7 7.8.; 7.8.< 7.2

Wbrngnfc Wbrngnfc Wbrngnfc Wbrngnfc

c Zrbssa-gibssnamb (VIR)................................................ ................................................ 33< c Xckina (VIR) .............................................. .............................................................. ................ 346 c Vfarrnobmta (VIR) ............................ ..................................................... ......................... 342 hbiib Xbmsnamn hn bsbrfnzna (VIB) ..................................... ..................................... 34;

Vtrutturc gcffnctc vbtrctc ..................................................................... ........................................................................ ... 34> 7.2.3 Ficssngnfcznamb hbiic sbznamb .......................................... ...................................................... ............ 34> 7.2.4 Cznamn nmtbrmb ............................................... ........................................................................ ............................ ... 363 7.2.6 Wbrngnfc hn Nmstcdnintê (VIR) ............................................ ........................................................ ............ 364 7.2.8 Wbrngnfc c Gibssnamb b Xckina (VIR) ............................................. ............................................. 366 7.2.2 Wbrngnfc hbkin Vpastcobmtn (VIB) ............................................ ................................................ .... 367

;

Maroctnvc hn rngbrnobmta .................................. ..................................................... ...................................... ..................... 36;

<

Dndinakrcgnc ..................................... ................................................... ................................. ...................................... ......................... ...... 36>

>

Ciibkctn ..................................... ................................................... ................................. ...................................... ............................... ............ 383











































































Nmtrahuznamb Ni prbsbmtb hafuobmta lc faob prnocrna adnbttnva qubiia hn hbsfrnvbrb ib gcsn prnmfnpcin hbiic prakbttcznamb strutturcib hn umc tarrb c Vcm Zcaia, Drcsnib. I„bhngnfna akkbtta hn stuhna, fcrcttbrnzzcta hc umc strutturc partcmtb nm fcifbstruzza crocta, lc umc sbznamb nm pncmtc prbssaflî rbttcmkaicrb hn hnobmsnamn ocssnob pcrn 37.4 b 4:.< obtrn, sn bibvc pbr 8: obtrn hci pncma fcopckmc bh ì faopasta hc 3: pncmn guarn tbrrc b hc 4 pncmn nmtbrrctn chndntn ch cutarnobssc. Rma hbkin cspbttn su fun sn ì prbstctc pcrtnfaicrb cttbmznamb ì stcta qubiia rbictnva ciic vciutcznamb hbiib cznamn b hbkin bggbttn hbi vbmta suiic fastruznamb, nm qucmta, mbi fcsa nm bscob, pnþ rbstrnttnvn rnspbtta c qubiin havutn ci snsoc. C tci sfapa ì stctc famhattc umc cffurctc b cppragamhntc cmcinsn cttc ciic hbtbronmcznamb hbiic vbiafntê hbi vbmta hn prakbtta cttrcvbrsa um obtaha nmkbkmbrnstnfa hbhatta hc ibttbrcturc spbfncinstnfc nmtbrmcznamcib. Ni obtaha chattcta ì crtnfaicta nm umc sbrnb hn gcsn sbqubmzncin trc fun i„cfqunsnznamb, ni famtraiia b ic farrbznamb hbiib onsurb hbiic vbiafntê obhnc b hbiic hnrbznamb hbi vbmta rnibvctb hciic stcznamb cmboaobtrnfc cmcinzzctc, ic trcsgarocznamb hbn hctn onsurctn nm vciarn fabrbmtn fam ic hbgnmnznamb hn vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta hbi vbmta trcontb uma stuhna spbfngnfa hbiic rukasntê hbi tbrrbma b nmgnmb i„cmcinsn pradcdninstnfc hbn hctn trcsgaroctn pbr ic suffbssnvc hbtbronmcznamb hbiic vbiafntê hn prakbtta. Hbtbronmctb ib cznamn suiic fastruznamb havutb ciic prbssnamb hbi vbmta, rnfcvctb trcontb um„cmcinsn hbttckinctc hbn rbictnvn fabggnfnbmtn hn prbssnamb, ì stcta bggbttucta um famgramta fam ib cznamn snsonflb hn prakbtta ci gnmb hn vciutcrb ni vciarb ocssnoa hbiib cznamn saiibfntcmtn hn fcifaia su fun dcscrb ib rbictnvb vbrngnflb strutturcin.





































Cdstrcft Xlb ocnm cno ag tlns pcpbr ns ta hbsfrndb tlb bssbmtnci stbps ag tlb strufturci hbsnkm ag c tawbr sntuctbh nm Væa Zcuia, Drczni. Xlb dunihnmk, flcrcftbrnzbh dy c rbnmgarfbh famfrbtb strufturb, lcs c rbftcmkuicr picm sbftnam ag cdaut 37.4 x 4:.< obtbrs, rnsbs 8: obtbrs grao kraumh ibvbi cmh famsnsts ag 3: giaars cdavb kraumh cmh 4 umhbrkraumh giaars usbh cs kcrckb. C spbfnci cttbmtnam lcs dbbm pcnh cdaut tlb bvciuctnam ag tlb wnmh cftnams cmh wnmh bggbfts am tlb dunihnmk, dbfcusb tlb cmciysns lcs slawm tlct tlby crb oarb rbstrnftnvb tlcm sbnsonf ambs. Gar tlns rbcsam, c fcrbgui cmh hbtcnibh cmciysns wcs famhuftbh ta db cdib ta hbtbronmb tlb hbsnkm wnmh spbbh tlraukl cm bmknmbbrnmk obtlah hbrnvbh grao nmtbrmctnamci spbfncinzbh intbrcturb. Xlb chaptbh obtlah ns crtnfuictbh nmta c sbrnbs ag sbqubmtnci stbps nmfiuhnmk0 tlb cfqunsntnam, famtrai cmh farrbftnam ag tlb finoctb hctc cdaut cvbrckb spbbh cmh wnmh hnrbftnam obcsurbh dy tlb cmciyzbh cmboaobtbr stctnam5 tlb trcmsgaroctnam ag tlb obcsurbh hctc tlraukl c spbfngnf stuhy cdaut tlb tbrrcnm rauklmbss nm famsnstbmt vciubs ag tlb rbgbrbmfb wnmh spbbh5 tlb pradcdninstnf cmciysns cdaut tlb trcmsgarobh hctc nm arhbr ta hbtbronmctb tlb hbsnkm wnmh spbbh. Xlb wnmh prbssurb cftnams, adtcnmbh tlraukl c hbtcnibh cmciysns cdaut prbssurb fabggnfnbmts, lcs dbbm faopcrbh ta tlb sbnsonf cftnams nm arhbr ta bvciuctb tlb ocxnouo vciub am wlnfl ta dcsb tlb gurtlbr flbfes. Ct icst dut mat ibcst, tlb rbqunrbh strufturci flbfes lcvb dbbm fcrrnbh aut, gar tlb Ritnoctb Inont Vtctbs (RIV) cmh tlb Vbrvnfbcdninty Inont Vtctbs (VIV), cdaut tlb ocnm strufturci bibobmts sufl cs rbnmgarfbh famfrbtb gict sicd,





































3. Akkbtta hn stuhna

3 Akkbtta hn stuhna 3.3

Hbsfrnznamb hbii„bhngnfna

I„bhngnfna akkbtta hn stuhna ì fcrcttbrnzzcta hc umc sbznamb nm pncmtc prbssaflî rbttcmkaicrb hn hnobmsnamn ocssnob pcrn 37.4 b 4:.< obtrn, sn bibvc pbr 8: obtrn hci pncma fcopckmc bh ì faopasta hc 3: pncmn guarn tbrrc, hn fun i„uitnoa chndnta c slawraao bstbrma fcrcttbrnzzcta hcii„bssbrb c fnbia cpbrta, b hc 4 pncmn nmtbrrctn chndntn ch cutarnobssc.





































3.3 Hbsfrnznamb hbii„bhngnfna

strutturc nm cffncna fcrcttbrnzzctc hc trcvbrsn b oamtcmtn ni fun faopartcobmta strutturcib vbrrê hnsfussa nm sbkunta. Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc umc sbznamb trcsvbrscib hbii„bhngnfna flb oastrc ib fcrcttbrnstnflb prnmfnpcin saprc hbsfrnttb.







































3. Akkbtta hn stuhna

Nmgnmb sn sattainmbc flb i„bhngnfna akkbtta hn stuhna sarkb c Fcopnmcs, fnttê drcsnincmc sntuctc mbii'crbc nmtbrmc hbiia Vtcta hn Vcm Zcaia. Ic fnttê, flb sn bstbmhb su umc supbrgnfnb hn fnrfc ;>2.; eo4, famstc hn umc papaicznamb hn 3 :<: >>> cdntcmtn, famfbmtrctn ci ><% mbiic zamc urdcmc.

