PRAKTIKUM FISIOLOGI HEWAN LAPORAN ENZIM PENCERNAAN
Cyprinus carpio
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LABORATORIUM ZOOLOGI JURUSAN BIOLOGI FAKULTAS MATEMATIKA DAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN ALAM INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER SURABAYA 2008
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Bab I Pendahuluan
1. Latar belakang Pencernaan merupakan proses pemecahan senyawa kompleks menjadi senyawa yang lebih kecil. Proses pemecahan senyawa tersebut menghasilkan energi yang penting bagi kebutuhan sel, jaringan, organ dan makhluk hidup. Pencernaan merupakan proses kimia. Proses kimia membutuhkan adanya enzim untuk perubahan kimia bahan dasarnya. Enzim berperan dalam meningkatkan kecepatan reaksi tanpa mempengaruhi mempengaruhi hasil reaksi dan tidak ikut bereaksi. Dalam proses pencernaan, enzim dihasilkan oleh berba gai organ, seperti usus halus, kelenjar ludah dan lambung. Enzim bersifat spesifik dalam proses pemecahan bahan kompleks(karbohidrat, protein, vitamin dan mineral)(Guyton,1992). Praktikum sistem pencernaan dilakukan dengan mengadakan uji terhadap keberadaan enzim di usus ikan dan menguji fungsi empedu dalam proses pencernaan. Pengujian dilakukan secara tidak langsung, yaitu dengan mendeteksi hasil dari kerja enzi m. Pengujian dilakukan terhadap enzim amilase, amilase, enzim maltase, maltase, enzim tripsin dan pengaruh empedu terhadap lemak. Enzim diekstrak dari ikan mas (Cyprinus ( Cyprinus carpio). carpio).
2. Permasalahan Permasalahan dalam praktikum ini adalah bagaimana mengetahui macam-macam enzim pencernaan makanan yang terdapat pada usus ikan dan bagaimana mengetahui fungsi empedu dalam pencernaan makanan.
3. Tujuan Tujuan dalam praktikum ini adalah untuk mengetahui macam-macam enzim pencernaan makanan yang terdapat pada usus ikan dan untuk fungsi empedu dalam pencernaan makanan.
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2.1 Ikan mas
Ikan karper (Cyprinus (Cyprinus carpio) carpio ) adalah ikan air tawar yang tawar yang bernilai ekonomis penting dan dan sudah tersebar luas luas di Indonesia. Indonesia. koi.(Anonim,2 koi.(Anonim,2007). 007).
Ikan mas .(Anonim,2007). Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan : Animalia Kelas : Actinopterygii Ordo : Cypriniformes Familia : Cyprinidae Genus : Cyprinus Spesies : C.carpio ( Linnaeus,1758 Linnaeus,1758 )(anonym,2007) Ikan Mas (bahasa Inggeris: Goldfish ) merupakan salah jenis ikan konsumsi air tawar, berbadan memanjang pipih ke samping dan lunak. Sampai saat ini sudah terdapat 10 ikan mas yang dapat diidentifikasi berdasarkan karakteristik morfologisnya. Mulut terletak di ujung tengah dan dapat disembulkan. Bagian anterior mulut terdapat dua pasang sungut berukuran pendek. Secara umum, hampir seluruh tubuh ikan karper ditutupi sisik dan hanya sebagian kecil saja yang tubuhnya tidak ditutupi sisik. Sisik ikan karper berukuran relatif besar dan digolongkan dalam tipe sisik sikloid berwarna hijau, biru, merah, kuning keemasan atau kombinasi dari warna-warna tersebut sesuai dengan rasnya (Rochdianto,
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Metabolisme adalah proses-proses kimia yang terjadi di dalam tubuh makhluk hidup/sel. Metabolisme disebut juga reaksi enzimatis, karena metabolisme terjadi selalu menggunakan katalisator enzim. Metabolisme dibagi ke dalam anabolisme atau penyusunan senyawa komplek dari senyawa sederhana dan katabolisme yaitu pemecahan senyawa kompleks untuk menghasilkan senyawa yang lebih sederhana dan menghasilkan energi. Contoh anabolisme adalah fotosintesis dan contoh katabolisme adalah oksidari glukosa untuk menghasilkan ATP (Campbell,1995). 2.3 Enzim
