PROCESAMIENTO PROCESAMIE NTO DE FILETE FIL ETE DE ATUN Y BONITO BO NITO EN ACEITE Y SALMUERA DISEÑO DEL PRODUCTO: MATERIALES PRIMAS: a) PESC PESCA ADO
: Atún Atún-T -Thu hunn nnus us alba albaa a!" !"s s # alal alalun un$a $a%% BONITO- Sa!&a Sa!&a Ch'l'"ns's%
b) ACEITE
: C("st'bl"%
) A*UA
: P(tabl"%
&) SAL
: R"+'na&a, C("st'bl"%
") ENASE
: .(/alata ba!n'0a&a ,123 lb% Tuna%
PROCESAMIENTO:
PESCADO:
El atún #2( "l b(n't( a ut'l'0a!s" &"b"!4n "sta! +!"s(s # san'ta!'a"nt" a5t(s 5a!a (nsu( huan(%
1% COCIMIEN COCIMIENTO: TO:
Pa!a Pa!a "+"tua "+"tua!! "sta "sta (5"!a (5"!a'6n '6n &"b"( &"b"(s s (nta! (nta! (n ('na ('na&(! &(!"s "s &"b'&a &"b'&a"n "nt" t" 'nstala&(s # (n sus tub"!7as &" 8a5(! a&"ua&as, t"!6"t!(s, an6"t!(s, 84l8ulas &" !"$ula'6n &" 8a5(! # 5u!$as %El Atún #2( B(n't( "s s("t'&( a un 5!("s( &" ('6n (n "l (b/"t( 5!'n'5al &" "9t!a"!l" 5a!t" &" sus l7u'&(s (( "l a$ua # la $!asa, a+7n &" "/(!a! su t"9tu!a, sab(! # +a'l'ta! su "lab(!a'6n 5(st"!'(!%
El 5"sa&( &"b"!4 (l(a!s" &" +(!a a&"ua&a # (!&"na&a ;"st'8a&a) (n "l 8'"n 8'"nt! t!" " ha' ha'a a aba/ aba/(% (% N( &"b" &"b"!4 !4 (l( (l(a a!s !s" " una una 5'"0 5'"0a a s(b! s(b!" " la (t!a (t!a "n +(! +(!a a &"s(!&"na&a, n( s" 5(&!4 "+"tua!s" un bu"n la8a&( # "l 5"sa&( s" &"st!(0a!7a%
COCCIMIENTO COCCIMIENTO RECOMENDADO:
Pa!a "+"tua! "sta (5"!a'6n s" &"b" &" t(a! "n u"nta "l taa<( &"l 5"sa&( # la t"5"!atu!a, #a u" s" 5!"s"ntan 5"sa&(s a$!(s # $!as(s%
S" !"('"n&a &" 3123 a =23 ,123 h(!as &" (''"nt( a 1>?%=@ 5(! = lb2'n3% ;INC.3)%
3% FILETE Y LIMPIEA: LIMPIEA:
Una 8"0 "+"tua&a "l (''"nt( &" la at"!'a 5!'a ;5"sa&() s" &"b"!4 "+"tua! "l "n+!'a'"nt( 5(! &uhas &" a$uas ( +(!a'6n &" nub"s &" a$ua, 5ul8"!'0a'6n ( 5!"s 5!"s'6 '6n n &" a$ua a$uas s +!7a +!7a 5(ta 5(tabl bl"s "s,, lu"$ lu"$( ( s" s(" s("t"! t"!4 4 a un tún" tún"ll &" a'!" a'!" &" "n+!'a'"nt( a+7n &" t!aba/a! "l 5"sa&( "l 's( &7a%
Es (5!(ba&( u" t!aba/a! "l 5"sa&( "l 's( &7a, n( s" s"a &"as'a&( # n( ha# (9'&a'"nt( &" las $!asas &"l 's(% Lu"$( Lu"$( u" "l Atún Atún #2( B(n't( B(n't( "st" &"b'&a &"b'&a"nt "nt" " "n+!'a "n+!'a&(, &(, s" 5!("&"! 5!("&"!4 4 a la al'"n al'"nta ta'6n '6n &" la ab"0a ab"0a,, 5'"l, 5'"l, hu"s( hu"s(s, s, "s5'na "s5'nas, s, a!n" a!n" (su!a (su!a,, (4$ul (4$ul(s (s &" san$!" # (t!as at"!'as n( ("st'bl"s 5a!a 5a!a "8'ta! u" "l 5!(&ut( 5!(&ut( t(" (l(!"s n( a!at"!7st'(s &"s5us &"l "n8asa&(%
=% FILETES A TABLEROS: TABLEROS:
Una 8"0 l'5'( "l +'l"t", s" 8a (l(an&( "n l(s tabl"!(s &" a&"!a (n8"n'"nt""nt" # "n +(!a (!&"na&a 5a!a +a'l'ta! la (5"!a'6n &" (!t"% Ant"s &" s("t"! "st(s +'l"t"s al (!t" s" "+"tua!a una !"-l'5'"0a &4n&(l"s "l últ'( t(u"%
% CORTE DE LOS FILETES:
Una 8"0 5!"5a!a&( # !"8'sa&( "l tabl"!( (n l(s +'l"s, s" 5!("&"!4 al (!t" (n la $u'll(t'na, t!atan&( &" !"8'sa! la uh'lla u" "st l'5'a # !"$ula&a (n8"n'"nt""nt"%
DIMENSION DEL CORTE DEL FILETE:
Pa!a "n8as"s &" 123 lb%Tuna s"!4 &" =% ό 1 1235l
%$?% ENASADO:
Lu"$( &" t(&( l(s t!(0(s ( +'l"t"s t"n$an las &'"ns'(n"s ant"s 'n&'a&as, s"!4n 5u"stas "n l(s "n8as"s 5"!5"n&'ula!"s a la bas" &" "st"% S' "l "n8as" "s "4n'a"nt", s" &"b" t"n"! u'&a&( "n la !"$ula'6n &" la au'na # 8"!'+'a! s' &a "l 5"s( &" 5"sa&( !"u"!'&(%
% PIONADO:
S" "+"tua!a "l n'8"la'"nt( &" la su5"!+''" &4n&(l" a s' "/(! a5a!'"n'a al 5!(&ut(%
% ESPACIO LIBRE ;CAMARA DE ACIO):
El "s5a'( l'b!" "nt!" "l b(!&" &"l "n8as" # la su5"!+''" &"l 5"sa&( 5'0(na&( &"b"!4 s"! &" 12 &" 5l$ ό &" % % LANADO:
S" (l(an l(s "n8as"s 5'0(na&(s "n la a&"na ha'a "l "9haust'n$ s' "s "4n'a"nt" "st" 5as( "s aut(4t'(%
G% ADICION DE IN*REDIENTES:
ANTES DEL EH.AUSTIN*:
S" l" a$!"$a!a: = $!a(s &" sal !"+'na&a ("st'bl"%
1>%
A*OTAMIENTO ;EH.AUSTIN*):
Est" tún"l s"!4 &" 8a5(! &'!"t( " 'n&'!"t( 5a!a u" 5!(5(!'(n" "/(! al(! al "n8as" (n (nt"n'&( # 5u"&a as7 "8aua! t(&( "l a'!" +!'( # "n (ns"u"n'a 5!(5(!'(na! al "n8as" "l 8a'( a5!(5'a&( 5a!a "l 5!(&ut( a "lab(!as"% Est(s "sta!4n a(n&''(na&(s (n an6"t!(, t"!6"t!(, 5u!$a aut(4t'a 5a!a "l (n&"nsa&(% El "n8as" &"b'&a"nt" "5aa&( 5asa!a 5(! "l "9haust'n$ 5(! "s5a'( &" => s"$un&(s a 1 'nut( a G>@ 5a!a "n8as"s &" 123 lb %tuna%
El 8a'( n""sa!'( 5a!a "n8as"s 123lb%tuna "s &" a 5ul$a&as &" .*%
11%
ADICCION DE IN*REDIENTES:
DESPUES DEL EH.AUSTIN*:
Una 8"0 u" "l 5!(&ut( "st" "n8asa&( (n "l a$!"$a&( &" sal # un 5(!"nta/" &" a$ua 5(tabl" al'"nt", ha" su 5as( 5(! "l "9haust'n$ # s" l" a$!"$a!a%
•
3? l% D" a"'t" 8"$"tal a ?@ %
•
3? l% D" a$ua 5(tabl" a >@ %
13% .ERMETICO:
SELLADO
Es una (5"!a'6n u# '5(!tant" #a u" "l s"lla&( h"!t'( 5"!+"t( &"l "n8as" $a!ant'0a la &u!a'6n &"l 5!(&ut( (( la "st"!'l'&a& ("!'al% P(! "sta !a06n s" !"('"n&a 8"!'+'a! # (nt!(la! "l s"lla&( &" la au'na "n nu"st!as &" 5!u"ba%
1=% ENASES:
LAADO DE LOS
O5"!a'6n &" l'5'"0a u" s" "+"tua!a una 8"0 u" s" ha !"al'0a&( "l s"lla&( h"!t'(% En "l as( &" u" s" t!at" &" l7u'&( &" $(b'"!n( a"'t", l(s "n8as"s s" la8a!an (n &"t"!$"nt"s # a$ua al'"nt", t"!'na&( ant"s% D su sal'&a &"l la8a&(! (n un "n/ua$u" (n a$ua l'5'a%
En "l as( &" u" "l l7u'&( &" $(b'"!n( s"a salu"!a, s(l( s"!4 n""sa!'( la8a! las (ns"!8as (n a$ua al'"nt"%
1%
ESTIBADO:
C(ns'st" "n (l(a! l(s "n8as"s ( 5!(&ut(s s"lla&(s "n +(!a h(!'0(ntal 5a!al"la a la bas" &"l a!!( &"l aut(la8" %Esta (5"!a'6n "s u# '5(!tant" #a u" s" (l(a "l l'u'&( &" $(b'"!n( "n +(!a h(!'0(ntal al 5!(&ut(, u"&an&( (( "&'( &" (b"!tu!a &4n&(l" as7 "/(! a5a!'"n'a al 5!(&ut( t"!'na&( # "8'tan&( a la 8"0 la a5a!'"n'a &" la t(sta&u!a su5"!+''al &"l 5!(&ut(%
A&"4s, s" &"b" t"n"! "n u"nta u" (n "l "st'ba&( s" "8'ta tab'n "l $(l5" # las ab(lla&u!as &" l(s "n8as"s &"nt!( &"l a!!( &" "st"!'l'0a'6n%
PROCESOS PRO*RAMADOS ;ESTERILIACION COMERCIAL):
O5"!a'6n u# '5(!tant" &" la ual &"5"n&"!4 la al'&a& # &u!a'6n &"l 5!(&ut(% Las aut(la8"s ( "st"!'l'0a&(!"s 'n&ust!'al"s &"b"!4n "sta! 5!(8'st(s n""sa!'a"nt" &":
a) T"!(!"$'st!a&(!"s aut(4t'(s (n $!4+'(s% b) T"!6"t!( ba!!a &" "!u!'(% ) Man6"t!( 5a!a la 5!"s'6n 'nt"!na% &) Es5'tas 5a!a la !"n(8a'6n &" 8a5(!% ") Pu!$as &" (n&"nsa&(% +) El''na&(!"s &" a'!" +!'( ;5u!$as)% $) Tub"!7as &" "nt!a&a &" 8a5(!% Un aut(la8" &"b" b'"n '5l""nta&( 5!'n'5al"nt" &" l(s t"!(!"$'st!a&(!"s aut(4t'(s 5a!a "8'ta! las an'5ula'(n"s &" las lla8"s (n las ba/a&as # sub'&as &" 5!"s'6n # t"5"!atu!as u" (!'$'nan una &"+''"n'a "st"!'l'0a'6n ( "n uh(s as(s la t(sta&u!a &"l 5!(&ut( , &4n&(l" (l(!a'(n"s # (l(!"s a t(sta&(% Pa!a "n8as"s 123 lb %tuna &"b" s"!: 3=G@ F 'nut(s%
1?%
ό 11?%3@
C 1> LB@25ul$a% 3 5(! ?