Fcopnmcs

Vcm Zcaia









































































4. Cmcinsn finoctnfc

4 Cmcinsn finoctnfc 4.3

Obtaha hbttckincta pbr ic vciutcznamb hbiic vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta

I„cppraffna chattcta pbr ic vciutcznamb hbiic vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta pbr ni snta hn prakbtta ì stcta hbhatta hciib nmhnfcznamn garmntb mbii„Cppbmhnfb D hbiic FMT-HX4:;/4::< ’Nstruznamn pbr ic vciutcznamb hbiib cznamn b hbkin bggbttn hbi vbmta suiib fastruznamn‟ flb hbgnmnsfb i„cppinfcznamb hn um obtaha crtnfaicta nm trb gcsn sbqubmzncin0 -

cfqunsnznamb, famtraiia b farrbznamb hn onsurb hbiic vbiafntê obhnc b hbiic hnrbznamb hbi vbmta, rcpprbsbmtctnvb hbi snta avb sarkb ic fastruznamb5

-

trcsgarocznamb hbn hctn onsurctn nm vciarn fabrbmtn fam ic hbgnmnznamb hn vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta hbi vbmta5

-

cmcinsn pradcdninstnfc hbn hctn trcsgaroctn.

Ni obtaha sukkbrnta hciic FMT-HX4:; ì stcta svniuppcta nopibobmtcmhamb n pcssckkn dcscmhasn, faob nmhnfcta hciic stbssc maroc, su ibttbrcturc spbfncinstnfc. Mbn pcrckrcgn suffbssnvn sn rnpartcma, nm oaha hbttckincta, n





































4.3 Obtaha hbttckincta pbr ic vciutcznamb hbiic vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta

4.3.3.3 Nmhnvnhucznamb 4.3.3.3 Nmhnvnhucznamb hbiib stcznamn stcznamn obtbaraiaknflb rcpprbsbmtctnvb rcpprbsbmtctnvb

Faob hbgnmnta hciic FMT-HX4:;, umc stcznamb obtbaraiaknfc puô bssbrb famsnhbrctc chbkuctcobmtb udnfctc sb vbmkama rnspbttctb ib sbkubmtn famhnznamn0 -

ic suc hnstcmzc hciic fastruznamb ì inontctc (mam aitrb 2:-3:: eo)5

-

n rbknon hn vbmta prbssa ic stcznamb sama cmciakln c qubiin mbi snta hbiic fastruznamb (ch bsbopna sb ni snta b ic stcznamb mam sncma sbpcrctn hc fctbmb oamtuasb)5

-

kin struobmtn sama nstciictn farrbttcobmtb (ch bsbopna sncma pastn c um„citbzzc sui suaia mam nmgbrnarb c fnrfc 3: o, b mam sncma prassnon c farpn flb pbrturdcma ni vbmta, faoprbsn qubiin sun qucin kin struobmtn sama pastn).






































Cggnmflî ib cmcinsn svaitb garmnsfcma rnsuitctn cttbmhndnin ì mbfbsscrna utninzzcrb dcmflb hctn fastntuntb hc rbknstrcznamn rbictnvb ch um muobra hn cmmn ockknarb hn 3/2 hbi pbrnaha hn rntarma hn prakbtta b faoumqub ciobma ockknarb hn 2 cmmn.

4.3.3.6 Famtraiia b farrbznamb hbiic dcsb hctn

Ic dcsb hctn nmnzncib, pur bssbmha famsnhbrctc rcpprbsbmtctnvc hcta flb ì stctc attbmutc obhncmtb um farrbtta prafbhnobmta hn sfbitc, hbvb bssbrb sattapastc ch um prafbssa hn famtraiia b farrbznamb nm qucmta puô famtbmbrb hctn patbmznciobmtb brrctn havutn prnmfnpciobmtb cn sbkubmtn gcttarn0 -

ocigumznamcobmta struobmtcib5

-

onsurb bstbrmb cii„nmtbrvciia hn ibtturc qucin fciob hn vbmta (vciarn muiin passama farrnspamhbrb ch cssbmzc hn onsurcznamb) b gbmaobmn bainfn hn bffbznamcib nmtbmsntê (pbrturdcznamn a tboparcin hn drbvb hurctc)5

-

bvbmtn bstrcmbn ci pradiboc trcttcta qucin cttbrrckkna a hbfaiia hn vbnfain5

-

pbrhntc hn hctn pbr crrbsta struobmtcib havuta c bvbmtn mcturcin a nmtbrvbmtn hn apbrctarn5








































4.3.4 Famhnznamn hn rngbrnobmta

Ic hbtbronmcznamb hbiic vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta rnflnbhb ic trcsgarocznamb hbn hctn onsurctn nm vciarn fabrbmtn fam spbfngnflb famhnznamn hn rngbrnobmta, bssbmha ic vbiafntê hn rngbrnobmta ni vciarb ocssnoa hbiic vbiafntê obhnc hbi vbmta su um nmtbrvciia hn tbopa hn 3: onmutn rngbrntc c hbtbronmctb famhnznamn stcmhcrh (ch bsbopna vciutctc c 3: o hn citbzzc sui suaia, su um tbrrbma pncmbkkncmtb b aoakbmba fam umc hbtbronmctc iumklbzzc hn rukasntê z :). Mbiic sbkubmtb tcdbiic sn rnpartcma ib famhnznamn hn rngbrnobmta hn hub hbn prnmfnpcin hafuobmtn tbfmnfn flb trcttcma nm oaha hbttckincta ib cznamn hbi vbmta. Citbzzc z Iumklbzzc hn rukasntê z

FMT HX4:;

BVHR <4:47

3: o

3: o

:.:2 o

:.:6 o






































Ic pradcdnintê flb ni vbmta pravbmkc hci `-bsnoa sbttarb ì hctc hciic garouic0

() ?  ()  = :5  ? 3, …, …,     =:    ? 3 ()

havb ì ic vcrncdnib hn stcta hn b c

rcpprbsbmtc ic pradcdnintê, famhnznamctc

, flb ni vbmta pravbmkc hci `-bsnoa sbttarb bh ì pbrfnô vnmfaictc hciic

rbicznamb

5 nmgnmb

ì ic gumznamb hn hbmsntê hbiic vbiafntê obhnc

hbi vbmta pravbmnbmtb hci `-bsnoa sbttarb, flb rnsuitc bsprbssc mbiic garoc prapastc hc [bnduii faob (6)0

havb

 

           ?      = :5  ? 3, … , 

b sama n pcrcobtrn, rnspbttnvcobmtb, hn garoc b hn sfcic hbi oahbiia.

Vn famsnhbrcma inontctcobmtb cggnhcdnin ib hnstrnduznamn fcifaictb suiic dcsb hn






































4.3.6.4 Cmcinsn 4.3.6.4 Cmcinsn pradcdninstnfc hbi ocssnoa cmmucib cmmucib

Mbiia stuhna hbiib dcsn hctn cmboaiaknflb i„cmcinsn hbiic hnstrnduznamb hn pradcdnintê hbn vciarn bstrbon rnvbstb um ruaia nopartcmtb, spbfnciobmtb pbrflî pbrobttb hn bggbttucrb um„cmcinsn hbn rnsfln farrbictn cn vbmtn nmtbmsn b hn stcdninrb n pbrnahn obhn hn rntarma hn tcin gbmaobmn. Xcib stuhna ì marociobmtb rngbrnta ciic hnstrnduznamb hbi ocssnoa vciarb cmmucib cm mucib hbiic vbiafntê. Hnvbrsn oahbiin sama stctn prapastn (8), qucin ib hnstrnduznamn csnmtatnflb hn N, NN b NNN tnpa (2), i„cmcinsn hn prafbssa (7) a ic hnstrnduznamb hn Zcrbta (;). Tnfarhcmha flb ic BVHR <4:47 hbgnmnsfb flb pbr p br ic vbiafntê obhnc hbi vbmta ic gumznamb hn hnstrnduznamb hbn vciarn bstrbon lc hnoastrcta hn bssbrb csnmtatnfc ciic hnstrnduznamb Gnslbr-Xnppbtt (N tnpa), mbi prbsbmtb stuhna ic hnstrnduznamb hn pradcdnintê hbi ocssnoa vciarb cmmucib hn ì fcifaictc cppinfcmha snc i„cmcinsn



csnmtatnfc hbi N tnpa snc i„cmcinsn hn prafbssa, nm qucmta ic prnoc tbmhb c garmnrb






































Cmcinsn hn prafbssa

I„cmcinsn hn prafbssa cssuob ni vbmta faob um prafbssa stcznamcrna b stafcstnfa (>), ic gumznamb hn hnstrnduznamb hbi ocssnoa ì hctc hciic garouic (<)(7)0

mbiic qucib ni prahatta hn sakinc5

()

() ? ()  ≢ : ()

rcpprbsbmtc ni muobra obhna hn cttrcvbrscobmtn

ì ic gumznamb hn hbmsntê hbiic papaicznamb hbn hctn5



ì ni

pcrcobtra hn oahbiia stnocta bmuobrcmha kin cttrcvbrscobmtn hn sakinc. I„bqucznamb prbfbhbmtb sattnmtbmhb flb ic sakinc snc suggnfnbmtbobmtb citc hc



patbrmb famsnhbrcrb kin cttrcvbrscobmtn faob bvbmtn rcrn b nmhnpbmhbmtn (avvbra faob um prafbssa panssamncma). p anssamncma).





































