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9
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Cfnogkhgkocfw Zoyo"Hgowzh $84::"84:6+
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Zobhjo jf “Kcmoybf pyfwfczhjo poy lh Gobkwk÷c fcghynhjh jfl fthbfc jf lhw gvfwzkocfw woiyf lhw xvf dhiâh jf mhllhy W#B# fl Yf{ jf Fwphøh‒# Ftpfjkfczf jfl Lhvjo# Mocjo Myoczfyhw , ; $9+ mol# 7># Oafy, Philo $8;44+# Lh jëghjh mvcjhbfczhl fc lh goczyo}fywkh jf lâbkzfw fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh 8448"84;8# Ikilkozfgh Mvcjhgk÷c Phbpfyo, p# 974# s 90 s
Fc lh wfggk÷c xvkczh lh gobkwk÷c fwzkpvl÷ xvf poy wfy jfwgocogkjo “lhw Ihyyhghw jfl Whyhyf { fl Phwo yfhl jf low Ghwh chyfw‒, wf zobhyâh fl gvywo jfl Yko Hyhvgh gobo vc lâbkzf chzvyhl { lvfno wf jfwplhqhyâh phyh ivwghy fl “Hczknvo Hpowzhjfyo jfl Bfzh‒# Fc lh wfggk÷c wftzh ogvyyâh lo bkwbo xvf fc lh xvkczh, hjfbèw fwf zfyykzoyko fyh wolkgkzhjo poy hbihw phyzfw, zobhyoc gobo lâbkzf chzvyhl low Yâow Hzhihpo { Cfnyo, goc kczfyyvpgk÷c jf hlnvcow ekl÷bfzyow jf [è}kzh h Pkbkgdâc# Fc gvhczo h lh yfphyzkgk÷c jf zfyykzoyko wf pvfjf jfgky xvf mvf ihwzhczf fxvkzhzk}h, {h xvf, Golobikh oizkfcf low zfyykzoykow jf lh Nvhakyh $wfggk÷c 8+ { Whc Mhvwzkco $wfggk÷c 7+, bkfczyhw xvf ]fcfqvflh oizkfcf lh wfggk÷c jfl Whyhyf, Hyhvgh { Bfzh, { Lâcfh jfl Oykcogo { Yâo Cfnyo 87# [ gobo wf bfcgkoc÷ hczfykoybfczf dvio hgvfyjo fc lhw wfggkocfw jf lh Wkfyyh jf Pfykaè { jf Bozklocfw $9jh#+ { fc Lâcfh jf lh Wfyyhcâh jf Zhbè# Wkc fbihyno, gobfcq÷ h pyfwfczhywf pogh jkwpowkgk÷c phyh lh hplkghgk÷c jfl Lhvjo, woiyf zojo poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh xvf kczfcz÷ flvjky zhl fafgvgk÷c, nfcfyhcjo hwâ vc zoyzvowo { lhyno ghbkco dhgkh lh hplkghgk÷c jfl bkwbo, wfnñc Hlmyfjo ]èwxvfq “lh wfczfcgkh hyikzyhl co fyh fl mkc, wkco fl gobkfcqo jf vch cvf}h fzhph‒ 8: kckgkhcjo fc vc pykbfy bobfczo goc vc kczfyghbiko jf cozhw xvf powzfykoybfczf gocllf}hyoc h cvf}ow hgvfyjow1
87
Phyh Golobikh lh jk}kwk÷c jf wfnvcjo zyoqo, wknckmkg÷ lh pëyjkjh jfl zykècnvlo jf low yâow Cfnyo $Nvh}khyf+, Oykcogo { Ghwkxvkhyf# 8: ]HWXVFQ, H# $8;44+# Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh# Ionozè# Fjkzoykhl Zfygfy Bvcjo Fjkzoyfw# Pèn# 80:# s 98 s
Avlko jf 84;8 Golobikh fc}âh vch cozh h ]fcfqvflh yfgoyjhcjo xvf jfifc dhgfy lh jfbhyghgk÷c woiyf zojo fc low Lkbkzfw Hyzkmkgkow $lvnhyfw xvf cvcgh dhiâhc wkjo ftployhjow+ { pyopocf gocmoybhy vch gobkwk÷c# Hczf lh mhlzh jf yfwpvfwzh poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh fc ogzviyf, fc}âh jf cvf}o vch cozh cozkmkghcjo xvf fc}khyh vch gobkwk÷c fc fl wfgzoy gobpyfcjkjo fczyf fl bfykjkhco jf Bhwphyyo { low Boczfw jf Ogh phyh xvf zobhy powfwk÷c jf low zfyykzoykow f kc}kzh h ]fcfqvflh h yfhlkqhy lo bkwbo# Fc fwzh oghwk÷c ]fcfqvflh pyozfwzh poy gocwkjfyhy xvf co jfifyâh zobhy powkgk÷c vcklhzfyhl { hynvbfczh xvf lh gobkwk÷c jfif wfy hpyoihjh poy fl Gocnyfwo# Lh py÷tkbh cozh mvf fc}khjh poy Golobikh fc mfiyfyo jf 84;9, lh gvhl ftplkghih h ]fcfqvflh xvf phyh lh fafgvgk÷c jfl Lhvjo co jfiâh wobfzfywf h hpyoihgk÷c poy phyzf jfl Gocnyfwo, jf lo goczyhyko wfyâh mlhnyhczf ]kolhgk÷c jf Jfyfgdo Kczfychgkochl# ]fcfqvflh yfwpocjf xvf co pyfzfcjf wobfzfy h hpyoihgk÷c fl Lhvjo pfyo cfgfwkzh zkfbpo phyh yfhlkqh bojkmkghgkocfw polâzkgo"hjbkckwzyhzk}hw# Golobikh hynvbfczh xvf lf kczfyfwhc pogo low pyogfjkbkfczow kczfycow jf ]fcfqvflh { xvf w÷lo cfgfwkzh gobkwk÷c bktzh phyh fafgvzhy fl lhvjo { hwâ f}kzhy lh ogvphgk÷c vcklhzfyhl# Poy vc pfykojo jf hpyotkbhjhbfczf jow høow lhw kczfcgkocfw jf fafgvgk÷c jfl lhvjo xvfjhyoc gocnflhjhw# Dhwzh xvf hwvbf fl pojfy fc Golobikh Bknvfl Hczocko Ghyo, xvkfc }f lh cfgfwkjhj jf yfwol}fy lh hplkghgk÷c jfl lhvjo, hjfbèw xvf ël gocwkjfyhih xvf fl lhvjo w÷lo yfwol}âh gvfwzkocfw avyâjkghw, jfahcjo jf lhjo hwpfgzow gobo low
s 99 s
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Zyhzhjo Wvèyfq"Vcjh
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84
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90
s 96 s
Fl Hgzh fwzhilfgâh xvf wk co wf hpyoihih fwzf Zyhzhjo, hbihw Yfpñilkghw hplkghyâhc wkc bojkmkghgkocfw fl Lhvjo Hyikzyhl jf 84;8 { wf yfwfy}hyâhc lh mhgvlzhj jf lfnkwlhy fc fc gvhczo h lh ch}fnhgk÷c { gobfygko myoczfykqo# Ozyo hyzâgvlo fwzkpvlhih xvf fc fl ghwo jfl yfgdhqo jfl zyhzhjo woiyf ch}fnhgk÷c { gobfygko, hbiow noikfycow hgfpzhyâhc vch gobkwk÷c bktzh phyh xvf bhyghyh low lâbkzfw yfwpfgzk}ow, goc vc plhqo co bh{oy h 4 bfwfw, fc ghwo “gvhlxvkfy phâw pvfjf pyogfjfy h dhgfylo wkc bfcowghio jfl kczfyëw jf lh goczyhphyzf98#‒ Fwzf hgvfyjo mvf pyomvcjhbfczf gykzkghjo { yfgdhqhjo fl poy Gocnyfwo Golobikhco#
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98
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]HWXVFQ, H# $8;44+# Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh# Ionozè# Fjkzoykhl Zfygfy Bvcjo Fjkzoyfw# Pèn# 876# s 9> s
bv{ yflhgkochjo goc zfbhw kbpoyzhczfw gobo fl jf “Jobkcko Zfyykzoykhl { lh Wfnvykjhj Kczfykoy‒# Hjfbèw wføhlhih xvf bfjkhczfw zyhzhjow wf lf
pojyâhc gocgfjfy ifcfmkgkow jf lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c h low Fwzhjow ykifyføow $Golobikh+ pfyo h ghbiko jf “powkzk}hw Gobpfcwhgkocfw‒# Ël wf ihw÷ fc lh jogzykch jf lh woifyhcâh mlv}khl jf Bhyzfcw97 # Hbiow hynvbfczow fyhc gkfyzow { }hlkjow, wkc fbihyno ckcnvco jf low jow Fwzhjow gfjfyâhc fc yflhgk÷c h lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c, llfnhcjo jf fwzh bhcfyh h vc pvczo bvfyzo fc lh cfnogkhgk÷c woiyf lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c, hmfgzhcjo wknckmkghzk}hbfczf lh whzkwmhggk÷c jf kczfyfwfw golobikhcow# H goczkcvhgk÷c vc bhph Zobhjo jfl Lkiyo jf ]HLOKW, xvf yfpyfwfczh lhw lâcfhw xvf mvfyoc jfbhyghjhw jf hgvfyjo hl Lhvjo Fwphøol jf 84;89:
97
Bhyzfcw, fyh vc yvwo xvf gocwkjfyhih xvf low zyhzhjow jf ch}fnhgk÷c bhyâzkbh { mlv}khl wf mvcjhc fc gocgfwkocfw yfgâpyoghw 9: ]HLOKW, H# $8;>0+# Yfwføh woiyf low Lâbkzfw fczyf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh# s 94 s
Fl goloy Yoao Kcjkgh fl zyhqhjo yfwvflzo Fl goloy }fyjf lhw wfggkocfw jf lhw myoczfyhw fc xvf fwzèc gocmoybfw lhw jow Yfpñilkghw#
s 9; s
]fcfqvflh { Golobikh Ghbkco dhgkh fl Lhvjo Wvkqo
Fc }kwzh xvf co wf pvjo llfnhy h vc hgvfyjo goc yfwpfgzo h lhw yfgzkmkghgkocfw wolkgkzhjhw poy ]fcfqvflh, wf jfgkjk÷ fafgvzhy lo hgoyjhjo fc fl Lhvjo Fwphøol# Whczkhno Iykgføo gobo yfpyfwfczhczf jf ]fcfqvflh { Lvkw Ghylow Ykgo fc yfpyfwfczhgk÷c jf Golobikh, mkybhyoc vc phgzo fc jocjf wf yfnlhbfczhyâh lh fafgvgk÷c jfl Lhvjo jf 84;8# Zhczo fc ]fcfqvflh gobo fc Golobikh wf hpyoi÷ fl kcwzyvbfczo fc low yfwpfgzk}ow Gocnyfwow { ghjh phâw cobiy÷ wvw yfpyfwfczhczfw h lhw gobkwkocfw bktzhw# Fc 8;00 wf yfñcf lh Gobkwk÷c Bktzh fc Gvyhqho phyh jkwgvzky lo yfmfyfczf hl wfgzoy jf lh Nvhakyh# Powzfykoybfczf wf zyhwlhjh h Wkchbhkgh { jfwjf hdâ wf pyogfjk÷ h yfgoyyfy fl wfgzoy fc ivwgh jf low Bonozfw jf low Myhklfw, pvczo jf kckgko phyh zyhqhy lh myoczfyh wfnñc fl Lhvjo Fwphøol#
8;001 Jflkbkzhgk÷c jf lh Nvhakyh1 Hgzh jf Ghwzkllfzfw
Fc fwzh mfgdh, wf gocmoybhc jow Gobkwkocfw Gocavczhw o bktzhw Jfbhyghjoyhw, lhw gvhlfw mkahyâhc low lâbkzfw goyyfwpocjkfczfw h lo jkwpvfwzo poy fl Lhvjo fwphøol# Vco jf low pykbfyow fwgollow mvf xvf, fc }kwzh jfl jfwgocogkbkfczo jfl lvnhy jocjf wf fcgoczyhihc low “Bonozfw jf low Myhklfw‒, ck jocj f wf dhllhihc jkgdo wkzko, ck plfco gocogkbkfczo jfl èyfh fthgzh phyh fl gobkfcqo jf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c yfwpfgzk}h, wf zob÷ vc pvczo xvf s 70 s
nfonyèmkghbfczf phyfgâh fl bèw kj÷cfo phyh gobfcqhy h mkahy low dkzow { jfbhyghy hwâ lh lâcfh jk}kwoyko jf hbiow Fwzhjow# Fwzf pvczo fyh fl jf Ghwzkllfzfw# Wkc fbihyno, lh yfpyfwfczhgk÷c golobikhch fc lh gobkwk÷c, hynüâh xvf wf dhllhihc bèw hihao jfl pvczo jf Ghwzkllfzfw, fw jfgky, ekl÷bfzyow bèw hihao jf lh Lhnvch jf Gowkcfzhw# Fc ]fcfqvflh wf jfgâh xvf lh lâcfh jfiâh gobfcqhy fc low bocafw, fw jfgky lhw kwlhw o “pføhwgow‒ gobo xvkfyfc hlnvcow96, xvf mvfyoc gocmvcjkjow wfbèczkghbfczf goc low Myhklfw# Fc Golobikh xvf low Myhklfw wf dhllhihc bèw hl Wvy9=# Wf gocwkjfyhih xvf fwzf pvczo yfvcâh lhw gocjkgkocfw jfl lvnhy wføhlhjo fc fl Lhvjo gobo {h bfcgkochbow, { jf fwzh moybh wf fwgonfyâh h Ghwzkllfzfw gobo lâcfh jk}kwoykh { pvczo ftzyfbo jf lh Nvhakyh fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh9># Fw kbpoyzhczf jfwzhghy xvf lh fwgonfcgkh jf Ghwzkllfzfw gobo pvczo jf phyzkjh mvf fc pykbfyh kcwzhcgkh wvnfykjh poy lh yfpyfwfczhgk÷c }fcfqolhch fc lh Gobkwk÷c#, { low bkfbiyow jf lh Gobkwk÷c golobikhch hgfpzhyoc fwzo gobo cow gvfczh fl bkwbo Locjoøo Phyfjfw94# Lh gobkwk÷c jfiâh gobpyfcjfy xvf, wk co ftkwzâh fl pykbfy pvczo jf yfmfyfcgkh bfcgkochjo fc fl Lhvjo, fl llhbhjo Bonozf jf Low Myhklfw, wv bkwk÷c xvfjhih mvfyh jf zojh powkiklkjhj jf gvbplkywf# Lh wvwzkzvgk÷c, gocafzvyhgk÷c o hpyotkbhgk÷c ghyfgfyâh jf zojo }hloy avyâjkgo { co pojâh opocfywf h low noikfycow jf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh, kcjfpfcjkfczfbfczf jfl dfgdo jf xvf hlnvcow dkzow {h dhiâhc wkjo mkahjow9;#
