UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE INGENIERIA
FACULTAD DE INGENIERÍA INDUSTRIAL Y DE SISTEMAS S ISTEMAS
Teoría de sistemas ESTUDIO DEL SISTEMA “MARIA ALEJANDRA”
Integrantes: . MONTOYA RIOS, NILTON JOSE . SILVA ROBLES, WALTER GIANPIERRE . SOLDEVILLA CARDENAS, TEMIS . MENDOZA EGOAVIL JUAN .GONZALES RIVERA, CRISTIAN
2013 - 2
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INDICE . MODELO BASICO . ENTRADAS . TRANSFORMACION . SALIDA . RETROALIMENTACION . ENTORNO
2 3 4 4 4 5
. CRECIMIENTO . JERARQUIA DE SITEMAS . HOLISMO . SUMARIDAD . MECANIZACION . CENTRALIZACION . ISOMORFISMO . SUBSIDARIEDAD . MODELO SITEMATICO . DIAGRAMA CAUSAL
5 6 8 9 10 10 10 11 12 13
. DETERMINISMO . EQUIFINALIDAD . COMPLEJIDAD . PERVASIDAD . MULTICAUSALIDAD . HOMEOSTASIS . ALOMETRIA . SINERGIA . EMERGENCIA . ENTORNO . ANALISI FODA . MODELO ORGANIZACIONAL . SUBSISTEMA DE OBJETIVOS Y VALORES . SUBSISTEMA TECNICO . SUBSISTEMA PSICOSOCIAL . SUBSISTEMA ESTRUCTURAL SUBSISTEMA ADMINISTRATIVO
13 14 15 16 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 25 25 26 27 29
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Modelo Básico El sistema se caracteriza por ciertos parámetros. Parámetros son constantes arbitrarias que que caracterizan, caracterizan, por por sus propiedades, el valor y la descripción dimensional de un sistema específico o de un componente del sistema. Estos parámetros son usados para representar el modelo básico, estos son:
Entrada o insumo o impulso (input): Es la fuerza de arranque del sistema, que provee el material o la energía para la operación del sistema.
Salida o producto o resultado (output): Es la finalidad para la cual se reunieron elementos y relaciones del sistema. Los resultados de un proceso son las salidas, las cuales deben ser coherentes con el objetivo del sistema. Los resultados de los sistemas son finales, mientras que los resultados de los subsistemas con intermedios.
Procesamiento o procesador o transformador (throughput): (throughput ): es el fenómeno que produce cambios, es el mecanismo de conversión de las entradas en salidas o resultados. Generalmente es representado como la caja negra, en la que entran los insumos y salen cosas diferentes, que son los productos.
Retroacción o retroalimentación o retroinformación (feedback): es la función de retorno del sistema que tiende a comparar la salida con un criterio preestablecido, manteniéndola controlada dentro de aquel
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Ambiente o Entorno: Entorno: es el medio que envuelve externamente el sistema. Está en constante interacción con el sistema, ya que éste recibe entradas, las procesa y efectúa salidas. La supervivencia de un sistema depende de su capacidad de adaptarse, cambiar y responder a las exigencias y demandas del ambiente externo. Aunque el ambiente puede ser un recurso para el sistema, también puede ser una amenaza.
