XDB paâtbqufs paâtbqufs dg`uigbrfs
87
;870
Bd mfssbif dfs sblifs cgiqugits, cgiqugits, bd mbt gvf` gvf` sfs cats `aurts, bd mâ`aupf dfs gppgrgts mf dg vbddf, bd s`gimf, bd trg`f `aitrf dfs curs mfs prbsais, bd `efr`ef dg pgradf, bd bivfitf dfs cats, bd mfvbfit gr`eâadaluf, bd `efr`ef d�gttbtumf, bd `aistrubt mfs `gkgifs, bd râ`upårf dfs rfstfs, bd sf sfit âlgrâ, fddf `gmrf dg `eutf, bd pfisf gvf` : bds pfrìabvfit dfs rubifs -If mfvrgbt bd pgs y gvabr qufdquf `easf, uif fitrâf, uif bitramu`tbai, qufdquf `easf quab. Bd g `accfi`â pgr laþtfr dfs cats gvgit gvgit mf pauvabr pauvabr dfs mbrfs. mbrfs. Laþtfr df suppart mfs cats gvgit gvgit mf pauvabr pauvabr dfs dbrfs. Xubs dfs cats sait fitrâs mgis sg kau`ef. Xubs pgr dg kau`ef fst pgssâ df cat -`ubt -.-. Bd gvgbt , pftbt è pftbt, mbssâcbiâ sg dgiluf, taut gutaur mf dub. -Iaus iaus saccfs rfimu gu `fitrf mf dg oarêt. J�gb sf`tbaiiâ df `gmfigs mf dg partf. Mâsarcgbs, iaus if rfitrfrais quf pgr frg`tbai. Iaus gddais â`rbrf gvf` frg`tbai. frg`tbai. -Iaus trauvais tautfs sartfs m�gstu`fs paur iaus pra`urfr mf d�grlfit, paur df rfimrf è qub iaus df mfcgimf. @�fst @�fst d�gksurmf d�gksurmf mgis mgis d�gbisb. Bd `efr`ef d�g``acpd d�g``acpdbssfcfit bssfcfit : df cat trgvgbd pravbfit mu cat trfpgdbuc. -[bfi if vg. [bfi i�brg jgcgbs `gr rbfi i�fst jgcgbs gddâ. (`egitâ) Fddf mbt df vayglf paur if pgs mbrf dg oubtf, paur if pgs mbrf df `ackdf mf sg vbf, paur mbrf `ackdfr df vbmf mf sai êtrf : cgbitfiu cgbitfiu fi vbf. Bd if sgbt pgs fi`arf qu�bd sfrg fitfimu ft qu�bd mfvrg mbrf. Bd g `accfi`â pgr laþtfr dfs cats, dgbssâ cg`ârfr dfs cats, mgis ui dbqubmf è mâldutbr, `fdub mf sg kau`ef, g`bmf ft `arrasbo. (Carmgit, pgs fi`arf.)
-Iaus `efr`eais, iaus gussb, df sfis mf d�gmjf`tbo `accuibstf. Iaus `efr`eais, iaus gussb, è râpgimrf d�gigr`ebf. « taut mabt mbspgrgétrf ¾ -pracatbai sur dfs `ubddårfs. Bd y g ui pftbt trgbi ogbt df taur mu ogux-`fitrf ogux-`fitrf mf dg vbddf. trgbi qub ogbt -Bd ogut fi`arf iaus rg`aitfr mfs ebstabrfs paur pauvabr fi`arf iaus fimarcbr. -Iaus saccfs mf d�âcfutf, bcpgtbfits. Bd mbt qu�bd g `fit vbsglfs, uif cêcf vabx. �u�bd ogut `ackgttrf `aitrf df `aurs iarcgd mfs `easfs. [fcaitfr df `aurgit. Dg vbf `aurgitf. �uf rbfi i�fst g``fptgkdf. �uf jgcgbs `aitrbkuf è gkadbr df egsgrm. �u�bd i�g ib ogcbddf ib â`adf. â`adf. Bd rg`aitf qu�bd if sgbt pgs pgrdfr, qu�bd qu�bd g trauvâ df aim mfs `easfs mgis df pgrtglf mf dg sadbtumf.
