"Año de la Diversificación Productiva y del Fortalecimiento de la Educación"
CIENCIAS DE LA EMPRESA CARRERA PROFESIONAL DE ECONOMIA
INDICE DE POBREZA EN LA CIUDAD DE HUANCAYO 2013 - 2014 Monografía del curso
Métodos y Técnicas de Estudio DOCENTE
Mag. Karina Landeo Minaya INTEGRANTES
BALBIN BALBIN, Anderson VILCAS MAMANI, Sheyla
Huancayo – Huancayo – Perú Perú 2015
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DEDICATORIA Este trabajo está dedicado a nuestros
padres
porque ellos cumplen una labor importante en nuestra carrera profesional y a nuestros profesores porque con su ayuda podremos culminar con éxito nuestros estudios universitarios. universitar ios. And erson, Sheyla
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ÍNDICE PÁGINAS PRELIMINARES CARÁTULA DEDICATORIA ÍNDICE CAPITULO I ....................................................................................................................... 1 MARCO TEÓRICO......................................................................................................... 1 1. Antecedentes Antecedentes generales........................................................................................ generales........................................................................................ 1 1.1. Antecedentes Antecedentes sobre sobre el tema .............................................................................. 3 1.1.1. Antecedentes Antecedentes a nivel internacional internacional .................................................................. 3 1.1.2. Antecedentes Antecedentes a nivel nacional......................................................................... 5 1.1.3. Antecedentes Antecedentes a nivel regional ......................................................................... 7 1.2. Conceptos Conceptos generales sobre el tema ....................................................................... 7 1.2.1.
Enfoques Enfoques de pobreza ................................................................................... 7
1.2.1.1. Enfoque monetario................................................ .......................................................................... .......................... 7 1.2.1.2 Enfoque no monetario………………………………………………….. monetario ………………………………………………….. 7 1.2.1.2. Enfoque multidimensional
8
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2.1.2. Aspecto Socio - Económico ........................................................................ 18 2.1.3. Aspecto Cultural ......................................................................................... 23 2.1.4. Educativo Educativo.................................................................................................... 24 2.2.
Breve descripción de la pobreza en la ciudad de Huancayo Huancayo .............................. 25
2.3.
Alternativas Alternativas de solución de la pobreza pobreza.............................................................. 26
2.3.1.
La pobreza y el crecimiento crecimient o en relación a los programas sociales ............ ...... .......... 26
2.3.2.
Programas sociales como medio para superar la pobreza.......................... 28
2.3.2.1. Beca 18................................................ ......................................................................... ......................................... ................ 28 2.3.2.2. Pensión 65 6 5 ................................................ ......................................................................... .................................... ........... 28 2.3.2.3. Juntos ..................................... .............................................................. ................................................... ............................. ... 30
CONCLUSIONES REFERENCIAS ANEXOS
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INTRODUCCIÓN
El trabajo monográfico que presentamos trata sob re “Índice de la pobreza en la C iudad de Huancayo en los años 2013 y 2014” y tiene por objetivo describir, explorar, analizar y proyectar sobre las características cuantitativas y cualitativas de la pobreza. Por ello esta investigación se divide en dos capítulos; el primer capítulo describe las definiciones y conceptos principales que dan validez teórica al trabajo. El segundo capítulo se refiere a la pobreza en todas las zonas y como estas pueden alcanzar altos índices en nuestra ciudad. También se considera las formas de superarla a través de programas sociales desde el Estado Peruano. Las conclusiones que se desglosan del trabajo evidencian la importancia de la implementación de un proyecto tecnológico para desterrar los índices de pobreza. En nuestro país Es muy importante esta monografía, ya que, constituye un estudio realizado sobre la base de la revisión de diversas fuentes bibliográficas y esperamos se convierta en referente para estudiantes de la misma carrera profesional.