ENTORNO ENTRADA
SALIDA
TRANSFORMACIÓN
RETROALIMENTACION
Aplicando este modelo a nuestro sistema obtenemos o btenemos los siguientes parámetros:
Entradas OBJETOS
ABSTRACTOS
PERSONAS
. Telas
. Correos
.Personal
. Hilos
. Innovación al modelo
. Auditores
. Moldes
. Solicitud de pedido
.Tizas . Tijeras . Agujas
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En el sistema o en transformación transformación OBJETOS
ABSTRACTOS
PERSONAS
. Maquinarias de coser
. Honestidad
. Personal
. Maquinaria cortadora
. Compromiso
. Auditores
. Mesas
. Cultura Organizacional
. Instrumentos . Local . Tiendas
Salida OBJETOS
ABSTRACTOS
PERSONAS
. Polos
. Calidad
. Repartidores
. Buzos
. Marketing
. Auditores
. Blusas
. Confianza
. Per. Despedido
. Camisas
Retroalimentación OBJETOS
ABSTRACTOS . Resultados del Estudio de mercado . Aceptabilidad de los productos
PERSONAS
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Entorno OBJETOS
ABSTRACTOS ABSTRACTOS
PERSONAS
. Tecnologia
. Medio ambiente
. Personal sin
. Recursos naturales
. Leyes
empleo . Clientes . Competencias
CRECIMIENTO Es la propiedad según la cual los sistemas tienden a aumentar o a disminuir su cantidad de elementos, es decir, que el crecimiento podrá ser positivo o negativo. Tal incremento o decremento no ocurre al azar sino de acuerdo a ciertas leyes, como por ejemplo la ley exponencial o la ley logística, y son aplicables a un gran número de sistemas: el crecimiento individual de ciertas bacterias y animales, la variación cuantitativa de poblaciones, el aumento del conocimiento científico a partir del número de publicaciones, las reacciones auto catalíticas donde el producto formado acelera su propia producción, etc. Al analizar esta propiedad, es necesario hacerlo en los elementos que aportan valor al sistema, en nuestro caso hemos decidido analizar la producción, en otras palabras analizaremos la cantidad de productos elaborados por mes en el sistema:
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6000 5000 4000 Produccion 3000 2000 1000 0
Jerarquía de sistema En general, el concepto de jerarquía designa una forma de organización de diversos elementos de un determinado sistema, en el que cada uno es subordinado del elemento posicionado inmediatamente por encima (con excepción, claro está, del primero que no está subordinado a ninguno de los demás).
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Los sistemas están frecuentemente estructurados de modo tal que sus partes son a su vez sistemas del nivel inmediato inferior. Aunque von Bertalanffy no suele utilizar el término, podríamos decir que los sistemas se organizan en 'sub-sistemas', etc., y así sucesivamente. Desde ya, en la dirección opuesta habrá también 'supra-sistemas', es decir, sistemas formados por sistemas. Aplicando este principio a nuestro sistema vemos:
Área de Corte
Área de roduccion
Empresa “Alejandra”
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Holismo o Totalidad La T.G.S. establece que un sistema es una totalidad y que sus objetos (o componentes) y sus atributos (o propiedades) sólo pueden comprenderse como funciones del sistema total. Un sistema no es una colección aleatoria de componentes, sino una organización interdependiente en la que la conducta y expresión de cada uno influye y es influida por todos los otros. El concepto de totalidad implica la no aditividad, en otras palabras: " EL "TODO" CONSTITUYE MAS QUE LA SIMPLE SUMA DE SUS PARTES" El interés de la T.G.S. reside en los procesos transaccionales que ocurren entre los componentes de un sistema y entre sus propiedades. Dicho de otro modo, es imposible comprender un sistema mediante el solo estudio de sus partes componentes y "sumando" la impresión que uno recibe de éstas. El carácter del sistema trasciende la suma de sus componentes y sus atributos, y pertenece a un nivel de abstracción más alto. No sería posible entender demasiado el ajedrez, por ejemplo, simplemente mirando las piezas; es necesario examinar el juego como totalidad y prestar atención al modo en que el movimiento de una pieza afecta la posición y el significado de cada una de las piezas del tablero. Al analizar en su totalidad a nuestro sistema podemos ver que es un sistema productivo, en la que todos sus elementos se interrelacionan con el propósito de producir prendas de vestir para mujeres con el menor esfuerzo posible, es decir al menor costo posible.
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Sumaridad Se aplica principalmente a sistemas físicos, particularmente a los elementos en la que la relación entre estos es irrelevante, es decir de poca importancia Aplicado a nuestro sistema, podemos mencionar la relación entre las máquinas de la empresa, en la que cada máquina cumple una función específica, independientemente de la otra, entre estas tenemos: A) Una máquina cortadora: es la encargada de cortar las telas a la medida de la prenda de vestir a confeccionar. B) Dos máquinas remalladoras: remalladoras: se utiliza para el sobrehilado y para la unión de piezas de prenda, dando como resultado unas costuras muy elásticas que impiden el deshilachado de los bordes del tejido. C) Dos máquinas de coser: coser : cumplen una doble tarea, por un lado pueden bordar y por otro coser. Pueden ser tratados diversos tipos de materiales, ya sean estos pesados o livianos D) Una máquina sublimadora : Se encarga de realizar el estampado a través de ciertos pigmentos que se impregnan im pregnan en la prenda.