96
Dhgfbow hgozhgk÷c hxvâ h lh jfcobkchgk÷c jf kwlhw poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh fc lh hgzvhlkjhj, woiyf zojo, poy lh cfgfwkjhj jf bhczfcfy fwzo poy lo xvf yfwpfgzh hl Bhy zfyykzoykhl xvf fwzhw kwlhw cow dhgfc zfcfy# Bkfczyhw xvf, fc lh }fgkch Golobikh wf hynv{f xvf woc pføhwgow { xvf co low bkwbow poy fcjf co nfcfyhc bhy zfyykzoykhl# 9= LOCJOØO PHYFJFW, A# Jfyfgdo Zfyykzoykhl jf Golobikh, 8;>7# 9> HYFH, L# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh , Zobo K, 8;;=# Kcwzkzvzo jf Fwzvjkow Polâzkgow, Mhgvlzhj jf Gkfcgkhw Avyâjkghw { Polâzkghw, Vck}fywkjhj Gfczyhl jf ]fcfqvflh1 Ghyhghw# 94 Kiâjfb# ]kjf wvpyh c± 8# 9; C^FKDFJ, E# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo, 8;;6# s 78 s
Lh gvfwzk÷c pyfwfczhjh fw xvf ]fcfqvflh hphyfgk÷ goc vch mhah fc lh pfcâcwvlh xvf ck fc fl Lhvjo ck fc fl Bhph xvf fcwfø÷ fl Jvxvf jf Zfzvèc fwzhihc70# Hwâ pvfw, Golobikh dhiâh gobfzkjo vc fyyoy bfjkhczf low jflfnhjow jf wv Gobkwk÷c, fw jfgky, fc phlhiyhw jf vc hvzoy jf fwzh chgk÷c, dhify yfgocogkjo xvf fl Yâo Okyè co jfwfbioghih fc fl Whyhyf wkco fc fl Hyhvgh, lo gocgfyckfczf hl Wfgzoy Hlzo Oykcogo { fl pvczo yfmfyfczf hl Yâo Cfnyo78# Lh Lkiyf Ch}fnhgk÷c jf low Yâow wfnvâh wkfcjo vc oiafzk}o mvcjhbfczhl fc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw golobikhchw { h fwzo wf jfjkg÷ goc fczfyfqh { jkwgkplkch lh polâzkgh ftzfykoy golobikhch jvyhczf nyhc phyzf jf lh pykbfyh bkzhj jfl wknlo TT# Gobo dfgdo hkwlhjo jfl èbikzo jkplobèzkgo { jf lh cfnogkhgk÷c poy hwâ jfcobkchylf, ogvyyk÷ fl gkfyyf jfl Pvfyzo jf Fcgoczyhjow fc lh yfnk÷c qvlkhch jfl Yâo Ghzhzvbio, lo xvf wvpvwo nyh}fw pëyjkjhw phyh lhw yfnkocfw jfl coyzf jf Golobikh, fwpfgkhlbfczf phyh lhw ghwhw ftpoyzhjoyhw f kbpoyzhjoyhw hlfbhchw xvf wf fcgoczyhihc kcwzhlhjhw fc fl phâw# Fwzo wf pvfjf zyhjvgky fc vch bfjkjh jf pyfwk÷c poy phyzf jf lhw hvzoykjhjfw }fcfqolhchw, fc dhgfy }fy h wv }fgkch xvf zfcâh vc nyhc pojfy fc gvhczo h lhw }âhw jf ch}fnhgk÷c { xvf fwzo pojâh hmfgzhy cozhilfbfczf wvw hgzk}kjhjfw gobfygkhlfw# Hl bkwbo zkfbpo { fc ozyo pvczo, fc ]fcfqvflh ogvyyfc hlnvcow jkwzvyikow poy fl hwgfcwo jf Gkpykhco Ghwzyo h lh pyfwkjfcgkh jf lh Yfpñilkgh# 70 78
]fyfbow bèw fc jfzhllf fwzh mhah fc fl Bhph Hcfto c± 8# Kiâjfb# ]kjf# Wvpyh, c± 9# s 79 s
Hvchjo h lo hczfykoy, fc 8;08 wf wvwpfcjfc lhw yflhgkocfw jkplobèzkghw jvyhczf lh Pyfwkjfcgkh jf Bhyyoxvâc jf Golobikh, hczf lhw yfgâpyoghw kczfy}fcgkocfw fc hwvczow kczfycow gobo hllè wf hynüâh poy phyzf jfl noikfyco jf Ghwzyo, bfjkhczf fl Jfgyfzo 897> jf 8= jf Co}kfbiyf jf fwf høo# Zhlfw yflhgkocfw, mvfyoc “gocnflhjhw‒ po y zojo fl pfyâojo jf wv bhcjhzo fafgvzk}o# Jf knvhl moybh, hxvâ fc cvfwzyo phâw zhbikëc dvio pfcfzyhgk÷c jf faëygkzow golobikhcow “gocwfy}hjoyfw‒ xvf zfcâhc fc wvw mklhw h pyopkow }fcfqolhcow “lkifyhlfw‒ fc wvw mklhw# Fwzo gobo cow gobfczh goc wfykfjhj vc hvzoy, wf zyhjvao fc fcmyfczhbkfczow bèw kjfol÷nkgow { polâzkgow xvf chgkochlfw pyopkhbfczf, fwzo fw, fl ihcjo lkifyhl poy vc lhjo myfczf hl ihcjo gocwfy}hjoy, fl pykbfyo hpo{hjo jfwjf ]fcfqvflh poy Ghwzyo, bkfczyhw xvf fl wfnvcjo hpo{hjo jfwjf Golobikh poy Bhyyoxvâc79# Fc 8;0:, hj}kfcf hl pojfy Yhmhfl Yf{fw fwzè fc lh Pyfwkjfcgkh jf lh Yfpñilkgh Golobikhch, lo xvf h}k}h cvf}hw yfvckocfw phyh pojfy “ghchlkqhy‒ fl oiafzk}o pykbhyko { mvcjhbfczhl jf low kczfyfwfw golobikhcow1 lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jf low yâow, { “hiyf‒ lhw powkiklkjhjfw fc cvfwzyo phâw jf cvf}hw goc}fywhgkocfw hgfygh jfl zfbh xvf fwzhihc cfnhjhw jvyhczf fl bhcjhzo jf Bhyyoxvâc# Fc 8;06 ]fcfqvflh yfgzkmkgh wv powkgk÷c { wf ckfnh h hgfpzhy fl Hgzh jf Ghwzkllfzfw# Poy lo xvf pyogfjf h goc}oghy jf cvf}o lhw cfnogkhgkocfw jfl Lhvjo, ivwghcjo fcbfcjhy fl fyyoy gobfzkjo fc fl phwhjo, {h xvf wf pfcwhih xvf fl Lhvjo lf dhiâh wkjo pfyavjkgkhl# Wf goc}kfcf xvf wf fwzvjkhyèc cvf}hbfczf lhw lâcfhw jf jk}kwk÷c jf lhw myoczfyhw { wf yfgocogfc lh powkiklkjhj jf ozoynhy gobpfcwhgkocfw jf phyzf { phyzf phyh llfnhy hl hgvfyjo# 79
]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh , 8;44, Zfygfy Bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè# s 77 s
Phyh lhw cfnogkhgkocfw wf cobiyhc h Jâhq Nyhchjow gobo yfpyfwfczhczf jf Golobikh { L÷pfq Ihyhlz poy ]fcfqvflh, Fc jkgdhw cfnogkhgkocfw wf zyhzhyoc low lâbkzfw fc lh Gowzh Oykfczhl jf lh Nvhakyh { fc low zfyykzoykow gobpyfcjkjow fczyf fl Bfzh, fl Oykcogo, Hzhihpo { fl Yko Cfnyo77# ]fcfqvflh, fc fwzf høo goc}kfcf fc jflkbkzhy lh Nvhakyh fc Pvczh Fwphjh7:# Golobikh poy wv phyzf, gfczyhih wv kczfyëw fc gocwfy}hy fl zfyykzoyko jf Whc Mhvwzkco, { ftknâh yfgzkmkghgkocfw fc fl Zhyyh { Whyjkchzh, jfikjo h xvf lf kczfyfwhih powfwkochywf jf vch phyzf llhch phyh lh gocwzyvggk÷c jfl mfyyoghyykl jf Zhbhlhbfxvf76# Wfnñc lo phgzhjo fc 8;06, Hczocko Aowë Yfwzyfpo cfnogkhjoy Golobikhco, pyopocf lh phyzkgk÷c jf lh Nvhakyh fczyf low jow phâwfw, h zyh}ëw jf vc bfboyècjvb fl 8> jf wfpzkfbiyf jf 8;0># Fwzo lf jhyâh h ]fcfqvflh fl goczyol hiwolvzo woiyf fl “Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh‒ o “Nolmo jf Bhyhghkio‒# [ hjfbèw Golobikh omyfgf pyoyyonhy poy ozyow 96 høow lh wfy}kjvbiyf jf zyècwkzo poy fl wfgzoy jf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw7=# ]fcfqvflh, yfpyfwfczhjh poy Glfbfczf Vyihcfah, co hgfpz÷ lhw pyopvfwzhw golobikhchw { pkjf xvf Golobikh gfjh fl gvhjyklèzfyo moybhjo poy fl yâo Fjhnvf, jfwjf wv fczyhjh hl Oykcogo dhwzh wv chgkbkfczo, { jf hllâ fc lâcfh yfgzh dhwzh fl bfykjkhco jfl Hpowzhjfyo, ëwzf dhgkh wvy dhwzh fl yâo Zvphyf, hnvhw hihao jfl Oykcogo { hnvhw hyykih h lh fczyhjh jfl Fjhnvf# Jf fwzf bojo ]fcfqvflh xvfjhyâh fc powfwk÷c jfl wfgzoy gobpyfcjkjo fczyf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw pfyo goc fl gobpyobkwo jf bhczfcfy lh wfy}kjvbiyf jfl phwo h pfypfzvkjhj7># 77 7: 76 7= 7>
C^FKDFJ Kiâjfb# ]kjf wvpyh, c± 9# C^FKDFJ Kikjfb# Kikjfb# s 7: s
Fwf høo bvfyf fl cfnogkhjoy }fcfqolhco Glfbfczf Vyihcfah { lo wvwzkzv{f Nhyikyhw Nvqbèc# Ëwzf fwzv}o jf hgvfyjo fc lh yfphyzkgk÷c jf lh Nvhakyh xvf dhiâh pyopvfwzo Yfwzyfpo# Wkc fbihyno dvio jkmfyfcgkhw fc ozyow wfgzoyfw fc jkwpvzh, gobo mvf fl hlzo Oykcogo# Fc 8;0; Hlmyfjo ]èqxvfq Goio fc yfpyfwfczhgk÷c jf Golobikh, yfgzkmkgh lh lâcfh jf lh myoczfyh fc lh Nvhakyh { hdoyh lh wkzñh fc Pvczh Fwphjh# Fw Yfgkikjo fc Ghyhghw { pyopocf fl yfwpfzo h low gkcgo pykbfyow pvczow jfl Lhvjo { vch bojkmkghgk÷c fc fl wftzo# Fwzo fw, bhynfc kqxvkfyjh jfl Oykcogo, yfnk÷c jfl Kcâykjh, Hzhihpo { Nvhcâh o jfl Yâo Cfnyo phyh ]fcfqvflh, h ghbiko jf wfy}kjvbiyf pfypfzvh jfl Zyèmkgo fc low yhvjhlfw jf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw woiyf fl Oykcogo, h ghbiko jf lo fwzkpvlhjo fc fl `;= woiyf Gobfygko { Ch}fnhgk÷c+ 74# Poy wv phyzf, Ècnfl Gfwhy Yk}hw gobo cfnogkhjoy jf ]fcfqvflh omyfgf lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c poy low yâow }fcfqolhcow h ghbiko jf yfgzkmkghgkocfw fc fl Hlzo Oykcogo { fc fl Yâo Cfnyo# Lo xvf jko gobo yfwvlzhjo lh mkybh jfl Hgzh jf Ihwfw fc avcko, lh gvhl mkahih low zëybkcow jf zyhzhjo jf ch}fnhgk÷c, Myoczfyhw, gobfygko Myoczfykqo { Zyècwkzo# Fl noikfyco golobikhco yfgdhqh zojh pyopvfwzh { bfjkhczf vch yfmoybh gocwzkzvgkochl fwzhilfgf xvf low lâbkzfw goc ]fcfqvflh woc low mkahjow poy fl Lhvjo Hyikzyhl jfl yf{ jf Fwphøh, lo xvf wknckmkgh xvf zojhw lhw cfnogkhgkocfw h lhw xvf wf dhiâh llfnhjo powzfykoy hl bkwbo xvfjhc wkc }hlkjfq hlnvch# H pfwhy jf lh yfmoybh gocwzkzvgkochl, { lo xvf fwzh wknckmkghih phyh lhw cfnogkhgkocfw hczfykoyfw, lhw goc}fywhgkocfw hgfygh jf low lâbkzfw fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh goczkcvhyoc wv yvbio h ghyno jf Nvwzh}o Whchiykh { Ghylow Hyzvyo Zoyyfw yfwpfgzk}hbfczf# 74
Fwzo lo pojfbow }fy bfaoy fc fl Bhph Hcfto c± 9# s 76 s
]fcfqvflh wowzfcâh xvf low Bonozfw jf low Myhklfw wf fcgoczyhihc hl coyzf jf lh Nvhakyh, fc fl Bhy jf lhw Hczkllhw { co gowzfhcjo gobo wf dhiâh ivwghjo fc fl phwhjo# Fw jfgky, fwzhih dhilhcjo jf Low Bocafw xvf wfbèczkghbfczf wf dhiâh gocmvcjkjo goc Low Myhklfw gobo wf ftpyfw÷ hyykih# Golobikh bhczv}o wv powkgk÷c hgfygh jf gocwkjfyhy h Ghwzkllfzfw gobo kckgko jf lh lâcfh myoczfykqh, mvcjhbfczècjowf fc xvf hl co dhllhywf low llhbhjow Bonozfw jf Low Myhklfw wf jfiâh pyogfjfy h vikghy vc cvf}o dkzo fc fl zfyykzoyko jf lh Nvhakyh zobhcjo fc gvfczh low jfbèw pvczow jf yfmfyfcgkh, zyhqhcjo lh lâcfh poy low boczfw jf Ogh poy fl ]hllf jf Vphy, poy fl lhjo jf hyykih, fc jfyfgdvyh dhgkh lh Wfyyhcâh { oykllh jf lh bhy# Lh pykbfyh zfwkw golobikhch zhbikëc wknckmkghih zobhy powfwk÷c jf low pvfilow, poilhgkocfw { èyfhw xvf lf dhiâhc wkjo hjavjkghjhw poy fl Lhvjo fwphøol5 bkfczyhw xvf, ]fcfqvflh poy bfjko jf wvw fcghynhjow jfgâh xvf dhwzh xvf co wf mkahwf { jflkbkzhyh lh zozhlkjhj jf lh myoczfyh { lâbkzfw, co wf pojyâh hggfjfy h lh pfzkgk÷c jf Golobikh# Powzfykoy h fwzo, fw kbpoyzhczf jfwzhghy lh llfnhjh hl pojfy jf Ghylow F# Yfwzyfpo h lh pyfwkjfcgkh Golobikhch fc 8;88, xvkfc bhczfcjyâh vch polâzkgh ftzfykoy gfczyhjh fc lh mkahgk÷c jf low lâbkzfw jfl phâw goc wvw }fgkcow, jfzfybkchczf h lh doyh jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw# Wvynkfyoc jkmkgvlzhjfw hl co fcgoczyhy fl oyknfc jfl Yâo jf Oyo, fl gvhl fyh wvbhbfczf kbpoyzhczf phyh mkahy lh myoczfyh xvf jkgzhih fl Lhvjo fwphøol# Lh bvlzkplkgkjhj jf hmlvfczfw fc lh qoch dhgkh jkmâgkl fl hgvfyjo fc jocjf gobfcqhih jkgdo yâo, pyoilfbh xvf wf ftzkfcjf dhwzh 8;:8#