4.4 Tcpprbsbmtcznamb octboctnfc hbiic vbiafntê hbi vbmta

ctoasgbrnfa i„crnc rnsbmtb hbiic garzc h„cttrnta bsbrfntctc hci suaia, appastc ciic vbiafntê hbi vbmta W, tcib garzc ì muiic cii„citbzzc hbi krchnbmtb b cuobmtc nm hnrbznamb hbi suaia fcuscmha umc rnhuznamb hbiic vbiafntê.










































ì ni fabggnfnbmtb hn tapakrcgnc nm gumznamb hbiib fcrcttbrnstnflb tapakrcgnflb b

arakrcgnflb hbi snta. Ic gnkurc sbkubmtb oastrc n hnckrcoon hn bspasnznamb, mbi fcsa

�) ? 3

.

�)

pbr ib hnvbrsb fctbkarnb hn






































Famsnhbrcmha ni fcsa bsbopingnfctnva nm fun iumka ni pbrfarsa hbi vbmta vn snc umc snmkaic vcrncznamb hbiic rukasntê, sn lc flb nm farrnspamhbmzc hn tcib vcrncznamb sn svniuppc um muava strcta nmtbrma (nmtbrmci icybr) nm fun ic vbiafntê hbi vbmta hnpbmhb hc x bh ì pcrn c

 ? 

. Vaprc qubsta strcta sn puô

supparrb flb ic vbiafntê hbi vbmta snc nmhnpbmhbmtb hc x b rnsuitn bssbrb pcrn c , vciarb (ciic stbssc citbzzc) cppbmc saprcvbmta hbi fcodna hn rukasntê. Ch








































 

gcttarb hn hnrbznamcintê flb hc umc hnstrnduznamb sbttarncib hbiic vbiafntê bstrboc hbi vbmta ci snta npatnzzcmha flb tbrrbma snc umngarob nm tuttb ib hnrbznamn5 gcttarb flb rcpprbsbmtc kin bggbttn tapakrcgnfn suiic vbiafntê hbi vbmta.

4.4.4 Wciutcznamb hbiic rukasntê hbi tbrrbma











































































X^ZNFCI WCIRBV :G XLB XBTTCNM TARKLMBVV ZCTCOBXBT, z DRNIX-RZ CTBCV

z: (o) ? [AAHBH ICMH

:

Fbmtrbs ag icrkb tawms Fbmt Fbmtrb rbs s ag ag soc socii ii tawm tawms0 s0 Vudu Vudurd rds, s, vnii vniick ckbs bs00 cmh fntnbs0 :.; :.2 Garbsts, icrkb waahbh crbcs0

: .6

:.:6

[aahbh faumtrysnhb0 3

z: (o) ?

Cnrp Cnrpar arts ts55 rum rumwc wcy y crbc crbc00

:.2

z: (o) ?

Ocmy trbbs, lbhkbs, gbw Ocmy lbhkbs, saob Lbhk Lbhkbs bs,, gbw gbw trbb trbbs0 s0 Apbm Apbm faum faumtr try y wntl dunihnmks0 trbbs0 nsaictbh trbbs0 :.4 ta :.6 :.:< :.:2 - :.:3

KTCVV

I

GCTOICMH

R

t

K

i n

t ddib (

Fut krcss (96 fo)0

:.:6







































4.6 Cmcinsn hbn hctn cmboaobtrnfn

































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































8. Cznamn suiic fastruznamb

Fabggnfnbmtn hn prbssnamb bstbrmc f pb - Hnrbznamb hbi vbmta0 Avbst

Gnkurc 4.; Vuhhnvnsnamb nm zamb c ukucib fabg. hn prbssnamb bstbrmc (d?37.4o - h?4:.




































8.3 Cznamb hbi vbmta

8.3.8 Zrbssnamb bsbrfntctc hci vbmta

Faob hbgnmnta mbn pcrckrcgn prbfbhbmtn, ic prbssnamb bsbrfntctc hci vbmta su fncsfumc gcffnc hbiib supbrgnfn hbiic fastruznamb a hbn suan bibobmtn rnsuitc praparznamcib ciic prbssnamb fnmbtnfc hn pnffa hbi vbmta q p. Hbtbronmctc ic prbssnamb fnmbtnfc hn pnffa cttrcvbrsa ni vciarb hbiic vbiafntê obhnc hbi vbmta b hbgnmntn n fabggnfnbmtn hn prbssnamb ì passndnib fcifaicrb ic prbssnamb ckbmtb suiib gcffb nmtbrmb bh bstbrmb hbiic supbrgnfnb hbiic fastruznamb cttrcvbrsa ib sbkubmtn bqucznamn0

() ? () ∞  () ? () ∞ 

havb0 ì ic prbssnamb fnmbtnfc hn pnffa, rcpprbsbmtctc hciic sbkubmtb bqucznamb flb



garmnsfb umc stnoc c gcvarb hn snfurbzzc0

  ,

() ? 3+;»() ∞ 34 ∞ ∞ v

sama n fabggnfnbmtn hn prbssnamb bstbrmc bh nmtbrmc hbgnmntn mbi pcrckrcga

prbfbhbmtb I„cmcinsn hbiib prbssnamn ckbmtn suiic strutturc ì stctc famhattc famsnhbrcmha faob hnrbznamn hn pravbmnbmzc hbi vbmta qubiib farrnspamhbmtn c fncsfuma hbkin cssn prnmfnpcin hbiic sbznamb hbiic fastruznamb. Vn sama pbrtcmta cmcinzzctn qucttra fcsn prbsbmtctn hn sbkunta, fncsfuma hbmaonmcta fam ni pumta fcrhnmcib rcpprbsbmtctnva hbiic hnrbznamb hn pravbmnbmzc hbi vbmta. Nm pcrtnfaicrb sn rnfarhc flb sn ì sfbita hn chattcrb pbr ic vciutcznamb hbiib cznamn kiadcin fabggnfnbmtn hn prbssnamb iafcin ci gnmb hn hbsfrnvbrb fam ockknarb hbttckina ni fcopa hn prbssnamb fcuscta hcii„cznamb hbi vbmta b famhurrb um„cmcinsn kiadcib pnþ cppragamhntc. Wc nmaitrb famsnhbrcta flb i„cznamb hbi vbmta su akmn snmkaia bibobmta ì hbtbronmctc famsnhbrcmha ic faodnmcznamb pnþ krcvasc hbiic prbssnamb ckbmtb suiib hub gcffb hbiic supbrgnfnb. 8.3.8.3 Citbzzc 8.3.8.3 Citbzzc hn rngbrnobmta Gcffnc saprcvbmta






































hnstrnduznamb citnobtrnfc hbiic prbssnamb flb ì nm kbmbrcib hnvbrsc hci pragnia hbiic prbssnamb fnmbtnfc hn pnffa hbi vbmta nmhnsturdcta. Substa partc c famsnhbrcrb mbkin bhngnfn citn, assnc fam citbzzc faoprbsc grc ic hnobmsnamb nm pncmtc artakamcib ci giussa hbi vbmta (d) b 2 vaitb ic pragamhntê hbii„bhngnfna (h), hub zamb hnstnmtb0 -

mbiic prnoc pcrtb hbii„bhngnfna snma ciic quatc z?d, i„citbzzc hn rngbrnobmta ì fastcmtb b pcrn c z b?d b ic prbssnamb hbi vbmta ì pbrtcmta umngarob5

-

mbiic pcrtb supbrnarb hbii„bhngnfna, pbr z faoprbsa grc d b l, i„bhngnfna ì suhhnvnsa nm tramfln hn citbzzc crdntrcrnc fanmfnhbmtn fam i„nmtbrpncma hbii„bhngnfna, c fncsfuma hbn qucin farrnspamhb um„citbzzc hn rngbrnobmta zb fastcmtb pcrn ciic saoontê hbi tramfa.

Substc sfbitc, fcrcttbrnzzctc hc um fcifaia hbiib garzb pnþ ambrasa, partc c vciarn pnþ chbrbmtn ciic rbcitê b mam ockknarn hn qubiin flb sn cvrbddbra famsnhbrcmha mbiic pcrtb supbrnarb hbii„bhngnfna um„citbzzc hn rngbrnobmta fastcmtb pcrn ciic saoontê hbii„bhngnfna (z b?l). Xcib sbfamhc npatbsn, flb famsnhbrc qunmhn umc prbssnamb hbi vbmta umngarob grc ib quatb z?d b z?l, partbrbddb ch cvbrb um fcifaia hbiib garzb cbrahnmconflb sbopingnfcta, oc ic garzc tatcib flb mb rnsuitc scrbddb kbmbrciobmtb ockknarb hn qubiic rbcib. Gcffb sattavbmta b ictbrcin

Faob cmtnfnpcta mbn prbfbhbmtn pcrckrcgn, ic prbssnamb suiib gcffb sattavbmta b suiib gcffb ictbrcin hbkin bhngnfn ì ibkctc ciib fcrcttbrnstnflb hbi giussa sbpcrcta (nm sfnc) b puô bssbrb famsnhbrctc, fam duamc cpprassnocznamb, fastcmtb fam ic quatc. Hn fnô sn tnbmb famta cssuobmha flb i„citbzzc hn rngbrnobmta snc fastcmtb b pcrn ciic quatc hn h n saoontê hbii„bhngnfna (z b?l). Hn sbkunta sn rnpartcma, pbr akmn hnrbznamb famsnhbrctc, i„cmhcobmta trnhnobmsnamcib hbiib prbssnamn ckbmtn suiic fastruznamb b ic tcdbiic rncssumtnvc hbn prnmfnpcin vciarn hn rngbrnobmta.






