Enzim adalah satu atau beberapa gugus polipeptida (protein) yang berfungsi sebagai katalis (senyawa yang mempercepat proses reaksi tanpa habis bereaksi) dalam suatu reaksi kimia. Enzim bekerja dengan cara menempel pada permukaan molekul zat-zat yang bereaksi dan dengan demikian mempercepat proses reaksi. Percepatan terjadi terjadi karena karena enzim menurunkan energi pengaktifan pengaktifan yang dengan sendirinya akan mempermudah terjadinya reaksi. Sebagian besar enzim bekerja secara khas, yang artinya setiap jenis enzim hanya dapat bekerja pada satu macam senyawa atau reaksi kimia. Hal ini disebabkan perbedaan struktur kimia tiap enzim yang bersifat tetap. Sebagai contoh, enzim αamilase hanya dapat digunakan pada proses perombakan pati menjadi glukosa. Enzim dipelajari dalam enzimologi(Campbell,1995). Enzim membantu proses metabolisme di dalam tubuh. Enzim banyak terdapat pada makanan segar karena enzim sangat sensitive terhadap panas dan akan rusak dalam proses pemasakan dan pasteurisasi. Enzim berperan penting bagi kehidupan kehidupan dengan cara menjalankan seluruh metabolisme tubuh. Kita tidak dapat mencerna atau menyerap makanan dan kita pun bisa mati jika tidak ada enzim enzi m dalam tubuh. Enzim adalah biokatalisator spesifik yang bergabung dengan koenzim (vitamin dan mineral) yang menjalankan roda kehidupan melalui metabolisme agar tubuh dapat berfungsi dengan baik. Pada umumnya kita sudah mengetahui kegunaan vitamin dan mineral bagi tubuh, t ubuh, akan tetapi kemungkinan besar Anda tidak menyadari bahwa vitamin tidak akan diaktifkan dalam tubuh sampai bergabung dengan enzim (Campbell,1995). 2.3.1 Aktivitas katalitis yang dimiliki enzim memfasilitasi pendeteksian enzim tersebut
Jumlah enzim yang kecil di dalam sel mempersulit pengukuran kadarnya di dalam ekstrak jaringan atau cairan. Untungnya, aktivitas katalitis yang dimiliki enzim dapat menjadi sarana pemeriksaan yang sensitive dan spesifik bagi pengukuran pengukuran kadar enzim enzim itu itu sendiri. Kemampuan Kemampuan mengatali mengatalitis tis transformasi ribuan,
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Untuk mengukur kadar enzim di dalam sebuah sampel ekstrak jaringan atau cairan biologik lain, kecepatan reaksi yang dikatalitis oleh enzim dalam sampel tersebut harus ditentukan. Dalam kondisi yang tepat, hasil pengukuran kecepatan reaksi harus sebanding dengan jumlah enzim yang ada. Karena jumlah molekul atau massa enzim yang ada sukar ditentukan, hasil pengukuran tersebut dinyatakan dalam unit enzim. Jumlah relatif enzim dalam berbagai ekstrak kemudian dapat dibandingkan. Internati dibandingkan. International onal Union Union of Biocemistry Biocemistry mengartikan satu unit aktivitas enzim sebagai 1 mikromol (1 mol; 10-6) substrat yang bereaksi atau produk yang ditransformasikan per menit (Lehninger, 1995). 2.3.1 Enzim dapat ditemukan di dalam organel spesifik
Susunan spasial dan kompartementalisasi enzim, substrat, serta kofaktor di dalam sel mempunyai makna yang teramat penting. Sebagai contoh, di dalam selsel hati, enzim untuk glikolisis terdapat di dalam sitoplasma sedangkan enzim untuk siklus asam sitrat di dalam mitokondria. Distribusi enzim diantara berbagai organel subselular dapat dipelajari setelah dilakukan fraksionasi homogenat sel melalui sentrifugasi berkecepatan tinggi. Kandungan enzim pada setiap fraksi kemudian diperiksa (http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim) Penentuan lokasi suatu enzim tertentu didalam sebuah sel atau jaringan pada keadaan yang relatif tetap acapkali dilakukan dila kukan dengan prosedur histokimiawi (―histoenzimologi‖). Sayatan tipis jaringan yang dibekukan (frozen section) dengan ketebalan 2 hingga 10 m diproses dengan substrat untuk suatu suatu enzim tertentu. Di mana terdapat enzim, di situ akan terbentuk produk dari reaksi yang dikatalisis enzim tersebut. J ika terwarna dan tidak larut, produk akan tetap berada di tempat pembentukannya dan mengungkap lokasi enzim. Histoenzimologi menghasilkan gambar grafik dan pola yang relatif bersifat fis iologik mengenai distribusi enzim(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim) enzim(http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzim) 2.4 Sistem pencernaan ikan bertulang keras 2. 4. 1 Tractus Digestivus (saluran pencernaan)