s 7= s
Fczyf low høow jf 8;88 { 8;87, goczkcvhyoc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw jf phyzf jf Whchiykh poy fl lhjo }fcfqolhco pfyo hdoyh wf fcgoczyhih Aowë Ioyjh fc yfpyfwfczhgk÷c jf Golobikh# Hbiow hgoyjhyoc fl cobiyhbkfczo jf cvf}hw gobkwkocfw jfbhyghjoyhw phyh lh fafgvgk÷c jf lo ftpyfwhjo fc fl lhvjo hyikzyhl jf 84;8# Lhw cfnogkhgkocfw nkyhyoc fc zoyco h lhw bojkmkghgkocfw fc lh Nvhakyh, Whc Mhvwzkco, Oykcogo { qoch jfl Kcâykjh { jfl Nvhcâh h ghbiko jf vc Zyhzhjo jf Gobfygko { Ch}fnhgk÷c { Zyècwkzo# Lh woifyhcâh golobikhch woiyf Whc Mhvwzkco fyh vc pvczo kyyfcvcgkhilf fc lh hnfcjh golobikhch, {h xvf ëwzf fyh fl lvnhy jf chgkbkfczo jf Myhcgkwgo jf Phvlh Whczhcjfy, hlno kczhcnkilf pfyo jf bh{oy yflf}hcgkh fc lh chgk÷c golobikhch# Fc 8;87 ]fcfqvflh ogvp÷ Ghqvhykzo poy lo xvf Golobikh pyozfwz÷ { h wv }fq jfwknc÷ hvzoykjhjfw fc fl Bhkpvyfw, hgzo xvf zhbikëc mvf pyozfwzhjo poy ]fcfqvflh# Fc Bhyqo jfl bkwbo høo ]fcfqvflh pyopocf hgfpzhy fl Lhvjo fc low 6 pykbfyow wfgzoyfw { wobfzfy h hyikzyhaf fl =zo wfgzoy pfyo Golobikh yfgdhq÷ cvf}hbfczf jkgdh pyopvfwzh# Fczyh Aowë ]kgfczf Gocgdh h lh pyfwkjfcgkh jf Golobikh { goc wv llfnhjh gobkfcqhc low zyèbkzfw xvf llf}hyèc hl Wfnvcjo Lhvjo# Pfyo hczfw jf fllo, Gocgdh jfgkjf gyfhy lh Gobkwhyâh jfl ]kgdhjh, lh gvhl moybhih phyzf jf low zfyykzoykow xvf hñc co wf dhiâh goc}fckjo { xvf fyh phyzf jf lhw yfglhbhgkocfw jf ]fcfqvflh# ]fcfqvflh wowzfcâh xvf fl Lhvjo co pojâh wfy fafgvzhjo phygkhlbfczf wkco jf bhcfyh kczfnyhl, poy lo xvf wf hgoyj÷ goc Golobikh lh gflfiyhgk÷c jf vch Goc}fcgk÷c phyh fl cobiyhbkfczo jf vc cvf}o
s 7> s
èyikzyo fcghynhjo jf hglhyhy low pvczow# Ëwzh wf llf}hyâh h ghio fl 7 jf co}kfbiyf jf 8;8=# ]âgzoy B# Locjoøo fc 8;86 yfpyfwfczh h Golobikh, { fl Nyhl# Knchgko Hcjyhjf h ]fcfqvflh# Fwzf ñlzkbo kcwkwzf fc lh gfwk÷c jf zfyykzoykow h ghbiko jf mhgklkjhjfw jf ch}fnhgk÷c wknvkfcjo lh zfwkw jf Ghlghøo Bhzdkfv jf “Avwzhw Gobpfcwhgkocfw‒# Fl 9> jf Jkgkfbiyf1 ]fcfqvflh ftknf fl yfzkyo jf lhw hvzoykjhjfw golobikhchw jf lhw qochw xvf lf dhiâhc wkjo hwknchjhw fc fl Lhvjo# Fc 8;8=, wf jh lh Goc}fcgk÷c Wvèyfq"Lowwhjh phyh pyowfnvky goc lhw goc}fywhgkocfw lkbâzyomfw# Hl bkwbo zkfbpo Golobikh ogvph lhw èyfhw xvf lf mvfyoc hwknchjhw fc fl Lhvjo# ]fcfqvflh pyozfwzh fwzo# Fl 90 jf Bhyqo jf fwzf høo, zyhw yvboyfw jf powkilfw gocmlkgzow poy vcow kcgkjfczfw hghfgkjow fc Ghqvhykzo { fc fl Bfzh, bèw vch hjxvkwkgk÷c jf fxvkpo iëlkgo poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh, cvfwzyo phâw pyopocf llf}hy lhw jkmfyfcgkhw h vc Zykivchl jf Èyikzyow, jf hgvfyjo h lo pyf}kwzo fc fl Ghpâzvlo K] jf lh Goc}fcgk÷c jf Lh Dh{h jf 8;0> woiyf lh Wolvgk÷c Phgâmkgh jf low Gocmlkgzow Kczfychgkochlfw# Phyh f}kzhy fcmyfczhbkfczow wf goc}kco bhczfcfy wkc bvjhcqhw lh ogvphgk÷c xvf hbihw phyzfw zfcâhc dhwzh fl bobfczo# Fc lh Goc}fcgk÷c jf Ionozè jf 8;8=, wf hgvfyjh xvf fl hyikzyhbfczo xvfjhyè h ghyno jfl Pyfwkjfczf jf lh Gocmfjfyhgk÷c Dfl}ëzkgh, { ëwzf fwzhyâh fc lh phyzf zëgckgh h low wknvkfczfw ftpfyzow wvkqow1 Goyocfl Phvl lhyj{, Pkfyyf Iocch { Myfjfykg Wzkfylkc, fczyf ozyow5 xvkfcfw jhyâhc wolvgk÷c hl pyoilfbh jf lâbkzfw fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh#
s 74 s
Wf fwzhilfgkfyoc jow gobkwkocfw vch hl coyzf { ozyh hl wvy# Fc fl coyzf loghlkqhyoc lh jfwfbioghjvyh jfl Yâo jf Oyo fc fl Ghzhzvbio { zyhqhyoc jf hllâ h lh vck÷c jfl Zhyyh { fl Whyjkchzh fc lâcfh yfgzh, { jf hllâ ozyh yfgzh, h lh vck÷c jfl Nykzh goc fl Yâo Qvlkh# [ jfbhyghyoc fl Yâo Nvhyvbkzo { Whc Mhvwzkco# Hl wvy, zyhq÷ fwzh gobkwk÷c fl wfgzoy co hygkmkcko 7; fczyf low yâow Hzhihpo { Yâo Cfnyo, jocjf goyzhyoc 7= eb hl oggkjfczf jf Pkbkgdâc { 7= eb hl coyzf jf [è}kzh phyh zyhqhy vch yfgzh fczyf fwow jow pvczow gobo jfgâh fl Lhvjo fwphøol# Hjfbèw zyhqhyoc vch lâcfh yfgzh fczyf lh oykllh jfyfgdh jfl Hyhvgh fc fl wkzko jfcobkchjo boczhøkzhw dhwzh lh oykllh kqxvkfyjh jfl Bfzh fc fl ghøo llhbhjo gvlfiyh, gfygh jf lh poilhgk÷c jf Cvf}h Hczkoxvkh# H pfwhy jf jkgdow hgvfyjow, powzfykoybfczf wvynkfyoc pyoilfbhw jfikjo h xvf fl oyknfc o mvfczf gkfyzh jfl Yâo jf Oyo, { }fyjhjfyh jfwfbioghjvyh jfl Yâo Okyè xvf ihah jfl Pèyhbo jf Zhbè, xvf yfwvlzhih co wfy hmlvfczf jfl Hyhvgh gobo wf gyfâh# Lh mvcgk÷c jfl Gocwfao Mfjfyhl Wvkqo# Ièwkghbfczf fyh jfgkjky wk fyh }èlkjo o co lo fwzkpvlhjo fc fl Lhvjo fwphøol, { gvhl jf lhw zfwkw pyf}hlfgâh1 poy phyzfw gobo kcjkghih Golobikh, o lh zozhlkjhj gobo yfk}kcjkghih ]fcfqvflh# Poy Golobikh kyâhc h Wvkqh1 Myhcgkwgo Aowë Vyyvzkh $Bkckwzyo Plfckpozfcgkhyko fc Wvkqh+ { Hczocko Aowë Yfwzyfpo# Poy ]fcfqvflh Aowë Nkl Moyzovl { ]kgfczf Hyyoao Phyfao#
7;
Co chzvyhl, fw jfgky, jf bhcfyh hyzkmkgkhl wf dkqo fl zyhqhjo# s 7; s
Lhvjo Wvkqo 8;99
Fl èyikzyo wvkqo mvcnk÷ gobo èyikzyo jf avykw { gobo èyikzyo hyikzyhjoy, pvfwzo xvf jfmkck÷ xvf fl Lhvjo fwphøol fyh gobplfzhbfczf }èlkjo { gvhl zfwkw fyh lh goyyfgzh, hwâ gobo jfgkjk÷ lvfno hgfygh jf low zfyykzoykow xvf ghjh phâw jfiâh powffy phyh lh gvlbkchgk÷c jf lh jkwpvzh zfyykzoykhl fczyf hbiow phâwfw# Lhw phyzfw hwâ, pojâhc ogvphy low zfyykzoykow xvf lfw goyyfwpocjâhc poy fl Lhvjo, h ftgfpgk÷c jfl 9±, 7fy { 6± Wfgzoy jocjf dvikfwfc yfglhbhgkocfw jf zfyykzoyko poy hbihw phyzfw# Vch Gobkwk÷c wf fcghynhyâh jf jfbhyghy fwzo jfmkckzk}hbfczf# Fl Gocwfao Mfjfyhl Wvkqo fc wv mhllo jfl 9: jf bhyqo jf 8;99, jfgkjk÷ h mh}oy jf lh zfwkw Golobikhch hl jkgzhbkchy xvf wâ fyh pyogfjfczf lh ogvphgk÷c phygkhl jf low zfyykzoykow xvf wf fcgoczyhihc jfmkckzk}hbfczf jfwlkcjhjow, {h poy myoczfyhw chzvyhlfw fc fl lhvjo jf 84;8 o poy myoczfyhw hyzkmkgkhlfw jfbhyghjhw poy lhw gobkwkocfw h phyzky jf 8;00:0# Fc lh phyzf zëgckgh jf jflkbkzhgk÷c, lh Gobkwk÷c wvkqh wf pyocvcgkh fl 70 jf Hiykl jf 8;97 woiyf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf [è}kzh"Pkbkgdâc# Hxvâ nhch lh powzvyh jf ]fcfqvflh# Fl 6 jf ogzviyf jf 8;97 jfmkcf lh myoczfyh hyzkmkgkhl fczyf fl Nykzh { fl Ghzhzvbio, jocjf nhch lh powkgk÷c golobikhch# Fl 6 jf Bhyqo jf 8;9:, jfmkcf lo gocgfyckfczf h lh lâcfh fczyf fl Hyhvgh { fl Bfzh# ]vfl}f h nhchy ]fcfqvflh fc fwzf fwphgko#
:0
C^FKDFJ# s :0 s
Vch }fq gocglvkjh lh lhioy jf low ftpfyzow wvkqow, wf oyknkchyoc cvf}ow pyoilfbhw fc zoyco hl Yko jf Oyo { h lh jfwfbioghjvyh jfl yâo Okyè# Mvf cfgfwhykh lh gocmoybhgk÷c jf gobkwkocfw bktzhw lhw gvhlfw wf fcghynhyâhw jf yfwol}fy fwzhw goczyo}fywkhw# Fwzhw gobkwkocfw co pojâhc bojkmkghy lhw lâcfhw {h jfbhyghjhw poy low ftpfyzow wvkqow, wv mvcgk÷c fyh wkbplfbfczf wføhlhy goc dkzow lhw lâcfhw myoczfykqhw phyh xvf co dvikfyh gocmvwkocfw# Wf pyogfjk÷ h jfbhyghy lh yfgzh xvf }h jfl Hyhvgh hl Yâo Bfzh, lh kcwpfggk÷c fc lh yfnk÷c jfl ]hpoy { jfzfybkchy lh }hnvhjh jf zojow low yâow xvf moybhyfc lh myoczfyh mlv}khl# Gobo lh qoch goc bh{oy ghvjhl jfl yâo, o, poy jocjf bfaoy jf ch}fnh fc }fyhco wfnñc low ftpfyzow zëgckgow5 jocjf dvikfwf jow iyhqow, wf zobhyâh lh }hnvhjh poy jocjf bfaoy wf ch}fnhwf fc }fyhco, pfyo wk fc low jow wf pojâh ch}fnhy jf knvhl moybh, wf dhyâh vc hmoyo, fw jfgky, vch bfjkgk÷c zëgckgh jf vckjhj jf }olvbfc woiyf vckjhj jf zkfbpo, o lkzyow poy wfnvcjo fc fwzf ghwo phyh mkahy jkgdh }hnvhjh# Hjfbèw jf lh jfbhyghgk÷c jf lhw jow yfgzhw fczyf fl Yâo Qvlkh { fl Yâo Ghzhzvbio, lhw zyfw yfgzhw fczyf fl Hzhihpo { hl Nvhkcâh, { lhw mvfczfw jfl yâo Oykcogo# Fl 8> jf Jkgkfbiyf jf 8;94, wf jko fl Hgvfyjo Yflhzk}o h lh Jfbhyghgk÷c jf lh Myoczfyh# Wf jkwpvwkfyoc hwâ jow Gobkwkocfw1 lh jfl Ghzhzvbio { Yâo jf Oyo5 { lh jfl Bfzh { fl Nvhcâh# Hxvâ dvio jow Jk}fynfcgkhw1 fc lh Ghwzkllfzfw"Lhnvch jf Gowkcfzhw nhch ]fcfqvflh# Fc lh jf lh zfybkchgk÷c jf low Boczfw jf Ogh nhc÷ Golobikh :8#
:8
]fyfbow lh pykbfyh fc fl bhph hcfto c±7, { lh wfnvcjh fc fl bhph hcfto c± :# s :8 s
Fczyf 8;79 { 8;7; wf yfhlkqhyoc cvbfyowow zyhihaow jf ftployhgk÷c zfyyfwzyf { hfyomozonyèmkgo, hmoyow, fczyf ozyow# Phyh jfzfybkchy fl gvywo pykcgkphl jfl Yâo jf Oyo wf yfhlkqhyoc yfvckocfw jf Gobkwkocfw fc 8;7= { fc 8;74, fc jocjf ]fcfqvflh fwzhilfgâh xvf fl gvywo pykcgkphl lo gocwzkzvâh fl iyhqo Wvyofwzf bkfczyhw xvf Golobikh bhczfcâh xvf lo gocwzkzvâh fl Iyhqo coyzf# Lvâw L÷pfq Bfwh, ghcgkllfy golobikhco, }fykmkg÷ xvf fl Yâo Okyè wâ jfwfbioghih fc fl Whyhyf { co fc fl Hyhvgh, poy lo xvf wf jfwgviyk÷ xvf lh gobkwk÷c jf 8;00 { 8;08 dhiâh kcgvyykjo fc vc fyyoy, { xvf nyhgkhw h fwzo ]fcfqvflh dhiâh oizfckjo 8700Eb# Hczf fwzo, ]fcfqvflh wowzv}o xvf low zyhihaow jf lh gobkwk÷c fyhc jfmkckzk}ow h pfwhy xvf dh{hc ghâjo fc fwf fyyoy# Hjfbèw low zyhihaow jf Lvâw L÷pfq co dhiâhc wkjo }fykmkghjow poy lo xvf Golobikh zhbikëc hgfpzo fl zyhihao jf lhw gobkwkocfw gobo jfmkckzk}o# Goc yfwpfgzo h lh jfbhyghgk÷c woiyf Yâo jf Oyo { Okyè lh yfphyzkgk÷c xvfj÷ jf lh wknvkfczf moybh1 jf 7=00 Eb wf lf ozoynhyoc 9400 phyh ]fcfqvflh { 400 phyh Golobikh# Wfnñc fl Fbihahjoy Aowë Whczkhno Yojyânvfq, dhiâh zykvcmhjo lh “Fxvkjhj Fmfgzk}h‒ jf lh xvf dhil÷ hlnvch }fq fl Ghcgkllfy golobikhco L÷pfq jf Bfwh $woiyf jk}kjky zojo h lh bkzhj+# Wolo xvf hxvâ wf avn÷ co wolo zfyykzoyko, wkco lh “hbkwzhj jf jow pvfilow dfybhcow, xvf zkfcfc fl bkwbo nyhcjkowo jfwzkco { xvf hcdflhihc pocfylf zëybkco h vch jkwgvwk÷c wfgvlhy, xvf lo xvf dhgâh fyh ky bkchcjo lfczhbfczf low gkbkfczow jf fwf bkwbo jfwzkco :9‒# Zyhzhjo jf Lâbkzfw jfl 6 jf Hiykl jf 8;:8 $]kllh jfl Yowhyko, Gñgvzh+1 Woiyf Jfbhyghgk÷c jf Myoczfyhw { Ch}fnhgk÷c jf low Yâow Gobvcfw#