ENFRIAMIENTO:
Una 8"0 t"!'na&a la (5"!a'6n &" "st"!'l'0a'6n &"l 5!(&ut( s"$ún !"("n&a'(n"s san'ta!'as " 'nt"!na'(nal"s, "l 's( &"b"!4 "n+!'a!s"
s("t'n&(l( a un ab'( b!us( &" t"5"!atu!a (n8"n'"nt" '!(b'(l6$'a"nt", # 5a!a "8'ta! "l t(sta'"nt( 5(! la &u!a'6n ( la ant"n'6n &" la t"5"!atu!a 5(! la$( t'"5(%
P(! "s( "s n""sa!'( 5!(8""! a las 5lantas &" abun&ant" a$ua a5!(5'a&a "st" t'5( &" (5"!a'6n, "st( "s u# '5(!tant"%
1% ENASES:
LIMPIEA DE LOS
D"s5us &" la "st"!'l'0a'6n, l(s "n8as"s 5asa!an 5(! un la8a&(! ό "n su &"+"t( s" 5(&!4 5"!s(nal 5a!a u" s" l"s & "l 5unt( +'nal &" l'5'"0a%
S" &"b"!4 &" t"n"! "n u"nta u" s' s" "+"tua!a "l "n+!'a'"nt( b!us( # &"nt!( &" la aut(la8", l(s "n8as"s sal&!4n l'5'(s # +!7(s # s"!4n 'n"&'ata"nt" "na/(na&(s (n un !"&u'&( nú"!( &" 5"!s(nal &" su5"!8's'6n%
1% O:
ALMACENAMIENT
S" ala"na!a "l 5!(&ut( &"b'&a"nt" l'5'( # "n a/as &" a!t6n, &" au"!&( a su a5a'&a& %Estas a/as u"&a!an l'5'as, a!a&as (n "l 6&'$( &"l "n8as" "na/(na&as %S" &"b"!4 !"(!&a! u" tant( "st" 5!(&ut( (( "l a/6n &" a!t6n s" ut'l'0a!a 5a!a l(s "ba!u"s ( 8"ntas, "8'tan&( $ast(s 'nn""sa!'(s 5(! !(tu!as ( su'"&a& &" "st(s%
COMENTARIO DE CALIDAD:
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S" "nt'"n&" u" "l 5"sa&( u" "s ('na&( a '"!ta t"5"!atu!a # "n+!'a&( !45'&a"nt" # +'l"t"a&( "l 's( &7a, 5!"s"!8a! su (l(!, (l(! # sab(! a!at"!7st'as a la "s5"'"%
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•
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T(&( 5"sa&( t!aba/a&( "l 's( &7a "s 4s +4'l &" "+"tua!l" la "l''na'6n &" la 5'"l, a!n" (su!a, hu"s(s # "s5'nas 5(! la n( (a$ula'6n # &u!"0a &" la $!asa 5!(5'a &"l an'al%
Al t!aba/a! "l 5"sa&( "l 's( &7a s" "8'ta!a u" las $!asas (nt"n'&as "n "l usul( &"l 5"sa&( s" (9'&"n # ab'" &" (l(! , a la 8"0 u" l" &a!4n "l (l(! a!at"!7st'( &"l 5"sa&( (9'&a&( # uhas 8""s "l "n!!an'(na'"nt( &"l 5!(&ut(%
El 5!(&ut( &"b"!4 s"! "n+!'a&( !45'&a"nt" una 8"0 t"!'na&a la "st"!'l'0a'6n ("!'al ;(n a$ua 5(tabl")%
S" &"b"!4 ant"n"! la ant'&a& a5!(5'a&a &"l 5"sa&( # "l l7u'&( &" $(b'"!n( &"l "n8as"%
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El (nt"n'&( (u5a!a (( 7n'( "l > &" la ant'&a& &"l "n8as"%
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El l7u'&( &" $(b'"!n( &"b" &" /u$a! "l 5a5"l &" "&'( &"b" (b"!tu!a%
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El 5"s( "su!!'&( &" "st" t'5( &" (ns"!8a (( 7n'( "l G> &"l 5"s( n"t(%
El "s5a'( l'b!" &"b" s"! &" 12 &" 5ul$a&a ό %
L(s +'l"t"s 'n&'8'&ual'0a&(s &"b"!4n a(n&''(na!s" &" tal an"!a u" "8'&"n'"n (!&"na'"nt(%
La &'"ns'6n # t'"5( &"l "9haust'n$ ;al"nta'"nt( &"l 5!(&ut()%
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La a#(!7a &" un'&a&"s "n un 's( "n8as" s"!4n 5!"+"!"nt""nt" &"b" taa<( un'+(!"%
El a$!"$a&( &" un 5(!"nta/" &" l7u'&( &" $(b'"!n( ant"s &"l "9haust'n$ ;s(l( 5a!a "l t'5( &" salu"!a)%
El 5!("s( &"b"!4 s"! "n l7n"a # !45'&a 5a!a "8'ta! "l (9'&a'"nt( &"l 5"sa&(%
La "st"!'l'0a'6n &"b" s"! 5!(5'a # a&"ua&a ;aut(la8" u# b'"n '5l""nta&()%
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L(s t!(0(s s"!4n !"t"n'&(s 5(! "l ta'0 ITINTEC 13% ;123)%
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El 5!(&ut( +'nal s"!4 &" (l(!, (l(! # sab(! a$!a&abl"%
ASPECTOS TECNOLO*ICOS: En la 5!4t'a, la t!ans+(!a'6n &" la Anh(8"ta "n al'"nt(s &'+"!"nt"s a la ha!'na &" 5"sa&(, ha (nst'tu'&( un 5!(bl"a tn'( &" (5l"/a s(lu'6n %Esta "s5"'" "s un 5"u"<( 5"l4$'( (n taa<(s ("!'al"s "nt!" 13 a 1 , u# +!4$'l, $!as(, &'+7'l &" an'5ula! # &" (!+(l($7a 5(( a&a5tabl" a las (5"!a'(n"s "4n'as (n('&as &" 5!"-t!ata'"nt( &" at"!'as 5!'as %Int"nt(s 5!"8'(s &" t!ans+(!a'6n, tn'a"nt" "9't(s(s al'"nt(s &" (nsu( &'!"t(, !"sulta!(n "n (n"nt!a&(s 5!(t"'(s a!(s ( 5!(&ut(s t'5( J&"l'at"s"nK, u#(s (st(s &" anu+atu!a l( s'tuaban +u"!a &"l alan" 5(5ula!% COMPOSICION FISICA
COMPONENTE CABEA ISCERAS ESPINAS PIEL
PROMEDIO ;) 1% 1%= G%G %?