Zrbssnamb bstbrmc - Hnrbznamb hbi vbmta0 Marh

Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc i„cmhcobmta trnhnobmsnamcib hbiib prbssnamn ckbmtn suiic fastruznamb suhhnvnsc nm zamb c ukucib fabggnfnbmtb hn prbssnamb bstbrmc, ic fun kbaobtrnc ì rnpartctc mbi pcrckrcga prbfbhbmtb.






































Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc ic tcdbiic rncssumtnvc hbn vciarn hbn fabggnfnbmtn hn prbssnamb bstbrmc fpb, hbii„citbzzc hn rngbrnobmta z b, hbiic prbssnamb fnmbtnfc hn pnffa q p b hbiic prbssnamb bstbrmc pb rbictnvn ch akmn zamc hn prbssnamb fastcmtb. fpb

zb

qp

pb

-

Uo_

UM/o4_

UM/o4_

C

-3.4:

8:.:

33::.2

-364:.7

D

-:.<:

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F

+:.::

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H

+:.<:

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+:.<:

48.:

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<<:.8

B

-:.2;

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G

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K

-:.<:

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L

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N

³:.4:

8:.:

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³44:.3

I

-:.2:

8:.:

33::.2

-22:.6








































Zrbssnamb bstbrmc - Hnrbznamb hbi vbmta0 Vuh








































zb

qp

pb

-

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UM/o4_

UM/o4_

C

-3.4:

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D

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F

+:.::

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³:.4:

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+:.<:

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Zrbssnamb bstbrmc - Hnrbznamb hbi vbmta0 Bst








































zb

qp

pb

-

Uo_

UM/o4_

UM/o4_

C

-3.4:

8:.:

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D

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+:.<:

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-:.22

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G

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K

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³:.4:

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-:.2:

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-26<.4






































Zrbssnamb bstbrmc - Hnrbznamb hbi vbmta0 Avbst










































zb

qp

pb

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UM/o4_

UM/o4_

C

-3.4:

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F

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B





































8.4 Cznamb snsonfc

8.4

Cznamb snsonfc

Ni tbrrntarna drcsnincma prbsbmtc umc dcssc snsonfntê, tnpnfc hn umc rbknamb tbttamnfc nmtrc-pncstrb. Ia stuhna hbiic snsonfntê drcsnincmc, fam dcsb sfnbmtngnfc, ì nmnzncta mbkin cmmn ';: faob famsbkubmzc hbn rbqunsntn oaita T bns Mufibcr rnkarasn hbgnmntn pbr ic prakbttcznamb hbiib strutturb hn Cmkrc has Tbns Zawbr Zicmt . Nm qubstn uitnon hbfbmmn, mamastcmtb ic rbcinzzcznamb hn umc rbtb

snsoaiaknfc flb ì nm famtnmua gumznamcobmta b flb lc pbrobssa hn rcffakinbrb muobrasn hctn snsoaiaknfn, ia stuhna faopibta hbiic snsonfntê hbi tbrrntarna drcsnincma mam ì stcta tuttcvnc cmfarc famfiusa. Rma stuhna hbi rnsflna snsonfa, nm sfcic kiadcib, ì stctc bggbttucta pbr ib Mcznamn Rmntb hc KGP-Zatshco (3>>>) b n rnsuitctn hn tcib stuhna sama rnpartctn mbiic rbictnvc ocppc kiadcib hbiic pbrnfaiasntê snsonfc ( Kiadci Vbnsonf Lczcrh Ocp). Substc ocppc famgbroc flb ni tbrrntarna drcsnincma passnbhb umc dcssc snsonfntê, fam cffbibrcznamn arnzzamtcin maonmcin pbr suaia rnknha b um pbrnaha hn rntarma hn 8;2 cmmn kbmbrciobmtb nmgbrnarb c :,8 o/s 4. Vaia hub rbknamn drcsnincmb gcmma bffbznamb fam umc snsonfntê mam trcsfurcdnib0 pcrtb hbiic rbknamb Marh-Bst, krcznb ciic suc vnfnmcmzc fam ni Vautl Cticmtnf Tnhkb b pcrtb hbi Drcsnib marh-affnhbmtcib (Coczzamnc affnhbmtcib), c fcusc hbiic suc vnfnmcmzc fam ni famgnmb hbiic picffc pcfngnfc. Krcznb c qubstc dcssc snsonfntê mbiic ockknar pcrtb hbi sua tbrrntarna, gnma ci






































Vnta hn prakbtta





































8.4 Cznamb snsonfc

mamflî hn arhnmctb hbiia spbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa nm cffbibrcznamb ch bssc farrnspamhbmtb Vb(X), fam rngbrnobmta c prbgnssctb pradcdnintê hn bffbhbmzc mbi pbrnaha hn rngbrnobmta WT.



I'cznamb snsonfc ì kbmbrciobmtb fcrcttbrnzzctc hc 6 faopambmtn trcsicznamcin, hub arnzzamtcin famtrcssbkmctb hc \ bh ^ bh umc vbrtnfcib famtrcssbkmctc hc P, famsnhbrctb trc hn iara nmhnpbmhbmtn. Mbi prbsbmtb hafuobmta sn sama tbmutb nm famta mbiic hbgnmnznamb hbii„cznamb snsonfc ckbmtb suii„bhngnfna ib saib faopambmtn artakamcin flb hbsfrnvama ni oata arnzzamtcib, fcrcttbrnzzctb hciia stbssa spbttra hn rnspastc. Zbr ic hbgnmnznamb hbiib cznamn snsonflb hn prakbtta sn ì gctta rngbrnobmta c qucmta nmhnfcta mbiic CDMX MDT 3284304::7, Maroc drcsnincmc flb rnpartc n prnmfnpcin rbqunsntn pbr ic prakbttcznamb b ic vbrngnfc hn strutturb rbsnstbmtn ciib cznamn snsonflb b n frntbrn pbr qucmtngnfcrb tcin cznamn. Xcib maroctnvc hbgnmnsfb faob vciarn fcrcttbrnstnfn maonmcin pbr i„cznamb snsonfc qubiin flb lcmma ni 3:% hn pradcdnintê hn supbrcobmta pbrnaha hn rngbrnobmta



?8;2 cmmn.





hurcmtb um

hn 2: cmmn, farrnspamhbmtb c um pbrnaha hn rntarma

Sucmta saprc hbgnmnta rnsuitc bssbrb fabrbmtb fam ib prnmfnpcin maroctnvb hn rngbrnobmta, faoprbsc ic MXF:< flb rnpartc, pbr n qucttra Vtctn inontb famsnhbrctn mbn famgramtn hbiib cznamn snsonflb (VIA, VIH, VIW, VIF), ic






































8.4.4 Vpbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa

Zbr ic hbgnmnznamb hbiib garob spbttrcin (spbttrn bicstnfn b spbttrn hn prakbtta) sn ì gctta rngbrnobmta c qucmta nmhnfcta mbiic CDMX MDT 3284304::7, flb rnpartc ic prafbhurc pbr ic hbtbronmcznamb hn tcin spbttrn. Ia spbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa nm cffbibrcznamb ì bsprbssa hc umc garoc spbttrcib (spbttra marocinzzcta), farrnspamhbmtb ch um snstboc ch um krcha hn indbrtê fam uma soarzcobmta famvbmznamcib hbi 2%, oaitnpinfctc pbr ni vciarb hbiic cffbibrcznamb arnzzamtcib ocssnoc c k su snta hn rngbrnobmta rnknha arnzzamtcib. Vnc ic garoc spbttrcib flb ni vciarb hn c k vcrncma ci vcrncrb hbiic pradcdnintê hn supbrcobmta mbi pbrnaha hn rngbrnobmta



b hbiic fctbkarnc hn

sattasuaia. Famsnhbrcmha flb ni snta hn prakbtta sn faiiafc mbiic Pamc :, faob oastrcta mbiic zamcznamb rnpartctc mbi pcrckrcga prbfbhbmtb, bh ì fcrcttbrnzzcta hc um„cffbibrcznamb snsonfc arnzzamtcib fcrcttbrnstnfc marocinzzctc c k pcrn c :.:42k, cttrcvbrsa ib sbkubmtn krcmhbzzb ì passndnib hbgnmnrb ia spbttra bicstnfa b qubiia hn prakbtta0

havb0

 ?  ∞   ?  ∞ 







































8.4 Cznamb snsonfc

Fc

Fv

Ficssb hn tbrrbma

ck≨:.3:k

ck?:.32k

ck≨:.3:k

ck?:.32k

C

:.<

:.<

:.<

:.<

D

3.:

3.:

3.:

3.:

F

3.4

3.4

3.;

3.;

H

3.7

3.2

4.2

4.4

B

4.2

4.3

6.2

6.8

Ia spbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa hbiic faopambmtb arnzzamtcib



()

ì

rcpprbsbmtcta cmcintnfcobmtb nm rbicznamb ci pbrnaha hn vndrcznamb , bsprbssa nm sbfamhn, cttrcvbrsa ib sbkubmtn bsprbssnamn0

 () (3< ;2  ∞∞   +3.:)

 : ≨  ≨ :.:.:<  






































8.4.6 Gcttarb hn strutturc

Ic hbgnmnznamb hbi gcttarb hn strutturc q ( dblcvnaur gcftar nm nmkibsb) ì um pumta bssbmzncib mbiic prakbttcznamb hn strutturb cmtnsnsonflb nm qucmta pbrobttb hn rnhurrb ib garzb hn prakbtta suiic dcsb hbiic huttnintê iafcib b kiadcib flb sn rntnbmb cddnc ic strutturc obhncmtb um umnfa pcrcobtra rcpprbsbmtcta hci gcttarb hn strutturc stbssa. Wc pbrô sattainmbctc ic mbfbssntê hn kcrcmtnrb tcib vciarb hn huttnintê, cssafnctc ch um hbtbronmcta vciarb hbi gcttarb hn strutturc, obhncmtb appartumn cffarknobmtn mbi fcifaia b mbiic rbcinzzcznamb hbiic strutturc stbssc. Ni vciarb hbi gcttarb hn strutturc q hc utninzzcrb pbr fncsfumc hnrbznamb hbiic cznamb snsonfc, hnpbmhb hciic tnpaiaknc strutturcib, hci sua krcha hn npbrstctnfntê b hcn frntbrn hn prakbttcznamb chattctn, prbmhb nm famta ib mam inmbcrntê hbn octbrncin b puô bssbrb fcifaicta trcontb ic sbkubmtb bsprbssnamb0





































8.4 Cznamb snsonfc

Faob vbrrê hbsfrntta pnþ cppragamhntcobmtb mbi pcrckrcga rbictnva ckin bibobmtn rbsnstbmtn ciib garzb arnzzamtcin, ic strutturc nm bscob puô bssbrb famsnhbrctc rnfchbmtb mbiic tnpaiaknc hn strutturb c pcrbtn mam cffappnctb, nm pcrtnfaicrb nm qubiic hn strutturb c pcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb, pbr ib qucin ì rnflnbstc, sbfamha ib nmhnfcznamn hbiib MXF:<, umc prakbttcznamb nm FH ’D‟. Wc nmaitrb sattainmbcta flb ic Maroctnvc prbvbhb flb, pbr prbvbmnrb ni faiicssa hbiib strutturb c sbkunta hbiic ratturc hbiib pcrbtn, n vciarn hn vbmkcma rnhattn obhncmtb ni gcttarb



hn sbkunta hbsfrntta0

 ? :.2 ≨ (3(3 +3.::)/6 ≨ 3.: (3)(4) (3)         

nm fun0








































Fnô vnbmb gctta faiiafcmha ic strutturc nm umc ficssb hn huttnintê citc (FH‟C‟) a dcssc (FH‟D‟) ic fun hnggbrbmzc rnkucrhc snc i„bmtntê hbiib picstnfnzzcznamn flb ic strutturc havrê sappartcrb snc ic iara hnstrnduznamb, avvbra snc ic huttnintê iafcib flb ni faopartcobmta kiadcib. Ic prnoc vnbmb attbmutc fam prbsfrnznamn rbictnvb cn onmnon h„crocturc, hbttckin fastruttnvn, tbmsnamn obhnb hn icvara hbiib sbznamn, flb sama pnþ vnmfaicmtn mbi fcsa hn ficssb hn huttnintê citc5 ni sbfamha vnbmb kcrcmtnta nmhnvnhucmha ib zamb flb hbvama picstnfnzzcrsn b hnssnpcrb bmbrknc bh nopambmha um„appartumc savrcrbsnstbmzc mbiib rbstcmtn zamb, nm oaha hc bvntcrb ratturb grcknin a garocznamb hn obffcmnson hn faiicssa mam prbvnstn (frntbrna hn kbrcrflnc hbiib rbsnstbmzb). C tci prapasnta ic sfbitc hbi gcttarb hn strutturc rnvbstb um ruaia gamhcobmtcib mbiic prakbttcznamb hn umc strutturc, nm qucmta faopartc i„chaznamb hn





































8.4 Cznamb snsonfc

I„cppraffna chattcta pbr kin Vtctn inontb uitnon b hbsfrntta saprc, sattnmtbmhb flb ib fcpcfntê hnssnpctnvb hbiib strutturb sncma famsnhbrctb cttrcvbrsa umc rnhuznamb hbiib garzb bicstnflb flb tnbmb famta, nm oaha sbopingnfcta, hbiic fcpcfntê hnssnpctnvc cmbicstnfc hbiic strutturc, hbiic suc savrc-rbsnstbmzc b hbii„nmfrbobmta hbi sua pbrnaha praprna c sbkunta hbiib picstnfnzzcznamn. Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc c famgramta ia spbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa b ia spbttra hn prakbtta attbmuta rnhufbmha ib arhnmctb hbi prnoa fam ni gcttarb hn strutturc q?3.2 hbsfrntta mbi pcrckrcga prbfbhbmtb. :.:;

:.:7








































8.4.2 Cmcinsn stctnfc inmbcrb

Mamastcmtb ic maroctnvc drcsnincmc mam rnflnbhc pbr ni snta hn prakbtta umc vbrngnfc bspinfntc hbiic rbsnstbmzc snsonfc, nm qucmta rnfchbmtb mbiic Pamc :, sn ì faoumqub sfbita, vnsta ic pcrtnfaicrb famgarocznamb strutturcib hbii„bhngnfna akkbtta hn stuhna, hn bggbttucrb umc vbrngnfc hbkin bibobmtn strutturcin rbsnstbmtn ci snsoc cttrcvbrsa um„cmcinsn stctnfc inmbcrb.





































8.4 Cznamb snsonfc

hciic prbfbhbmtb garouic cttrcvbrsa ni gcttarb bsprbssnamb0



rnsuitcmtb hciic sbkubmtb

 ? 3 + :.7 ∞ 

havb0 ì ic hnstcmzc hbii„bibobmta rbsnstbmtb vbrtnfcib hci dcrnfbmtra kbaobtrnfa hn



pncma, onsurctc pbrpbmhnfaicrobmtb ciic hnrbznamb hbii„cznamb snsonfc






































8.6

Cmcinsn hbn fcrnfln

Zbr ni hnobmsnamcobmta b ic vbrngnfc hbn snmkain bibobmtn strutturcin sn ì bggbttuctc um„cmcinsn hbn fcrnfln ckbmtn suiic strutturc, nm pcrtnfaicrb sn sama famsnhbrctn n sbkubmtn fcrnfln0 -

Fcrnfln pbrocmbmtn havutn ci pbsa praprna strutturcib5 Fcrnfln pbrocmbmtn hn supbrgnfnb b inmbcrn havutn ci pbsa praprna hn tuttn





































8.8 Faodnmcznamn hbiib cznamn

8.8

Faodnmcznamn hbiib cznamn

I„nmtbrc strutturc ì stctc vbrngnfctc mbn famgramtn hbkin stctn inontb uitnon (VIR) pbr fcpcfntê partcmtb b hbkin stctn inontb hn bsbrfnzna (VIB) pbr famtraiia hn tbmsnamn, hbgarocznamn b cpbrturc gbssurb, sbfamha ib sbkubmtn faodnmcznamn hbiib cznamn, faob hbsfrntta hc MXF:<. Faodnmcznamb gamhcobmtcib, kbmbrciobmtb nopnbkctc pbr kin stctn inontb






































Mbiib faodnmcznamn pbr VIB, sn nmtbmhb flb vbmkama aobssn n fcrnfln



flb

hcmma um famtrnduta gcvarbvaib cn gnmn hbiib vbrngnflb b, sb hbi fcsa, n fcrnfln .



N vciarn hbn fabggnfnbmtn pcrzncin hn snfurbzzc sbkubmtb tcdbiic.

  b

sama rnpartctn mbiic











































































2. Octbrncin strutturcin









































































7. Cznamn nmtbrmb b vbrngnflb





































7.4 Vaicna c pncstrc














































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































7.6.2.4 Cmcinsn 7.6.2.4 Cmcinsn bfamaonfc

Zbr n qucttra fcsn inontb famsnhbrctn ì stctc nmaitrb bggbttuctc um„cmcinsn bfamaonfc, bsprbssc nm ₩ ci obtra hn svniuppa vbrtnfcib hbiic faiammc, ci gnmb hn patbr bggbttucrb umc sfbitc pnþ famscpbvaib. σs ?

3%

σs ?

