FACULTAD DE ESTUDIOS SUPERIORES CUAUTITLAN CAMPO 1 LABORATORIO DE QUIMICA ORGANICA 1 PREVIO 7 “EXTRACCIÓN SELECTIVA“ SELECTIVA“
OBJETIVOS 1. El alumn !n!"#$ la %&!n'!a (" ")%#a!!'*n !m m&%( (" +",a#a!'*na'+lam'"n% ,u#'/'!a!'*n (" +u+%an!'a+ 'n%"0#an%"+ (" una m"!la. 2. Cn!"#$ ('/"#"n%"+ %',+ ,#!"++ (" ")%#a!!'*n- a+3 !m ")%#a!%#"+ (" la4#a%#'. 5. C##"la!'na#$ 4a+"+ %"*#'!a+ ,+'4'l'(a("+ "n +u a,l'!a!'*n a la #"+lu!'*n (" ,#4l"ma+ "+,"!3/'!+.
INVESTIGACIÓN PREVIA 1. Definición Definición y bases teóricas e! fases" s#$%bi$ia" s#$%bi$ia" c#eficiente c#eficiente e re&art#" re&art#" e'tracción. Diferentes ti&#s y &r#ces#s e e'tracción" as( c#)# e'tract#res e $a $ab# b#ra rat# t#ri ri# # *s#' *s#'+$ +$et et,. ,. Ec%aci Ec%ación ón teór teóric icaa y c-$ c-$c% c%$# $# e e' e'tr trac acci ci#n #nes es )$ti&$es. La ")%#a!!'*n "+ la %&!n'!a ,a#a +",a#a# un ,#(u!% #0$n'! (" una m"!la (" #"a!! #"a!!'* '*n n ,a#a ,a#a a'+l a'+la# a#l l (" +u+ /u"n% /u"n%"+ "+ na%u#a na%u#al" l"+. +. Pu"( Pu"(" " ("/' ("/'n' n'#+ #+" " !m !m la +",a# +",a#a! a!'* '*n n (" un !m, !m,n n"n% "n%" " (" una una m"!l m"!la a ,# ,# m"(' m"(' (" un ('+ ('+l6 l6"n% "n%". ". La ")%#a!!'*n 'n6lu!#a una /a+" l'u'(a 8")%#a!%an%"9- u" a3+la la +u+%an!'a (" 'n%"#&+ 'n%"#&+ (" una +"0un(a /a+" 8l'u'(a- +l'(a 0a+"+a9: 0a+"+a9: "l ('+l6"n%" ('+l6"n%" ")%#a!%an%" ")%#a!%an%" ("4" +"# 'nm'+!'4l" !n "l #"+% (" la m"!la.
S#$%bi$ia Slu Slu4' 4'l'l'(a( (a( "+ la !ual !ual'( '(a( a( (" +lu +lu4l 4l" " 8u" 8u" +" ,u"( ,u"(" " ('+ ('+l6 l6"#9 "#9.. S" %#a% %#a%a a (" una m"('(a (" la !a,a!'(a( (" una !'"#%a +u+%an!'a ,a#a ('+l6"#+" "n %#a. La +u+%an!'a u" +" ('+u"l6" +" !n!" !m +lu% +lu%-- m'"n%#a+ u" au"lla "n la !ual "+%" +" ('+u"l6" #"!'4" "l nm4#" (" +l6"n%" ('+l6"n%". La !n!"n%#a!'*n !n!"n%#a!'*n-- ,# %#a ,a#%"- ;a!" #"/"#"n!'a a la ,#,#!'*n ")'+%"n%" "n%#" la !an%'(a( (" +lu% la !an%'(a( (" ('+l6"n%" "n una ('+lu!'*n. C#eficiente e re&art# Su,n0am+ u" una ('+lu!'*n (" un !m,u"+% A "n un ('+l6"n%" 1 +" ")%#a" !n %# ('+l6"n%" 2- 'nm'+!'4l" !n "l ,#'m"#- "n "l !ual "l !m,u"+% A "+ m$+
+lu4l". D'!; !m,u"+% +" #",a#%'#$ "n%#" am4+ ('+l6"n%"+ ;a+%a ll"0a# a una +'%ua!'*n (" "u'l'4#'. F'nalm"n%"- la+ (+ /a+"+ l3u'(a+ 'nm'+!'4l"+ +" +",a#a#$n "n "l "m4u( (" ("!an%a!'*n- u"(an( a4a< la (" ma# ("n+'(a(. La #"la!'*n (" la+ !n!"n%#a!'n"+ ("l !m,u"+% A "n !a(a ('+l6"n%"- a una %"m,"#a%u#a (a(a- "+ una !n+%an%" llama(a coeficiente de reparto 8/9. Pa#a un m'+m !m,u"+%- "l !"/'!'"n%" (" #",a#% (","n(" (" la %"m,"#a%u#a ("l ,a# (" ('+l6"n%"+ !n+'("#a(+.