KV] FP] M�GXX[AOAIMB[ M�GXX[AOAIMB[ « IA][F KV] DFP @AI][GMB@]BAIP È ]AVP DFP IB_FGVU ¾
Xubs : Bd mfssbif dfs sblifs cgiqugits, cgiqugits, bd mbt gvf` sfs cats `aurts, bd mâ`aupf dfs gppgrgts mf dg vbddf, bd s`gimf, bd orattf `aitrf dfs curs mfs prbsais, bd `efr`ef dg pgradf, bd bivfitf dfs cats, bd mfvbfit gr`eâadaluf, bd `efr`ef d�gttbtumf, d�gttbtumf, bd `aistrubt mfs `gkgifs, bd râ`upårf dfs rfstfs, bd sf sfit âlgrâ, bd pfisf gvf`
bd y g
Gdgbi Odfbl - - Fx-_ Fx-_ata Lgftgi Dâai - Wuam1 Gdfxbs Jumb` Jumb` - Akdbvbai @egrdfs Xfiifqubi- Ai vg vbvrf dè Cgr` Kruibfr Cfstgs - ifu lrgvurfs Ftbfiif Jfgi Caiibfr - Dbvrf mfs mfs subtfs subtfs Mgvbm Dbgumft - @acpdâcfit m�bddustrgtbais Jfgi-Cgrbf Jfgi-Cgrbf Ldfbzf - è, paur, gvf` gvf` - - Df dbvrf mfs mfs `gkgifs `gkgifs Ja`fdyi Lgsibfr Lgsibfr - Dfs âtrgilfrs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut pgrtaut Ib`adgs Mgukgifs - Xrbsai mf Cgtgra Cgtgra Cgtebfu rfckdbi - Mrabt mf ldgiglf Justbi Justbi Mfdgrfux Mfdgrfux - - Xrajf`tbdf Dbttâr Dbttârgd gd Cgrbif Cgrbif Dâvêquf Dâ vêquf - gqugtbitfs gqugtbitfs Giaiycf Giaiycf - @arrfspaimgi`fs Cgiufd Pgdvgt - Xrbi`fssf pradâtgrbgt
XDB
@EG[DFP XFIIFWVBI
Ai vg vbvrf dè
-D�bmbatbf, df paåcf ifuifu, dg paâsbf gu rgs mfs pëqufrfttfs, sf cfttrf pdus kgs quf tfrrf, sf cfttrf eaitfux, ìg `�fst qufdquf `easf qub c�g taujaurs trgvgbddâ. @f i�fst pgs uif râlrfssbai, `�fst mbrf qu�bd y g mfs mâsbrs `g`eâs qub pgssfit mgis dfs cats, quf `eg`ui g sg cgibårf kbfi g dub mf rfcufr dfs `easfs mfmgis sg kau`ef, quf `egquf pgradf g ui sf`rft mfmgis ft quf `f if sait pgs quf dfs câmbgs qub sgvfit taut mf dg pgradf, mf dg s`bfi`f è pgrdfr, pgrdfr, paur cab cab d�grcâf d�grcâf iabrf `�fst `�fst gvgit gvgit taut uif bivgsbai mf pgradf, ui lraubddfcfit mfs cats mait ai if vfut pgs fitfimrf pgrdfr, ai if vfut pgs fitfimrf pgrdfr d�figit fi sab, dg fccf fi sab, df gbkdf gbkdf fi sab, df pebdasapef pebdasapef fi sab, taus dfs fi-sab f i-sab cêdâs ft qub vfudfit prfimrf dg pgradf, tautfs dfs kglgrrfs pasbtbvfs pasbtbvfs gvf` d�êtrf d�êtrf ft df mfears. mfears. ^...S Dg paâsbf mbt ìg, fddf mbt df cacfit aò ìg pfut pgrtbr fi vrbddf mgis df vbvgit, sfudfcfit df vbvgit i�y `rabt pgs, bd prâårf dfs mbs`aurs mfs `efs, mfs gutarbtâs, mf d�âldbsf, mu pgtraigt, bd prâårf fi `ebfr mf dg pukdb`btâ pukdb`btâ ft mf dg cargdf quf mf �abr qu�bd `egitf `egitf è tuf-têtf mgis sg têtf è dailufur m�giiâf. Ai if vfut pgs `rabrf gu gbt qu�ai fst mfs kêtfs è pgrdfr ft è tauriayfr mgis dg `gvfrif gvf` mfs tar`efs gdducâfs mgis df iabr ft qu�ai �abt rbfi ft qu�ai mgisf, ai if vfut rbfi �abr mf taut ìg kbfi sauvfit. Pgu pgr cacfit aò ìg rbt mf kai `Őur gvf` dg pfisâf qub sart mgis dg kau`ef ft quf dg kau`ef sf cfttf è pfisfr df `egit ft è dbvrfr ìg è d�gbr dbkrf. Xfrsaiif if `rabt fi dg paâsbf, cêcf cab è 26 % mf cai tfcps jf i�y `rabs pgs, jf subs âtfbit `accf ui tâdâvbsfur tâdâ vbsfur.. @egrdfs Xfiifqubi
XDB / 7
@EG[DFP XFIIFWVBI
Ai vg vbvrf dè
Ai vg vbvrf dè Ai vg s�â`rgsfr dè Fi mau`f Ai rfspbrfrg b`b Ai `ufbddfrg dè Ai oaudfrg tfddf pdgitf Ai brg mgis dfs `efcbis Ai sf tgssfrg kbfi b`b �ufdquf pgrt Mgis ui pgrfbd fimrabt _bvrf b`b fi ofrcgit tfddf partf Ai sf sauvbfimrg mfs jaurs ]aus dfs jaurs pgssâs b`b ]aus iucâratâs @aisbliâs Ai glrgofrg df taut Ai fivfrrg ìg pracfifr Ai kgdkutbfrg qufdqufs pergsfs B`b au dè Ebstabrf mf `rfusfr qufdquf `easf Og`f gux ofiêtrfs XDB / ;
@EG[DFP XFIIFWVBI
Ai vg vbvrf dè
Ai pgssfrg d�âtâ, d�ebvfr Ai brg kabrf pgs dabi Ai vabsbifrg mfs gutrfs Ai rflgrmfrg dfs rautfs, dfs caits Ai pgssfrg sai tfcps è aksfr vfr, vfr, â`autfr Ai cgilfrg gussb, ai ofrg mfs pftbts p ftbts taurs Mgis dg oarêt, ai `egssfrg Ft ai sf ofrg tufr @accf taut ui `eg`ui Cgbs ai sfrg taujaurs dè Gvf` df sadfbd Dg pdubf, df vfit Ft dfs sgbsais fitbårfs G rbfi sgvabr Mf quab quf `f sabt Ft mf qub ìg vbfit Ft `accfit ìg rfpgrt Jusqu� Jusqu�èè sf mâ`auvrbr fii df sai M�uif kaiif pfsâf mf tfrrf Xgr-mfssus iaus
XDB / 0
CG]EBFV ][FCKDBI
Mrabt mf ldgiglf
XDB / =
CG]EBFV ][FCKDBI
Mrabt mf ldgiglf
XDB / 6
CG]EBFV ][FCKDBI
Mrabt mf ldgiglf
XDB / ?
CG]EBFV ][FCKDBI
Mrabt mf ldgiglf
XDB / <
CG]EBFV ][FCKDBI
Mrabt mf ldgiglf
XDB / 5
CG]EBFV ][FCKDBI
Mrabt mf ldgiglf
-Vi mrabt mf ldgiglf fst gppdbquâ è ui tracpf-d�Őbd pukdb`btgbrf fi guta`addgit, gppasâ sur sur dg mfvgiturf mfvgiturf m�ui supfrcgr`eâ ft lurgit lurgit uif sullfstbai mf prâsfitgtbai mf pftbt mâjfuifr mâ jfuifr,, `gâ, jus mf oubts, oubts ft `ârâgdfs.
XDB / 2
CG]EBFV ][FCKDBI
Mrabt mf ldgiglf
Kutbi
:
XDB / 78
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
FU-_A]A
6; [GXXFDP MF KGPF F] GV][FP _śVU XBFVU `accf gbmf-câcabrf au sfcgbibfr paur qufdqufs ebrsutfs, eymrapgtefs, eymrapgtefs, oucbstfs, zutbstfs, bi`aeârfits, vbdgbis kaiseaccfs, sbtugtbaiibstfs ft gutrfs cgd-pfisgits prâ, past au pârbmgmgástfs. (taut ìg âlgdfcfit gu oâcbibi, kbfi sþr.)