1. cavum oris berkaitan dengan cara mendapatkan makanan, ada mulut yang dapat disembulkan kedepan dan tidak, jenis tertentu terdapat sungut untuk mencari makanan didasar perairan, dan posisi mulut berkaitan dengan kebiasaan memakannya, rahang banyak mengandung mengandung gigi yang berguna untuk mengunyah, lidah kecil melekat pada dasar rongga mulut dan merupakan alat yang membantu pernafasan. Rongga mulut; diselaputi sel-sel penghasil lender yang berperan mempermudah jalannya makanan
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merobek, memotong, atau menghancurkan makanan, atau merupakan alat pencernaan makanan secara mekanik. 2. pharnyx terdapat pada celah insang dan banyak mengandung lembaran - lembaran insang yang terletak sebelah menyebelah, jenis ikan filter ikan filter feeding proses penyaringan makanan terjadi di faring karena tapis insang mengarah kesegmen faring, kadangkala ditemukan organ pengecap. 3. oesophagus merupakan terusan dari pharynx, permulaan saluran pencernaan berbentuk pipa mengandung lender untuk membantu penelanan makanan, makanan, pada ikan laut berfungsi penyerapan garam melalui difusi pasif menyebabkan konsentrasi garam air laut yang diminum menurun sehingga memudahkan penyerapan air oleh usus belakang dan rectum. 4. ventriculus (lambung) organ ini hampir sama bentuk dan warnanya dengan usus sehingga sukar dibedakan, berfungsi penampung makanan, jenis ikan ti dak memiliki lambung fungsi lambung digantikan usus depan termodifikasi menjadi kantung yang membesart (lambung palsu), jenis ikan herbivore biasanya terdapat gizard (lambung khusus) yang berfungsi untuk menggerus makanan. 5. pylorus → segmen yang terletak antara lambung dan usus depan berfungsi sebagai pengatur pengeluaran makanan (chyme (chyme)) dari lambung ke segmen usus, 6. intestinum (usus) → terdiri dari sel enterosit (memiliki villi berbentuk menyerupai sarang tawon) dan mukosit (sel goblet penghasil lendir), segmen terpanjang dari saluran pencernaan, bagian depannya terdapat dua saluran yang masuk didalamnya yang berasal dari kantung empedu (ductus ( ductus choledochus) choledochus ) dan pancreas, jenis ikan tertentu yang pankreasnya menyebar pada organ hati (hepatopankreas ( hepatopankreas)) hanya ada satu saluran yaitu ductus choledochus. choledochus . 7. rectum → segmen saluran pencernaan yang terujung berfungsi penyerapan air dan ion, pada larva ikan juga berfungsi penyerapan protein. 8. anus → terletak di sebelah saluran genital pada ikan bertulang sejati letaknya. 9. kloaka → hanya dimiliki oleh ikan rawan (chondrichthyes ( chondrichthyes); ); ruang bermuaranya saluran pencernaan dan saluran urogenital, saluran pencernaannya masuk dari bagian bawah sedangkan saluran urogenitalnya urogenitalnya masuk melalui bagian atas dan klepnya pada lubang pengeluaran (Maskoeri Jasin, 1992).
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- eksopeptidase : melepaskan ujung asam amino ( misal : aminopeptidase, tripeptidase, dipeptidase). - endopeptidase : katalisator dalam menghidrolisis rantai peptid bagian tengah dan rantai peptid yang spesifik; terdiri dari pepsin dan tripsin.
Lipase → katalisator dalam hidrolisis trigliserid menjadi monogliserid dan asam lemak.