(n(" =A>1 =A>2 +n la+ !n!"n%#a!'n"+ "n "l "u'l'4#' ("l !m,u"+% A "n l+ ('+l6"n%"+ 1 2- #"+,"!%'6am"n%". R"al'an( una a,#)'ma!'*n- ,u"(" !n+'("#a#+" u" la !n!"n%#a!'*n ("l !m,u"+% A "n !a(a ('+l6"n%" +" !##"la!'na !n la +lu4'l'(a( (" ('!; !m,u"+% "n al ('+l6"n%" ,u#. P# %an%- "l &)'% (" una ")%#a!!'*n (","n(" (" la +lu4'l'(a( #"la%'6a ("l !m,u"+% a ")%#a"# "n "l ,a# (" ('+l6"n%"+ "l"0'(+. Un a+,"!% mu 'm,#%an%" (" la %&!n'!a (" ")%#a!!'*n "+ u"- ,a#a un m'+m 6lum"n /'nal (" ('+l6"n%" #0$n'!"+ m$+ "/"!%'6 #"al'a# 6a#'a+ ")%#a!!'n"+ !n un 6lum"n m"n+ u" una ?n'!a ")%#a!!'*n !n %( "l ('+l6"n%". @n'!am"n%" !uan( / "+ mu 0#an(" 8 19 +"#3a +u/'!'"n%" #"al'a# una ?n'!a ")%#a!!'*n. Pa#a !m,u"+%+ +lu4l"+ "n a0ua (n(" / +"a ,#*)'m a 1- +lam"n%" +" ")%#a"#$ una ,"u"a !an%'(a( ("l !m,u"+%. En "+" !a+ ;a u" #"!u##'# a la %&!n'!a (" e'tracción $(0%i# $(0%i# en c#ntin%#. La ma# ,a#%" (" l+ !m,u"+%+ #0$n'!+ %'"n"n !"/'!'"n%"+ (" #",a#% "n%#" un ('+l6"n%" a0ua ma#"+ (" . P# %an%- una ")%#a!!'*n (4l" %#',l" 0"n"#alm"n%" ")%#a"#$ (" una ('+lu!'*n a!u+a la ma ,a#%" ("l !m,u"+% #0$n'! 8E+u"ma 19. En !a+'n"+- !n6'"n" +a%u#a# la /a+" a!u+a !n !l#u# +*('!- a u" la +lu4'l'(a( (" l+ !m,u"+%+ #0$n'!+ "n ('+lu!'n"+ a!u+a+ +a%u#a(a+ !n "l"!%#l'%+ /u"#%" "+ mu!; m"n# u" "n a0ua 8efecto salino 9.
E E'tracción E+ la %&!n'!a m$+ "m,l"a(a ,a#a +",a#a# un ,#(u!% #0$n'! (" una m"!la (" #"a!!'*n ,a#a a'+la#l (" +u+ /u"n%"+ na%u#al"+- ,a#a +"# m$+ ,#"!'+ "+ la +",a#a!'*n (" un !m,n"n%" (" una m"!la ,# m"(' (" un ('+l6"n%". Un !m,u"+% u" +" "),n0a /#"n%" a 2 ('+l6"n%"+ ('+%'n%+- +" ('+l6"#$ "n au"l u" +" a+"m"<" m$+ a +u+ ,#,'"(a("+ ml"!ula#"+. Un "<"m,l +"#'a la m"!la a0ua,"n%an +" l" aa('"#a una m"!la (" &+%"# a!"%na (" +('- la #"+ul%an%" +"#3a un &%"# una +al: "n "+%" !a+ la +al +" ('+l6"#$ "n !a,a a!u+a "l &+%"# l ;a#3a "n "l ;'(#!a#4u#. La +",a#a!'*n (" la+ !a,a+- +"0u'(a+ (" la "6a,#a!'*n (" !a(a una (a#$ "l ,#(u!% #0$n'! ,u# la +al ,u#a
Ti&#s e e'tracci#nes E'tracción $i0%i#$i0%i# La ")%#a!!'*n l3u'(l3u'( "+ un m&%( mu ?%'l ,a#a +",a#a# !m,n"n%"+ (" una m"!la. El &)'% (" "+%" m&%( (","n(" (" la ('/"#"n!'a (" +lu4'l'(a( ("l !m,u"+% a ")%#a"# "n (+ ('+l6"n%"+ ('/"#"n%"+. Cuan( +" a0'%a un !m,u"+% !n (+ ('+l6"n%"+ 'nm'+!'4l"+- "l !m,u"+% +" ('+%#'4u" "n%#" l+ (+ ('+l6"n%"+. A una %"m,"#a%u#a ("%"#m'na(a- la #"la!'*n (" !n!"n%#a!'n"+ ("l !m,u"+% "n !a(a ('+l6"n%" "+ +'"m,#" !n+%an%"- "+%a !n+%an%" "+ l u" +" ("nm'na coeficiente de distribución o de reparto 8 !n!"n%#a!'*n "n ('+l6"n%" 2 !n!"n%#a!'*n "n ('+l6"n%" 19. E+ /#"!u"n%" 4%"n"# m"!la+ (" #"a!!'*n "n ('+lu!'*n +u+,"n+'*n a!u+a 84'"n ,#u" la #"a!!'*n +" ;aa ll"6a( a !a4 "n m"(' a!u+ 4'"n ,#u" (u#an%" "l /'nal (" #"a!!'*n +" ;aa aa('( una ('+lu!'*n a!u+a +4#" la m"!la (" #"a!!'*n 'n'!'al9. En "+%a+ +'%ua!'n"+- la ")%#a!!'*n ("l ,#(u!% (" #"a!!'