XDB / 77
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
7 �u�bd sabt uif kaiif oabs fitfimu quf d�G[] i�g pgs mf pukdb` : bd g ui earbzai m�gttfitf. ; D�G[] if sgurgbt êtrf paur taus, cgbs paur `eg`ui qub bitbcfcfit bitbcfcfit d�fspårf. d�fspårf. 0 Fi `fdg, d�G[] fst praoaimâcfit âdbtbstf pubsqu�bd s�gmrfssf è `f qu�bd y g mf supârbfur fi `eg`ui. = D�G[] if sf mbusf pgs. Xgs pdus qu�bd if sf vfitbdf, sf vadgtbdbsf au sf vgparbsf ib if sf `aisaccf. Cêcf Cêcf df pdus câlgda mf sfs prapas, fst ggbrf mf `aimfi`f. Mf tab è cab, sb tu df vfux kbfi. 6 Dg `udturf tfitf taujaurs m�bitfroârfr mgis d�G[] d�G[] paur df d f camfdfr, ca mfdfr, d�biufi`fr ft df mâvbtgdbsfr gu prat mf dg pfisâf macbigitf.
XDB / 7;
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
D�G[], tgit qu�bd fst vbvgit, if pfut mai` s�g`aqubifr è dg `udturf sgis sf pfrmrf brrâcâmbgkdfcfit. brrâcâmbgkdfcfit. @f qub if sblibf pgs quf d�grtbstf, d�grtbstf, dub, mabvf êtrf bi`udtf ib rfousfr dfs akadfs pukdbqufs. ? Dg `udturf fst dg mâpaubddf mf d�G[], gu cbfux sai ogitýcf. o gitýcf. @�fst @�fst `f qub rfstf qugim g mbspgru `f qub d�g ogbt êtrf. < D�gibcgtbai fst df iac padbtbqufcfit `arrf`t maiiâ è dg krgidfttf iâ`rapeglf mfs pftbts gstb`ats mf dg `udturf. 5 @fux qub prâtfimfit gbcfr d�G[] d�G[],, cgbs if sgvfit pgs ogbrf d�gcaur gux grtbstfs, sait mfs gibcgtfurs. 2 D�G[] if sf vfim pgs, bd fst mþ è `eg`ui. _fimrf d�G[] d�G[] fst gussb bliakdf bli akdf quf vfimrf dg justb`f justb`f au dfs sg`rfcfits sg`rfcfits (fi`arf quf ìg…).
XDB / 70
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
78 D�grtbstf if rfìabt pgs df prbx mf sai Őuvrf, cgbs uif `acpfisgtbai. @fdg i�fcpê`ef iuddfcfit qu�bd sabt, gssfz orâqufccfit, ui prastbtuâ qub sf vfim gu pdus argit au è `fux qub qu b df `grfssfit df cbfux mgis df sfis mu pabd. 77 Vif lgdfrbf fst ui pgssglf pg ssglf `auvfrt aò —trgvgbddfit– —trgvgbddfit– egkbtufddfcfit dfs putgbis ft dfs pb`npa`nfts. 7; ]autf pâmglalbf mf d�G[] fst uif bcpasturf. ]aut gu pdus pfut-ai tfitfr mf ogbrf pgrtglfr pgrtgl fr sg praprf fxpârbfi`f mf dg vbf au mf dg cgtbårf ft ìg i�fst mâjè pgs sb cgd. 70 D�G[] i�fst pgs ui jfu m�fiogit, i�fi mâpdgbsf gux âmu`gtfurs. Bd i�g rbfi è vabr gvf` d�âmu`gtbai, d�âmu`gtbai, df mrfssglf, dg `afr`btbai au d�gcâiglfcfit d�gcâiglfcfit mu tfcps dbkrf. Bd såcf df traukdf, gttfitf è d�armrf mu caimf, rb`gif gux fitfrrfcfits, rflgrmf saus dfs jupfs mfs ddfs ft mgis dg krglufttf mfs lgrìais, bistbddf df mâsbr, dg râkfddbai ft pasf kbzgrrfcfit kbzgrrfcfit mfs qufstbais mait iud, fi lâiârgd, i�g fivbf mf `aiigétrf dg râpaisf.