Esterase → memecahkan rantai ester menjadi asam lemak dan alkohol.
Karbohidrase → ditemukan disepanjang saluran pencernaan; saluran pencernaan; antara lain amilase, maltase, glikohenase, sukrase. (Maskoeri Jasin, 1992)
2. 5 Sistem pencernaan manusia
Sistem pencernaan atau sistem gastroinstestin, adalah sistem organ dalam hewan multisel yang menerima makanan, mencernanya menjadi energi dan nutrien, serta mengeluarkan sisa proses tersebut. Sistem pencernaan pencernaan antara satu satu hewan dengan yang yang lainnya lainnya bisa sangat sangat jauh jauh berbeda (http://Sistem (http://Sistem pencernaan pencernaan - Wikipedia Wikipedia Indonesia, Indonesia, ensiklopedia ensiklopedia bebas bebas berbahasa Indonesia.htm). Indonesia.htm). 2. 5.1 Proses pencernaan
Langkah-langkah proses pencernaan makanan: 1. Pencernaan di mulut dan rongga mulut: makanan digiling menjadi kecilkecil oleh gigi dan dibasahi oleh saliva 2. Disalurkan melalui faring dan esophagus 3. Pencernaan di lambung dan usus halus: dalam usus halus diubah menjadi asaam-asam amino, monosakarida, gliserida dan unsure-unsur dasarnya yang lain.
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(Anonim,2008). Diagram sistem pencernaan 1. Kelenjar ludah 2. Parotis 3. Submandibularis (bawah rahang) 4. Sublingualis (bawah lidah) 5. Rongga mulut 6. Tekak / Tekak / Faring 7. Lidah 8. Kerongkongan / Esofagus 9. Pankreas 10. Lambung 11. Saluran pankreas
13. Kantung empedu 14. Usus dua belas jari (duodenum duodenum)) 15. Saluran empedu 16. Usus tebal / Kolon 17. Kolon datar ( datar (tranverse) tranverse) 18. Kolon naik ( naik (ascending ) 19. Kolon turun (descending ) 20. Usus penyerapan (ileum) ileum) 21. Sekum 22. Umbai cacing 23. Poros usus / Rektum
12. Hati
24. anus
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3. Pleksus Meissner dan Auerbach → sisi sinapsis untuk serabut pr aganglionik aganglionik parasimpatis, berfungsi untuk pengaturan kontraktil kontraktil lokal dan aktivitas sekretori saluran(Watson,2002).
2. 5.3 Struktur saluran pencernaan
Struktur saluran pencernaan tiap vertebrata berbeda-beda atau disesuaikan dengan bentuk tubuh, jenis makanan, dan fungsi sistem pencernaan. a. Mulut dan rongga mulut Dalam pengertian luas istilah mulut sama artinya dengan rongga mulut. Rongga mulut dimulai dari mulut dan berakhir pada faring. Letak mulut pada posisi terminal terminal dan ventral, ventral, sedangkan sedangkan batas batas rongga mulut mulut berupa berupa epitel berlapis berlapis gepeng tanpa tanduk. Sel-sel superfisialnya berinti dan mempunyai granulagranula keratin di bagian dalamnya. Dalam rongga mulut terdapat kelenjar-kelenjar mucus, berfungsi untuk menghasilkan mucus sebagai pembasah dan pelicin makanan. Atap mulut terdiri dari palatum keras dan lunak, diliputi oleh epitel berlapis gepeng. gepeng. Palatum Palatum keras adalah adalah membran membran mukosa yang melekat melekat pada jaringan tulang, tulang, sedangkan sedangkan palatum lunak lunak mempunyai mempunyai pusat pusat otot rangka rangka dan dan banyak kelenjar kelenjar mukosa mukosa pada lapisan lapisan submukosanya. submukosanya. Fungsi mulut mulut adalah adalah sebagai penerima makanan. makanan. Mulut Mulut beberapa beberapa hewan hewan sebagai pengambil pengambil makanan makanan karena terdapat rahang maksila dan mandibula. Organ-organ didalam rongga mulut antara lain: gigi, lidah, dan kelenjar ludah. b. Pipi → mengandung mengandung otot buksinator mastikasi, lapisan epitelnya secara kontinyu
mengalami abrasi (pengelupasan) (Yatim, 1996).