COMPONENTE Al"tas F'l"t"s 5"!&'&as
PROMEDIO ;) =%> % =%3
S' b'"n "9'st" atual"nt" un nú"!( &" ba!!"!as u" '5'&"n la ut'l'0a'6n &" una 5a!t" s'$n'+'at'8a &" "st" !"u!s( 5a!a (nsu( huan(, la &'s5(n'b'l'&a& &" t"n(l($7as a&"ua&as n( "s una &" "llas% La 'nst'tu'6n u" 5!(&u" la 'n8"st'$a'6n # &"sa!!(ll( &" nu"8(s 5!(&ut(s "n "l P"!ú, ITP, ha '5l""nta&( # a&a5ta&( &'8"!sas t"n(l($7as 5a!a "l an'5ul"( # 5!("sa'"nt( &" anh(8"ta ba/( &'+"!"nt"s 5!"s"nta'(n"s # 5(s'b'l'&a&"s &" "!a&(% A&"4s &" atual'0a'(n"s &" s'st"as &" a$ua &" a! "n+!'a&a 5a!a "l ant"n''"nt( &" la a5tu!a "n "9"l"nt"s (n&''(n"s a b(!&( &" "ba!a'(n"s nu"8as ( !"a(n&''(na&as, "l 5!(&ut( "s atual"nt" sus"5t'bl" &" s"! ("!'al'0a&( (( al'"nt( +!"s(, (n$"la&(, "nlata&(, u!a&( ( (( 5!(&ut(s n( (n8"n'(nal"s anu+atu!a&(s a 5a!t'! &" 5ul5a &" 5"sa&(% RENDIMIENTOS EISCERADO EISCERADO DESCABEADO FILETE CON PIEL .ARINA DE PESCADO ACEITE DE PESCADO FILETE MARIPOSA A.UMADO ;CALIENTE)
3 - ?G > ? 31 3? 3? 3 - =3
Pa!a (n8"n"! a las "5!"sas 5!(&ut(!as &" ha!'na &" 5"sa&( !"s5"t( a las b(n&a&"s # b"n"+''(s u" t!a"!7a la 5!(&u'6n &" al'"nt(s 5a!a "l (nsu( huan( &'!"t(, s" &"b"!4 &"(st!a! una a"5ta'6n sust"ntabl" &" l(s 5!(&ut(s &"!'8a&(s &" "st" !"u!s( 5(! 5a!t" &"l "!a&( %P(! "sta !a06n, l(s nu"8(s 5!(&ut(s &'s5(n'bl"s, anu+atu!a&(s a 5a!t'! &" anh(8"ta, han s'&( &"sa!!(lla&(s t(an&( "n u"nta !"u"!''"nt( # h4b't(s al'"nta!'(s t!a&''(nal"s u" +a8(!"0an la a"5ta'6n 5(! 5a!t" &" l(s (nsu'&(!"s # u" a&"4s a$!"$u"n 8al(!"s a las a5tu!as (n "l (ns"u"nt" b"n"+''( "(n6'( u" "st( !"5!"s"nta% ANC.OETA PERUANA COMO ALIMENTO: La anh(8"ta "s una "9"l"nt" +u"nt" &" 5!(t"7na an'al &" alta al'&a&% Su alt( (nt"n'&( &" l's'na # (t!(s a'n(4'&(s "s"n'al"s la ha"n 5a!t'ula!"nt" a&"ua&a 5a!a "l (5l""nt( &" &'"tas !'as "n a!b(h'&!at(s # 5a!a l(s lu$a!"s "n &(n&" las +u"nt"s &" 5!(t"7na s(n !"lat'8a"nt" "sasas, (( (u!!" "n uh(s &" l(s 5a7s"s "n 87as &" &"sa!!(ll(% COMPOSICION UIMICA Y NUTRICIONAL:
COMPONENTE
PROMEDIO ;)
ANALISIS PROHIMAL: .u"&a& *!asas P!(t"7nas Sal"s M'n"!al"s En"!$7a ;al21>>$!)
>% %3 1G%1 1%3 1?
ACIDOS *RASOS: C1:> M'!7st'as C1?:> P"nta&"an('( C1:> Pal'( C1:1 Pal't(l"'( C1:> Ma!$4!'( C1:> Est"4!'a C1:1 Ol"'( C1:3 L'n(l"'( C1:= L'n(l"n'( C3>:> A!au'( C3>:1 E'(sa"n('( C3>:= E'(sat!'"n('( C3>: A!au'&(n'( C3>:? E'(sa5"nta"n('( C33:= D((sat!'"n('( C33: D((sat"t!a"n('( C33:? D((sa5"nt""n('( C33: D((sah"9a"n('(
1>%1 >% 1G%G 1>%? 1%= % 13%= 1% >% =% T!a0% 1%= 1%> 1% 1%1 1%3 1%= G%3
MINERALES: S(&'( ;$21>>$) P(tas'( ;$21>>$) Cal'( ;$21>>$) Ma$n"s'( ;$21>>$) F'"!!( ;55) C(b!" ;55)
%> 31% %1 =1%= =>% 3%1
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DEMANDA FUTURA DE PESCADO: En "l P"!ú, "l 5"sa&( (nst'tu#" una '5(!tant" +u"nt" &" 5!(t"7nas% A 5"sa! &" u" s(l( al!"&"&(! &"l 13 &" la a5tu!a t(tal "s ut'l'0a&a 5a!a "l (nsu( huan( &'!"t(, "sta (nt!'bu#" (n una 5!(5(!'6n "!ana al =1% &"l abast"''"nt( &" 5!(t"7na an'al # al 1=%? &" la 5!(t"7na t(tal (nsu'&a 5(! l(s 5"!uan(s% En "l a!( &" un (b8'( 'n!""nt( +utu!( &" la &"an&a &" al'"nt(s, 5!(&ut( &"l !"''"nt( &"($!4+'( # (t!(s +at(!"s s('("(n6'(s 'nt"$!a&(s, "l 5"sa&( /u"$a un 5a5"l 5!"5(n&"!ant"% A &'+"!"n'a &" (t!(s 5a7s"s "n l(s ual"s las 5"su"!7as hab!7an alan0a&( l(s l''t"s &" 5!(&u'6n sust"ntabl" # n( 5(&!7an 5(! tant( au"nta! su a5(!t" al abast"''"nt( un&'al &" al'"nt(s "n "l P"!ú s" 5(&!7a (bt"n"! a#(!"s su'n'st!(s s' s" ut'l'0a!a 5a!t" &" las a5tu!as, (( las &" anh(8"ta, u" atual"nt" s" "5l"an "n la 5!(&u'6n &" ha!'na &" 5"sa&(% Ent!" las 8a!'abl"s u" &"t"!'na!7an un 'n!""nt( "n la &"an&a +utu!a &" 5"sa&( # 5!