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CAPITULO I MARCO TEÓRICO
1. Antecedentes generales En las últimas décadas se ha dado una creciente preocupación mundial por los altos niveles de pobreza y desigualdad en el mundo, posicionándose como un tema de vital importancia en la agenda de los países. Esta preocupación ha incentivado a que los especialistas se interesen por este tema, proponiendo nuevas definiciones y mecanismos de medición complementarios a la teoría tradicional. En este sentido, hoy en día, definir pobreza implica considerar a un significativo número de personas que se encuentran viviendo en circunstancias intolerables, en donde el hambre, las enfermedades y la opresión son parte de su vida diaria1. Esto implica dejar de analizar solamente indicadores económicos para incluir aspectos que antes no habían sido identificados como factores
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Sobre la base de lo anterior y dado el mayor interés que los países le están dando al tema de la pobreza, se puede identificar un proceso evolutivo en la definición de este concepto. En este sentido, una de las primeras definiciones de pobreza se centró en el aspecto económico; es decir, ser pobre implicaba no tener los ingresos o bienes considerados como aceptables para poder vivir. Esta definición, por lo tanto, requería de un indicador acerca de los ingresos o gastos realizados con el fin de determinar cuántos pobres habían en un determinado lugar 2. Una de las primeras estimaciones fue la realizada por Rowntree en 1910, quién cálculo una línea de pobreza determinando cuál era el presupuesto mínimo que debía tener una persona, que residía en Nueva York, para vivir en condiciones aceptables3. En una segunda etapa, la concepción de pobreza se amplió incluyendo aspectos relacionados con la calidad de vida de las personas. Por lo tanto, definir pobreza pasó a involucrar aspectos que no habían sido considerados en el enfoque económico, reconociendo una estrecha relación entre pobreza y la falta de acceso a un paquete integral, el cual incluye acceso a la educación, a la salud, a la nutrición, al agua potable y a servicios sanitarios (Unicef, 2000). En este sentido, medir la pobreza ha dejado de ser sólo un estudio de cifras macroeconómicas de un país, sino que también ha pasado a ser un análisis de las personas, porque son justamente ellas quiénes importan y sufren las consecuencias de este
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mayor riesgo; es decir, son víctimas de eventos que escapan de su control (enfermedades, violencia, desastres naturales, etc.) y que agravan su situación económica, debilita su capacidad de negociar y aumenta su sensación de malestar (Banco Mundial, 2001). Por lo tanto, al carecer de los medios necesarios para protegerse adecuadamente frente a estos eventos, los pobres se hallan en situación de mayor vulnerabilidad que el resto de la población 4.
1.1.
Antecedentes sobre el tema
1.1.1.
Antecedentes a nivel internacional
Dentro de los propósitos de la ONU para el siglo XXI, se encuentra un mundo sin miseria. Para hacer posible lo anterior, en el seno de ese organismo internacional se realizan sesiones ordinarias y extraordinarias, según lo establece el Art. 20 CNU. Dentro de ellas se destacan las iniciativas en el mundo, las cuales han focalizado la pobreza como uno de los más graves problemas en el ámbito internacional, es así como en Copenhague en marzo de 1995, se desarrolla la Cumbre Mundial para el Desarrollo Social, se da un compromiso a derrotar la pobreza, a conquistar el empleo pleno y a fomentar la integración social para alcanzar el desarrollo. Cinco años después, los líderes se volvieron a reunir en
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erradicación de la pobreza como imperativo ético, social, político y económico de la humanidad”. Es importante enfatizar que existen tres problemas principales en el ámbito mundial: la pobreza, el deterioro del medio ambiente y la explosión demográfica. En cuanto a la pobreza, que es el tema que nos compete, en el mundo existen 6 mil millones de pobres 6, según el PNUD, los cuales existen en todas partes del mundo. Para el caso de Perú en 2004 el 58,5% de la población eran pobres, de ellos el 16,2% presentan rasgos de extrema pobreza. Para 2013 bajó al 24,7% el total de pobres7. Puede observarse entonces como la pobreza además de ser un problema mundial de primer orden, es una de las causales de otros, tales como el subdesarrollo, la violencia, Etc. En este contexto, se desarrolla la “Cumbre del Milenio”, realizada en el año 2000. Se aborda el problema de la pobreza, siendo uno de los objetivos “erradicar la pobreza extrema y el hambre”, sobre él se plantearon dos metas: Reducir a la mitad el porcentaje de personas cuyos ingresos sean inferiores a un dólar por día, y Reducir a la mitad el porcentaje de personas que padecen de hambre” Los 192 estados miembros de la ONU 8, consideraron en ese momento el compromiso de alcanzar este objetivo. Sin dejar de mencionar que es deber del
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nacionales, en la realidad se encuentra baja atención a la pobreza y el hambre que llevan a la estigmatización social y marginalización de la población, por ello se recomienda al Estado paliar este fenómeno, porque es una de sus principales responsabilidades.