*n ("+"a( a ,a#%'# (" "+%a m"!la a!u+a +" ,u"(" !n+"0u'# aa('"n( un ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! a("!ua(- m$+ m"n+ ("n+ u" "l a0ua- u" +"a 'nm'+!'4l" !n "l a0ua !a,a (" +lu4'l'a# la m$)'ma !an%'(a( (" ,#(u!% a ")%#a"# ,"# n la+ 'm,u#"a+ u" l a!m,aan "n la m"!la (" #"a!!'*n. D"+,u&+ (" a0'%a# la m"!la (" la+ (+ /a+"+ ,a#a aum"n%a# la +u,"#/'!'" (" !n%a!% "n%#" "lla+ ,"#m'%'# un "u'l'4#' m$+ #$,'( ("l ,#(u!% a ")%#a"# "n%#" la+ (+ /a+"+- +" ,#(u!'#$ una %#an+/"#"n!'a ("l ,#(u!% ("+"a( ("+(" la /a+" a!u+a 'n'!'al ;a!'a la /a+" #0$n'!a- "n una !an%'(a( %an% ma# !uan% ma# +"a +u !"/'!'"n%" (" #",a#% "n%#" "l ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! (" ")%#a!!'*n "l"0'( "l a0ua. Un+ m'nu%+ ("+,u&+ (" la a0'%a!'*n- la+ (+ /a+"+ +" +",a#an (" nu"6- "+,n%$n"am"n%" ,# ("!an%a!'*n- ("4'( a la ('/"#"n!'a (" ("n+'(a("+ "n%#" "lla+- !n l u" la /a+" #0$n'!a u" !n%'"n" "l ,#(u!% ("+"a( +" ,(#$ +",a#a# m"('an%" una +'m,l" ("!an%a!'*n (" la /a+" a!u+a !n%"n'"n( 'm,u#"a+. La ,+'!'*n #"la%'6a (" am4a+ /a+"+ (","n(" (" la #"la!'*n (" ("n+'(a("+. Da( u" ("+,u&+ (" "+%a ")%#a!!'*n- la /a+" a!u+a /#"!u"n%"m"n%" a?n !n%'"n" !'"#%a !an%'(a( ("l ,#(u!% ("+"a(- +" +u"l" #","%'# "l ,#!"+ (" ")%#a!!'*n un ,a# (" 6"!"+ m$+ !n ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! ,u#.
Una 6" /'nal'a(a la ,"#a!'*n (" ")%#a!!'*n- +" %'"n" u" #"!u,"#a# "l ,#(u!% ")%#a3( a ,a#%'# (" la+ /a+"+ #0$n'!a+ #"un'(a+. Pa#a "ll- +" %'"n" u" +"!a# la /a+" #0$n'!a #"+ul%an%" !n un a0"n%" ("+"!an%"- /'l%#a# la +u+,"n+'*n #"+ul%an%" /'nalm"n%" "l'm'na# "l ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! (" la ('+lu!'*n +"!a !n%"n'"n( "l ,#(u!% ")%#a3( ,# ("+%'la!'*n "6a,#a!'*n. Aunu" n#malm"n%" la ")%#a!!'*n +" u%'l'a ,a#a +",a#a# "l ,#(u!% ("+"a( +"l"!%'6am"n%" (" una m"!la- a 6"!"+ l u" +" ,#"%"n(" !n la ")%#a!!'*n "+ "l'm'na# 'm,u#"a+ n ("+"a(a+ (" una ('+lu!'*n.
Re&etición e$ &r#ces# e e'tracción D"+,u&+ (" una ,#'m"#a ")%#a!!'*n +" ,#(u!" un #",a#% ("l !m,u"+% a ")%#a"# "n%#" "l ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n la /a+" 'n'!'al. Cm la /a+" 'n'!'al +u"l" !n%"n"# a?n una !an%'(a( a,#"!'a4l" ("l !m,u"+% a ")%#a"#- 6a#'a4l" "n /un!'*n (" +u !"/'!'"n%" (" #",a#% "n%#" l+ (+ ('+l6"n%"+ 'm,l'!a(+- "+ #"!m"n(a4l" #","%'# "l ,#!"+ (" ")%#a!!'*n !n nu"6a+ !an%'(a("+ (" ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n- ,a#a ,%'m'a# +u +",a#a!'*n. E+ m$+ "/'!'"n%" una ")%#a!!'*n !n n ,#!'n"+ (" un 6lum"n V n (" ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n u" una +la ")%#a!!'*n !n un 6lum"n V (" ('+l6"n%". P# l %an%- !uan% ma# +"a "l n?m"# (" ")%#a!!'n"+ !n 6l?m"n"+ ,"u"+ (" ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n- ma# +"#$ la !an%'(a( (" ,#(u!% ")%#a3(- ('!; (" %#a /#ma“m"<# mu!;+ (" ,! u" ,!+ (" mu!;H. •