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Mecanización: Cuando estudiamos un sistema, encontramos subsistemas dentro del sistema. Subsistema
Sistema
Cada subsistema tiene propiedades que la diferencian de las demás. Debemos averiguar estas propiedades que hacen único al subsistema.
Centralización: Existirá un subsistema que dirija el destino del sistema. Establece que cambios hacer, qué debemos hacer, etc. Ejm: El ser humano: sistema El cerebro: subsistema central
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entonces isomorfos.
serán
sistemas
Subsidiariedad: Siempre vamos a tener sistemas que se van a relacionar con el sistema que estamos estudiando, a esta interrelación que el sistema tiene con su entorno se le llama subsidiariedad.
Recibo información de un sistema
Transformación
Sale información procesada para otro sistema
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MODELAMIENTO SISTÉMICO: Un modelo es una representación artificial que se construye en la mente. Modelizar es a la vez, identificar y formular problemas, construyendo enunciados y tratando de resolver dichos problemas razonando a partir de simulaciones. La modelización recurre a un sistema de símbolos. Un modelo es un sustituto de un sistema real que contribuye a comprender las características del comportamiento, más eficientemente que un proceso de observación. Se pueden clasificar los modelos de varias maneras: Físicos o Abstractos, los primeros son replicas físicas tales como las maquetas arquitectónicas; mientras que los segundos manipulan símbolos tales como lenguaje escrito o procesos de pensamiento. Un modelo matemático es una especie de los modelos abstractos que manipula símbolos matemáticos. También existen modelos Estáticos o Dinámicos
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Ejemplos:
Diagrama Causal
Determinismo: Se denomina un sistema determinista a aquel en que el azar no está involucrado en el desenvolvimiento de los futuros estados del sistema, es decir, cada estado futuro del sistema está determinado por el previo en tanto se desprende de cómo queda afectado dadas las variables de entorno y el previsto comportamiento ante los cambios en ese ambiente. -Aplicación a nuestro sistema estudiado:
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Equifinalidad: Se entiende por equifinalidad a la propiedad de conseguir por caminos muy diferentes, determinados objetivos, con independencia de las condiciones individuales que posea el sistema. «Por todas partes se va a Roma». Aunque varíen determinadas condiciones del sistema, los objetivos deben ser igualmente logrados Se refiere al hecho que un sistema vivo a partir de distintas condiciones iniciales y por distintos caminos llega a un mismo estado final. El fin se refiere a la mantención de un estado de equilibrio fluyente. "Puede alcanzarse el mismo estado final, la misma meta, partiendo de diferentes condiciones iniciales y siguiendo distintos itinerarios en los procesos organísmicos" (von Bertalanffy.1976:137). El proceso inverso se denomina multifinalidad, es decir, "condiciones iniciales similares pueden llevar a estados finales diferentes" -Aplicación a nuestro sistema estudiado: En nuestro nuestro sistema existe equifinalidad ya que a diferentes propuestas
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COMPLEJIDAD Por un lado, indica la cantidad de elementos de un sistema (complejidad cuantitativa) y, por el otro, sus potenciales interacciones (conectividad) y el número de estados posibles que se producen a través de éstos (variedad, variabilidad). La complejidad sistémica está en directa proporción con su variedad y variabilidad, por lo tanto, es siempre una medida comparativa. Una versión más sofisticada de la TGS se funda en las nociones de diferencia de complejidad y variedad. Estos fenómenos han sido trabajados por la cibernética y están asociados a los postulados de R. Ashby (1984), en donde se sugiere que el número de estados posibles que puede alcanzar el ambiente es prácticamente infinito. Según esto, no habría sistema capaz de igualar tal variedad, puesto que si así fuera la identidad de ese sistema se diluiría en el ambiente. -Aplicación a nuestro sistema estudiado: La empresa también se caracteriza por por ser un sistema sistema de alta complejidad donde podemos encontrar organizaciones de tipo de tipo humano para
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Pervasividad: La pervasividad de un sistema mide la interacción que este recibe del medio, se dice que a mayor o menor pervasividad del sistema el mismo será más o menos abierto. -Aplicación a nuestro sistema estudiado: Debido a que nuestro sistema siempre está en contacto con el entorno e interactúa de diferentes formas con él, desde la compra de materia prima hasta la venta de las prendas de vestir, se puedes decir decir que es un sistema con alta pervasividad.