XDB / 7=
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
7= Fccåifrbfz-vaus vas fiogits gu karmfd au sur ui `egcp mf kgtgbddf 1 Pb aub, paurquab if pgs dfs fccfifr gu cusâf df mbcgi`ef au è dg `biâcgteåquf 1 @f i�fst pgs oar`âcfit cabis mgilfrfux ib cbfux orâqufitâ . 76 D�G[] g``fptâ au dauâ pgr `fux qu�bd fst `fisâ mârgilfr g tautf `egi`f m�êtrf ui G[] [G]Â. Dg râ`upârgtbai fst egkbdf, dfs cgdfitfimus cgdfitfimus sait pdutýt rgrfs ft —df syståcf– taujaurs kfgu`aup pdus cgdbi qu�ai if df `rabt. 7? Fi oai`tbai mf quab, ai pfut mbrf qu�fi G[] df su``ås fst taujaurs cârbtâ. D�bisu``ås gussb, kbfi sþr. 7< Pb d�G[] fst cart, `accf df pra`dgcfit `frtgbis, `f if pfut êtrf êtrf quf mf rbrf mfvgit mf vgit dfs bistbtutbais bistbtutbais ft `frtgbis `frtgb is prâtfimus —grtbstfs–. grtbstfs–.
XDB / 76
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
75 D�G[] kausf, d�G[] `gssf, d�grt `ebf, d�G[] carm, d�G[] lfit, d�Grt dfqubif… Ft vaus ogbt kbfi m�gutrfs `easfs fi`arf quf vaus i�bcglbifz cêcf pgs. 72 Pb d�G[] fst fssfitbfd paur d�eucgibtâ ft paur d�eaccf, `frtgbis mussfit-bds mussfit-bds y pfrmrf dg vbf, bd fst sgis bcpartgi`f, bcpartgi`f, vabrf mgilfrfux, paur dg sa`bâtâ > m�aò m�aò dg tfimgi`f lâiârgdf è if df `aisbmârfr quf `accf uif qufstbai mf prfstblf, mf jfu j fu m�glrâcfit m�glrâcfit ft mf mâ`argtbai. @f qub fst ui cabimrf cgd qugim ai y pfisf. ;8 D�G[] trb`ef. @�fst sg lrgimfur l rgimfur ft sg oar`f. Bd i�y g quf dfs `aisaccgtfurs bckâ`bdfs paur `rabrf è d�gutefitb`btâ mf d�G[]. ;7 Bi if, cêcf darsqu�bd s�glbt mu pdus biia`fit mfs pgysglfs, d�G[] if trgbtf taujaurs quf mf dg râkfddbai, mf dg cart ft mu sfxf, tautfs `easfs big``fptgkdfs pgr uif sa`bâtâ
XDB / 7?
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
—`accf bd ogut–. Bd i�y g pgs m�G[] sgis rgppart vbadfit ft gcaurfux gc aurfux è d�Gutrf. d�Gutrf. ;; Cgbs `aitrgbrfcfit è d�arlgscf gttfimu, d�G[] if saudglf mf rbfi. ;0 �uab qu�bd fi sabt, cgdlrâ qufdqufs pabits `accuis, `accuis, d�G[ d�G[] ] fst dabi m�êtrf m�êtrf gussb râjaubssgit quf dg `egbr, cgbs ai pfut df prgtbqufr pdus dailtfcps sgis `rgbitf mu rbmb`udf. ;= @�fst sgis mautf ma utf fi `fdg quf D�G[] D�G[] i�fst pgs ui câtbfr. @frtgbis mbsfit quf `�fst dg [âvadutbai pgr m�gutrfs cayfis au quf ìg i�fst rbfi. Df pdus sauvfit, ìg i�fst pgs lrgim-`easf, cgbs ui pgs lrgim-`easf fssfitbfd, cêcf darsqu�bd fst âvbmfccfit âvbmfccfit cguvgbs. ;6 D�grtbstf fst fitbårfcfit dbkrf, y `acprbs mf sf prastbtufr ft mf tfitfr m�gssgssbifr d�G[]. Bd if ogbt gdars quf sf sub`bmfr mfkaut ft, paur `egquf grtbstf cart, mbx gutrfs sartfit gussbtýt mf d�ackrf
XDB / 7<
GDGBI ODFBL
Fx-vata
(sgis prâjulfr mf dfur qugdbtâ). M�aò, sgis mautf, d�bigtbai g`tufddf. ;? Gdars qu�bd mfcgimf orâqufccfit m�bccfisfs sg`rb`fs, d�G[] s�arf prfsquf taujaurs ft praoaimâcfit, praoaimâcfit, `accf uif ggbrf mf vgibtâ. @f if pfut pfut êtrf quf pgr pumfur. ;< @f qub `acptf df cabis fi G[], `�fst paurtgit d�grtbstf. d�grtbstf. @f quf dfs lfis gppfddfit df —mai– i�g pgs dg cabimrf bcpartgi`f, iâgicabis, ai if pfut ogbrf sgis. ;5 D�G[] ibt taujaurs pgr `au`efr mgis df dbt mu pauvabr qub pfisf gbisb s�arbr s�arbr uif `gutbai, sgis sf rfimrf `acptf ` acptf quf `f qu�bd âtrfbit gdars i�fst mâjè pdus qu�ui qu�ui `gmgvrf. `gmgvrf. ;2 Fi G[], taut g âtâ mâjè ogbt, pfisâ ft mbt mfpubs dailtfcps. dail tfcps. @�fst @�fst `f qub ogbt og bt qu�ai pfut taujaurs `aitbiufr è ogbrf mu iauvfgu sgis `rgbitf.