E'tracción $(0%i#$(0%i# c#ntin%a
La ")%#a!!'*n l3u'(l3u'( +'m,l"- u" "+ "l ,#!"('m'"n% (" ")%#a!!'*n m$+ u%'l'a( "n "l la4#a%#' u3m'!- +" +u"l" u%'l'a# +'"m,#" u" "l #",a#% ("l !m,u"+% a ")%#a"# "n "l ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n "+ +u/'!'"n%"m"n%" /a6#a4l". Cuan( "+ n "+ a+3- la +lu4'l'(a( ("l !m,u"+% a ")%#a"# "n l+ ('+l6"n%"+ (" ")%#a!!'*n ;a4'%ual"+ n "+ mu "l"6a(a +" +u"l" u%'l'a# %# ,#!"('m'"n% u" 'm,l'!a una ")%#a!!'*n !n%'nua (" la /a+" 'n'!'al 8n#malm"n%" una /a+" a!u+a9 !n ,#!'n"+ nu"6a+ ("l ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! (" ")%#a!!'*n. Pa#a "6'%a# u%'l'a# 0#an("+ 6l?m"n"+ (" ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n- "l ,#!"+ +" ;a!" "n un +'+%"ma !"##a( "n "l u" "l ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n +" !al'"n%a "n un ma%#a l+ 6a,#"+ ("l ('+l6"n%" +" ;a!"n !n("n+a# "n un #"/#'0"#an%" !l!a( +4#" un %u4 !$ma#a (" ")%#a!!'*n u" !n%'"n" la ('+lu!'*n a!u+a a ")%#a"#. El ('+l6"n%" !n("n+a( !al'"n%" +" ;a!" ,a+a# a %#a6&+ (" la ('+lu!'*n a!u+a,a#a ll"0a# /'nalm"n%"- !n ,a#%" ("l ,#(u!% ")%#a3(- al ma%#a 'n'!'al- (n(" "l ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! +" 6u"l6" a 6a,#'a#- #",'%'"n( un nu"6 !'!l (" ")%#a!!'*nm'"n%#a+ u" "l ,#(u!% ")%#a3(- n 6l$%'l- +" 6a !n!"n%#an( "n "l ma%#a. •
E'tracción só$i#$(0%i# isc#ntin%a
La +",a#a!'*n (" una m"!la (" !m,u"+%+ +*l'(+ %am4'&n +" ,u"(" ll"6a# a !a4 a,#6"!;an( ('/"#"n!'a+ (" +lu4'l'(a( (" l+ m'+m+ "n un ("%"#m'na(
('+l6"n%". En "l !a+ /a6#a4l" (" una m"!la (" +*l'(+ "n la !ual un (" l+ !m,u"+%+ "+ +lu4l" "n un ("%"#m'na( ('+l6"n%" 8n#malm"n%" un ('+l6"n%" #0$n'!9- m'"n%#a+ u" l+ %#+ +n 'n+lu4l"+- ,("m+ ;a!"# una ")%#a!!'*n !n+'+%"n%" "n aa('# "+%" ('+l6"n%" a la m"!la !n%"n'(a "n un 6a+ (" ,#"!','%a(+- un ma%#a una !$,+ula (" ,#!"lana- "n /#3 "n !al'"n%"- a0'%a# %#'%u#a# !n au(a (" una 6a#'lla (" 6'(#' +",a#a# ,# /'l%#a!'*n la ('+lu!'*n u" !n%'"n" "l ,#(u!% ")%#a3( la /#a!!'*n 'n+lu4l" u" !n%'"n" la+ 'm,u#"a+. S'- al !n%#a#'- l u" +" ,#"%"n(" "+ ('+l6"# la+ 'm,u#"a+ (" la m"!la +*l'(a("
E'tracción só$i#$(0%i# c#ntin%a
La ")%#a!!'*n +*l'(l3u'( +u"l" +"# mu!; m$+ "/'!'"n%" !uan( +" ;a!" (" man"#a !n%'nua !n "l ('+l6"n%" (" ")%#a!!'*n !al'"n%" "n un +'+%"ma !"##a(u%'l'an( una m"%(l03a +'m'la# a la !m"n%a(a ,a#a la ")%#a!!'*n l3u'( l3u'( !n%'nua- 4a+a(a "n la ma!"#a!'*n !n ('+l6"n%" #0$n'!- ,#"6'am"n%" 6a,#'a( "n un ma%#a !n("n+a( "n un #"/#'0"#an%"- (" la m"!la +*l'(a a ")%#a"# !n%"n'(a ("n%# (" un !a#%u!; 4l+a (" !"lul+a u" +" !l!a "n la !$ma#a (" ")%#a!!'*n. El ,a+ ("l ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! !n ,a#%" ("l ,#(u!% ")%#a3( al ma%#a 'n'!'al- ,"#m'%" u" "l m'+m ('+l6"n%" #0$n'! 6u"l6a a +"# 6a,#'a(- #",'%'"n( un nu"6 !'!l (" ")%#a!!'*n- m'"n%#a+ u" "l ,#(u!% ")%#a3(- n 6l$%'l- +" 6a !n!"n%#an( "n "l ma%#a.