c. Lidah
Lidah merupakan massa jaringan pengikat dsan otot lurik yang diliputi oleh membran mukosa. Membran mukosa melekat erat pada otot karena jaringan penyambung penyambung lamina propia menembus menembus ke dalam ruang-ruang ruang-ruang antar berkas-berkas
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Kelenjar ludah terbentuk dari jaringan epitel dan menghasilkan secret. Ciri-ciri: sel glandularis, duktus interkalaris, saluran bercolak, menghasilakan mucus dan enzim amylase (Yatim, 1996). Ada 3 pasang kelenjar ludah menurut tempatnya: 1. Glandula parotid (kelenjar bawah telinga), sel penyusun: sel serous, bentuk kelenjar asiner bercabang majemuk, bermuara dekat gigi molar atas yang kedua 2. Glandula submaksiksilaris (kelenjar bawah rahang), bermuara di dekat pangkal lidah, bentuk kelenjar tubuloasiner bercabang majemuk, sel penyusun: sel serous (banyak) dan sel mukus. Sel serous, inti agak banyak dan sitoplasmanya mengandung butir-butir zimogen. Sel mukus, berinti gepeng dan terletak di bagian basal. 3. Glandula subligualis (kelenjar bawah lidah, bermuara dekat pangkal lidah, bentuk kelenjar kelenjar tubuloasiner tubuloasiner bercabang majemuk, sel sel penyusun: penyusun: sel mucus mucus (Yatim, 1996). e. Gigi Ciri-ciri gigi, antara lain: tersusun dalam 2 lengkung, terletak pada maxilla dan mandibula dan masing-masing gigi terdiri atas bagian yang menonjol di atas ginggiva (atau gum) yaitu mahkota dan di bawah ginggiva yaitu akar (mempertahankan gigi dalam lekuk tulang atau alveolus). Bentuk gigi diantaranya : gigi seri (untuk memotong), gigi taring (untuk merobek), gigi geraham (untuk menghaluskan) yang terbagi menjadi gigi geraham depan dan belakang. Gigi berfungsi dalam dalam proses penghancuran penghancuran makanan makanan (Yatim, 1996). 1996). g. Esofagus : panjang ± 25 cm diameter 2.5 cm, berawal dari lariofari ng menuju ke hiatus
esofagus sampai ke lambung, dapat melakukan gerakan peristaltik (Yatim, 1996). h. Lambung terdiri atas bagian gastroesofagus (persambungan mulut lambung dengan
bagian akhir esofagus), bagian fundus fundus (bagian yang menonjol), badan lambung, lambung, bagian pilorus (akhir lambung) (Yatim, 1996).
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Sekresi kelenjar lambung : 1. Kelenjar lambung → cairan mukus 2. Kelenjar fundus, terdiri atas :
Sel chief → chief → mensekresi pepinogen, lipase, dan renin lambung
Sel parietal → mensekresi asam klorida
Sel leher mukosa → mensekresi barrier mukus untuk mencegah kerusakan akibat autodigesti (pengikisan dinding lambung oleh HCl) 1. Kelenjar pilorus → mensekresi mukus dan gastrin, fungsinya :
Merangsang sekresi lambung
Meningkatkan motilitas usus dan lambung
Mengkonstriksi sfingter esofagus bawah dan merelaksasi sfingter pilorus
Stimulasi sekresi pankreas (Jasin, 1992).
Digesti dalam lambung : 1. digesti protein → pepsinogen diubah menjadi pepsin oleh asam klorida. 2. digesti lemak → lipase lambung menghidrolisis lemak susu menjadi asam lemak dan gliserol dengan kondisi pH yang rendah Kendali pengosongan lambung :
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2. villi → tonjolan menyerupai jari memanjang ke lumen dari permukaan mukosa mengandung jaring – jaring – jaring jaring kapiler dan pembuluh limfe ( lakteal ). 3. Mikrovilli → lipatan-lipatan lipatan-lipatan menonjol kecil pada membran sel yang ada di tepi s el epitelial.(Natalie,2003). Kelenjar : a. Kripta Lieberkuhn → menghasilkan enzim dan hormon b.Kelenjar penghasil mukus
sel goblet → memproduksi mukus pelindung
kelenjar Brunner → Brunner → memproduksi mukus yang melindungi duodenum terhadap kimus asam dan cairan lambung
2. Kelenjar enteroendokrin → menhasilkan hormon gastrointestinal Fungsi usus halus : a. mengakhiri proses pencernaan, proses ini diakhiri oleh enzim pankreas, enzim usus, dan dibantu oleh sekret empedu 4. b. mengabsorbsi produk digesti digesti .(Natalie,2003).