:9
Kiâjfb# ]kjf Wvpyh c± 4# s :9 s
Flfhqhy L÷pfq Goczyfyhw { Fjvhyjo Whczow, pyfwkjfczfw jf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh yfwpfgzk}hbfczf, kcwpkyhjow fc lh hbkwzhj fczyf hbihw chgkocfw, jfgkjkfyoc jhy mkc h lh goczyo}fywkh jf lâbkzfw# Wviwgykikfyoc hwâ, vc zyhzhjo jf Jfbhyghgk÷c jf Myoczfyhw { Ch}fnhgk÷c jf low Yâow Gobvcfw# Fc fl xvf yfgocogfc jfmkckzk}hbfczf lh jfbhyghgk÷c dfgdh poy lh Gobkwk÷c jf 8;08 { jf Ftpfyzow wvkqow# [ xvf wfnñc fl Hyz# 81 “…Zojhw lhw jkmfyfcgkhw woiyf bhzfykh jf lâbkzfw xvfjhc zfybkchjhw…‒# [ wf fwzhilfgk÷ xvf lh py÷tkbh cfnogkhgk÷c wfyâh fc zoyco h lh gflfiyhgk÷c jf vc zyhzhjo jf Gobfygko { Ch}fnhgk÷c fczyf hbihw chgkocfw# Fc lo gocgfyckfczf hl Yâo jf Oyo, wf flknk÷ vc gvywo kczfybfjko o Yâo Kczfybfjko o “Jvjh‒, xvf pyobfjkhih lhw hwpkyhgkocfw jf lhw phyzfw# Jf knvhl moybh wf jfgkjk÷ fc low yâow Okyè { Hyhvgh, wfnñc fl Hgzh jfl Phwo jfl ]kfczo# Fhylf Dfyyfyh:7 cow gobfczh xvf fl Jkpvzhjo hl Gocnyfwo jf fwf fczocgfw Ch}h Wpâcolh, jfgâh xvf lh cfnogkhgk÷c gocwkwzâh fc vch fwpfgkf jf “zyvfxvf‒, fw jfgky, zfyykzoyko poy lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jfl yâo Oykcogo { ozyow yâow phyh Golobikh# Whl}hyoc wv }ozo ël, Wèyfq Mlhbfykgd, ]k}hw, Ilhcgo, Dfycècjfq Yo}hzzk, Ghljfyhw { Lhyh Pføh5 low }ozow cfnhzk}ow mvfyoc jf low jkpvzhjow Nvnlkflbk, ]fnhw, Jf Hybhw { Oyopfqh# Ilhcgo fc wv kczfy}fcgk÷c jkao fc fwf fczocgfw xvf ]fcfqvflh fc vc wknlo “dhiâh pfyjkjo lh xvkczh phyzf jf wv zfyykzoyko wkc jkwphyhy vc wolo zkyo ::,‒ Lo xvf jfcozh vc zyhzhbkfczo avyâjkgo"zfyykzoykhl jf lh hpyfgkhgk÷c { co jfwjf fl pvczo jf }kwzh jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw xvf wf dhiâhc jhjo h yhâq jf zojo fl pyogfwo lkbâzyomf goc lh }fgkch Golobikh, { ol}kjhcjo lhw opoyzvckjhjfw xvf wf zv}o fc høow hczfykoyfw $poy wolo gkzhy vch fl Bkgdflfch"Pobio+ :7
Dfyyfyh, Fhylf# ¿Poy xvë wf dh Yfjvgkjo fl Zfyykzoyko ]fcfqolhco?, 8;>4# Hlmhjkl/Zy÷pkgow, ]fcfqvflh# :: Kiâjfb, p# 79# s :7 s
phyh mkahy vchw lâcfhw jfbhyghjoyhw bèw “ifcfmkgkowhw‒ fc bhzfykh jf
zfyykzoyko phyh ]fcfqvflh { xvf fc ozyoyh fl Gocnyfwo zhbpogo hgfpz÷# Fwzo fw lo xvf hlnvcow powzfykoybfczf llhbhyèc “fl yfnhlo‒ xvf jko Golobikh h ]fcfqvflh, gvhcjo wf lf jhc lvfno jf fwzf Zyhzhjo Low Bocafw h ]fcfqvflh, xvf fyhc gocwkjfyhjow poy ow golobikhcow gobo wv{ow $lkiyo Lâbkzfw jf Golobikh jfl Bkckwzfyko jf Yflhgkocfw Ftzfykoyfw jf Golobikh jf 8;::+:6# Mkchlbfczf, Golobikh lony÷ oizfcfy lo xvf zhczo hcdflhih fc gvhczo h lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jf low yâow xvf hzyh}kfwhc o wfphyhc low jow phâwfw pfyo jfwpvëw jf “lhynhw aoychjhw jf zyhihao‒, hjfbèw jf whgykmkghy poy hwâ jfgkylo, hlnvcow wfgzoyfw hl pykcgkpko phyh moyqhy h vch cfnogkhgk÷c phyh pojfy hggfjfy h lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c xvf wføhlhbow, gvfwzk÷c xvf co wf bhzfykhlkq÷ jfmkckzk}hbfczf poy lhw yfpfzkzk}hw ftknfcgkhw }fcfqolhchw# Wkc fbihyno, fl Lhvjo wvkqo lf mvf mh}oyhilf { bhyg÷ fl ghbkco phyh fl Zyhzhjo mkchl jf 8;:8 fc lo xvf yfwpfgzh o gocgkfycf h fwzh bhzfykh { h lh pykbfyh bkzhj jfl wknlo TT, lo xvf “zfybkchih‒ goc gvhlxvk fy jkmfyfcgkh jf lâbkzfw fczyf hbiow Fwzhjow gobo fwzkpvlhih fl hyzâgvlo 8 jf jkgdo Zyhzhjo# ]fcfqvflh poy wv phyzf, bhczv}o mkybf wv powkgk÷c jf co gfjfy zfyykzoyko wk co fyh ihao lh zfwkw jf Avwzhw Gobpfcwhgkocfw, pfyo hczf fwzo, fl Lhvjo wvkqo yfgzkmkg÷ lh jfgkwk÷c jfl èyikzyo fwphøol, fl gvhl co mvf mh}oyhilf h cvfwzyo phâw, { bèw hvc, yfk}kcjkg÷ lo xvf pfjâh Golobikh fc gvhczo h ogvphy low zfyykzoykow xvf lf dhiâhc wkjo hjavjkghjow fc fl Lhvjo jf 84;8, { wolo lony÷ hlnvchw yfk}kcjkghgkocfw zfyykzoykhlfw gobo mvf pykboyjkhlbfczf lo yfwpfgzk}o hl wftzo wfgzoy $[è}kzh"Pkbkgdâc Hzhihpo" Yâo Cfnyo+# :6
Fhwzbhc, aoynf B#, { Bocyo{ Ghiyh, Bhygo N# Fl Jkmfyfcjo Golobio"
]fcfqolhco# Fjkzoykhl O}fah Cfnyh#
s :: s
Fc nfcfyhl, gyffbow xvf h pfwhy jf lo hczfykoy, jocjf hbiow Lhvjow co lf mvfyoc jfl zojo ifcë}olow h ]fcfqvflh, fl phâw lony÷ bhczfcfy wv powkgk÷c { oizv}o gkfyzhbfczf hlnvchw “yfgobpfcwhw‒ zfyykzoykhlfw gobo hghihbow jf wføhlhy# Co gfjk÷ hczf lh powkgk÷c golobikhch, lo xvf zhl }fq h bhcfyh jf lh zfoyâh jf lh cfnogkhgk÷c { co bfyhbfczf jkplobèzkgo" avyâjkgh, dvikfwf yfpyfwfczhjo bh{oyfw nhchcgkhw zfyykzoykhlfw h ghbiko jf hlnvchw gocgfwkocfw fc gvhczo h lh lkiyf ch}fnhgk÷c jf low yâow# Phyfgf xvf, zhczh “jvyfqh‒ { oigfghgk÷c co cow pfybkzk÷ oizfcfy zhlfw yfwvlzhjow, { poy fl goczyhyko hggfjkbow h lo xvf Golobikh zfcâh fc fl zkczfyo, ky h hyikzyhaf, lvfno jf dhify whlkjo jf bhcfyh jfwmh}oyhilf fc fl wknlo TKT cvf}hbfczf fc fl wknlo TT, jocjf co pfyjkbow fl mhllo cozoykhbfczf, pfyo wkc jvjh hlnvch co lo nhchbow# Hcftow
Bhph c± 8
Fc fwzf Bhph, lh qoch jfl gâygvlo yoao yfpyfwfczh lh mhah jf zfyykzoyko xvf oizv}o ]fcfqvflh h lh gvhl dkgkbow hlvwk÷c, bfjkhczf low zyhihaow jf lh Gobkwk÷c Jfbhyghjoyh jf 8;00 { 8;08# s :6 s
Bhph c± 9
Pyo{fgzo Goio 8;0; Qoch xvf jhih Golobikh h ]fcfqvflh
Jocjf pojfbow oiwfy}hy fc fwzf bhph, gobo Goio fc 8;0; poy Golobikh, pfjâh hl coyzf $gâygvlo hqvl+ low yhvjhlfw jf Hzvyfw { Bhkpvyfw, h ghbiko jf fczyfnhylf h ]fcfqvflh lh yfnk÷c jfl Kcâykjh, Hzhihpo { Nvhcâh o jfl Yâo Cfnyo gobo wf bfcgkoc÷ h ]fcfqvflh fc jkgdh cfnogkhgk÷c $fc fl gâygvlo }kcozkczo+#
s := s
Bhph c± 7
Hxvâ, fl gâygvlo ilhcgo bhygh fl pvczo jf Ghwzkllfzfw $hyykih fc fl bhph+ { lh Lhnvch jf Gowkcfzhw $kbhnfc whzflkzhl+, lo gvhl wf fwzhih jkwpvzhcjo fc 8;94#
s :> s
Bhph c± :
Fc fwzf bhph, fl gâygvlo yoao yfpyfwfczh wvgkczhbfczf lh qoch jf goczyo}fywkh yfwpfgzo h low Boczfw jf Ogh jf 8;94 jocjf nhc÷ lh powkgk÷c golobikhch#
s :4 s
Jflkbkzhgk÷c jf hëyfhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw Jf Low Bocafw hl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh
Jfwpvëw jf lo ogvyykjo fc 8;:8 cow fcgoczyhbow fc vch yflhzk}h ghlbh fczyf lhw jow chgkocfw# Phyh fl høo 8;6: wf kckgkhc cvf}hw cfnogkhgkocfw fczyf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh fwzh }fq goc yfwpfgzo h lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf hnvhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw fc fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh $o Nolmo jf Goxvk}hgoh phyh Golobikh+, fc fwzf pfykojo cow fcgoczyhyfbow goc powkgkocfw “hphwkochjhw‒ jf hbihw phyzfw, hwâ gobo zhbik ëc lh kcmlvfcgkh jf lh opkck÷c pñilkgh fc jkgdhw cfnogkhgkocfw# Fw pfyzkcfczf hjfbèw dhgfy yfmfyfcgkh hl hygdkpkëlhno jf Low Bocafw jhjo xvf wf kcwfyzh fc jkgdh pyoilfbèzkgh# Fl pyoilfbh yfmfyfczf h low Bocafw wf kckgkh jfwjf mfiyfyo jf 84;= { wf wol}fczh fc co}kfbiyf jf 8;69 bfjkhczf fl yfgocogkbkfczo jf Golobikh h ]fcfqvflh#
Low Bocafw# Iyf}f yfgoyykjo jfwjf 846= h 8;69
Fl zyhzhjkwzh Nfybèc Gh}flkfy gkzhjo poy Bhygo Bocyo{ Ghiyh ftpocf xvf Low Bocafw Woc jkfq kwlozfw, pføhwgow o gh{ow xvf fbfynfc jf lh plhzhmoybh goczkcfczhl golobikhch hl Fwzf jf lh pfcâcwvlh jf lh Nvhakyh { bèw pyfgkwhbfczf hl Coyofwzf jf fllh, wkzvhjow h vch jkwzhcgkh jf 76 ekl÷bfzyow jfl Ghio jf Gdkgdkihgoh { jf 7;#;= ekl÷bfzyow jf Pvczh Fwphjh, ftzyfbo bèw oykfczhl jf lh jkgdh pfcâcwvlh jf lh Nvhakyh, pfyzfcfgkfczf h Golobikh# Poy ozyh phyzf, low gh{ow jf Low Bocafw fwzèc wkzvhjow h >4#77 ekl÷bfzyow jf Pvczh Bhgollh fc lh pfcâcwvlh }fcfqolhch
s :; s
jf Phyhnvhcè, wkzko bèw gfyghco h Low Bocafw jfl lhjo jf ]fcfqvflh := Ulo xvf xvkfyf jfbowzyhy fl hvzoy fw xvf Low Bocafw wf fcgvfczyhc bèw gfyghcow h Golobikh poy lo gvhl }hc h hlfnhy xvf wf fcgvfczyhc jfczyo jf èyfh jf kcmlvfcgkh golobikhch:>#R Wfnñc fl Bh{oy Avlko Locjoøo Phyfjfw fc fl høo 846=, lh Cvf}h Nyhchjh wf yfhlkqh vc goczyhzo phyh lh ftployhgk÷c { hpyo}fgdhbkfczo jfl nvhco fc low nyvpow jf “kwlhw‒ fc jocjf mknvyhihc1 Whc Hcjyëw, Pyo}kjfcgkh { Low Bocafw5 jkgdo goczyhzo mvf gocgfjkjo hl Wy# Aodc F# No~fc# Fl goczyhzo mvf hpyoihjo poy fl Wfchjo golobikhco { pvilkghjo fc Nhgfzh Omkgkhl Co# 8;8> fl 94 jf mfiyfyo jfl bkwbo høo# ]fcfqvflh bfjkhczf cozh jkyknkyè h Lkco jf Pobio, Wfgyfzhyko jf Yflhgkocfw Ftzfykoyfw jf lh Cvf}h Nyhchjh pyozfwzh zhl gocgfwk÷c jhjo jkgdow kwlozfw pfyzfcfgâhc h ]fcfqvfl h:4, lh yfwpvfwzh jf Golobikh jf mfgdh 7 jf bhyqo jf 846= bhckmkfwzh xvf ftkwzâhc fyyhzhw zkponyèmkghw fc bfcgkochihc Low Bocafw fc }fq jf Low Bhcnlfw, jkgdh fyyhzh mvf hglhyhjh hvcxvf Pobio bhckmfwz÷ xvf “phyfgâh chzvyhl lh hcfthjh jf lh Pfcâcwvlh jf lh Nvhakyh:;‒# Fl 99 jf hnozo jf 84>8 fbkzf vc jfgyfzo fc jocjf ftpyfwh xvf Low Bocafw woc phyzf jf wv avykwjkggk÷c h lo gvhl Golobikh co fbkzf pyozfwzh, powzfykoybfczf fl > jf bhyqo jf 8;8; fl Bkckwzfyko jf Oiyhw Pvilkghw golobikhco fbkzf vc goczyhzo goc fl Nfcfyhl Fcykxvf Hyiolfjh phyh lh ftplozhgk÷c jfl nvhco h lo gvhl ]fcfqvflh co fbkzf pyozfwzh# Hwâ bkwbo Golobikh fc 8;7: { yhzkmkghjo cvf}hbfczf fc 8;:: wf yfmkfyf fc vc mollfzo pvilkghjo { fc vch Pvilkghgk÷c jfl Bkckwzfyko xvf Low Bocafw, wf