Aci#base La ")%#a!!'*n $!'(4a+" "+ un ,#!"('m'"n% u" u%'l'a ")%#a!!'n"+ l3u'( l3u'( +"!u"n!'al"+ ,a#a ,u#'/'!a# l+ $!'(+ la+ 4a+"+ (" m"!la+ 4a+$n(+" "n +u+ ,#,'"(a("+ u3m'!a+. La ")%#a!!'*n $!'(4a+" +" #"al'a #u%'na#'am"n%" ("+,u&+ (" #"al'a# +3n%"+'+ u3m'!a+ ,# "l a'+lam'"n% (" !m,u"+%+ ,#(u!%+ na%u#al"+ !m al!al'("+ a ,a#%'# (" ")%#a!%+. El ,#(u!% #"+ul%an%" "+%$ l'4#" (" 'm,u#"a+ n"u%#a+- $!'(a+ 4$+'!a+. Cn "+%" m&%( n "+ ,+'4l" +",a#a# $!'(+ 4a+"+ u3m'!am"n%" +'m'la#"+. La %"#3a /un(am"n%al ("%#$+ (" "+%a %&!n'!a "+ u" la+ +al"+- la+ !ual"+ +n '*n'!a+- +u"l"n +"# +lu4l"+ "n a0ua- m'"n%#a+ u" la+ ml&!ula+ n"u%#a+ n l +u"l"n +"#. La a('!'*n (" un $!'( a una m"!la (" una 4a+" #0$n'!a un $!'( #"+ul%a#$n "n u" "l $!'( !n%'n?a +'n !a#0a- m'"n%#a+ u" la 4a+" +" ;'(#0"na#$ ,a#a /#ma# una +al. S' "l $!'( #0$n'!- !m "l $!'( !a#4)3l'!- "+ +u/'!'"n%"m"n%" /u"#%"- +u ,#,'a 'n'a!'*n ,u"(" +"# +u,#'m'(a ,# "l $!'( aa('(. P# "l !n%#a#'- la a('!'*n (" una 4a+" a una m"!la (" un $!'( #0$n'! una 4a+" #"+ul%a#$n "n u" la 4a+" !n%'nua#$ +'n !a#0a- m'"n%#a+ u" "l $!'( +" ("+;'(#0"na# ,#(u!'"n( la +al !##"+,n('"n%". Una 6" m$+- la ,#,'a 'n'a!'*n (" una 4a+" /u"#%" "+ +u,#'m'(a ,# la 4a+" aa('(a.
El ,#!"('m'"n% (" ")%#a!!'*n $!'(4a+" %am4'&n +" ,u"(" u%'l'a# ,a#a +",a#a# $!'(+ mu (&4'l"+ (" $!'(+ m$+ /u"#%"+ 4a+"+ mu (&4'l"+ (" 4a+"+ m$+ /u"#%"+- +'"m,#" u" la ('/"#"n!'a "n%#" +u+ !n+%an%"+ (" ,a 8 PB9 +"a +u/'!'"n%"m"n%" 0#an(". P# "<"m,lJ •
K!'(+ mu (&4'l"+ !n 0#u,+ /"n*l'! O !m "l /"nl- 2na/%l 8,a al#"("(# 19 +" ,u"("n +",a#a# (" $!'(+ m$+ /u"#%"+ !m "l $!'( 4"n'! "l $!'( +*#4'! 8,a al#"("(# 9
Ba+"+ mu (&4'l"+ !m la !a/"3na n'%#an'l'na 8PB al#"("(# 1519 +" ,u"("n +",a#a# (" 4a+"+ m$+ /u"#%"+ !m la m"+!al'na ('m"%'l%#',%am'na 8PB al#"("(# 5 9 N#malm"n%" "l , +" a
E'tract#res e $ab#rat#ri# E'tract#r S#'+e$t 2%nci#na)ient# 3enera$ Su /un!'nam'"n% !n+'+%" "n ;a!"# ;"#6'# "n l" ma%#a "l ('+l6"n%" !n "l !ual +" 6a a ")%#a"# la ma%"#'a +*l'(a ("+"a(a u" +" "n!u"n%#a "n la mu"+%#a (",+'%a( "n "l !a#%u!; ("l “+);l"%H. L+ 6a,#"+ ("l ('+l6"n%" a+!'"n("n ,# "l ")%#a!%# +" !n("n+an "n "l #"/#'0"#an%" !a"n( 0%a a 0%a +4#" "l !a#%u!;. La ,a#%" +lu4l" ,a+a ,# 0#a6"(a( al ma%#a. O%#+ ")%#a!%#"+ (" +);l"% +" !n+%#u"n (" %al m( u" "l ('+l6"n%" ll"na la !$ma#a (" ")%#a!!'*n la ('+lu!'*n #"+ul%an%" "+ +'/na(a al ma%#a (" ("+%'la!'*n- "l ,#!"+ +" #",'%" au%m$%'!am"n%" ;a+%a u" la ")%#a!!'*n "+ !m,l"%a. Venta4as El m&%( u" n+ ,"#m'%" +"0u'# "+%" a,a#a% %'"n" la 6"n%a
S" "6'%an la+ 0#'"%a+ u ;+- u" "l 0%" !n%'nua( ("l ('+l6"n%" !n("n+a( ,u"(" ,#(u!'# "n la ma+a (" ma%"#'a +*l'(a u" +" ")%#a"- ,n'"n( +4#" "+%a un ('+! ,"#/#a( (" ,#!"lana- (" l+ "m,l"a(+ ,a#a /'l%#a# lana (" 6'(#'.
5s# La ")%#a!!'*n (" +);l"% "+ "+,"!'alm"n%" ?%'l "n "l a'+lam'"n% (" ,#(u!%+ na%u#al"+ ")'+%"n%"+ "n %"<'(+ (" an'mal"+ ,lan%a+ !n un !n%"n'( (" a0ua "l"6a( ,a#a l')'6'a# !m,u"+%+ #0$n'!+ (" +al"+ 'n#0$n'!a+. Ec%ación teórica y c-$c%$# e e'tracci#nes )$ti&$es.