8%

3% + LBD38:

8% + LBD38:

₩/o

₩/o

₩/o

₩/o

F42/6:

34<.<2

3<;.28

38<.86

4:;.34

F4
363.<4

3>:.23

323.8:

43:.:>

F6:/6;

366.7<

3>4.6;

326.4;

433.>7

F64/8:

363.72

3>:.68

323.46

4:>.>4

F62/82

366.72

3>4.68

326.46

433.>4

F8:/2:

362.73

3>8.6:

322.3>

436.<<

F82/22

36>.;3

3><.8:

32>.6:

43;.><

F2:/7:

386.<7

4:4.28

376.88

444.36

F22/7;

38<.::

4:7.7>

37;.2<

447.4;

F7:/;2

326.<:

434.8>

3;6.6<

464.:;

F;:/<2

37:.86

43>.34

3<:.:3

46<.;:





































7.8 Zcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb

7.8

Zcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb

Kin bibobmtn strutturcin prnmfnpcin hbstnmctn c garmnrb ni mbfbsscrna famtrcsta ciib cznamn arnzzamtcin sama fastntuntn hc umc strutturc c pcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb. Xcib strutturc c pcrbtn puô bssbrb famsnhbrctc, sbfamha qucmta hbgnmnta hciib MX:<, strutturc c pcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb nm qucmta kin bibobmtn flb ic faopamkama lcmma umc sbznamb trcsvbrscib fcrcttbrnzzctc hc um rcpparta trc hnobmsnamb ocssnoc b onmnoc nm pncmtc supbrnarb c 8, mbiic hnrbznamb arnzzamtcib h„nmtbrbssb lc um pbrnaha gamhcobmtcib, fcifaicta mbii„npatbsn hn cssbmzc hn ratcznamn ciic dcsb, mam supbrnarb c X F, b faoprbmhb ciobma hub pcrbtn fam umc hnobmsnamb arnzzamtcib mam nmgbrnarb ci onmnoa trc 8.: o bh n 4/6 hbiic iara citbzzc, flb mbiic sntucznamb snsonfc partcma nmsnbob ciobma ni 4:% hbi fcrnfa krcvntcznamcib. Vn sattainmbc nmaitrb flb, faob prbsfrntta hciib MX:<, ib strutturb c pcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb sama stctb prakbttctb nm FH ’D‟.

7.8.3 Inontcznamn kbaobtrnflb b hn crocturc

Vn rnpartcma hn sbkunta inontcznamn kbaobtrnflb b hn crocturc flb sama stctb famsnhbrctb mbiic prakbttcznamb hbiib pcrbtn hbdaiobmtb croctb0 -

spbssarb hbiib pcrbtn mam nmgbrnarb ci vciarb ocssnoa trc 32: oo b 3/4: hbii„citbzzc indbrc hn nmtbrpncma5

-

crocturb, snc arnzzamtcin flb vbrtnfcin, cvbmtn um hncobtra mam supbrnarb ch 3/3: hbiia spbssarb hbiic pcrbtb, hnspastb su bmtrcodb ib gcffb hbiic pcrbtb, ch um pcssa mam supbrnarb c 6: fo b faiibkctb fam ibkcturb, nm rcknamb hn ciobma mavb akmn obtra quchrcta5

-

crocturc onmnoc arnzzamtcib b vbrtnfcib pcrn ciia :,4%, pbr famtraiicrb ic gbssurcznamb hc tckina.

Vé ì nmaitrb sfbita hn kcrcmtnrb ciib bstrbontê hbiic pcrbtb, pur mam bsprbsscobmtb rnflnbsta hciic maroctnvc, hub zamb famgnmctb cvbmtn pbr ictn ia spbssarb hbiic pcrbtb b umc iumklbzzc ’famgnmctc‟ i f pcrn ci 4:% hbiic iumklbzzc nm pncmtc hbiic pcrbtb stbssc b faoumqub mam nmgbrnarb c 3.2 vaitb ia spbssarb hbiic pcrbtb. Nm tcib zamc ni rcpparta kbaobtrnfa σ hbii„crocturc tatcib vbrtnfcib, rngbrnta cii„crbc famgnmctc, ì faoprbsa bmtra n sbkubmtn inontn0






































7.8.4 Cznamn nmtbrmb

Zrnoc hn prafbhbrb ci hnobmsnamcobmta b ciic vbrngnfc hbiib pcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb, sn rnfarhc flb, pbr n oatnvn bspastn mbi pcrckrcga 8.4.6, sn ì sfbita hn prakbttcrb tcin bibobmtn famsnhbrcmha um gcttarb hn strutturc q?3.2 nm oaha hc cvbrb cznamn snsonflb ockknarn rnspbtta cii„cssumznamb hn um vciarb hn q pnþ bibvcta b mbi famtbopa bssbrb snfurn hn kcrcmtnrb umc ficssb hn huttnintê chbkuctc (FH‟D‟). I„cmcinsn hbiib grbqubmzb mcturcin famhattc trcontb ni oahbiia hn fcifaia kiadcib, lc partcta c hbgnmnrb um pbrnaha hbi prnoa oaha hn vndrcrb X 3?4.27> Lz bqunvcibmtb c :.6<> sbf. Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc c ia spbttra hn prakbtta attbmuta rnhufbmha ib arhnmctb hbiia spbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa fam ni gcttarb hn strutturc q?3.2, nm fun sn rnpartc ni vciarb hbii„arhnmctc hbiia spbttra hn prakbtta farrnspamhbmtb ci

()

pbrnaha hbi prnoa oaha hn vndrcrb X3. :.:;

:.:7

:.:2

k

c / ) X ( h

V

:.:8

:.:6

:.:4

:.:3

:.:: :.:

:.2

3.:

3.2

4.:

X Us_ Vpbtt bttra hn rnsp rnspas asttc bics bicsttnfa

Vpbt Vpbtttra hn pra prak kbtt btta Uq?3 Uq?3.2 .2__

Gnkurc 7.38 Vpbttra hn rnspastc bicstnfa b Vpbttra hn prakbtta

Faob hbsfrntta mbi pcrckrcga 8.4.2, i„bmtntê i „bmtntê hbiib garzb stctnflb bqunvcibmtn ciib






































garoc hbi oaha hn vndrcrb prnmfnpcib mbiic hnrbznamb nm bscob sbfamha ic sbkubmtb garouic.

 ?  ∞  

havb0

 ? () ∞  ∞ /�

ì ic garzc snsonfc tckincmtb tatcib ciic dcsb hbii„bhngnfna.

Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc um famgramta trc i„cznamb tckincmtb tatcib hn pncma nmhattc hci snsoc b qubiic nmhattc hci vbmta. Faob sn puô assbrvcrb, i„cznamb snsonfc rnsuitc bssbrb obma rbstrnttnvc rnspbtta cii„cznamb hbi vbmta, pbr tcmta ib suffbssnvb vbrngnflb sn dcsbrcmma su qubst„uitnoc. 8:

6�

64

4�

48 � � � � � � 4: � � � �

�� ( ��) �� (��)

3�

34

�

8

: :

�: :

3 : ::

3� : :

4 :: :

��

Gnkurc 7.32 Famgramta trc i„cznamb tckincmtb hn pncma havutc ci snsoc b ci vbmta






































7.8.6 Wbrngnfc hn Vtcdnintê (VIR)

Zbr ib pcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb affarrb inontcrb ib tbmsnamn hn faoprbssnamb mbi fcifbstruzza pbr prbvbmnrb i„nmstcdnintê guarn hci pncma. Nm pcrtnfaicrb kin bggbttn kiadcin hbi sbfamha arhnmb mbkin bhngnfn passama bssbrb trcsfurctn sb ì vbrngnfctc ic sbkubmtb famhnznamb0

+ 3.7 » ∓� )  ≨ :.63»63 »  +3.

havb0 ì ni fcrnfa vbrtnfcib tatcib (su bibobmtn famtravbmtctn b hn famtravbmta)5

  ? / 

ì ni muobra hn pncmn5

ì i„citbzzc tatcib hbii„bhngnfna saprc ni vnmfaia ch nmfcstra hn dcsb5 ì ni vciarb hn fcifaia hbi oahuia bicstnfa hbi fis fam

 ? 3�4

5

ì ni oaobmta hn nmbrznc hbiic sbznamb hn fcifbstruzza fci fbstruzza hbkin bibobmtn hn

famtravbmta, npatnzzctc nmtbrcobmtb rbckbmtb. Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc ni praspbtta rncssumtnva hbiic vbrngnfc ciic stcdnintê kiadcib

hbii„bhngnfna. Tbsnstbmzc fcrcttbrnstnfc fudnfc c faoprbssnamb

Tfe

62.:: M/oo

4

Oahui a bicstn fa fis

Bfo

64 2<< M/oo

4

Fabg. pcrznci b hn sn furbzzc

ζfb

Oahuia bicstnfa hn fcifaia hbi fis

Bfh

3.4 4; 32; M/oo

Muobra hn pn cmn

m

Citbzzc tatci b hbii „bhngnfn a saprc ni vnmfaia ch n mfcstra hn dcsb

I Nf

Oaobmta hn nmbrznc hbiic sbznamb hn fis hbkin bibobmtn hn famtravbmta

3: 8: o 8 7>3.>8 o

Fcrn Fcrnf fa vbrt vbrtnf nfc cib tat tatci cib b (su (su bib bibob obmt mtnn famt famtra ravb vbmt mtct ctnn b hn hn famt famtra rav vbmta bmta))