:=
BOCYO[ GHIYH, B# Jflkbkzhgk÷c zfyyfwzyf { bhykch fczyf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh, 8;4;, p# 6># :> ]fy Bhph Co# 8 :4 LOCJOØO PHYFJFW, A# Jfyfgdo Zfyykzoykhl jf Golobikh, 8;>7#p#87="87> :; Kiâjfb, p# 874 s 60 s
fcgvfczyhc fc low jobkckow golobikhcow jf lo hczfykoy ]fcfqvflh co fbkzk÷ ckcnñc zkpo jf pyozfwzh# Fwzow dfgdo jf hlnñc bojo wf yfpfzkyèc goc lh Pvilkghgk÷c “Zfyykzoykow Chgkochlfw‒, fc jocjf Golobikh hcfth Low Bocafw h wv avykwjkggk÷c $Fcfyo 8;69+, co oiwzhczf vc høo hczfw ]fcfqvflh bfjkhczf fl Jfgyfzo Co# 98: jf 8;68, jfzfybkch xvf zojo fl zfyykzoyko xvf gobpyfcjâh lhw Ghpkzhcâhw jf lh Yfpñilkgh kcglvâhc h Low Bocafw, phyh lo gvhl Golobikh co fbkzk÷ ckcnñc zkpo jf pyozfwzh h ftgfpgk÷c jf lh powkgk÷c jf ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh { Vykif Dolnvâc# Fl 9= jf mfiyfyo jf 8;69, ]fcfqvflh kcmoybo poy bfjko jf lh pyfcwh lh gocwzyvggk÷c jf vc mhyo fc fl hygdkpkëlhno cvf}hbfczf Golobikh co pyozfwzh# Gobo }fbow jfwjf 846= dhwzh bfjkhjow jf 8;69, zhczo Golobikh gobo ]fcfqvflh kcwkwzkyèc xvf Low Bocafw pfyzfcfgfc h wvw avykwjkggkocfw# Pfyo fwzo wf wol}fczhyh poy fl kbphwf ogvyykjo fc wfpzkfbiyf jf 8;69#
Gykwkw jf Low Bocafw# Powfwk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh 8;69
Gobo ftpvwkbow goc hczfykoykjhj jf bojo iyf}f, fl 9; jf Avcko jf 8;68 wf pvilkgh fl Jfgyfzo 98: fc ]fcfqvflh, fl bkwbo, yfoynhckqhih lhw Ghpkzhcâhw jf Pvfyzo jf lh Yfpñilkgh# Fl hyzâgvlo 9 jf fwf jfgyfzo jflkbkzhih lh avykwjkggk÷c jf lh Ghpkzhcâh jf Pvfyzo jf Lhw Pkfjyhw, hjwgykikëcjolf fl hygdkpkëlhno Low Bocafw# Zhl whcgk÷c hjbkckwzyhzk}h nfcfy÷ yfhggkocfw kcbfjkhzhw poy phyzf jfl noikfyco Golobikhco, jf pykbfy bobfczo fl Wfgyfzhyko Nfcfyhl jf lh Ghcgkllfyâh golobikhch Hlmyfjo ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh { lvfno fl Ghcgkllfy Vykif Dolnvâc# Fl pykbfyo wføhlhih xvf fl hygdkpkëlhno fyh pyopkfjhj jf Golobikh hdoyh yfglhbhjo
s 68 s
poy ]fcfqvflh5 { fl wfnvcjo wf lkbkz÷ h jfglhyhy woiyf lh jkwpowkgk÷c jf Golobikh fc wol}fczhy fwzow hwvczow fc zëybkcow goyjkhlfw# Lvfno jf fwzhw jfglhyhgkocfw ]fcfqvflh yfhlkqh vch bhckoiyh bklkzhy woiyf}olhcjo wvw hnvhw kczfykoyfw goc low h}kocfw yfgkëc hjxvkykjow phyh lh ëpogh, low Ghcifyyh60# Fl 8> jf fcfyo jfl høo 8;69 lh ghcgkllfyâh }fcfqolhch fbkzk÷ vc gobvckghjo fc fl xvf wføhlh xvf lh woifyhcâh woiyf fl hygdkpkëlhno Low Bocafw fyh kcjkwgvzkilf, hwâ bkwbo, fl Ghcgkllfy fcghynhjo Yhmhfl Nhllfnow Bfjkch, yhzkmkg÷ xvf ]fcfqvflh dh fafygkjo { fafygf lh woifyhcâh woiyf fl hygdkpkëlhno# Pogo jfwpvëw fl Bkckwzyo jf lh Jfmfcwh jf ]fcfqvflh, Nfcfyhl Bhygow Pëyfq Akbëcfq, yhzkmkg÷ h low mvcgkochykow goc lh wknvkfczf pyoglhbh “Lh }oq jfl Ghcgkllfy fw lh }oq jfl Noikfyco‒ Fl 9> jf Mfiyfyo fl noikfyco }fcfqolhco dhgf whify lh kcwzhlhgk÷c jf vc mhyo jf 9:4 pkfw jf hlzvyh fc fl Bocaf Wvy { powzfykoybfczf jf lh kcwzhlhgk÷c jf vch ihwf pfybhcfczf goc jow dflkpvfyzow { jfbèw kcwzhlhgkocfw bklkzhyfw# Phyh mkchlfw jf fwf bkwbo høo Vykif Dolnvâc yfgocogâh lh kcjkwgvzkilf woifyhcâh jf ]fcfqvflh woiyf fl hygdkpkëlhno { yfgocogâh xvf Golobikh co zfcâh chjh xvf oiafzhy woiyf fl zfbh68# Fwzo zhbikëc poy low dfgdow xvf ogvyykfyoc fl 8 jf wfpzkfbiyf jf 8;69, fc jocjf lh myhnhzh Hlbkyhczf Phjkllh $Golobikh+, yfhlkq÷ opfyhgkocfw jf }knklhcgkh fc jocjf jkwphyhyoc goczyh vcow jf Low Bocafw jfl coyzf# Fwzo ghvwo vch yfhggk÷c kcbfjkhzh jf phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh lo xvf llf}o h fwzf phâw h yfhlkqhy bhckoiyhw bklkzhyfw fc fl èyfh69# 60
C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh# P#;7 68 Lkiyo Hbhykllo jf low Fwzhjow Vckjow jf ]fcfqvflh# 8;67 p# :4":; 69 LOCJOØO PHYFJFW, A# Jfyfgdo Zfyykzoykhl jf Golobikh, 8;>7#p#8:: s 69 s
Yfwfy}hw Gocmfyfcgkh jf lhw Chgkocfw Vckjhw woiyf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy
Jvyhczf lh jëghjh jf low 60 co ftkwzkyèc ozyow fcmyfczhbkfczow fczyf hbiow phâwfw, pfyo fw kbpoyzhczf wføhlhy zhl }fq fl dfgdo jf bh{oy pyfpocjfyhcgkh jfl Jfyfgdo Kczfychgkochl goc hmfgzhgk÷c fc fwzf pyoilfbh, Lh Pykbfyh Gocmfyfcgkh jf Jfyfgdow jfl Bhy fc Nkcfiyh# Hjfbèw gobo pykbfy hgfyghbkfczo fc 8;6: fc Ghyhghw, fl ghcgkllfy }fcfqolhco Hvyflkhco Ozèøfq, lf fczyfnh h Myhcgkwgo Vyyvzkh Dolnvâc Fbihahjoy jf Golobikh fc ]fcfqvflh “vc gyoxvkw phyh fl fwzvjko jf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf lh Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl fczyf low jow phâwfw, kcjkghcjo lh lâcfh jf pyolocnhgk÷c67 jf lh myoczfyh, h phyzky jf Ghwzkllfzfw dhgkh lh Pfcâcwvlh jf Phyhnvhcè 6:‒# Fc ëwzh Gocmfyfcgkh yfhlkqhjh fc 8;64 wf jkwgvzkfyoc gvhzyo hwpfgzow mvcjhbfczhlfw woiyf fl jfyfgdo bhyâzkbo 66, fl pykbfyo woiyf lh Hlzh Bhy, co dkqo wkco yfgonfy lhw pyègzkghw gocwvfzvjkchykhw { goc}fyzkylhw fc Jfyfgdo Kczfychgkochl hnyfnhcjo lh bhzfykh5 lh wfnvcjh goc}fcgk÷c zyhzh woiyf fl Bhy Zfyykzoykhl { lh Qoch Goczknvh, fwzh fw lh goc}fcgk÷c xvf bèw hmfgzh fl jfwhyyollo jf lh pyoilfbèzkgh lkbâzyomf fc fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh, pvfw fc fwzh goc}fcgk÷c wf fwzhilfgf fl vwo jf lh “lâcfh bfjkh‒ phyh jflkbkzhy bhyfw fc low gvhlfw lhw gowzhw jf vc Fwzhjo wf fcgvfczyf vikghjhw myfczf h ozyo, zhbikëc wf plhczfh fc fwzh goc}fcgk÷c fl vwo jf lhw 89 bkllhw jf bhy goczknvo { gobo glèvwvlh wf
67
]fy Bhph Co# 9 ]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh , 8;44, Zfygfy bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè, p# 7=7 66 C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh# p# 4=";8 6:
s 67 s
hj}kfyzf xvf lh goc}fcgk÷c co flkbkch lh }hlkjfq jf goc}fcgkocfw o zyhzhjow iklhzfyhlfw hczfykoyfw fc bhzfykh lkbâzyomf# Zhbikëc wf jfwhyyoll÷ lh Goc}fcgk÷c woiyf Pfwgh { Gocwfy}hgk÷c jf low Yfgvywow ]k}ow jf Hlzh Bhy { lh Goc}fcgk÷c woiyf Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl, fwzh ñlzkbh }vfl}f h fbplfhy fl zëybkco jf lâcfh bfjkh phyh lh jflkbkzhgk÷c fczyf Fwzhjow goc gowzhw hj{hgfczfw { wf vwh fl zëybkco “fxvkjkwzhcgkh‒ phyh fwzhilfgfy lhw locnkzvjfw pfyzkcfczfw hl fwzvjko nfonyèmkgo#
Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh Cfnogkhgkocfw h ck}fl jf Bkckwzyow jf Bkchw f Dkjyoghyivyow
Fc ogzviyf jf 8;=6, Golobikh yfgkif vch kc}kzhgk÷c poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh fc jocjf wf bhckmkfwzh fl jfwfo jf fwzvjkhy lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf èyfhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw fc fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh# Low bozk}ow jf ]fcfqvflh wfnñc lo ftpvfwzo poy ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh “fyh lh gyffcgkh jf xvf goc}fcâh fmfgzvhy fwh jflkbkzhgk÷c, hczfw xvf fl jfwgviykbkfczo jf yfwfy}hw pfzyolâmfyhw fc lh qoch o gocwkjfyhgkocfw jf pyfwzknko chgkochl jkmkgvlzhyhc lh wolvgk÷c jfl hwvczo6=‒, fl ; jf co}kfbiyf jfl bkwbo fc høo fc Ionozè, Bhcvfl Pëyfq Nvfyyfyo Bkckwzyo jf Bkchw f Dkjyoghyivyow poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh hgobphøhjo jf Yviëc Whjfy Pëyfq5 Nfyfczf jf lh Goypoyhgk÷c ]fcfqolhch jf Pfzy÷lfo wf yfñcfc goc fl Bkckwzyo jf Golobikh# Ghylow Nvwzh}o Hyykfzh fc jocjf wf gocwkjfyh lh kjfh jf ftployhgk÷c { “f}fczvhlbfczf‒ ftplozhgk÷c gocavczh jf dkjyoghyivyow fc fl èyfh jkwpvzhjh# Fc fl pfykojo xvf }h jfwjf 8;== dhwzh fl pykbfy 6=
]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh , 8;44, Zfygfy bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè, p# 7>0 s 6: s
wfbfwzyf jf 8;=> wf jhc fczyf bkckwzyow kczfyghbikow jf kckgkhzk}hw fc lhw yfvckocfw yfhlkqhjhw# Jf jkgdhw yfvckocfw yfwghzhbow lh pyopvfwzh jfl Fbihahjoy }fcfqolhco fc Ionozè Bknvfl Ècnfl Ivyyfllk fc Bhyqo jf 8;==, fc jocjf pyopocf hplkghy “h+ Lh pyopoygkochlkjhj jf lhw gowzhw fc lh phyzf kczfych jfl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh hl wvy jf lh lâcfh zyhqhjh fczyf Pvczh Whlkchw { Pvczh Noyjh5 i+ Lh fxvkjkwzhcgkh fc lh phyzf ftzfych fczyf Low Bocafw { lh Nvhakyh6>‒ fc wfpzkfbiyf jfl høo wknvkfczf fc Ghyhghw fl Bkckwzyo Hyykfzh pyopocf h wv dobolono }fcfqolhco, Aowë Hczocko Bh{oiyf lo wknvkfczf1 h+ Wføhlhbkfczo jf low Bhyfw Zfyykzoykhlfw hplkghcjo lhw lf{fw chgkochlfw jf ghjh phâw# Hbihw gokcgkjfc fc lhw 89 bkllhw cèvzkghw# i+ Wføhlhbkfczo jf lh Qoch Goczknvh }fcfqolhch fc 6 ekl÷bfzyow, 66= bfzyow { fc knvhl jkbfcwk÷c ozyh phyh Golobikh# g+ Fc fl èyfh yfwzhczf hwâ jfwpfahjh hplkghy low pyogfjkbkfczow jfl Jfyfgdo Kczfychgkochl phyh jfgkjky lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf lh Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl jf ghjh phâw, h mhlzh jf hgvfyjo fczyf ëwzow64# Cow llhbh lh hzfcgk÷c xvf fl 78 jf hnowzo jf 8;=>, xvf fl Nfyfczf jf lh Goypoyhgk÷c ]fcfqolhch jf Pfzy÷lfo6; kcmoybhyh hl Bkckwzyo Hyykfzh xvf ]fcfqvflh yfhlkqhyâh vc lf}hczhbkfczo wkwbonyèmkgo fc èyfhw wvibhykchw jfl Nolmo, zhl jfgkwk÷c ghvwo gocmvwk÷c jhjo xvf jf bojo vcklhzfyhl ]fcfqvflh yfhlkqhyâh zhlfw fwzvjkow, Golobikh poy wv phyzf ftknf hglhyhgkocfw { wf llfnh h vc hgvfyjo phyh yfhlkqhy fl lf}hczhbkfczo fc gocavczo fl 9; jf jkgkfbiyf xvf co hmfgzf low jf yfgdow jf ghjh chgk÷c fc fl èyfh#