XDB / 75
CG[@ K[VIBF[ CFP]GP CFP]GP
ifuo lrgvurfs
XDB / 72
XDB / ;8
CG[@ K[VIBF[ CFP]GP CFP]GP
ifuo lrgvurfs
XDB / ;7
IB@ADGP MGVKGIFP
Xrbsai mf Cgtgra
XDB / ;;
IB@ADGP MGVKGIFP
Xrbsai mf Cgtgra
Orattglfs Orattglfs gu lrgpebtf lrgpebtf sur pgpbfr, râgdbsâs sur dfs curs mf dg prbsai «sfcb-pgiap«sfcb-pgiaptbquf¾ mf Cgtgra (Fspglif). Xrbsai bcglbiâf pgr d�gr`ebtf`tf Fdbfs [alfit, `aistrubtf fi 7567, bigulurâf fi 75?0 ft cbsf ears sfrvb`f fi 7226, fddf g iatgccfit âtâ utbdbsâf pgr Orgi`a paur d�fifrcfcfit mf sfs appasgits.
XDB / ;0
IB@ADGP MGVKGIFP
XDB / ;=
XDB / ;6
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
Gu sabr mu mbcgi`ef 7? gvrbd ;88? , jaur mf Xëqufs, jf iatgbs : @rabs vabr, gu dabi, quf jf i�gb i�gb pdus m�bmâfs ‐ cgbs, sguvglf, dg vbf ft mfs eucfurs. * Df krubt `accfiìg mf `fssfr ft j�fus j�fus saumgbi kfsabi mu sbdfi`f. Df sbdfi`f âtgbt dè > bd c�gttfimgbt. Dg pgbx `accfiìg mf saufr ft j�gddgb c�gssfabr mgis ui `abi. Dg pgbx saugbt. Jf cf `g`egb. * Cai pbålf ‐ qub fst pfut-êtrf fi cêcf tfcps cai sgdut : jf cf câf mf taut `f qub vbfit mf cab. Jf i�akâbs qu�gux gppfds dfs pdus vbadfits. * Jf pgssf cfs jauriâfs è `efr`efr `f quf cfs iubts aukdbfit. @� @�fst fst df vfitrf vfitrf qub `efr`ef. @� @ �fst df `Őur qub tau`ef. Iaus pbâtbiais df sbdfi`f è d�bitârbfur. Ft `�fst df sbdfi`f qub `aiqubfrt. * Dfs cats trg`âs mgis dg iubt sur dg ifblf sait fg`âs gu cgtbi pgr tfs pgs. * 0 jgivbfr ;882 : ]autfs `fs `easfs qub tbfiifit cai `Őur ft quf jf if
sgbs taujaurs pgs mbrf, ft qub sfrrfit cai `arps. Xaurtgit d�Őuvrf igét. Dg oab rfvbfit pgr bistgits, cf trgvfrsf, c�fcpdbt, c�fccåif, vbvf ft pgrfbddf gux vfits qub pgssfit mgis dfs Â`rbturfs. Mfpubs uif sfcgbif j�â`autf fi kau`df Dg jfuif ddf ft dg cart mf P`eukfrt. Cai Mbfu aò sait cfs dgrcfs. * XDB / ;?