(&ut(s &"!'8a&(s, s" !"salta 5!'n'5al"nt" "l !"''"nt( &"($!4+'(, 5(! l( u" s" &"b"!7a asu'! una (!!"la'6n &'!"ta "nt!" l(s ab'(s 5(bla'(nal"s # la &"an&a% S'n "nba!$(, "sta !"la'6n 5(&!7a 8"!s" (&'+'a&(, aunu" n( s'"5!" 5(s't'8a"nt", (n "l !"''"nt( "(n6'(, "l a#(! 5(&"! a&u's't'8( &" la 5(bla'6n # (t!(s as5"t(s s('al"s, (stub!"s # 5!"/u''(s l'$a&(s al (nsu( &" 5!(&ut(s h'&!(b'(l($'(s "n "l 5a7s% C(ns'&"!an&( una tasa +'/a anual &" !"''"nt( &"($!4+'( &" 1%, s" "st'a u" 5a!a "l a<( 3>>= s" t"n&!4 una 5(bla'6n &" 3%1 'll(n"s &" hab'tant"s, # u" s(l( 5a!a ant"n"! "l (nsu( 5"!-45'ta "n l(s n'8"l"s atual"s s" ut'l'0a!7an 1G% 'l t(n"la&as u" s'$n'+'a!7a un 'n!""nt( &" >%G 'l t(n"la&as &" &"s"ba!u" &" !"u!s(s h'&!(b'(l($'(s %
AÑO 1GG 3>>> 3>>=
POBLACION ;MILLONES) 3% 3?% 3%1
CONSUMO ;MILES DE T) =G?% 1%= =G%>
DESEMBARUE ;MILES DE T) ??%? ?% 1G%
C(n "l !"''"nt( &"l (nsu( 5"!-45'ta, "st'a&( "n "l Plan Est!at$'( 1GG3>>= "lab(!a&( M'n'st"!'( D" P"su"!7a, t"n&!"(s u" 5a!a "l a<( 3>>= "l 8(lu"n &" !"u!s(s h(&!(b'(l($'(s n""sa!'(s 5a!a (bt"n"! "l (nsu( "s5"!a&( &" 3% $25"!s(na alan0a!7a n'8"l"s (!!"s5(n&'"nt"s a 1,>1% t(n"la&as , !"5!"s"ntan&( un 8(lu"n a&''(nal &" &"s"ba!u" &" >%1 'l t(n"la&as , a5!(9'a&a"nt" % Estas '+!as n(s 5"!'t"n (nlu'! u" "l 5!"s"nt" # t!a&''(nal abast"''"nt( &" 5"sa&( 5a!a (nsu( huan( &'!"t( n( 5(&!4 sat's+a"! la &"an&a 7n'a alula&a, 5u"s la sa!&'na s" ha (n8"!t'&( "n un !"u!s( u#a a5tu!a "s u# al"at(!'a , # las (t!as "s5"'"s sub-"95l(ta&as , /u!"l # aballa, 5(&!7as s"! ut'l'0a&as "n "l "&'an( 5la0( a (st(s &" "9t!a'6n s'$n'+'at'8a"nt" a#(!"s, &"s5us &" un 5"!'(&( &" 'n8"!s'(n"s # t!ans+"!"n'a &" t"n(l($7a u" $a!ant'" un abast"''"nt( s(st"n'&(% C(( alt"!nat'8a &" abast"''"nt( al (!t( 5la0(, la atual a&'n'st!a'6n $ub"!na"ntal 5!(5(n" 5lan"s 5a!a "l abast"''"nt( &" un s'st"a &" s"$u!'&a& al'"nta!'a u" ut'l'0a a la 5"sa, "n "s5"'al al !"u!s( anh(8"ta, (( un( &" l(s 4s '5(!tant"s (nt!'bu#"nt"s al l($!( &" "st" +'n% En tal s"nt'&( s((s (ns'"nt"s &" u" su "8"ntual us( !"u"!'!7a "n 5!'"!a 'nstan'a &" la 'n8"!s'6n &"l Esta&( u" 5!(5(!'(n" la at'8'&a& "&'a una s"!'" &" 'n"nt'8(s u" 'nlu#an la t!ans+"!"n'a &" t"n(l($7as (n a!at"!7st'as $!atu'tas, la &'s5(n'b'l'&a& &" "!a&(s 'nt"!n(s, (( las u" &a!7an lu$a! l(s P!($!aas &" Al'"nta'6n Na'(nal u" t'"n" s"nt'&( 5at!('na&(s 5(! "l *(b'"!n( C"nt!al% Pa!a l($!a! "st(, "l Esta&( ha '5l""nta&( 5(l7t'as &'!'$'&as al !"+(!0a'"nt( &" las 'nst'tu'(n"s !"s5(nsabl"s # al an"/( $"!"n'al &"l s"t(!, 'nlu#"n&( a&"4s "l "/(!a'"nt( t"n(l6$'( &" la 'n&ust!'a, la ut'l'0a'6n &" 5"u"<(s 5"l4$'(s 5a!a "l (nsu( huan( &'!"t(, la 5!(('6n &" au'ultu!a, "/(!as "n l(s s'st"as &" as"$u!a'"nt( &" la al'&a& # "l &"sa!!(ll( &" s'st"as &" !"&u'6n &" 5!&'&as 5(st-a5tu!a% As7 's(, (n la +'nal'&a& &" u" "l s'st"a &"s!'t( a&u'"!a 5"!s5"t'8a 'nt"!na'(nal, s" 'nlu#" "l &"sa!!(ll( &"l ("!'( 'nt!a!"$'(nal # la "l''na'6n $!a&ual &" ba!!"!as ("!'al"s%
CONTRIBUCION SUSTENTABLES DE LA ANC.OETA AL DESARROLLO NACIONAL:
Un au"nt( s'$n'+'at'8( &" la (+"!ta &" 5!(&ut(s 5"su"!(s s(b!" la bas" &"l !"u!s( anh(8"ta s"!7a +un&a"ntal 5a!a ub!'! una 5a!t" s'$n'+'at'8a &"l &+''t al'"nta!'( &" la 5(bla'6n 5"!uan(% Est( t!a"!7a, a&"4s, uh(s b"n"+''(s a&''(nal"s u" (nt!'bu'!7an a la s(lu'6n &" 5!(bl"as na'(nal"s, l(s ual"s 5u"&" s"! a5l'a"nt" a$!u5a&(s "n: al'"nta!'(s, "(n6'(s # s('al"s% ALIMENTARIOS: S' 5a!t" &"l !"u!s( anh(8"ta s" &'!'$'"s" a la 5!(&u'6n &" al'"nt(s u" sat's+a$an l(s !"u"!''"nt(s nut!''(nal"s # al'"nta!'(s &" la 5(bla'6n, s" "sta!7a 'n''an&( un 5!("s( &" !"8"!s'6n &" las atual"s t"n&"n'as 5!(&ut'8as &" una 'n&ust!'a u", al 5a!""!, ab!7a #a "n(nt!a&( un 5unt( &" ab'( u" la 5(&!7a, alt"!nat'8a"nt" ll"8a! a 'nu!s'(na! "n !ub!