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2.5.4 Kelenjar-kelenjar Pencernaan di luar Saluran Pencernaan a. Hati (hepar)
Hati merupakan kelenjar ynag terbesar di dalam tubuh. Fungsi hati antara lain: - mengahasilkan empedu (sebagai kelenjar eksokrin) yang terkumpul dalam kandung empedu, - menyimpan lemak dan glikogen serta albumin, - mensintesis protein plasma darah, - detoksifikasi zat-zat toksis, - merombak eritrosit yang rusak, - eliminasi asam amino menjadi urea, menyimpan vitamin A dan B dan berperan dalam metabolisme karbohidrat dan lemak - menghasilkan suatu hormone (Jasin,1992). b. Pankreas
Ciri-ciri pankreas antara lain: - Kelenjar ini hanya terdapat pada vertebrata dan semua hewan vertebrata memilikinya. - Pada Pisces, Amphibia dan Reptilia pancreas terletak di antara lambung dan duodenum, sedangkan pada Aves dan Mammalia terletak diantara parsasenden dan desenden duodeni. - Merupakan organ majemuk, karena menpunyai fungsi sebagai kelenjar eksokrin
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direabsorbsi dari illeum bagian bawah kembali ke hati dan di daur ulang kembali. Peristiwa ini dikenal sebagai sirkulasi enterohepatika garam empedu. (Ethel Sloane, 2003) Fungsi garam empedu dalam usus halus o
emulsifikasi dan saponifikasi lemak : garam empedu mengemulsi globulus lemak besar dalam usus halus yang kemudian menghasilkan globulus lemak lebih kecil dan area permukaan yang lebih luas untuk kerja enzim.
o
absorbsi lemak : garam empedu membantu absorbsi zat terlarut lemak dengan cara memfasilitasi jalurnya menembus membran sel.
o
pengeluaran kolestrol dari tubuh : garam empedu empedu berikatan dengan kolestron dan lesitin untuk membentuk agregasi kecil disebut micelle yang akan dibuang melalui feces(Ethel Sloane, 2003).
o
merangsang peristaltis usus sehingga empedu bekerja sebagai laksatif alamiah. (Roger Watson, 2002)
o
empedu adalah saluran untuk ekskresi pigmen dan substansi toksik dari aliran darah, seperti alkohol dan bahan kimia lainnya(Roger Watson, 2002).
o
empedu juga berfungsi sebagai deodoran untuk feses, mengurangi bau yang menyengat. Hal ini semata-mata dihubungkan dengan kenyataan bahwa kekurangan garam-garam empedu berarti pencernaan lemak buruk, sehingga lemak di dalam usus tetap berlebihan, melapisi makanan lain dan mencegah pencernaan dan absorbsi. Akibatnya, protein protein dan lemak yang tidak tercerna
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Kandung empedu adalah kantong muskular hijau menyerupai pir dengan panjang 10 cm. Organ ini terletak di lekukan di bawah lobus kanan hati. Kapasitas total kandung empedu kurang lebih 30 ml sampai 60 ml. Fungsinya :
menyimpan cairan empedu yang secara terus menerus disekresi oleh sel-sel hati, sampai diperlukan dalam duodenum. Di antara waktu makan, sfingter Oddi menutup dan cairan empedu mengalir ke dalam kandung empedu yang relaks. Pelepasan cairan ini dirangsang oleh CCK
mengkonsentrasikan cairannya dengan cara mereabsorbsi air dan elektrolit. Dengan demikian kandung ini mampu menampung hasil 12 jam sekresi s ekresi empedu hati(Roger Watson, 2002).