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
76 âvrbfr ;882 : J�fssgbf mf ogbrf tgbrf dfs pfisâfs. �ugim dfs pfisâfs sf
tgbsfit, df cabimrf lfstf, df cabimrf sauf fst uif igbssgi`f. Dg cabimrf pgradf vbt. @�fst @� fst taujaurs dg mâ`aistru`tbai, dfitf ft cgssbvf è dg oabs, mf `f quf jf `rabs paur dgbssfr pdg`f è `f qub vbt. @efr`efr è ogbrf sbdfi`f fi cab fst taut `f qu�bd cf rfstf. ]aut ìg paur fi`arf mfs â`dgbrs. â`dg brs. * Bd y g quf j�gbcf biibcfit d�eucgibtâ. Bd y g quf j�gbcf biibcfit df caimf. Bd y g quf j�gbcf biibcfit Mbfu. Bd y g quf j�gbcf biibcfit d�bvrfssf. Bd y g qu�bd cf ogumrgbt ui `arps sakrf. * Bd y g paur d�Eaccf d�Eaccf df sfitbcfit sfitbcfit mf Mbfu fi dub, ft df sfitbcfit sfitbcfit mf dub fi Mbfu : `�fst `f quf j�gppfddf oab. Bd y g d�fivgebssfcfit brrâprfssbkdf mf Mbfu mgis d�Eaccf, ft mf d�Eaccf fi Mbfu : `�fst `f quf j�gppfddf ofu. Bd y g d�gppfd. Bd y g d�g``ufbd. Bd y g dg vbf `accuif. * Jf `efr`ef è uibr cg vbf > è rgssfckdfr cfs trgbts > è `ai`fitrfr `ai`fitrfr cai `Őur > è êtrf bimbvbsbkdf. * J�gb tfiu bd y g pfu quf `egquf kgttfcfit kgttfcfit mf `Őur âtgbt d�gppfd d�gppfd df pdus vbadfit. * XDB / ;<
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
;5 a`takrf ;882 : Jf if sgbs taujaurs pgs qub jf subs. Jf if sgbs è iauvfgu
pdus rbfi, ib cêcf sb jf if sgbs pdus p dus rbfi. Df mgilfr `�fst `�fst pfut-êtrf mf sf cfttrf gux glufts ft m�gttfimrf ui sgvabr. Cgbs ogbrf, aub, ogbrf gu `rfux mf `fttf tfisbai-dè. * Dg trgiqubddbtâ i� i�fst fst pgs dg pgbx. Ai mabt sf prbvfr mf taut qugim ai g qufdquf `easf è ogbrf mbsgbt Odgukfrt. Df `egas lâiårf dg pgbx ft dg pgbx lâiårf d�ârf`tbai. D�ârf`tbai pfrcft df sauf. * Xfut-ai Xfut-ai gppfdfr vârbtâ gutrf gutrf `easf quf df cauvfcfit cauvfcfit bi`fssgit ft paurtgit bccakbdf tgpb gu oaim mf iaus, dabi mfrrbårf dfs pfisâfs, dfs sfisgtbais au dfs sfitbcfits, sbiai dg `aitfcpdgtbai mf `f cauvfcfit, sai sgbsbssfcfit, sai xfr, xfr, sai mbrf 1 @� @ �fst `f sgbsbssfcfit mgis mu dgilglf dgilgl f quf j�gppfddf j�gppfddf sbcpdfcfit iaccfr ‐ ft `�fst `�fst `fttf vbf sgbsbf mgis mu dgilglf dgilgl f quf j�gppfddf iac. * Jf cgr`ef vfrs d�gkgimai d�gkgimai.. Jf `efr`ef dg `aigi`f `aigi` f aò c� c�filda fildautbr. utbr. Jf if `rabs pgs. Jf vfux cf fr gksaducfit ft if pdus jgcgbs rbfi ogbrf sbiai df lfstf iâ`fssgbrf > if pdus jgcgbs rbfi mbrf sbiai dg pgradf vbtgdf > if pdus jgcgbs pfisfr sbiai df lfstf ft dg pgradf. * Gu sabr mu jfumb 77 a`takrf ;88< jf iatgbs : Vi Vi jaur, kbfitýt, bd cf rfstfrg è mbrf jf t�gbcf, ft è pgrtbr. * XDB / ;5
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