(s al'"nta!'(s &" (nsu( huan( &'!"t(, u" 5!(5(!'(n"n una (nt!'bu'6n sust"ntabl" a la s"$u!'&a& al'"nta!'a &"l 5a7s% .a s'&( "n'(na&( u" a#(!"s su'n'st!(s &" al'"nt(s, &" au"!&( a una !"'"nt" &"an&a, 5(&!7an s"! 5!(8'st(s (n la (l(a'6n &" 5a!t" &" las a5tu!as &" anh(8"ta (( 5!(&ut( +!"s(s ( 5!("sa&(s 5a!a "l (nsu( huan( &'!"t(% Pa!a ant"n"! "l (nsu( 5"!-45'ta anual al!"&"&(! &" 1%3 $ s" !"u'"!" "n 5!("&'( "l su'n'st!( &" 1>%1?> t(n"la&as a&''(nal"s a&a a<(, "n u t!'n(s &" 8(lu"n &" anh(8"ta s'$n'+'a!7a a+"ta!, ba/( (n&''(n"s n(!al"s, s(l( "l >%1 &" la a5tu!a anual &" "st" !"u!s(% C(n tal"s a$n'tu&"s, la 5"sa 5(&!7a (nt!'bu'! (st"ns'bl""nt" (n la s"$u!'&a& al'"nta!'a &"l 5a7s, 5!(5(!'(nan&( a l(s 5(bla&(!"s &" 0(nas &"5!''&as una +u"nt" 8al'(sa &" 5!(t"7nas &" ba/( (st(, u" sust'tu#a al'"nt(s t!a&''(nal"nt" (nsu'&(s% Pa!a u5l'! (n la "ta "stabl"'&a "n "l Plan Est!at$'( &"l S"t(! P"su"!(, u" "nun'a un ab'( "n "l (nsu( 5"!-45'ta anual &"l 1%3 $ atual al 3% $ "n "l a<( 3>>=, s" 5!"'sa!7a, s' "l as( +u"s" al'"nt(s "nlata&(s, &" una 5!(&u'6n &" =3%1>>t(n"la&as a&''(nal"s &" (ns"!8as &" 5"sa&(, u" "n t!'n(s &"s"ba!u"s 5(&!7a (!!"s5(n&"! al 1 &" la a5tu!a &" anh(8"ta &" 1GG%
AÑO
POBLACION ;MILLONES)
CONSUMO PERCAPITA ;*)
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3%
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INCREMENTO PRODUCCION CONSERAS ;MILES DE T)
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ALOR A*RE*ADO: La ha!'na &" 5"sa&( n( ha 5(&'&( 5(! uhas !a0(n"s s"! !"5la0a&a 5(! la 5!(t"7na 8"$"tal "n la al'"nta'6n an'al% P(! l( u" su !(l n( &"b"!7a s"! sub"st'a&a% En "l P"!ú, la 5!(&u'6n &" ha!'na &" 5"sa&( ha s'$n'+'a&( &u!ant" "l a<( 1GG una $"n"!a'6n &" &'8'sas &"l (!&"n &" l(s UQQ G?> 'll(n"s, (ns'&"!an&( la ut'l'0a'6n &" %G 'll(n"s &" t(n"la&as &" !"u!s(s h'&!(b'($'(s % S'n "ba!$(, la ut'l'0a'6n &" "st" 's( !"u!s( "n la 5!(&u'6n &" al'"nt(s 5a!a "l (nsu( huan( &'!"t(, a$!"$a!7a s'$n'+'at'8a"nt" 8al(! a l(s 5!(&ut(s !"sultant"s, a&"4s &" 'n!""nta! l(s 7n&'"s &" 5!(&ut'8'&a& (!!"s5(n&'"nt"s% Asu'"n&( u" 5a!a 5!(&u'! una t(n"la&a &" ha!'na &" 5"sa&( s" ut'l'0a ? t(n"la&as &" anh(8"ta a un 5!"'( &" UQQ >%>>2t, s" (bt"n&!7a un 5!(&ut( +'nal (n un 8al(! &" 8"nta &" UQQ ?>%>>2t, u" s'$n'+'a un 8al(! a$!"$a&( &" UQQ 3>%alt"!nat'8a"nt" las ? t(n"la&as &" at"!'a 5!'a a un (st( 3 8""s a#(! al &"st'na&( a la ha!'na &" 5"sa&(, !"sulta!7a "n un 5!(&ut( "nlata&(, (n un 5!"'( &" 8"nta &" UQQ =%??, $"n"!an&( un 8al(! a$!"$a&( &" UQQ 3%G?%"st( !"+l"/a una !"la'6n &" 8al(! a$!"$a&( &" 1:1, t"n'"n&( "n u"nta u" a&"4s s" !"8alúa (ns'&"!abl""nt" l(s 5!"'(s &" la at"!'a 5!'a, (n un !"''"nt( a&''(nal &" 1>>, 5a!a b"n"+''(s &"l a!a&(! 5"su"!( ( 5"sa&(! 5!(8""&(!%
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EL SELLADO DE LAS LATAS: La (ns"!8a'6n &" l(s al'"nt(s "st4 &a&a "n la a5l'a'6n &" t(&(s tal"s ((: 1% S"a&(% 3% Sala&(% =% Ut'l'0a'6n &" a0úa!% % Ut'l'0a'6n &" a'&(% ?% Ahua&(% % R"+!'$"!a'6n # (n$"la&(% % En8asa&( (n $as 'n"!t" ;N )% ₂
% Ra&'a'6n ;, , "t%)% G% C(ns"!8as% 1>% Eb(t"lla&(% T(&as "stas +(!as s(n a5l'a&as 5a!a "8'ta! #2( !"ta!&a la a'6n bat"!'ana # a'6n "n0'4t'a% En "st" as(, la (ns"!8a &"5"n&" &" las (n&''(n"s "9t"!nas " 'nt"!nas &" la lata, 5(! l( u" "s '5(!tant" a5l'a! la t"5"!atu!a # "l t'"5( n""sa!'( "n "l 'nt"!'(! &" la lata, a +'n &" ata! l(s '!((!$an's(s, &" tal an"!a u" "l al'"nt( n( ab'" # su &u!ab'l'&a& s"a 5(! la!$( t'"5(% P(! "s(, 5a!a u" "l al'"nt( s" (ns"!8", "s '5(!tant" un '"!!" h"!t'( # la "l''na'6n &" l(s '!((!$an's(s 5at6$"n(s% P(! "st( "s '5(!tant" !"al'0a! "st(s t!aba/(s% L '"!!" h"!t'( &"5"n&" &"l a/ust" # al'b!a'6n "n la au'na s"lla&(!a, "s n""sa!'( !"al'0a! una bu"na (5"!a'6n, 'nlus'8" "l &(bl" '"!!"% S" &"b" 'ns5"'(na! "l &(bl" '"!!" &" la lata "n +(!a (nstant" 5(! un tn'( al'+'a&(%