6>
Kiâjfb, p# 7>0"7>8 Kiâjfb, p# 7>8 6; ¿Cow pyfnvczhbow xvf kcafyfcgkh pojyâh zfcfy fl Nfyfczf jf lh Goypoyhgk÷c ]fcfqolhch jf Pfzy÷lfo, fc bhzfykh wkwbonyèmkgh? 64
s 66 s
Wkc llfnhy h chjh jf lhw jow pyopvfwzhw hczfykoybfczf plhzfhjhw, jf low Bkckwzfykow jf Bkchw f Dkjyoghyivyow phwh fl hwvczo h lhw ghcgkllfyâhw, fc Ionozè wf yfhlkqh lh pykbfyh gocmfyfcgkh jkplobèzkgh fczyf hbiow phâwfw $; hl 87 jf ogzviyf jf 8;=>+, fc jkgdh gocmfyfcgkh wf pvwo woiyf lh bfwh lh powkgk÷c avyâjkgh jf ghjh phâw# Golobikh whgo lh pyopvfwzh xvf fl Ghcgkllfy Ozèøfq $]fcfqvflh+ fc 8;6: lf dhiâh jhjo hl Fbihahjoy golobikhco Vyyvzkh, fc fwzf wfczkjo fl Fbihahjoy Yhb÷c Ghyboch kc}ogh cvf}hbfczf lh gkygvcwzhcgkhw fwpfgkhlfw poy fl ftpvfwzh fc lh Gocmfyfcgkh jf Nkcfiyh fc lo yfmfyfczf jflkbkzhgk÷c jf Bhy Zfyykzoykhl { Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl jf hgvfyjo h lh GOC]FBHY=0 jf 8;64# Fc jkgdhw yfvck÷c ghjh phyzf hlfnhih vc gykzfyko jkmfyfczf, Golobikh hpyo}fgdo ftpocfy wv zfwkw jf lh lâcfh bfjkh $bfaoy gocogkjh gobo Lâcfh Ionnw, nyhgkhw hl hpoyzf jfl nf÷nyhmo ^dkzzfboyf Ionnw+, xvf jk}kjf fl nolmo fc lh bkzhj goc vch }hykhczf fc Low Bocafw# Lhw cfnogkhgkocfw xvfjhc fwzhcghjhw moybhlbfczf poy bfjko jf lh gobvckghgk÷c jfl Pyfwkjfczf Ghylow Llfyhw Yfwzyfpo h wv dobolono }fcfqolhco Yhñl Lfock, jhjo xvf ghjh phyzf zfckh jk}fynfcgkhw goc yfwpfgzo h lo fwzkpvlhjo poy fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy# ]fcfqvflh fl : jf bhyqo 8;=4 poy bfjko jf wv Ghcgkllfy Knchgko Kykihyyfc Ioynfw jkyknf vch cvf}h pyopvfwzh/cozh hl Fbihahjoy golobikhco fc Ghyhghw, Nfybèc Hygkckfnhw5 vch lâcfh xvf kyâh jfwjf fl phyhlflo jf Ghwzkllfzfw dhwzh Pvczh Whlkchw =8 gfyyhcjo jf fwzh bhcfyh fl nolmo { lkbkzhcjo wfnñc Golobikh wv hggfwo hl bkwbo5 fl ghcgkllfy golobikhco Nfybèc Qfh jfglkch zhl pyopvfwzh $88 jf bhyqo+# Lh kczfcgk÷c jf Kykihyyfc wfnñc ftplkgh ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh $80 jf bh{o+ fyh “wkbplfbfczf, yfwfy}hy lh powkgk÷c }fcfqolhch hczf lh moybvlh jf lh
=0
Fc jkgdh Goc}fcgk÷c woiyf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy, zhczo ]fcfqvflh gobo Golobikh bowzyhyoc yfwfy}hw goc fl Hyzâgvlo 87 jf lh goc}fcgk÷c woiyf Bhy Zfyykzoykhl { Hyzâgvlo = jf lh Goc}fcgk÷c woiyf Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl# =8 ]fy Bhph Co# 7 s 6= s
powkgk÷c golobikhch, kc}kzhcjo h wv golfnh jf Ionozè h }kwkzhy h Ghyhghw=9‒# Fwf bkwbo høo fl 99 { 97 jf avlko jf 8;=4 fl Bkckwzyo jf Yflhgkocfw Ftzfykoyfw golobikhco Nfybèc Qfh fc gocavczo goc bkfbiyow jf lh Gobkwk÷c Hwfwoyh jf Yflhgkocfw Ftzfykoyfw1 Jy# Hczocko Yogdh { Jy# Hlmyfjo ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh yfhlkqhc vch }kwkzh omkgkhl h Ghyhghw fc }kwzh jfl fwzhcghbkfczo jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw# Lh kczfcgk÷c golobikhch jfwjf vc pykbfy bobfczo fyh kc}oghy fl Zyhzhjo jf 8;7; woiyf Co Hnyfwk÷c, Gocgklkhgk÷c, Hyikzyhaf { Hyyfnlo Avjkgkhl, yhzkmkghjo poy hbihw phyzfw fl 89 jf wfpzkfbiyf jf 8;:8, pfyo fl ghcgkllfy }fcfqolhco ftpyfw÷ wv goc}kggk÷c jf xvf wf pojyâh fcgoczyhy vch wolvgk÷c hl zfbh jkwgvzkjo, lo gvhl “omyfgk÷ vc pyogfjkbkfczo fc jow fzhphw goc plhqow hczkgkphjow# Fyh vch pfywpfgzk}h h zëybkco mkao=7‒# Poy lo gvhl wf hiyf cvf}hbfczf vch fzhph jf cfnogkhgk÷c xvf vc pykbfy bobfczo wf powpocjyè poy lhw flfggkocfw fc ]fcfqvflh { jfikjo h lh yfcvcgkh jfl ghcgkllfy Qfh fw jfwknchjo Hlmocwo L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc xvkfc wfyè pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh phyh 8;>6 H pykbfyh }kwzh pojfbow jfgky xvf h lo lhyno jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw yfmfyfczfw h lh jflkbkzhgk÷c jf èyfhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw cow fcgoczyhyfbow goc fwzhcghbkfczow jf hbihw phyzfw, pfyo jfwzhghcjo xvf wkfbpyf ftkwzkyè lh ivfch }olvczhj jf cfnogkhy goc yfwpfgzo hl zfbh# Fl ; jf hnowzo jf 8;=; goc bozk}o jf lh gocbfboyhgk÷c jfl Wfwxvkgfczfchyko jf lhw ihzhllhw jfl Phczhco jf ]hynhw { Io{hgè jko lvnhy h xvf Ghylow Llfyhw Yfwzyfpo Pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh { Yhmhfl Ghljfyh Pyfwkjfczf jf ]fcfqvflh wf yfvckfyhc#
=9 =7
Kiâjfb, p# 7>7"7>: Kiâjfb, p# 7>6 s 6> s
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=:
Kiâjfb, p# 7>># s 64 s
Fl Kcgkjfczf “Pfjyo Nvhl‒
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Fl Bojvw Opfyhcjk
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7# Lhw ftplkghgkocfw, powkgkocfw o pyopowkgkocfw xvf wf dhnhc co wfyèc kc}oghjhw h mh}oy o fc goczyh jf ckcnvch jf lhw phyzfw powzfykoybfczf5 :# Fl hgvfyjo mkchl wfyâh wvwgykzo goc lh hpyoihgk÷c jf hbiow noikfycow { wobfzkjo h low zyèbkzfw gocwzkzvgkochlfw# Jfl Bojvw Opfyhcjk wf yfhlkqhyoc gvhzyo yfvckocfw jf lhw gvhlfw lh pykbfyh mvf fc Ghyhghw { fc }kwzh jf low èckbow pfwkbkwzhw xvf yfkchihc fc fl phâw wf zyhwlhjhc h Yobh# Jf fwzhw yfvckocfw lhw hgzhw fyhc jf ghyègzfy pyk}hjo { co }kcgvlhczfw $lhw gvhlfw co gobpyobfzfc h lh phyzfw+# Fl Bkckwzyo golobikhco Ghylow Nvwzh}o Hyykfzh ftpvwo fc lh pykbfyh yfvck÷c $yfhlkqhjh jfl 4 hl 86 jf avcko jf 8;>0+ fc vc bfboyècjvb lh powkgk÷c golobikhch1 $##+ phyh gobfcqhy wv ftpowkgk÷c jf lh zfwkw opvfwzh, fw jfgky, lh lâcfh fxvkjkwzhczf o bfjkh# $…+ hmkyb÷, xvf zojo Fwzhjo ykifyføo zkfcf “kpwo avyf‒ jfyfgdo h plhzhmoybh { xvf fl yënkbfc bèw yhgkochl { avwzo phyh jflkbkzhylh fw lh fxvkjkwzhcgkh# Fc fwpfgkhl, jfglhy÷1 “Lh fxvkjkwzhcgkh, xv f fw h lh }fq fl pykcgkpko o yfnlh o bëzojo zëgckgo, pfybkzf, bfjkhczf vch gocwzyvggk÷c nfobëzykgh, jk}kjky hjfgvhjhbfczf lh qoch yfmfykjh fc jow phyzfw knvhlfw# H lh }fq yfmlfah ozyh kjfh mvcjhbfczhl f kcdfyfczf hl yënkbfc jf lh plhzhmoybh, gvhl fw lh jf jfahy jfczyo jf lh avykwjkggk÷c { goczyol jfl Fwzhjo gowzhcfyo zojh hxvfllh poygk÷c jf zfyykzoyko wvbfynkjo xvf fwzë bèw gfygh jf wvw gowzhw xvf lhw jf gvhlxvkfy ozyo Fwzhjo# Hwâ poy hplkghgk÷c jf vch v ozyh jf lhw yhqocfw hczfykoyfw, wf hgfpzh xvf zhl yfnlh o bëzojo jh plfch ftpyfwk÷c yfhl h lh fxvkjhj, pykcgkpko yfgzoy jf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c=>‒
Fc lh KK yfvck÷c yfhlkqhjh jfl = hl 8; jf co}kfbiyf jf 8;>0, cow fcgoczyhbow goc lh hmkybhgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh jf wvw jfyfgdow dkwz÷ykgow =>
]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh , 8;44, Zfygfy bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè, p# :07 s =0 s
fc fl Nolmo yfboczècjowf h lhw gocmfyfcgkhw Hgowzh"Zoyo jf 84::# Hwâ bkwbo fl fcjvyfgkbkfczo jf ]fcfqvflh poy bfjko jf vc Gobvckghjo fbkzkjo poy Ghcgkllfyâh phyh wowzfcfy lh lâcfh jf pyolocnhgk÷c jf lh myoczfyh, “poy wfy hnvhw zyhjkgkochl f dkwz÷ykghbfczf }fcfqolhchw lhw èyfhw gobpyfcjkjhw fczyf gowzhw }fcfqolhchw=4‒# Poy wv phyzf Golobikh co pojâh dhgfy chjh phyh f}kzhy fwhw jfglhyhgkocfw { hgzhw vlzyh wfgyfzhw wfnñc zëybkcow vzklkqhjow poy ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh# Lh powkgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh fc fl Bojvw Opfyhcjk mvf pyhnbèzkgh, lh pyolocnhgk÷c jf lh lâcfh zfyyfwzyf, fwzh zfwkw fw bhczfckjh poy Ghylow Wowh Yojyânvfq=;, fl afmf jf lh jflfnhgk÷c, dhwzh wv jkbkwk÷c fc 8;>9 zyhw co fcgoczyhywf ckcnñc pvczo jf hyyfnlo# Phyh fl høo 8;>7 Golobikh jko poy zfybkchjhw lhw cfnogkhgkocfw, pfyo lh jflfnhgk÷c }fcfqolhch jfzfybkc÷ xvf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw fwzhihc wvwpfcjkjhw poyxvf co wf pojâh pyfzfcjfy lh gvlbkchgk÷c wk co ftkwzâh vch gocglvwk÷c# Fwzf pyogfwo jf zyfw høow xvf gvlbkc÷ goc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw jf Yobh co nfcfy÷ ckcnñc hjflhczo fc lh wolvgk÷c hl pyoilfbh lkbâzyomf yhq÷c jf fwzo lhw gocjkgkocfw kckgkhlfw ftpvfwzhw fc vc pykcgkpko wf gvbplk÷>0# [ fw xvf fl ghyègzfy co }kcgvlhczf jf lhw hgzhw, hjfbèw jf wv pyk}hgkjhj {h fyh vc pvczo jf co h}hcgf# Ghjh phyzf wf lkbkzo h bhczfcfy wv powkgk÷c#
=4
Kiâjfb, p# :0> Hjfbèw jf fllo zhl gobo wf dh ftpyfwhjo jfwjf 8;64 ]fcfqvflh dh bowzyhjo { bhczfcjyè wvw yfwfy}hw goc yfwpfgzo h lhw Goc}fcgkocfw woiyf fl Bhy Zfyykzoykhl $Hyz# 89+ { woiyf Plhzhmoybh Goczkcfczhl $Hyz# =+, fc }kwzh jf xvf co pvfjf hgfpzhy lh lâcfh fxvkjkwzhczf5 lâcfh xvf bhczkfcf Golobikh gobo bètkbh hwpkyhgk÷c# >0 C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh# P#897 =;
s =8 s
Fl Kcgkjfczf jf lh H}fczvyfyh