La extracción, que se puede defnir como la transerencia de una sustancia X desde una "ase líquida A" a otra "ase líquida B", inmiscible con la anterior. El reparto de X entre las ases A y B iene dado por la ecuación de !ernst ( ) ( X )
C B X C A
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donde #B$X% y #A$X% son las concentraciones de X en B y A respectiamente y &' es el coefciente de reparto, que depende de la temperatura. En un laboratorio de (uímica )r*+nica, esta operación se suele realiar entre una disolución acuosa $ase acuosa% y otro disolente inmiscible con el a*ua $ase or*+nica% con la ayuda de un embudo de decantación. La posición relatia de ambas ases $arriba o aba-o% depende de la relación de densidades. 6. Ti&#s y %s#s e a3entes secantes. L+ ("+"!an%"+ u3m'!+ +" u%'l'an m$+ u" l+ ,#!"('m'"n%+ (" +"!a( m"!$n'!+. Un 4u"n ("+"!an%" a0"n%" (" +"!a( u3m'! n ("4" #"a!!'na# +"# !m,a%'4l" !n la +u+%an!'a u" +" 6a a +"!a#- ("4" %"n"# una 0#an "/'!a!'a ,("# ("+"!an%"+- "+% "+- "l'm'na# "l a0ua !m,l"%am"n%" !a+' !m,l"%am"n%""l'm'na# una 0#an !an%'(a( (" a0ua ,# un'(a( (" ,"+ (" ("+"!an%"+- +"!a# #$,'(am"n%" +"# /$!'lm"n%" +",a#a4l" (" la +u+%an!'a. S" ,u"("n ('6'('# "n au"ll+ u" #"a!!'nan u3m'!am"n%" !n "l a0ua "n un ,#!"+ n #"6"#+'4l"- (an( lu0a# a un nu"6 !m,u"+% l'4#" (" a0ua au"ll+ u" +" !m4'nan #"6"#+'4l"m"n%" !n "l a0ua- 4'"n ,# a(+#!'*n ,a#a /#ma# un ;'(#a%. * Desecantes no reversibles
E+%$n /#ma(+ ,# au"ll+ u" #"a!!'nan u3m'!am"n%" !n "l a0ua "n un ,#!"+ n #"6"#+'4l" (an( lu0a# a un nu"6 !m,u"+%. Cn "+%" %', (" ("+"!an%"+ "l ,#(u!% +"!a( +" +",a#a 0"n"#alm"n%" ,# ("+%'la!'*n. El an;3(#'( /+/*#'! 8P2O9J "l'm'na "l a0ua !n mu!;a "/'!a!'a mu #$,'(am"n%". Slam"n%" +" "m,l"a !uan( +" n"!"+'%a un al% 0#a( (" ("+"!a!'*n +*l ("+,u&+ (" un +"!a( ,#"l'm'na# !n un a0"n%" m"n+ !a# "/'!a. S" "m,l"a ,a#a +"!a# ;'(#!a#4u#+ +u+ ("#'6a(+ ;al0"na(+ +"n!'ll+- &%"#"+ n'%#'l+. El +(' m"%$l'! 8Na9J "+ un a0"n%" mu "/'!a- "+,"!'alm"n%" !uan( +" u%'l'a "n /#ma (" un ;'l mu /'n- ,"# +" ,u"(" u%'l'a# +lam"n%" ,a#a +"!a# &%"#"+al!an+ " ;'(#!a#4u#+ a#m$%'!+. Su u%'l'a!'*n ("4" +'"m,#" '# ,#"!"('(a ,# un +"!a( ,#"6' !n !l#u# !$l!'!- +ul/a% ma0n&+'! an;3(#'( /+/*#'!. El ;'(#u# (" !al!' 8Ca29J "+ un ("+"!an%" ,("#+ (" 0#an !a,a!'(a( (" ("+"!a!'*n. Su "/'!a!'a aum"n%a "n#m"m"n%" al "l"6a# la %"m,"#a%u#a. S" #"!m'"n(a ,a#a "l'm'na# %#aa+ (" ;um"(a( (" 0a+"+ (" &%"#"+ am'na+ %"#!'a#'a+. El *)'( !$l!'! +" u%'l'a !##'"n%"m"n%" ,a#a "l +"!a( (" al!;l"+ (" ,"+ ml"!ula# 4a<. D"+"!an%"+ u" /#man ;'(#a%+ E+%+ ("+"!an%"+ a!%?an !m4'n$n(+" !n "l a0ua ,a#a /#ma# ;'(#a%+. S" +",a#an +'"m,#" (" la +u+%an!'a +"!a ,# /'l%#a!'*n ("!an%a!'*n- ,u"+ ,# ("+%'la!'*n una 0#an ,a#%" ("l a0ua (" ;'(#a%a!'*n ,a+a#3a !n "l ("+%'la(. A+'m'+m- "l +"!a( +" #"al'a a mu 4a
El +ul/a% ma0n&+'! an;'(# 8M0SO9J "+ un ("+"!an%" ")!"l"n%" ,a#a %(+ l+ /'n"+. El +ul/a% !al!' an;'(# 8CaSO9 8D#'"#'%a9J "+ mu #$,'( "/'!a- !n /#"!u"n!'a +" u%'l'a ("+,u&+ (" un ("+"!an%" ,#'ma#'- !m "l +ul/a% +*('!. El ;'(#*)'( +*('! an;'(#- "+,"!'alm"n%" "l ;'(#*)'( ,%$+'! an;'(#- +n l+ ("+"!an%"+ m$+ a("!ua(+ ,a#a "l +"!a( (" am'na+. D"4'( a +u /u"#%" 4a+'!'(a(- n +" u%'l'an ,a#a "l +"!a( (" %#+ !m,u"+%+- ")!",% "n l+ ("+"!a(#"+ "n l+ u" "l ("+"!an%" n +" ,n" "n !n%a!% !n "l ,#(u!% a +"!a#. Ca#4na% ,%$+'! an;'(# 82CO59J S" u%'l'a !n !'"#%a /#"!u"n!'a ,a#a "l +"!a( (" !"%na+- &+%"#"+- al!;l"+ am'na+- "+,"!'alm"n%" !m a0"n%" (" +"!a( ,#"6'. E+ un #"a!%'6 4$+'! ,# %an% "+ 'n!m,a%'4l" !n !m,u"+%+ (" !a#$!%"# $!'( !m $!'(+ !a#4)3l'!+ /"nl"+.