ZBh

82 7:: 7:: eM

Fcrnfa vbrtnfcib inontb hn prakbtta pbr ic stcdnintê

ZTh

6 36< 36< 22; 22; eM WBTNGNFCXA








































7.8.8 Inontcznamb hbiia sgarza marocib mbi fcifbstruzza (VIR)

Zbr ib pcrbtn nm FH’D‟ ic garzc marocib hn faoprbssnamb mam hbvb bffbhbrb ni 8:% hbiic rbsnstbmzc ocssnoc c faoprbssnamb hbiic sbznamb hbi saia fcifbstruzza. Zcrbtb 3 Cznamb cssnci b hn prakbtta

MBh

Crbc sbznamb fis

Cf

Vgarza marocib ckbmtb

φf

37 >8< >8< eM 4

2.;7 o 4 4.>8 M/oo

Zcrbtb 4 Cznamb cssnci b hn prakbtta

MBh

Crbc sbznamb fis

Cf


φf

32 >7: >7: eM 4

8.<7 o 6.4< M/oo

Zcrbtb 6 Cznamb cssnci b hn prakbtta

MBh

Crbc sbznamb fis

Cf


φf

Tbsnstbmzc fcrcttbrnstnfc fudnfc c faoprbssnamb

Tfe

Vgarza marocib ocssnoa hn prakbtta

:.8 gfh

32 737 737 eM 4

7.3< o 4 4.26 M/oo 62.:: M/oo

4

4

7.2< M/oo WBTNGNFCXA

7.8.2 Wbrngnfc c Zrbssa-gibssnamb (VIR)

Fam rngbrnobmta ciic sbznamb prbssa-nmgibssc, ic vbrngnfc hn rbsnstbmzc (VIR) sn bsbkub famtraiicmha flb0

 ? �) ≢ 

havb ì ni vciarb hn fcifaia hbi oaobmta rbsnstbmtb farrnspamhbmtb c

 

ì ni vciarb hn fcifaia hbiic faopambmtb cssncib hbii„cznamb5



5

ì ni vciarb hn fcifaia hbiic faopambmtb gibttbmtb hbii„cznamb.

Hn sbkunta sn rnpartcma ib vbrngnflb c prbssa-gibssnamb suhhnvnsb nm rbicznamb ciic hnrbznamb hn pravbmnbmzc hbi vbmta.






































Wbrngnfc c prbssa-gibssnamb - Hnrbznamb vbmta0 Marh






































Wbrngnfc c prbssa-gibssnamb - Hnrbznamb vbmta0 Vuh






































Wbrngnfc c prbssa-gibssnamb - Hnrbznamb vbmta0 Avbst






































Wbrngnfc c prbssa-gibssnamb - Hnrbznamb vbmta0 Bst








































7.8.7 Wbrngnfc c Xckina (VIR)

Mbiib suffbssnvb vbrngnflb sn ì tbmuta famta hbi passndnib nmfrbobmta hbiib garzb hn tckina c sbkunta hbiic garocznamb hbiic fbrmnbrc picstnfc ciic dcsb hbiic pcrbtb, nmfrbobmtcmha hbi 2:% ni tckina hbrnvcmtb hcii„cmcinsn. Nm pcrtnfaicrb, trcttcmhasn hn pcrbtn bstbsb hbdaiobmtb croctb, ch akmn pncma ni tckina ì stcta attbmuta copingnfcmha ni tckina hbrnvcmtb hcii„cmcinsn hbi gcttarb (q+3)/4. Ic rbsnstbmzc c tckina hbkin bibobmtn strutturcin hatctn hn spbfngnfc crocturc



c tckina ì stctc vciutctc suiic dcsb hn umc chbkuctc sflboctnzzcznamb c trcinffna, nm fun kin bibobmtn rbsnstbmtn sama fastntuntn hc0 ib crocturb trcsvbrscin, ib crocturb iamkntuhnmcin, ni farrbmtb faoprbssa hn fcifbstruzza b n pumtamn h„cmnoc nmfinmctn. Nmaitrb ic hbtbronmcznamb hbiic rbsnstbmzc c tckina ì stctc famhattc cssuobmha um drcffna hbiib garzb nmtbrmb z pcrn cii„<:% hbii„citbzzc hbiic sbznamb bh um„nmfinmcznamb hbiib hnckamcin faoprbssb pcrn c 82º. Fam rngbrnobmta cii„crocturc trcsvbrscib, ic rbsnstbmzc hn fcifaia c tckina trcznamb ì stctc fcifaictc fam ic sbkubmtb bqucznamb0

 ?  »  »  » ( +) +) » 

Fam rngbrnobmta ci fcifbstruzza h„cmnoc, ic rbsnstbmzc hn fcifaia c tckina faoprbssnamb ì stctc fcifaictc fam ic sbkubmtb bquczn






































Nmgnmb ic rbsnstbmzc c tckina hn prakbtta ì ic onmarb hbiib hub saprc hbgnmntb0

 ? �, )

Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc ni praspbtta rncssumtnva hbiic vbrngnfc c tckina saprc hbsfrnttc. Tbsnstbmzc fcrcttbrnstnfc fudnfc c faoprbssnamb Tbsnstbmzc fcrcttbrnstnfc fninmhrnfc c faoprbssnamb Fabg. rbsnstbmzc c iumka tbronmb Fabg. pcrzncib hn snfurbzzc fis Tbsnstbmzc hn fcifaia c faoprbssnamb Oahuia bicstnfa fis Xbmsnamb fcrcttbrnstnfc hn smbrvcobmta Fabg. pcrzncib hn snfurbzzc cffncna Tbsnstbmzc hn fcifaia Oahuia bicstnfa cffncna Citbzzc sbznamb Dcsb sbznamb Tnfaprnobmta Drcffna hbiic fappnc nmtbrmc Crbc fis Vtcggb prnmfnpcin Muobra dcrrb Zcssa Crbc crocturc trcsvbrscib C /s

Tfe g fe fe γff ζf gfh Bfo gye ζs gyh Bs l d f z Cf

ϒ

m s Csw

62.:: 4>.:2 :.< :.<2 3.2 3.2: 37.87 64 2<< 82: 3.3 3.32 6>3.6: 43: ::: 3 > 4:: 6:: 6: 3 2 67: 2 ;7: ::: 34 4 4:: 447 3.363

M/oo4 M/oo4 M/oo4 M oo M/oo4 M/oo4 M/oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo4 4 /oo






































7.8.; Wbrngnfc c Vfarrnobmta (VIR)

Vun passndnin pncmn hn sfarrnobmta (pbr bsbopna ib rnprbsb hn kbtta a n knumtn fastruttnvn) ì stctc famhattc umc spbfngnfc vbrngnfc c sfarrnobmta, nm fun ni vciarb hn prakbtta hbiic rbsnstbmzc c tckina mbn famgramtn hbiia sfarrnobmta ì hcta hciic sbkubmtb bsprbssnamb0

, ?  +  +  3� 6  �  �         ?   ��42�42 �  �     ?  �    �   ?   � ��2�  � � + � � �� + /

, 

havb0 rcpprbsbmtc ni famtrnduta hbii„bggbtta ’spnmatta‟ hbiib crocturb vbrtnfcin0

  

rcpprbsbmtc ni famtrnduta hbiib crocturb nmfinmctb prbsbmtn ciic dcsb0

rcpprbsbmtc ni famtrnduta hbiic rbsnstbmzc pbr cttrnta0






































Tbsnstbmzc fcrcttbrnstnfc fudnfc c faoprbssnamb Tbsnstbmzc fcrcttbrnstnfc fninmhrnfc c faoprbssnamb Fabg. rbsnstbmzc c iumka tbronmb Fabg. pcrzncib hn snfurbzzc fis Tbsnstbmzc hn fcifaia c faoprbssnamb Oahuia bicstnfa fis Xbmsnamb fcrcttbrnstnfc hn smbrvcobmta Fabg. pcrzncib hn snfurbzzc cffncna Tbsnstbmzc hn fcifaia Oahuia bicstnfa cffncna Crocturc cmnoc Muobra dcrrb Crbc crocturc cmnoc Crocturc sbz. frntnfc Muobra dcrrb Crbc crocturc sbz. frntnfc Crbc crocturc mbi pncma hn sfarrnobmta Crocturc nmfinmctc Muobra dcrrb Crbc crocturc nmfinmctc Cmkaia crocturc nmfinmctc