PROCEDIMIENTO DEL DOBLE CIERRE: El &(bl" '"!!" (ns'st", 5!'"!( "n "l "n$anh" "l u"!5( &" la lata # la ta5a, # "n s"$un&( t!'n(, la 5!"s'6n n""sa!'a 5a!a "+"tua! "l $anh( a&"ua&(% S &"b" t"n"! "n u"nta "l (5u"st( "l s"lla&(! &" la ta5a%
Un bu"n '"!!" ( un al '"!!" "s &"t"!'na&( 5(! "l $anh( # la 5!"s'6n a5l'a&a al "n8as"% D"l a/ust" &" la au'na, &"5"n&" &"l '"!!" &" la lata% L( 4s '5(!tant" "n "l a/ust" "s u": 1@ El 5!'"!( # s"$un&( !(&'ll( &"b"n t"n"! la 5!"s'6n # la &'stan'a a&"ua&a% 3@ El an&!'l &"b" "sta! b'"n (l(a&( # 5!"'s(% =@ El "l"8a&(! ;"/" # 5lat( bas" !"s(!t") &"b" t"n"! la 5!"s'6n n""sa!'a% PRINCIPIOS Y AUSTES DEL DOBLE CIERRE: 1% P!'n'5al"s 5a!t"s &" la au'na "!!a&(!a% P!'n'5'(s '"!!":
.a# 8a!'(s t'5(s &" au'nas "!!a&(!as &" &(bl" '"!!"%las 5!'n'5al"s 5a!t"s s(n:
El"8a&(! (n su 5lat( bas" ;l'+t"!)% Man&!'l ;s"a'n$ hu)% R(&'ll(s ;s"a'n$ !(lls)
En "l "!!a&( ha# &(s +as"s:
R(&'ll( &" la 5!'"!a (5"!a'6n% R(&'ll( &" la s"$un&a (5"!a'6n%
En la +'$% s" (bs"!8a "l 5"!+'l &"l 5!'"! # s"$un&( !(&'ll( &" la 5!'"!a # s"$un&a (5"!a'6n !"s5"t'8a"nt"% El anal ( !anu!a &"l !(&'ll( &" la 5!'"!a (5"!a'6n "s an$(st( # 5!(+un&(, "n ab'( "l !(&'ll( &" la s"$un&a (5"!a'6n "s 4s anh( # "n(s 5!(+un&(% El 5!("&''"nt( 5a!a "l &(bl" '"!!" "s "l s'$u'"nt": 5!'"!( "s (l(a&( "l "n8as" s(b!" "l "l"8a&(!, lu"$( s "l"8a&( # +'$a&( la ta5a al an&!'l u" s" "nu"nt!a "n la 5a!t" su5"!'(! &"l "l"8a&(!% La ta5a # "l u"!5( &"l "n8as" s(n +'/a&(s 5(! "l an&!'l # "l "l"8a&(!% El b(!&" &"l an&!'l &"b" t"n"! una 'nl'na'6n &" @# t'"n" tab'n la +un'6n &" !"'b'! la 5!"s'6n &"l !(&'ll(% La ta5a al s"! +'/a&a "l 5!'"! !(&'ll( ('"n0a a $'!a! h(!'0(ntal"nt" ;a 8""s ha" $'!a! tab'n la lata) a"!4n&(s" al an&!'l, 5!"s'(nan&( "l $anh( &" la ta5a # "n!!(ll4n&(l( ha'a la 5a!t" 'n+"!'(! &"l b(!&" &"l "n8as"% Al t"!'na!s" "sta (5"!a'6n, "l 5!'"! !(&'ll( !"$!"sa at!4s " 'n"&'ata"nt" "l s"$un&( !(&'ll( ('"n0a a $'!a! h(!'0(ntal"nt" a"!4n&(s" al an&!'l% El $anh( &" la ta5a # "l b(!&" &"l "n8as" "n!!(lla&(!a 5(! "l 5!'"! !(&'ll( s(n lu"$( 5!"s'(na&(s as (5l"t4n&(s" as7 '"!!" %"l s"$un&( !(&'ll( a 8"0 u" !"$!"sa ha'a at!4s, "l "l"8a&(! ba/a s(lt4n&(s" "l "n8as" &" la au'na% 3% M"an's( &" a/ust" &" la 4u'na &" &(bl" '"!!":
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Est4 &"t"!'na&a 5(! l( s'$u'"nt": la 5(s''6n &"l 5!'"! !(&'ll(, la 4s "!ana al an&!'l ;TOP), 5!'"!( ha# u" (bs"!8a! la 5a!t" 'n+"!'(! &"l an&!'l # "l an&!'l, &"b" t"n"! a5!(9'a&a"nt" un "s5a'( l'b!" ( lu0 &" >%>= >%> ;>%>?) , (( !"+"!"n'a "l 5a5"l 5"!'6&'( +% >%>% P!'"!( s" ha" t(5a! l"8""nt" "l 5!'"! !(&'ll( (n "l an&!'l, lu"$( s" "l"8a "l "/" &"l an&!'l hasta u" "l 5!'"! !(&'ll(, (n "l &"&(, $'!" sua8""nt"% Una 8"0 &"t"!'na&a, la 5(s''6n &"l an&!'l (n "l 5!'"! !(&'ll(, la 5(s''6n &'!"'(nal, s" 5u"&" !"al'0a! a la 5(s''6n &"l s"$un&( !(&'ll( %La altu!a &"l s"$un&( !(&'ll(, la 5(s''6n &" (5"!a'6n " la altu!a "s a5!(9'a&a"nt" >%1=->%1%
EALUACION DE SELLOS DOBLES EN ENASES METALICOS: I%
IMPORTANCIA DE LA OPERACIVN:
El t!ata'"nt( t!'( u" s" a5l'a a las (ns"!8as 5u"&" s"! (ns'&"!a&( (( la "ta5a 4s '5(!tant" # '"nt7+'a"nt" 4s (5l'a&a &" un 5!("s( &" "nlata&(, aunu" "sta n( t"n&!7a n'n$ún s"nt'&( s' la (5"!a'6n 5(! la u" s" 5!(&u" la h"!"t''&a& "n "l "n8as" s" ha" '5!(5'a"nt"% Las (ns"!8as 5a!t'ula!"nt" las "5aa&as "n "n8as"s &" "tal"s, #a s"a &" h(/alata, la'na &" a"!( "sta