7. An-$isis" reacci#nes y f%na)ent#s en t##s y caa %n# e $#s &as#s e $as t8cnicas. Pr#&ieaes e $#s reacti9#s y &r#%ct#s in9#$%cra#s" as( c#)# re3$as e se3%ria &ara s% )ane4#. En "l "m4u( (" +",a#a!'*n +" ,n" la m"!la !n "l ('+l6"n%" ,a#a ,("# +",a#a# la+ +u+%an!'a+ u" !n%'"n"n la m"!la 8a u" "+%" "m4u( /a!'l'%a la man',ula!'*n (" la+ +u+%an!'a+ !n%'"n" una lla6" u" ("
A0#"0u" 1 mL (" Cl al ,a#a +",a#a# la /a+" #0$n'!a. a9 D'+u"l6a 2 0. (" la m"!la "n 1 mL (" &%"# 49 P$+"l a un "m4u( (" +",a#a!'*n La lla6" +" !'"##a "n "l mm"n% "n u" la 'n%"#!a#a ,a+a ,# la #anu#a (" la m'+ma S",a#" ,# /'l%#a!'*n al 6a!3 Cn"!%" "n un ma%#a E#l"nm""# ,"u" a!'(ul" !n CL !n!"n%#a( S",a#" la /a+" a!u+a a4#'"n( la lla6" Vu"l6a "l "m4u( a +u ,+'!'*n n#mal- ("+%a," ("<" #",+a# ;a+%a +",a#a!'*n (" !a,a+ /a+"+. C'"##" la lla6" m"!l" l+ (+ l3u'(+ !n a0'%a!'*n +ua6"- al'6'an( ,#"+'*n ("+,u&+ (" !a(a a0'%a!'*n In6'"#%a !u'(a(+am"n%" la lla6" ;a!'a a##'4a $4#ala ,a#a ('+m'nu'# la ,#"+'*n (" 6a,#. !9 Pn0a "l %a,*n +u<"%" "l "m4u( !n una man (9 Tm" la ,#!'*n (" la lla6" !n la %#a !9 Pn0a "l %a,*n +u<"%" "l "m4u( !n una man (9 Tm" la ,#!'*n (" la lla6" !n la %#a
E)%#a!!'*n (" la ,Tlu'('na. a9 D'+u"l6a 2 0. (" la m"!la "n 1 mL (" &%"# 49 P$+"l a un "m4u( (" +",a#a!'*n !9 A0#"0u" 1 mL (" NaO al al !n%"n'( ("l "m4u( E)%#a!!'*n ("l $!'( 4"n'!. Clu" "n un ma%#a E#l"nm""# "l na/%al"n ('+u"l% "n la /a+" #0$n'!a +"u& !n +ul/a% (" +(' an;'(#. a9 D'+u"l6a 2 0. (" la m"!la "n 1 mL (" &%"#
49 P$+"l a un "m4u( (" +",a#a!'*n
Acido Benoico SALUD INFLAMABILID AD RIESGO FÍSICO RIESGO ESPECIFICO
2
7 8
/'oluidina $#012! 3 #415#16!17% SALUD INFLAMABILID AD RIESGO FÍSICO RIESGO ESPECIFICO
3
9 8
!ataleno $#891:% SALUD INFLAMABILID AD RIESGO FÍSICO RIESGO ESPECIFICO
2
7 9
Apariencia: Escamas blancas o agujas de cristal con olor a Benzaldehido Gravedad Específca (Agua=1: 1!"#$%&"') *unto de Ebullici+n (,): "-%!" .ensidad /elativa del 0apor (Aire=1: -!"1 *unto de usi+n (,): 1"1!"$ 0iscosidad (cp: 2!/! *3: "!4 (5oluci+n saturada al '!6-7 en agua *resi+n de 0apor (mm 3g: 1&%#) 5olubilidad: 5oluble en alcohol8 9ter8 cloroormo8 benceno8 suluro de carbono8 tetracloruro de carbono! *oco soluble en agua!