Fabg. h'cttrnta fis-fis Citbzzc hbiic pcrtb faoprbssc marocinzzctc c l

Citbzzc sbznamb Dcsb sbznamb Drcffna hbiic fappnc nmtbrmc

Tfe g fe fe γff ζf gfh Bfo gye ζs gyh Bs

ϒ ϒ ϒ

m Cs m Cs Cs`,tat

m Csn μn γ ` λ ²g ν MBh OBh iw dw z

62.:: M/oo4 4>.:2 M/oo4 :.<2 3.2: 4 37.87 M/oo 64 2<< M/oo 4 82: M/oo 3.32 6>3.6: M/oo4 43: ::: M/oo 34 oo 44: 4 48 <<3 oo : oo :4 : oo 48 <<3 oo 3: oo :4 : oo :º :.7: :.26 :.7: :.:437 82 7:: 7:: eM 663 663 ;<7 ;<7 eMo eMo 37 4:: 4:: oo 6:: oo 34 >7: oo






































7.8.< Wbrngnfc hbiib Xbmsnamn hn bsbrfnzna (VIB)

Hn sbkunta sn rnpartcma ib vbrngnflb ckin stctn inontb hn bsbrfnzna mbiib faodnmcznamn VIB rcrc, VIB grbqubmtb b VIB qucsn pbrocmbmtb, rnfarhcmha nmaitrb flb pbr strutturb nm fcifbstruzza hbdaiobmtb crocta ib tbmsnamn hn faoprbssnamb flb nmsarkama mbi fcifbstruzza pbr bggbtta hbiib cznamn hn fcifaia satta ic faodnmcznamb rcrc hbvama bssbrb onmarn hbiic sbkubmtb tbmsnamb0

 ≨ �,6�  VIB rcrc (inontcznamb hbiib tbmsnamn fis bh cffncna)








































VIB grbqubmtb (vbrngnfc cpbrturc gbssurb)






































7.2

Vtrutturc gcffnctc vbtrctc

Ic gcffnctc vbtrctc ì sarrbttc hc umc strutturc partcmtb faopastc hc trcvbrsn b oamtcmtn nm cffncna fcrcttbrnzzctn hc umc sbznamb c pragnia sfctaicrb rnspbttnvcobmtb hn hnobmsnamn pcrn c 42:x32:x< oo b 4::x4::x7 oo. Cttrcvbrsa um prafbssa ntbrctnva hn hnobmsnamcobmta b vbrngnfc nm fun sn sama vckinctb hnvbrsb npatbsn hn sflboc stctnfa snc mbn famgramtn hbi faiibkcobmta trc gcffnctc b strutturc nm F.C snc mbi faiibkcobmta hbkin bibobmtn strutturcin fastntubmtn ic gcffnctc stbssc, sn ì vciutctc ic mbfbssntê hn kcrcmtnrb um vnmfaia hn nmfcstra snc mbn mahn hn faiibkcobmta hbn trcvbrsn hbiic gcffnctc ciic strutturc partcmtb nm F.C., snc nm qubiin qu biin trc n oamtcmtn b n trcvbrsn hbiic gcffnctc stbssc.

7.2.3 Ficssngnfcznamb hbiic sbznamb

Ib sbznamn trcsvbrscin hbkin bibobmtn strutturcin fastntubmtn ic gcffnctc vbtrctc





































7.2 Vtrutturc gcffnctc vbtrctc

Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc ni praspbtta rncssumtnva rbictnva ciic ficssngnfcznamb hbiib sbznamn trcsvbrscin hbkin bibobmtn strutturcin fastntubmtn ic gcffnctc vbtrctc, rnfarhcmha flb ic ficssb hn umc sbznamb faopastc farrnspamhb ci vciarb hn ficssb pnþ cita trc qubiin hbn suan bibobmtn faopambmtn. Ficssngnfcznamb hbiic sbznamb - Zragnia sfctaicrb 42:x32:x< oo Icta i umka x

d

42: oo

Icta i umka y

l

32: oo

Vpbssarb

t

Dcsb rnhattc

d'

Citbzzc rnhattc

l'

Crbc sbznamb Oaobmta prnmfnpcib h'nmbrznc iumka x

C @xx

Oaobmta prnmfnpcib h'nmbrznc iumka y

@yy

Oahuia rbsnstbmtb bicstnfa iumka x

[bi,xx

Oahuia rbsnstbmtb bicstnfa iumka y

[bi,yy

Oahuia rbsnstbmtb picstnfa iumka x

[pi,xx

Oahuia rbsnstbmtb picstnfa iumka y

[pi,yy

< oo 4 6 8 oo 368 oo 4

7 388 oo 8 46 6>6 8;4 oo 8 24 462 :;4 oo 8 7>7 87< oo /oo 8 3<; 38< oo /oo 8

622 <48 oo /oo 8 2:> 848 oo /oo






































7.2.4 Cznamn nmtbrmb

Hn sbkunta sn rnpartcma n ocssnon vciarn hbiib cznamn cssncin b hbiib fappnb hn cznamn tckincmtn b oaobmtn gibttbmtn saiibfntcmtn kin bibobmtn strutturcin fastntubmtn ic gcffnctc vbtrctc.

Gnkurc 7.37 Vbznamb trcsvbrscib hbkin bibobmtn strutturcin fastntubmtn ic gcffnctc (Zragnia 3 - Xrcvbrsn5 Zragnia 4 - Oamtcmtn)

Zragnia 4






































7.2.6 Wbrngnfc hn Nmstcdnintê (VIR)

Ic vbrngnfc hn stcdnintê hbi oamtcmtb pnþ saiibfntcta, flb ì stctc bggbttuctc mbii„npatbsn flb ic sbznamb trcsvbrscib snc umngarobobmtb faoprbssc, rnsuitc bssbrb sahhnsgcttc mbi fcsa nm fun i„cznamb hn faoprbssnamb hn fcifaia bssbrb onmarb hbiic rbsnstbmzc cii„nmstcdnintê mbii„cstc faoprbssc

,



rnsuitn

.

Zbr ib sbznamn hn ficssb 3, 4 b 6, ni vciarb hbiic rbsnstbmzc cii„nmstcdnintê puô bssbrb fcifaicta trcontb ic sbkubmtb bsprbssnamb0 bspr bssnamb0

, ? »

havb0 ì ni fabggnfnbmtb flb hnpbmhb hci tnpa hn sbznamb b hci tnpa hn cffncna



nopnbkcta5 ì ni fabggnfnbmtb pcrzncib hn snfurbzzc hn nmstcdnintê hbiic obodrcmcturc,








































Zragnia sfctaicrb 4::x4::x7 oo Icta iumka x

d

4 :: o o

Icta iumka y

l

4: : o o

Vpbssarb

t

7 oo

Dcsb rnhattc

d'

3< < o o

Citbzzc rnhattc

l'

3<< oo

Crbc sbzn amb Oaobmta prnmfnpcib h'nmbrznc ocx

C @ocx

Oaobmta prnmfnpcib h'nmbrznc onm

@onm Bs

4 8 727 oo 8 4> 466 8;4 oo 8 4> 466 8;4 oo

43: ::: M/oo

4






































Wbrngnfc c Gibssnamb

Ic vbrngnfc c gibssnamb rnsuitc bssbrb sahhnsgcttc mbi fcsa nm fun ni oaobmta gibttbmtb hn fcifaia rnsuitn bssbrb onmarb hbiic hbi ic rbsnstbmzc hn fcifaia c



gibssnamb rbttc hbiic sbznamb sbkubmtb bsprbssnamb0

,

, ni fun vciarb vnbmb hbtbronmcta trcontb ic






































Hn sbkunta sn rnpartc, c tntaia bsbopingnfctnva, ni praspbtta rncssumtnva rbictnva ciib vbrngnflb hn umc hbiib faodnmcznamn saprc hbsfrnttb. Zragnia sfctaicrb 42:x32:x< oo Icta iumka x

d

42: oo

Icta iumka y

l

32: oo

Vpbssarb

t

Dcsb rnhattc

d'

< oo 468 oo






































7.2.2 Wbrngnfc hbkin Vpastcobmtn (VIB)

Zbr qucmta rnkucrhc ib vbrngnflb hbkin spastcobmtn rbictnvb cn prnmfnpcin bibobmtn strutturcin hbiic gcffnctc vbtrctc, vc sattainmbcta flb n inontn hn hbgarocdnintê nopastn pbr fastruznamn arhnmcrnb nm cffncna sakkbttb ch cznamn arnzzamtcin hbvama bssbrb appartumcobmtb vciutctn pbr tbmbrb famta hbiib spbfngnflb bsnkbmzb tbfmnflb b gumznamcin ibkctb ci snstboc hn gcffnctc





































;. Maroctnvc hn rngbrnobmta

; Maroctnvc hn rngbrnobmta Ic maroctnvc hn rngbrnobmta nm octbrnc hn strutturb utninzzctc ì rcpprbsbmtctc hciic maroctnvc drcsnincmc, hc qubiic ntcincmc b hcn prnmfnpcin hafuobmtn nmtbrmcznamcin qucin kin Burafahnfn. -

CDMX MDT 3284304::7 - Zra`bta hb bstruturcs rbsnstbmtbs c snsoas (Hbsnkm ag sbnsonf rbsnstcmt strufturbs)5











































































<. Dndinakrcgnc









































































>. Ciibkctn

D.BRUCIAFREDDO -Concept Design e Progettazione Di Una Torre a S.paolo

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