(n+'abl" # a5!(5'a&a (( 5a!a as"$u!a! la "st"!'l'&a& (bt"n'&a 5(! "l 5!("s( t!'( # as7 al (b/"t'8( &" anu+atu!a 5!(&ut(s s"$u!(s " 'n(u(s san'ta!'a"nt"% Al '$ual u" l(s 5!("s(s t!'(s ("!'al"s &" "st"!'l'0a'6n, u" n(!al"nt" u" n(!al"nt" 5!(&u"n 5!(&ut(s s"$u!(s, l(s !"sulta&(s &" las (5"!a'(n"s &" s"lla&( &(bl" l($!an "n8as"s h"!t'a"nt" "!!a&(s u" 5"!'t"n ant"n"! la "st"!'l'&a&W s'n "ba!$(, s" (ns'&"!a u" "st(s 5!("&''"nt(s t'"n"n 4s alt(s !'"s$(s &" +alla!, (( (ns"u"n'a &" (nta'na'6n 5(st-5!("s(, aun "n '"!!"s a&"ua&a"nt" (nst!u'&(s # &"nt!( &" las "s5"'+'a'(n"s, 5u&'"n&( 5!(&u'! 5(!"nta/"s &" &"+"t(s a#(!"s u" l(s u" n(!al"nt" t'"n"n l(s 5!("s(s &" "st"!'l'0a'6n ("!'al ;1>X⁷ -1>X⁰)%As7, ualu'"! &"s8'a'6n ( '5"!+"'(n"s "n la (5"!a'6n &" s"lla&( 'n!""nta!7a "l !'"s$( &" (nta'na'6n 5(! l( u" la 8'$'lan'a # (nt!(l s(b!" "sta (5"!a'6n, !"5!"s"nta una &" las ta!"as 4s '5(!tant"s a !"al'0a! "n la +ab!'a'6n &" (ns"!8as% T"6!'a"nt" a5l'an&( l(s !'t"!'(s &" Ish'aZa a una (5"!a'6n &" s"lla&( &(bl", l(s !"sulta&(s "sta!4n 'n+lu"n'a&(s 5(!: la au'na "!!a&(!a, "l 5"!s(nal a a!$( &" su al'b!a'6n # (5"!a'6n, la al'&a& &" las latas !"'b'&as # la 5!"'s'6n ( "9at'tu& &" l(s 'nst!u"nt(s &" "&''(n"s "5l"a&(s%
II%
DFINICION:
II%1%
SELLO O CIERRE DOBLE:
S(n 'n( a5a0 &" h(/alata u h(/as & alu'n'( ;s' "n la /untu!a "n "n8as"s &" t!"s u"!5(s) "nt!"la0a&(s ( &(bla&(s # 5!"s'(na&(s +'!""nt"% El s"ll( &(bl" "s 5!(&u'&( "n &(s (5"!a'(n"s% En la 5!'a!a (5"!a'6n, "l b(!&" u!8( &" la ta5a "s "n!(lla&a ba/( la 5"sta
II%3% SELLO O CIERRE .ERMETICO:
Es au"l u" "8'ta u" l(s '!((!$an's(s u (t!(s at"!'al"s 'n$!"s"n a l(s "n8as"s%
II%=% ESPACIO LIBRE: Es la &'+"!"n'a "nt!" "l $!(s(! "&'&( &"l '"!!" # la sua &" l(s 'n( &(bl""s ( a5a0 &" la h(/a &" "tal 5!"s"nt" "n "l s"ll( &(bl"% "! +'$% 3% El "s5a'( l'b!" s" alula usan&( la +(!ula:
ESPACIO LIBRE [ $!(s(! &"l '"!!" \ ;3 tb ] = t")^
Tb [ "s5"s(! &"l "tal &"l u"!5(% T" [ "s5"s(! &"l "tal &" la 5ata%
NOTA: ;1) S" ha" "&''(n"s 'n&'8'&ual"s &" l(s "s5"s(!"s &" la h(/alata &"l u"!5( # &" la ta5a &" a&a lata "9a'na&a # l(s !"sulta&(s &" "stas "&'&as s(n usa&(s (n l(s !"sulta&(s &" las t!"s ( uat!( "&''(n"s &"l "s5"s(! &"l '"!!" 5a!a alula! "l "s5a'( l'b!" "n un 5unt( "s5"'+'( &"l s"ll( &(bl"% ;3) El "s5a'( l'b!" n( &"b"!4 "9"&"! &" >%3? % Pa!a latas n( !"&(n&as 5u"&" 5"!'t'!s" un "s5a'( l'b!" 49'( &" >%== "n ualu'"! 5unt( &" las "su'nas%
II%% COMPUESTO SELLADOR:
Es una "5au"ta&u!a ( at"!'al s"llant" (nst'tu'&( &" l4t"9 ( at"!'al s'ntt'(, u" s" (l(a "n la 5"sta% UNTURA: Es la !"$'6n s"ll( &(bl" u" ('n'&" (n "l s"ll( ( '"!!" lat"!al &"l u"!5(% II%11% *ROSOR DE LA UNTURA: Es la &'"ns'6n +(!a&a 5(! "l '"!!" lat"!al &"l u"!5( # "l s"ll( &(bl" &" la ta5a, "&'&( "n 4n$ul(s !"t(s a la 5a!"& &"l an&!'l%
3%13% PORCENTAE DE EN*ARCE DEL *ANC.O DEL CUERPO: Es la &'stan'a (u5a&a 5(! "l $anh( &"l u"!5( "95!"sa&( (( 5(!"nta/" &" la &'stan'a t(tal &"s&" "l 'nt"!'(! &"l !a&'( &"l $anh( &" la ta5a% Pa!a &"t"!'na! "st" at!'but( &"b"!4n ut'l'0a! t(&(s 65t'(s (( !"+"!"n'a% "! +'$%
;1)El 5(!"nta/" &" "n$a!" &"l $anh( &"l u"!5( s" alula a 5a!t'! &" "&'&as h"has s(b!" s"'(n"s &"l '"!!" (n un '!(s(5'( ( 5!(#"t(! &" '"!!" usan&( la s'$u'"nt" +(!ula%
PORCENTAE DE EN*ANCE DEL *ANC.O DEL CUERPO [ b2 9 1>> b[ l(n$'tu& 'nt"!na &"l $anh( &"l u"!5(% C[ l(n$'tu& 'nt"!na &"l s"ll(%
;3)El 5(!"nta/" &" "n$a!0a'"nt( &"l $anh( &"l u"!5( 5u"&" tab'n s"! alula&( &" las "&''(n"s &" l(s (5(n"nt"s &"l s"ll( h"h( (n un '!6"t!( # usan&( la s'$u'"nt" +6!ula:
DE EN*ARCE [ B.-1%1 lb SL 1%1 ;3 t" ]tb)
D(n&": B. [$anh( &"l u"!5(% Tb ="s5"s(! &" la h(/a &" "tal &"l u"!5( SL = l(n$'tu& &"l s"ll(% T" [ "s5"s(! &"l "tal &" la ta5a%