6. Enzim Pencernaan Enzim yang membantu dalam proses pencernaan dihasilkan oleh kelenjar kelenjar-kelenjar yang terdapat dalam mulut, lambung, pankreas dan usus. Enzim yang belum aktif disebut pro enzim atau zimogen. Mulut. Di dalam mulut dihasilkan saliva yang mengandung enzim pregastruc esterase (lipase) (lipase) dan α-umilase α-umilase terutama pada ternak ruminaisa muda. Enzim αα - umilase berperan dalam memecah pati (pada monogastrik dan unggas) Perut. Sel – – sel sel mukosa dalam perut menghasilkan cairan lambung sama dengan cairan pencernaan sama dengan gastric juice. Bagian-bagian perut yang terkait dengan enzim pencernaan
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♦ Procarboxy peptidase A dan B menjadi Carboxy peptidase A dan B eksopeptidase sama dengan memecah AA yang berada di luar/di ujung. Carboxy peptidase A: memecah C ujung pada gugus umino dan dan karboksil khusus untuk AA aromatik aromatik dan AA netral. Carboxy peptidase B : pada AA leu, Arg dan Lys yang berada di ujung. amilase: memecah pati (amilum) dan glikogen ♦ α– amilase: E pencerna KH: sukrase, maltase, isomaltese, laktase
♦ Lipase : memecah lemak Gelatinase sama dengan Parapepsin I Stabil pada pH 7.0 Inaktif terhadap a lbumin darah Lebih khas untuk perencanaan gelatin Tidak mengandung fosfat serin Berbeda gugus AA ujungnya. Gastricsin sama dengan parapepsin II sama dengan parapepsin I, pH optimum sama dengan 3.0 Rennin dihasilkan dalam lambung anak ternak yang
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K, pigmen (bilirubin dan biliverdin), cholesterol dan lendir (mucin). Garam empedu penting untuk mengaktifkan Lipase pankreas dan mengemulsikan Lemak (Alters,1996). 2.8 Makanan Dicerna Secara Enzimatik Untuk Kemudian Diserap
Selama proses pencernaan di dalam saluran pencernaan mamalia, ketiga jenis nutrien nutrien (yaitu karbohid karbohidrat, rat, lemak dan protein) protein) mengalami mengalami penguraian secara secara enzimatik menjadi senyawa pembangunnya. Penguraian ini diperlukan untuk pemanfaatannya, pemanfaatan nya, karena karena lapisan sel pada usus halus hanya dapat dapat menyerap menyerap molekul-molekul yang berukuran relatif kecil untuk kemudian dikirim ke dalam aliran darah. Gambar 24-1, menunjukkan gambaran tentang "peta" sistem pencernaan pencernaan manusia. Walaupun pencernaan pencernaan dimulai dari dari mulut dan dan perut, tahap terakhir dari pencernaan semua komponen utama makanan dan absorpsi komponen pembangunnya pembangunnya ke dalam darah darah terjadi di dalam usus halus. Secara Secara anatomis anatomis organ ini sesuai dengan fungsi, karena memiliki permukaan yang luas tempat terjadinya penyerapan. penyerapan. Usus halus halus bukan hanya panjang panjang (12-14 kaki), kaki), tetapi tetapi permukaan permukaan
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enzim maltase menjadi dua molekul glukosa. Pada Bab 11 telah dibicarakan bahwa manusia Asia dan Afrika dewasa pada umumnya tidak dapat mencerna laktosa (laktosa intoleran). Hal ini disebabkan karena tiadanya aktivitas enzim laktosa di dalam usus halus setelah masa bayi dan kanak-kanak. Pada penderita laktosa-intoleran, laktosa yang masuk ke dalam makanan akan tetap tinggal di dalam usus, di situ sebagian laktosa mengalami fermentasi oleh mikroorganisme usus. Sebagai akibat dari fermentasi tersebut, orang yang bersangkutan akan menderita diare dan terbentuk banyak gas di dalam perut (flatulensi) (Anonim,2008). (Anonim,2008) . Di dalam sel epitel yang membatasi usus halus. D-fruktosa, D-galaktosa, Dmanosa diubah menjadi bagian-bagian glukosa. Campuran senyawa heksosa sederhana yang dihas tersebut kemudian diserap ke dalam sel-sel epitelial yang membatasi usus dan kemudian diangkut aliran darah menuju hati (Anonim,2008). (Anonim,2008) . 2.8.2 Pencernaan Protein