1.1.2.
Antecedentes a nivel nacional
Ubicando a Perú en el contexto internacional, es un país que funciona en la práctica bajo un sistema político democrático y extremadamente vulnerable a los desastres naturales, el problema es mayor, pues los esquemas que conducen a la pobreza se reproducen y los programas oficiales implementados no son suficientes. Como se mencionó antes el problema de la pobreza, no es exclusivo de Perú, sino de muchos países, en los cuales los niveles de pobreza son preocupantes y un obstáculo para el desarrollo. Por ejemplo el caso de África, en donde se señala que existe la población con peores condiciones, muy alejados de alcanzar una vida digna, dentro de ellos citarse a Rwanda en donde la tasa de pobreza según el Índice de Desarrollo Humano10 es del 0.431%11. El Perú ha alcanzado resultados significativos en reducir la pobreza, el promedio nacional de incidencia de la pobreza extrema fue de 11.5% en el 2009.
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personas en edad de trabajar tienen un empleo en contraste con 65.7% en el 2001. La tasa de crecimiento del PBI por persona empleada fue de 6.4% en el 2010 con respecto al 2009; si bien esta tasa es sustancialmente mayor que la lograda en el 2009 (debido al impacto de la crisis internacional), es menor que la tasa de 7.8% alcanzada en el 2008. En el 2010 se dio una mejora en el ingreso per cápita mensual. Se estima que este hecho contribuirá a reducir el hambre, ya que ésta es consecuencia directa de la pobreza y los bajos ingresos. La desnutrición infantil que se da en la población menos favorecida del país pone en peligro la vida de los niños y su desarrollo (cognitivo y físico) futuro.
19,1% de la población que reside en áreas urbanas del país país es afectada por la pobreza. Esta cifra grafica una gran brecha si se le compara con la población que vive en áreas rurales y que es considerada pobre: 54,2%.
Mientras que en la sierra del Perú la pobreza afecta a 49,1% de personas, en la selva incide al 37,7% y en la costa al 17,7%. En las tres regiones, la mayor cantidad de pobres se encuentra en las áreas rurales.
12,8% de los residentes residentes de Lima Metropolitana son considerados pobres. Esta cifra se magnifica si se toma en cuenta que en Lima vive más de un
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En 3,7 puntos porcentuales disminuyó la pobreza extrema en la sierra entre 2009 y 2010. En la selva se redujo en 4,1 puntos porcentuales. En la costa, sin embargo, aumentó en 0,2 puntos porcentuales.
1.1.3.
Antecedentes a nivel regional
En Junín, la pobreza ha pasado de 44,4 por ciento en el 2007 a 23,7 por ciento en el 2012, una reducción de 21 puntos porcentuales, presentando en la la actualidad una tasa ligeramente ligeramente menor a la del promedio nacional (25,8 por ciento). La pobreza se ha reducido en Junín producto del crecimiento económico de los últimos años. El mercado laboral también mostró un fuerte dinamismo en la ciudad de Huancayo habiendo crecido el empleo en 7 por ciento anual entre el 2005 y 2012 y el ingreso laboral mensual promedio de la Pea ocupada de la Región Junín en cerca de 9 por ciento anual.
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1.2.1.2. Enfoque no monetario Se realiza mediante el indicador de Necesidades Básicas Insatisfechas (NBI), que considera pobre a toda persona cuyo gasto per cápita no supera la línea de pobreza (Total y extrema) 13.