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Visto desde otra perspectiva, la formación que se otorga en una carrera universitaria o en una maestría tiene mucho de análisis multicausal. Revisar una lectura es importante, del mismo modo en que lo son las imágenes que posee y demás datos adicionales. Todo ello constituye la causa o el origen del conocimiento que se está obteniendo. Un sistema multicausal se define por las siguientes características: tiene un fin, existe un conjunto de cosas o normas y este conjunto de factores está ordenado. Existen dos tipos de causas, las directas y las indirectas. La causa directa es aquella que produce el efecto sin mediar ningún factor o que un cambio en el factor causal produce un cambio en el efecto.
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HOMEOSTASIS O AUTORREGULACIÓN: En la disciplina sistémica, la autorregulación es una dinámica del sistema que le permite modularse o ajustarse para adaptarse a las condiciones del entorno y preservar su conservación; la autorregulación es una propiedad clave de la identidad del sistema, aquella que le permite intercambiar con el mundo, sin por ello sufrir un deterioro de sus condiciones de vida. Más bien aspira a mejorar su condición. La organización puede alcanzar un estado firme, solo cuando se presenta dos requisitos, la unidireccionalidad y el progreso. La unidireccionalidad
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Alometría: Se refiere a los cambios de dimensión relativa de las partes corporales correlacionados con los cambios en el tamaño total. La alometría en el crecimiento, se refiere al crecimiento diferencial de diferentes partes del cuerpo. Un ejemplo de lo anterior es el desarrollo humano, en el que se da un crecimiento alométrico ya que los brazos y piernas crecen a una tasa más alta que la cabeza y el torso, por lo que las proporciones de un niño son muy diferentes a las de un adulto. Estudio de una parte de un sistema vs otra parte del sistema. Se encarga del estudio de la relación de crecimiento de las partes de un sistema.
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Sinergia: Propuesta por Ludwig Von Bertalanffy en 1925 a la Teoría General de Sistemas. Cuando existe interrelación, cooperación, trabajo en equipo entre los componentes del sistema. Es un principio por el cual surgen ideas únicas de la interrelación de los integrantes o subsistemas.
Área de Producción
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Emergencia: Este concepto se refiere a que la descomposición de sistemas en unidades menores avanza hasta el límite en el que surge un nuevo nivel de emergencia correspondiente a otro sistema cualitativamente diferente. E. Morín (Arnold. 1989) señaló que la emergencia de un sistema indica la posesión de cualidades y atributos que no se sustentan en las partes
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Entorno: El entorno es todo lo que rodea a la empresa. Se caracteriza por ser complejo, dinámico y porque puede ser tanto beneficioso como hostil para la empresa. Habitualmente se diferencian dos tipos de entorno: el general y el específico. - Entorno general. Afecta por igual a todas las empresas de una determinada sociedad a través de factores económicos, demográficos,
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- Entorno específico. Es el entorno más cercano. Afecta a cada empresa de una manera concreta (es específico de cada empresa). Sus principales componentes son: Clientes. El número y las características de los clientes de una empresa condicionan en gran medida su actuación. En primer lugar, no es lo mismo ofrecer el producto directamente a los consumidores que hacerlo a otras empresas, ya que éstas últimas toman las decisiones de modo mucho más racional. También hay diferencia en que los clientes sean pocos y de gran
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Recursos Humanos
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Modelo de una organización: 1. Subsistema de Objetivos y Valores: Es uno de los más importantes. La organización toma muchos de estos valores de un medio ambiente sociocultural más amplio. Una premisa básica es que la organización como subsistema de la sociedad debe lograr ciertos objetivos determinados por el sistema que la envuelve. La organización cumple con una función para
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5. Subsistema Administrativo: Abarca toda la organización al relacionarla