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amino dalam usus dua belas jari merangsang pengeluaran enzim proteolitik dan peptidase, yang mempunyai mempunyai pH optimum 7-8. Tiga di antaranya, antaranya, tripsin. kimotripsin. dan karboksipeptidase, dihasilkan oleh sel-sel eksokrin pankreas sebagai bentuk zimogennya yang tidak aktif, tripsinogen. kimotripsinogen, dan prokarbok dan prokarboksipeptid sipeptidase. ase. Sintesis enzim-enzim ini sebagai prekursor yang yang tidak aktif aktif melindungi melindungi sel-sel eksokrin terhadap terhadap kerusakan kerusakan akibat akibat serangan enzim proteolitik. Setelah tripsinogen memasuki usus halus molekul ini diubah menjadi bentuk aktifnya, tripsin oleh enterokinase. enzim proteolitik khusus yang dikeluarkan oleh sel-sel usus. Bila beberapa molekul tripsin bebas telah terbentuk, maka tripsin bebas tersebut dapat mengkatalisis pengubahan tripsinogen menjadi tripsin. Pembentukan tripsin bebas adalah akibat terlepasnya heksapeptida dari ujung amino rantai tripsinogen. Seperti yang telah lihat, tripsin menghidrolisis ikatan-ikatan peptida dengan gugus karbonil pada residu lisin dan arginin (Anonim,2008). (Anonim,2008) . Kimotripsinogen Kimotripsinogen mempunyai suatu rantai polipeptida dengan sejumlah
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Pencernaan senyawa-senyawa triasilgliserol dimulai di dalam usus halus. Ke dalam organ inilah zimogen prolipase zimogen prolipase dikeluarkan oleh pankreas. Di dalam usus halus tersebut, zimogen kemudian diubah menjadi lipase yang aktif, yang dengan adanya garam-g adanya garam-garam aram empedu empedu (lihat di bawah) dan protein khusus yang disebutkolipase. disebutkolipase. mengikat tetesan-tetesan senyawa triasilgliserol dan mengkatalisis pemindahan pemindahan hidrolitik hidrolitik atau dua residu asam lemak bagian luar luar sehingga sehingga dihasilkan dihasilkan suatu campuran asam-asam lemak bebas sebagai senyawa sabun dengan Na +atau K +) dan senyawa 2-monoasilgliserol. Sebagian keci1 dari senyawa triasilgliserol
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Garam-garam empedu sangat penting di dalam penyerapan tidak hanya bagi zat-zat triasilgliserol tetapi bagi semua makanan berlemak yang dapat larut. Apabila terjadi kekurangan dalam pembentukan pengeluaran gararn-garam empedu yang terjadi pada beberapa penyakit, lemak-lemak yang tidak tercerna dan tidak terserap akan tampak pada tinja. Dalam keadaan-keadaan seperti itu, vitaminvitamin yang larut dalam lemak, A, D, E, dan K tidak terserap secara sempurna dan dapat mengakibatkan kekurangan vitamin A (Anonim,2008) .
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suatu untuk tujuan tertentu, membantu melekatkan pada kaca objek. Toluen ini bersifat nonpolar, sehingga tidak bisa bercampur dengan pelarut polar seperti air (Hart, 1998). 2.9.3 Amilum
Amilum digunakan sebagai sumber zat pati yang dapat dicerna oleh enzim amilase(Van de Graf,1994). 2.9.4 Biuret
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Bab III Metodologi 3.1 Alat dan bahan
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Dua tabung reaksi disiapkan dan diberi tanda A dan B. Lalu diberi 2 ml benedict. Dua tabung reaksi lain disiapkan ditandai C dan D, diberi larutan sukrosa sebanyak 2,5 ml. Selanjutnya 1 ml ekstrak usus ikan ditambahkan pada tabung reaksi C dan 1 ml akuades pada tabung reaksi D. Kedua tabung( Cdan D) digoyang-goyang selama 5-10 menit. 5 tetes larutan dari tabung C diteteskan pada tabung reaksi A dan 5 tetes larutan dari tabung D ke tabung B. Selanjutnya tabung A dan B dipanaskan selama 5 menit sambil digoyang-goyangkan, lalu diamati perubahan warnanya.
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4.1 data pembahasan
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