1.2.1.3. Enfoque multidimensional Comúnmente la medida de pobreza estándar o más utilizada suele partir del enfoque de pobreza monetaria. A favor de este enfoque se puede mencionar que, debido a su uso oficial a escala mundial, la disponibilidad de información es bastante amplia tanto a niveles muy agregados como desagregados, lo cual ayuda a realizar diagnósticos apropiados para la elaboración de políticas públicas dirigidas a la población pobre. Sin embargo, este grupo suele estar caracterizado y definido sobre la base de un mayor número de dimensiones distintas a la monetaria como, por ejemplo, la falta de educación, salud, vivienda, empleo, seguridad personal, entre otros. Ante este hecho, desde 1997, se utiliza el Índice
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precisa sobre qué hacer, a diferencia de la poca información transmitida por las cifras per sede pobreza monetaria ya que no permiten conocer qué prioridad se debe tomar en la inversión social. La pobreza multidimensional es una medición atractiva porque permite tener una visión más holística de la realidad. De modo paralelo, su versatilidad representa una ventaja concreta, pues la metodología puede ser ajustada de manera rápida al contexto que se requiera a través de diferentes indicador y ponderador (OPHI, 2011:1). Esto se debe a que, en principio, el cálculo de la pobreza multidimensional se fundamenta en tres dimensiones: Educación, Salud y Condiciones de la vivienda. Estos, a la vez, cuentan con distintos indicadores los cuales son ponderados arbitrariamente. En este documento, se toma las ponderaciones de Alkire y Foster (2008) expuestas en la siguiente ilustración. La necesidad de contar con un enfoque multidimensional de la
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hogar no garantiza que la necesidad de todas las dimensiones consideradas en el cálculo de la pobreza multidimensional esté satisfecha.
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CAPITULO II 2.1. Breve referencia referenci a actual de la región Junín- Huancayo
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Asimismo la región cuenta con una privilegiada posición en el centro del país, lo que determina no solo su cercanía a Lima, sino que también le permite constituirse como una zona de tránsito hacia otras regiones de la Sierra Central y hacia la Selva, contribuyendo al dinamismo comercial por el que es reconocido Junín. La capital de la región es la ciudad de Huancayo, con una población cercana al medio millón de habitantes, que se constituye como el mayor polo comercial de la región. Sin embargo, a diferencia de otras regiones del país, Junín
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el 53 por ciento de la producción nacional, destinándose principalmente al mercado de Lima, aunque también se procesa para jugo en Chanchamayo. En relación a la piña, la región produce el 73 por ciento del total nacional, principalmente de las variedades Golden y Cayena. Es notable el incremento en los rendimientos observados durante la última década, de 13 por ciento en promedio anual, superando ampliamente los niveles observados a nivel nacional.
La provincia de Huancayo, capital del departamento de Junín, se encuentra ubicada en la parte central del Perú, en plena Cordillera
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Cuadro N°01 Junín población censada y tasa de crecimiento 1940 - 2007
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dado que Chupaca y Tarma, las siguientes más densamente pobladas, registran tasas de 45 y 41 habitantes por Km respectivamente. La provincia de Huancayo registró una población de 466,346 habitantes14, según el último censo de población y vivienda llevado a cabo en el año 2007. Huancayo se constituye como una de las ciudades más importantes de la Región Junín, dado que es un importante polo de desarrollo turístico y económico. Durante el periodo 1993-2007, la tasa de crecimiento poblacional promedio anual fue de 0.5%, equivalente a 2,068
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Cuadro N°02 Indicadores poblacionales
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Cuadro N° 04 Junín población censada y tasa de crecimiento intercensal
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2.1.2.
Aspecto Socio - Económico
La Región Junín tiene una superficie total de 44 409,67 k
la misma que
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En el año 2007, el Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI) llevó a cabo el Censo XI de Población y VI de Vivienda y el II Censo de Comunidades Indígenas de la Amazonía Peruana. El censo de comunidades, en combinación
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la Municipalidad ha venido implementando centros comerciales y nuevos mercados. Por otro lado cabe señalar que a nivel industrial, la provincia de Huancayo no ha logrado convertirse en un líder en el
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busca comercializar hacia otras comunidades, generando un importante dinamismo.
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