*unto de ebullici+n: "'') *unto de usi+n: --;-$) .ensidad relativa (agua = 1: 1!'$ 5olubilidad en agua8 g&1'' ml a "'): '!<$ (escasa *resi+n de vapor8 *a a -"): '!16 .ensidad relativa de vapor (aire = 1: 6!< .ensidad relativa de la mezcla vapor&aire a "') (aire = 1: 1!'' *unto de in>amaci+n: 4<) c!c! ?emperatura de autoignici+n: -4') @ímites de eplosividad8 7 en volumen en el aire: 1!1;#!# )oefciente de reparto octanol&agua como log
)olor: Amarillo a blanco *unto de ebullici+n: "14 ,) Cntervalo de usi+n: <48$;4'8"$ ,) *unto de in>amaci+n: 4' ) (m9todo A5?D .%6! Cn>amabilidad: Cn>amable ?emperatura de ignici+n: $-' ,) *resi+n de vapor a "' ,): '8'- h*a 0iscosidad dinmica a 4$ ,): '8% m*a *unto de ebullici+n: "14) *unto de usi+n: 4') .ensidad: 1!1# g&cm6 5olubilidad en agua8 g&1'' ml a "$): ninguna *resi+n de vapor8 *a a "$): 11
;cido #lor<ídrico $1#l% SALUD INFLAMABILIDAD RIESGO FÍSICO RIESGO ESPECIFICO SALUD 3 INFLAMABILI DAD RIESGO FÍSICO RIESGO ESPECIFICO
Estado ísico: líFuido Apariencia: claro8 liviano )olor: transparente a mbar lor: olor penetrante *eso molecular: 6#8-# +rmula molecular: hcl *unto de ebullici+n: #'8';1'$ c (1-';""1 *unto de congelaci+n: ;6- a ;1$ c (;"% a $ *resi+n de vapor: 1-8#;4' mmhg H "'c .ensidad del vapor (aire=1: 186 "'c 5olubilidad en agua: 1''7
3
9 9
9 8 1idróxido =e >odio $!a$)1%
*unto de ebullici+n: 1644,) (a <#' mm de 3g *unto de usi+n: 614!- ,) Cndice de reracci+n a $4%!- nm: 1!-66 ( a 6"' , I 1!-"1 (a -"' ,) *resi+n de vapor: 1mm (<6% ,) .ensidad: "!16 g&ml ("$ ,) 5olubilidad: 5oluble en agua8 alcoholes I glicerol8 insoluble en acetona (aunFue reacciona con ella I 9ter!
#loroormo SALUD INFLAMABILID AD RIESGO FÍSICO RIESGO ESPECIFICO
2
9
Estado ísico: liFuido )olor: incoloro *unto de ebullici+n: #1) *unto de usi+n: ;#6)
9
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INFLAMABILID AD
5
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9
Apariencia8 olor I estado ísico: @íFuido incoloro I claro con olor a gasolina o Fueroseno! Gravedad Específca (Agua = 1: !#'J'!<$ *unto de Ebullici+n ,): "' J <$ *unto de usi+n: J<6 ,) .ensidad relativa del vapor (Aire=1: "!$ *resi+n de vapor (mm 3g: -' a "' ,) p3: 2o determinado
ANE:O SEPARACIÓN DE LOS COMPONENTES DE UNA TABLETA DE ANALGSICO
P#!"('m'"n% "),"#'m"n%alJ S" %#'%u#a un !m,#'m'( (" !a/'a+,'#'na +" +u+,"n(" "n la m3n'ma !an%'(a( (" m"%anl. S" aa(" 2 mL (" ('!l#m"%an +" ")%#a" !n una ('+lu!'*n a!u+a (" Na2CO5 al 1 81)29 8FA19. La /a+" #0$n'!a 8FO19 +" +"!a +4#" +ul/a% +*('! an;'(#- +" /'l%#a- #"!0'"n( "l /'l%#a( "n un ma%#a (" /n( #"(n(- +" "6a,#a "l ('+l6"n%" "n "l #%a6a,##"!u,"#an( "l #"+'(u (" !a/"3na. P# %#a ,a#%" la ('+lu!'*n a!u+a 8FA19 +" a!'('/'!a !n Cl +" ")%#a" !n ('!l#m"%an 81)29. La+ /a+"+ #0$n'!a+ #"un'(a+ 8FO29 +" +"!an +4#" +ul/a% +*('! an;'(#- +" /'l%#an "n un ma%#a (" /n( #"(n( +" "6a,#a "l ('+l6"n%" "n "l #%a6a,# 4%"n'&n(+" un #"+'(u (" $!'( a!"%'l+al'!3l'!- u" +" ,u"(" ,u#'/'!a#- +' +" ("+"a- ,# !#'+%al'a!'*n (" "%anla0ua. S" !al!ula "l #"n('m'"n% +" ("%"#m'na +u ,un% (" /u+'*n. 8E+ !n6"n'"n%" %a#a# ,#"6'am"n%" "l ma%#a (n(" +" 6a a "6a,#a# la ('+lu!'*n #0$n'!a ,a#a ("%"#m'na# ,# ('/"#"n!'a "l ,"+ ("l #"+'(u +*l'(9.
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+tt&s!;;<<<.%c).es;ata;c#nt;#cs;=1?6?1=1??G5ION PRACTICAS 5IICA6?ORGANICASEG5NDOGRADO@6?1=1.&f +tt&!;;<<<.%9.es;#r3anica;C5ADERNOS 6?FABORATORIOS;c%aerni$$#s 6?CASTEFFANO;G2ARACIA@2ARACE5TICA@C%aern#Fab#rat #ri#11.&f +tt&s!;;es.s$ies+are.net;c+%ycc+#;e'traccinse$ecti9a&re9i#