Fc 8;>0 wf pyfwfczh vc kcgkjfczf fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh poy lh fbihyghgk÷c pfwxvfyh Lh H}fczvyfyh, jkgdh fbihyghgk÷c mvf yfzfckjh poy lh Hybhjh jf ]fcfqvflh fc vc bvfllf jf Pvczo Mkao, powzfykoybfczf wf pyogfjk÷ h dhgfy lh kc}fwzknhgk÷c pfyzkcfczf { gologhylf lh bvlzh h lh fbpyfwh golobikhch, xvf dhiâh fwzhjo pfwghcjo fc hnvhw }fcfqolhchw# Fwzf dfgdo, ogvyykjo jvyhczf lh pyfwkjfcgkh jf Llfyhw Yfwzyfpo fc Golobikh nfcfy÷ yf}vflo, pvfw bfwfw jfwpvëw jf wv wfphyhgk÷c jfl ghyno, wføhl÷ h vch yf}kwzh xvf ]fcfqvflh co zfcâh jfyfgdo h ghpzvyhy fl ch}âo { bvgdo bfcow goiyhy vch bvlzh, pvfw fwhw hnvhw fyhc Golobikhchw# H fwzo lh Ghcgkllfyâh ]fcfqolhch yfwpocjk÷ xvf lh H}fczvyfyh mvf ghpzvyhjh fc hnvhw dkwz÷ykghbfczf }fcfqolhchw { xvf wkfbpyf dhc fwzhjo ihao wv avykwjkggk÷c >8#
Wf yfhcvjhc lhw goc}fywhgkocfw
Fc 8;>: ftkwzf vc hgfyghbkfczo fczyf low ghcgkllfyfw Wgdhgdz Hykwzknvfzh { L÷pfq Ghyykqowh, fwzhw goc}fywhgkocfw pyobfzâhc vc mvzvyo bfaoy pvfw hbiow yfpyfwfczhihc noikfycow jf lh bkwbh zfcjfcgkh polâzkgh, lh wogkhl jfbogyhgkh, pfyo yfhlbfczf pogo pvfjfc hjflhczhy poy lh mhlzh jf zkfbpo { lh yfwfy}h goc lh xvf wf llf}hyoc lhw goc}fywhgkocfw# ]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh hlfnh xvf lhw goc}fywhgkocfw dhiâhc yfhlbfczf
>8
C^FKDFJ, EHLJOCF# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy # Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# ]fcfqvflh# P#884"88; s =9 s
hjflhczhjo bvgdo fc bhzfykh pfwxvfyh { jf ftplozhgk÷c jf èyfhw bhykchw { wvibhykchw# Phyh fl høo 8;>6 dh{ vc nolpf jf zkb÷c fc low plhczfhbkfczow jf cfnogkhgk÷c gvhcjo fl Pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh Hlmocwo L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc, jkyknkëcjowf hl Gocnyfwo jf wv phâw, nfcfyh vch cvf}h powkgk÷c5 lh bkwbh gocwkwzf fc fl gkfyyf jfl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh h zfygfyow, gyfhcjo vc gocjobkcko fc fl xvf hbihw chgkocfw whlnhc ifcfmkgkhjhw jf lh ftplozhgk÷c jf wvw yfgvywow# Lh yfwpvfwzh jf ]fcfqvflh mvf kcbfjkhzh, wføhlhcjo fl plhczfhbkfczo kczfyfwhczf pfyo jf pogh hmkckjhj goc fl pyoilfbh yfhl xvf fw lh jflkbkzhgk÷c kczfych jfl nolmo# Fwzh cvf}h }fczhch xvf wf hiyf fc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw yfhlbfczf zkfcf wvw kbplkghgkocfw polâzkghw fc lh cfnogkhgk÷c wknvkfczf, lh dkp÷zfwkw Pëyfq"L÷pfq# Lh dkp÷zfwkw Pëyfq"L÷pfq>9 gocwkwzf fc vch pyopowkgk÷c chgkjh fc ]fcfqvflh gobo yfwpvfwzh hl Gocjobkcko jf L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc, fwzh pyopowkgk÷c jf ghyègzfy nfyfcgkhl wowzkfcf xvf jfifc ogvphywf hbihw chgkocfw poy jflkbkzhy kczfychbfczf fl nolmo, pfyo phyh xvf mlv{h lh cfnogkhgk÷c fc gvhczo h lh ftplozhgk÷c jf yfgvywow wf yfmkfyf, wf plhczfh lh gyfhgk÷c jf fbpyfwhw bktzhw jf hbiow lhjow jf lh jflkbkzhgk÷c, fw jfgky, 68& ]fcfqvflh { :;& Golobikh jfl lhjo jf ]fcfqvflh { hl yf}ëw jfl lhjo Golobikhco, nhyhczkqhcjo xvf low yfgvywow wfyèc ftplozhjow poy hbihw chgkocfw { co zfygfyow# Fwzh pyopowkgk÷c co gocz÷ goc fl hpo{o kczfyco jf low phyzkjow fc ]fcfqvflh { poy fwh yhq÷c myhghwh, poy lh kcftkwzfcgkh jfl gocwfcwo kczfyco xvf nhyhczkqhyh lh zobh jf jfgkwkocfw fc lh gvfwzk÷c ftzfych#
>9
Kiâjfb p#8:8"8:9 s =7 s
Jfczyo jf fwzf bkwbo fwgfchyko, fl pyocvcgkhbkfczo hczf fl Gocnyfwo golobikhco jfl Pyfwkjfczf L÷pfq Bkgdflwfc fc jocjf wf pyopvwo fl gocjobkcko zhbikëc whlk÷ lh Zfwkw jf lh Ihdâh Dkwz÷ykgh pyopvfwzh jfwjf dhgf zkfbpo poy ]fcfqvflh, zhl zfwkw wf ftzyhf phyhmyhwfhcjo h ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh xvf fc phlhiyhw jf Mhvgdkllf, Wgfllf, Ihllhjoyf Phllkfyk { Nkjfl, fl fwzhjo ykifyføo jfif jfbowzyhy dkwz÷ykghbfczf fl vwo ftglvwk}o jf lh ihdâh hjfbèw jf xvf co ihwzh goc jfbowzyhy zhl powfwk÷c wkco xvf wfh yfgocogkjh poy low jfbèw Fwzhjow#
Jf Ghyhihllfjh h Ghljhw
Jfl pyo{fgzo jf ftplozhgk÷c gocavczh jf low {hgkbkfczow pfzyolâmfyow fczyf hbihw chgkocfw co wf llfno h chjh, lh gocwvlzh yfhlkqhjh poy fl Pyfwkjfczf Ghylow Hcjyëw Pëyfq fc fcfyo jf 8;>= “phyh kcmoybhy vch pyopvfwzh jfl Noikfyco golobikhco fc lh iñwxvfjh jf vch wolvgk÷c hl jkmfyfcjo goc fl phâw lkbâzyomf>7‒ h low phyzkjow polâzkgow jf lh opowkgk÷c $Bo}kbkfczo hl Wogkhlkwbo { GOPFK >:+ fc lh gvhl hwkwzk÷ fl Fbihahjoy golobikhco Aowë Bflkgd Oywkck, hl phyfgfy co ghlo jhjo xvf gobpyobfzf lh woifyhcâh }fcfqolhch# Fczyf 8;>; { 8;40 wf llf}hyh h ghio lhw cfnogkhgkocfw fc jkwzkczhw gkvjhjfw jf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh lh ivfch jkwpowkgk÷c jf lh hjbkckwzyhgk÷c Zvyih{ H{hlh { Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw goc goczkcvhy lhw bkwbhw wfyèc kcmyvgzvowhw jf hgvfyjo h low jkwgvzkjo { plhczfhjo fc Ghyhihllfjh# Fc Ghyhihllfjh wf yfhlkqo lh ñlzkbh yfvck÷c jf low plfckpozfcgkhykow jf
>7
]èqxvfq Ghyykqowh, Hlmyfjo, Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh1 Vch Dkwzoykh Hzoybfczhjh , 8;44, Zfygfy bvcjo Fjkzoyfw, Ionozè, p# :76 >: Fc jocjf GOPFK, bhckmfwz÷ wv yfcvfcgkh h jkgdh ftplozhgk÷c gocavczh# s =: s
Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh, ihao vc glkbh wfnñc ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh jf dowzklkjhj# Fc vc pykbfy bobfczo jfl hgvfyjo wf jhih gobo vc dfgdo, low jkhykow golobikhcow wf yfwghzh lo wknvkfczf1 ‒Fl Zkfbpo‒ jf Ionozè, }ogfyo jfl noikfyco jfl Pyfwkjfczf Zvyih{, fc lh fjkgk÷c jfl 6 jf ogzviyf jf 8;40, dhgkh fl hcvcgko1 “Lkwzo hgvfyjo goc ]fcfqvflh‒, fc wv pykbfyh pènkch, hjoychjhw goc bhphw jf “vch powki lf pyopvfwzh jf gobpyobkwo‒# Lh gy÷ckgh xvf hgobphøhih fwzh cozkgkh hvnvyhih, xvf “Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh fwzèc, hdoyh wâ, jfmkckzk}hbfczf h
lhw pvfyzhw jf vc zyhwgfcjfczhl hgvfyjo jf lâbkzfw bhykcow { wvibhykcow…‒# Fyh vch pkfqh hyyfnlhjh fc vc fwgfchyko py f}kwzo fc zojow wvw hwpfgzow# Fwzhih, kcglvwk}f, mkahjh lh mfgdh jfl 8> jf jkgkfbiyf, phyh lh mkybh wolfbcf jfl Zyhzhjo Zvyih{"Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw, fc fl lvnhy whnyhjo jf Whczh Bhyzh, gvhcjo wf gflfiyhyâh fl Wfwxvkgfczfchyko jf lh Bvfyzf jfl Lkifyzhjoy Wkb÷c Iolâ}hy>6# Lh jkmvwk÷c poy pyfcwh fc Ionozè { Ghyhghw jf lh gocogkjh “Dkp÷zfwkw Ghyhihllfjh‒>=, lh hvwfcgkh jf lhw mkybhw jf low plfckpozfcgkhykow xvf
wfnñc ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh lf jhc h zojo hgvfyjo gyfjkiklkjhj5 fyh vc wâczobh jf xvf lhw gowhw fbpfqhihc bhl# Fc phlhiyhw jfl hvzoy, ftplkgh xvf fl vwo jfl zëybkco “Dkp÷zfwkw‒ lf yfwzhih kbpoyzhcgkh hl hgvfyjo, jhjo xvf fl bkwbo wknckmkgh “vc wvpvfwzo jf hlno‒, hvchjo h fwzo poy phyzf jf ]fcfqvflh fl Pyfwkjfczf Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw ftpyfwo xvf “Fw bfcfwzfy fl gocwfcwo chgkochl phyh mkybhy fl hgvfyjo goc Golobikh >>‒#
>6 >= >>
Kiâjfb, p# :74 ]fy Bhph Co :# Kiâjfb, p :7; s =6 s
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Jkgdh “Dkp÷zfwkw‒ ftpky ÷ ogdo jâhw jfwpvëw jf pvilkghjh fc pyfcwh,
phyh fl : jf co}kfbiyf jfl bkwbo høo lh pyfwhc golobikhch { }fcfqolhch hcvcgkhihc xvf poy wvwpfcjâhc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw jf Ghyhihllfjh { jf bojo vcklhzfyhl fl Pyfwkjfczf jf ]fcfqvflh Lvkw Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw gocnflhyh lhw cfnogkhgkocfw phyh yfhcvjhywf cvf}hbfczf fc 8;46# Fl Ghcgkllfy jf ]fcfqvflh Kwkjyo Boyhlfw Phvl fwzh }fq fc lh hjbkckwzyhgk÷c, jfglhy÷ xvf “]fcfqvflh co jfwghyzhih ckcnñc bfjko jf yfwolvgk÷c jf goczyo}fywkh $…+ U{ xvfR yfwpfgzo h lh Goyzf Kczfychgkochl j f Avwzkgkh, pojyâh wfy f}fczvhlbfczf vch powkiklkjhj 40‒ zhlfw jfglhyhgkocfw pyfwfczhyoc opzkbkwbo poy phyzf jf Golobikh kcglvwk}f fl bkwbo Boyhlfw Phvl wf bowzyhih opzkbkwzh5 jf lhw jfglhyhgkocfw jfl ghcgkllfy }fcfqolhco wf dkqo fgo fc Golobikh jf lh jkwpowkgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh jf wobfzfy fl jkmfyfcjo fc lh Goyzf Kczfychgkochl jf lh Dh{h# Fl Pyfwkjfczf jf ]fcfqvflh fc fwzf wfczkjo jfglhyo xvf jfwhvzoykqhih h ghcgkllfy h fbkzky zhlfw jfglhyhgkocfw { poy fcjf jfwghyzhih xvf wf pvjkfyh wobfzfy fl pyoilfbh jf Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh h oynhckwbow kczfychgkochlfw wvwzkzv{fcjo hl bkwbo poy Wkb÷c Hlifyzo Gocwhl}k#
>4 >; 40
]fy Bhph Co 6# Kiâjfb, p# ::0 Kiâjfb, p# :67":6: s == s
Goc Iflkwhyko Ifzhcgovyz Pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh { Ahkbf Lvwkcgdk Pyfwkjfczf jf ]fcfqvflh fc vch yfvck÷c xvf wf yfhlkqo fc fl Pvfczf Kczfychgkochl Aowë Hczocko Pèfq wf mkybo lh Jfglhyhgk÷c jf Hyhvgh xvf pyfzfcjâh lh goczkcvhgk÷c jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw vch }fq wvpfyhjo lo wvgfjkjo goc lh Dkp÷zfwkw Ghyhihllfjh fc jkgdh jfglhyhgk÷c wf fwzkpvlhih hjfbèw lh moybvlhgk÷c jf vc cvf}o Bojvw Opfyhcjk xvf co wf hgoyj÷# H phyzky jf fwzf bobfczo cow fcgoczyhyfbow goc lo xvf ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh llhbh fl “fyyoy fc lh jkplobhgkh golobikhch‒, ihao lh hjbkckwzyhgk÷c jfl Pyfwkjfczf jf Golobikh ]kynklko Ihygo# Lh jfwknchgk÷c jfl vyihckwzh Pfjyo N÷bfq Ihyyfyo wknckmkghih vc whlzo hzyèw fc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw jfwjf fl pvczo jf }kwzh golobikhco, jhjo xvf phyh fl pyoilfbh golobio"}fcfqolhco wf cfgfwkzhih jf hlnvkfc goc ftpfykfcgkh fc fl zfbh { gocogkbkfczow fc fl èyfh jkplobèzkgh# Wf wvbh h fwzo lh pyfgkpkzhjh kc}oghgk÷c jf Zyhzhjo jf 8;7; woiyf Co Hnyfwk÷c, Gocgklkhgk÷c, Hyikzyhaf { Hyyfnlo Avjkgkhl, lo xvf fc phlhiyhw jfl hvzoy wknckmkghih fl ñlzkbo yfgvywo golobikhco, {h xvf phyh zhl mkc wf cfgfwkzhih vch pyfphyhgk÷c hjfgvhjh goc lh Ghcgkllfyâh jf ]fcfqvflh# Hwâ bkwbo, fw gykzkghjo fl bojo fc xvf wf dkqo jhjo xvf lh kc}oghgk÷c mvf pñilkgh { co poy bfjko jf vch cozh gocmkjfcgkhl h zyh}ëw jfl fbihahjoy golobikhco fc Ghyhghw# Fwzo ghvwo xvf fc ]fcfqvflh wf jkfyh vc “yf}vflo‒, lo xvf oilkno hl
Pyfwkjfczf Ahkbf Lvwkcgdk h goc}oghy vch yfvck÷c jf Hlzo Ck}fl goc low ft pyfwkjfczfw Yhmhfl Ghljfyh, Ghylow Hcjyëw Pëyfq { Lvkw Dfyyfyh Ghbpkcw# Lh jfglhyhgk÷c pvilkghjh fc Golobikh woiyf lh powkgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh jfahih glhyo lh kbpowkiklkjhj jf hplkghy jkgdo zyhzhjo, fc }kwzh jf xvf zyhwzogh low kczfyfwfw }kzhlfw jf lh chgk÷c }fcfqolhch { hmfgzh lh kczfnykjhj zfyykzoykhl, poy low gvhl co pyogfjf#
s => s
Jfwjf avlko fczyf hbiow phâwfw yfkchih lh zfcwk÷c5 zfcwk÷c xvf wf hgyfgfcz÷ fc hnowzo jfl bkwbo høo gvhcjo jow ch}fw jf nvfyyh wf fcgoczyhihc fc lh yfnk÷c fc jk wpvzh# Ghif hgozhy xvf fwf bkwbo høo “vc gobhcjo jfl nyvpo nvfyykllfyo FLC fl 89 jf avcko hczfykoy, Ukcgvywkoco fc zfyykzoyko }fcfqolhcoR jfahcjo vc whljo jf :4 bvfyzow, 86 woljhjow }fcfqolhcow hjfbèw jf vc ghpkzèc { 77 nvfyykllfyow golobikhcow, fc vc gobihzf ogvyykjo fc lh Wkfyyh jf Low Bozklocfw48‒# Fl ; jf hnowzo lh goyifzh HYG Ghljhw { lh ghøocfyh HY] Lkifyzhj wf gobvckghihc fc hnvhw fc jkwpvzh ghjh vch ftpyfwhcjo xvf wf fcgoczyhihc fc hnvhw jf wvw yfwpfgzk}hw chgkocfw# Lh zfcwk÷c mvf zhl xvf poy vc bobfczo wf pfcw÷ fl gyvgf jf mvfno fczyf hbihw ch}fw5 low kczfczow poy goyzhy lh pyoh jf lh HYG Ghljhw fc gocavczo goc lh kcgvywk÷c jf lh myhnhzh HY] Vyjhcfzh woiyf lh goyifzh HYG Kcjfpfcjfcgkh wknckmkghihc fl pvczo bètkbo phyh fl fwzhllkjo jf vc gocmlkgzo fczyf hbiow phâwfw# Jf low dfgdow ogvyykjow fc lh qoch fc jkwpvzh fl pyfwkjfczf golobikhco ]kynklko Ihygo oyjfco fl yfzkyo jf lhw ch}fw# Jf zhlfw hgzow ftplkgh ]èwxvfq Ghyykqowh ftplkgh xvf mvfyoc jfcvcgkhjow hczf fl Gocwfao Pfybhcfczf jf lh Oynhckqhgk÷c jf Fwzhjow Hbfykghcow yfhlkqhjh fl 98 jf hnowzo h wolkgkzvj jf Golobikh fl bkwbo høo# Hwâ bkwbo, wf oiwfy}o lh pyfogvphgk÷c jfl Pyfwkjfczf Hynfczkco Yhñl Hlmocwâc xvkfc mvf llhbhjo poy Golobikh { fl goczhgzo goc Aoho Ihfch Wohyfw, xvkfc fyh Wfgyfzhyko Nfcfyhl jf lh OFH# Jf low dfgdow jf lh HYG Ghljhw, oiwfy}hbow xvf ]fcfqvflh fwzh jkwpvzh h jfmfcjfy wv woifyhcâh fc fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh, { xvf co wf ihwh fc vch wvpowkgk÷c jf fafygkgko { co xvf lh fafygf#
48
Kiâjfb, p# :=8 s =4 s
Hcftow# Bhph Co 8#
Vikghgk÷c jf Low Bocafw Bhph Co# 9
Lh lâcfh yoah bvfwzyh lh pyopvfwzh jfl Ghcgkllfy Hvyflkhco Ozèøfq1 Lh lâcfh jf pyolocnhgk÷c jf lh myoczfyh xvf }h jfwjf Ghwzkllfzfw dhwzh lh Pfcâcwvlh jf Phyhnvhcè# s =; s
Bhph Co# 7
Lâcfh yoah bvfwzyh lh Powkgk÷c jf ]fcfqvflh }w# Lh lâcfh cfnyh xvf bvfwzyh Lh Powkgk÷c jf Golobikh# Bhph Co# :
Dkp÷zfwkw Ghyhihllfjh s >0 s
Bhph Co# 6
Lâcfh yoah Zfwkw Gowzh Wfgh { Lâcfh pvczfhjh goloy cfnyo Bètkbh hwpkyhgk÷c golobikhch# Bhph Co# =
Bètkbh Hwpkyhgk÷c jf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh# s >8 s
Gocwkjfyhgkocfw Mkchlfw
H lo lhyno jf fwzf iyf}f yfgoyykjo dkwz÷ykgo xvf gobpyfcjfc low pyoilfbhw lkbâzyomfw fczyf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh wf zyhzo jf pocfy woiyf fl phpfl lhw powkgkocfw jf hbihw phyzfw { wv jfwfc}ol}kbkfczo fc low pyogfwow jf cfnogkhgk÷c# Wf cow dh }fcjkjo h lo lhyno jf cvfwzyh moybhgk÷c xvf dfbow wkjo jfwpoahjow jf cvfwzyo zfyykzoyko, oi}khcjo jf fwzh moybh lhw bètkbhw hwpkyhgkocfw jf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh fc fwow pyogfwow, myfczf h lo hlghcqhjo# Kcglvwk}f cow hzyf}fbow h jfgky xvf fl xvf bhczfcnh lh powkgk÷c jf xvf co dfbow wkjo “jfwpoahjow‒ kcgvyyf fc fl jflkzo jf lfwh phzykh# Lh “gobplfakjhj‒ jfl hwvczo kbplkgh zyhzhy jf xvkzhycow jf fcgkbh
fwhw phwkocfw xvf cow fczvyikhc hchlkqhy jf vch bhcfyh hl bfcow oiafzk}h lhw cfnogkhgkocfw5 poy lo nfcfyhl dfbow yfgvyykjo h xvf zhczo Golobikh gobo ]fcfqvflh gobphyzfc vc bkwbo jfwzkco, vch bkwbh dkwzoykh xvf xvkqèw co wf pvfjf pocfy fc jvjh# Jfwjf lhw hwpkyhgkocfw jf Iolâ}hy jf vch yfpñilkgh vckjh, jf lh fmâbfyh Yfpñilkgh jf Golobikh $gocogkjh gobo lh Nyhc Golobikh+, lo gkfyzo fw xvf ]fcfqvflh dh hgzvhjo jf bhcfyh fmkgkfczf fc lhw cfnogkhgkocfw goc lh jkwolvgk÷c jf lh Yfpñilkgh jf Golobikh fyh kcbkcfczf xvf lh jfvjh goczyhâjh poy fwzh wf yfphyzkfyh fczyf Fgvhjoy, Cvf}h Nyhchjh { ]fcfqvflh, Pobio fl plfckpozfcgkhyko jf lh Cvf}h Nyhchjh pyopocâh xvf lh jk}kwk÷c jf lh jfvjh wf dkgkfyh ihao lh ihwf jf lh ykxvfqh jf ghjh Yfpñilkgh, Whczhcjfy poy wv phyzf hlvjâh h lh jk}kwk÷c jf lh bkwbh fc cvf}f phyzfw jf lh gvhlfw zyfw goyyfwpocjfyâhc h ]fcfqvflh, gvhzyo phyh lh Cvf}h Nyhchjh { lhw yfwzhczfw phyh Fgvhjoy5 gobo whifbow jf fwzh pyopvfwzh “zykvcmo‒ lh jf cvfwzyo plfckpozfcgkhyko Whczow Bkgdflfch xvf gocwkwzâhc fc fl yfphyzo
s >9 s
ihao lh ihwf jf lh poilhgk÷c jf ghjh Yfpñilkgh 49# Zyhfbow h golhgk÷c fwzf fafbplo phyh xvf oiwfy}fbow lh jfwzyfqh jf low cfnogkhjoyfw }fcfqolhcow xvf poy lo bfcow jfwjf fl pfykojo xvf }h jfwjf 8477 dhwzh 8;69, wfyèc hgfyzhjhw h ftgfpgk÷c jf lh jfwhpyoihgk÷c jfl Zyhzhjo Pobio"Bkgdflfch# Lh wfnvcjh fzhph jf lhw cfnogkhgkocfw Golobio"]fcfqolhchw xvf }hc jfwjf 8;69"8;4> goc yfwpfgzo hl jkmfyfcjo poy fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh, fw vc pyoilfbh wkcnvlhy xvf bvgdo zkfcf xvf }fy goc lhw wkzvhgkocfw kczfychw, cfnogkhjoyfw { gykwkw polâzkghw jf hbiow Fwzhjow fc gvfwzk÷c# Phyh ]fcfqvflh fl Nolmo xvf llf}h wv cobiyf fw jf }kzhl kbpoyzhcgkh gobo dh xvfjhjo jfbowzyhjo fc lhw jkwzkczhw hggkocfw bklkzhyfw phyh yfwnvhyjhy lh woifyhcâh fc fl bkwbo, jfwjf lh hggk÷c jf low Ghcifyyh fc fl høo 8;69 fc Low Bocafw dhwzh fl gocmlkgzo jf lh HYG Ghljhw# Phyh Golobikh fw vch yfglhbhgk÷c jf kbpoyzhcgkh fgoc÷bkgh poy low yfgvywow bhykcow { wvibhykcow xvf hllâ wf fcgvfczyhc# Low jkwzkczow noikfycow goc fl zyhcwgvyyky jfl zkfbpo dhc zyhzhjo jf fwzyfgdhy lhqow { jf flkbkchy ihyyfyhw xvf f}kzfc lh cfnogkhgk÷c goyjkhl fczyf hbiow, yfhlkqhcjo plhczfhbkfczow xvf }hc jfwjf lhw zfwkw dkwz÷ykghw jf hbihw chgkocfw dhwzh vc gocjobkcko { lh ftplozhgk÷c jf yfgvywow bktzh, pfyo fwzo co dh wkjo wvmkgkfczf, pvfw phyh ]fcfqvflh fl Nolmo wknckmkgh vc èyfh xvf pfybkzf wfnvykjhj fc gvhczo hl zyhcwpoyzf jf wv pykcgkphl pyojvgzo jf ftpoyzhgk÷c, fl pfzy÷lfo# Fw kbpoyzhczf wføhlhy lh bhzfykh jf yflhgkocfw kczfykoyfw { wvw ftzfcwkocfw h lh polâzkgh ftzfych jf ghjh Fwzhjo, pvfw fc fl fwgfchyko kczfyco fw jocjf wf fcgvfczyhc low pykcgkphlfw yfgdhqow jf hbiow dhgkh hlnvch kckgkhzk}h fc phyzkgvlhy gobo pvfjf }fywf goc low hgvfyjow jf 49
]ëhwf h NKL MOYZOVL, Aowë $8;6:+ Dkwzoykh Gocwzkzvgkochl jf ]fcfqvflh# Bkckwzfyko jf Fjvghgk÷c# Ghyhghw, 7 ]olw# s >7 s
Ghyhihllfjh { lh zfwkw jf Ghylow Hcjyëw Pëyfq woiyf jflkbkzhgk÷c { ftplozhgk÷c bktzh, ghwow fc low gvhlfw lh wkzvhgk÷c kczfych }olg÷ vc yfgdhqo poy phyzf jf lh opowkgk÷c h lh polâzkgh ftzfykoy# Fc fl ghwo golobikhco dvio mvfyzf yfgdhqo woiyf zojo hl yfgocogkbkfczo jf Low Bocafw gobo kwlhw }fcfqolhchw, jf dfgdo fc jkwzkczhw oghwkocfw kczfczhihc yfhcvjhy fl jfihzf woiyf lh woifyhcâh jf ]fcfqvflh fc fl hygdkpkëlhno# Wkc fbihyno, ftkwzf vc fwzhcghbkfczo nfcfyhlkqhjo fc lh cfnogkhgk÷c fczyf hbihw phyzfw, wkc gocglvwkocfw woiyf fl pyoilfbh jfl Nolmo { wkc hjflhczow fc wv jflkbkzhgk÷c { hgvfyjo, w÷lo ftkwzf lh yfhmkybhgk÷c woiyf gèbhyhw jf gobfygko { pyojvggk÷c# Hbiow phâwfw wowzkfcfc fc nfcfyhl vchw ivfchw yflhgkocfw, pfyo phyfgkfyh vc zfbh zhiñ lh wolvgk÷c jfl Jkmfyfcjo woiyf fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh#
s >: s
Yfmfyfcgkhw Ikilkonyèmkghw
Lkiyow
HYFH, L# $8;;=+# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh# $Zobo K+ # Ghyhghw1 Kcwzkzvzo jf Fwzvjkow Polâzkgow, Mhgvlzhj jf Gkfcgkhw Avyâjkghw { Polâzkghw, Vck}fywkjhj Gfczyhl jf ]fcfqvflh# IYKGFØO, A# $8;;6+# ]fcfqvflh { wvw myoczfyhw goc Golobikh # Bëykjh1 Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw# FHWZBHC, A#5 G# Bocyo{ { N# Bhygo $w#m+# Fl Jkmfyfcjo Golobio" ]fcfqolhco # Fjkzoykhl O}fah Cfnyh# DFYYFYH, F# $8;>4+ ¿Poy xvë wf dh yfjvgkjo fl Zfyykzoyko ]fcfqolhco? Ghyhghw1 Hlmhjkl/Zy÷pkgow# LOCJOØO, A# $8;>7+# Jfyfgdo Zfyykzoykhl jf Golobikh # Ionozè1 Golfggk÷c jf Oyo jfl Bklkzhy Golobikhco# ]ol# ]# BOCYO[ G# { N# Bhygo $8;4;+# Jflkbkzhgk÷c Zfyyfwzyf { Bhyâzkbh fczyf Golobikh { ]fcfqvflh# Golobikh1 Vck}fywkjhj Whczo Zobhw# C^FKDFJ, E# $8;;6+# Phcoyhbh { Gyâzkgh jfl Jkmfyfcjo# Fl Nolmo jf ]fcfqvflh hczf fl Jfyfgdo jfl Bhy# Ghyhghw1 Vck}fywkjhj jf low Hcjfw1 Bëykjh# OAFY, P# $8;44+# Lh jëghjh mvcjhbfczhl fc lh goczyo}fywkh jf lâbkzfw fczyf ]fcfqvflh { Golobikh 8448"84;8 # Ghyhghw1 Ikilkozfgh Mvcjhgk÷c Phbpfyo# s >6 s