Jf vabs pgrtaut dfs sbå`dfs surlbr. surlbr. Jf vfux fi cab df ofu gutaur muqufd ai mgisg mgis dfs tfcps pgáfis > fi cab dfs dgrcfs mfs pårfs è dg igbssgi`f > fi cab df sgil mu Pfblifur paur df caimf. * Jf mbs : �ugim jf `fssf mf pfisfr gdars `�fst `�fst df sbdfi`f. @� @�fst fst dg krbsf dâlårf. @�fst dg rucfur mu caimf, `�fst dg rucfur mu `bfd. @�fst dg mau`fur qub rgvbt df `Őur è dub-cêcf. * Jf `efr`ef è pgrdfr gux vbvgits. vbvgits. Jf `efr`ef è ogbrf rfvbvrf mgis cg dgiluf tautfs dfs vabx qub ait `efr`eâ dg pgradf. Dg pgradf, `�fst dg pgrt `accuif gux dgilglfs > `�fst d�âtfribtâ. Jf `efr`ef paur dfs sbå`dfs uif vabx qub pfrcfttf dg pgradf. * Dg pgradf fst df cauvfcfit biib, quf rbfi if cfut. Dè d�êtrf d�êtrf sf trauvf. �uf dg vabx mfvbfiif dg pgradf, ft dg vabx mbrg dg pgradf. * ]aut fst lrë`f. lrë` f. ]aut fst mai. mai . [bfi qub if sabt tab. * Jf mbs : Df sbdfi`f sbdfi` f i� i�fst fst pgs `f qub sf tgbt. * XDB / ;2
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
@f cgtbi, cfr`rfmb ? jgivbfr ;878 , jf iatf paur câcabrf quf darsquf j�auvrbs j�auvrbs dfs vadfts df sad âtgbt kdgi` `gr bd g ifblâ mgis dg iubt. Ft jf iatf paur câcabrf qu�bd sfrgbt kai sgis mautf mf if pdus jgcgbs gvabr pfur p fur.. * Dg quêtf `aitbiuf, dg vbf fst fi cgr`ef, fddf fst dè. * Jf if `efr`ef pgs dg pgbx, jf mfs`fims gu sbdfi`f qugim jf if pfux pdus ogbrf gutrfcfit, qugim jf if pfux pdus ogbrf gutrfcfit jf vgbs gu `rfux mfs saur`fs, gu `rfux mfs dgrcfs. Ft dg `egdfur qub bidtrf bidtrf cg pabtrbif gdars, `�fst `�fst fddf gussb quf j�gppfddf j�gppfddf Mbfu. Mbfu . * J �fitfims d�gppfd d�gppfd mfs `easfs. `easfs . Jf dbs dfs efurfs. * �ugim jf mbsgbs è Gilfdbif gu sabr mu sgcfmb 7< jgivbfr ;878 quf jf `acprfigbs cgd df tfcps, `gr pdus jf cf sfis vbfbddbr, pdus jf cf rgppra`ef mf cfs sfitbcfits ft mf cfs `acpartfcfits m�fiogit, fddf s�gppra`eg trås dfitfcfit mu karm mf sai ogutfubd, ft taut sai `arps sf cbt è c�â`autfr. @egquf pgs ogbt vfrs d�gvgit d�gvgit fst gussb ogbt vfrs d�grrbårf d�grrbårf dub mbsgbs-jf, mf sartf sar tf quf df jaur mf iatrf cart fst df cêcf quf `fdub mf iatrf igbssgi`f. Iaus if saccfs qu�uif qu�uif kau`df. Jf `rabs qu�ai qu�ai gppfddf sgbit sg bit `fdub qub ibt `fttf ` fttf kau`df ft qub qu b `aitbiuf mf vbvrf gprås. Dg vbf m�gprås dg kau`df fst sgbitf ft iâ`fssgbrfcfit guprås mf Mbfu. Dg pgrgmbs fst mfrrbårf mfrrbårf dg i. Xgroabs jf `rgbis `f sailf ogbt ui sabr m�gmadfs`fi`f m�gmadfs`fi`f gdars quf jf rfitrgb è pbfm mgis dg iubt vfrs dg cgbsai ogcbdbgdf, ft mgis dfqufd jf vbs qu�bd qu�bd if cf ogumrgbt luårf mâpgssfr cai trfitbå trfitbåcf cf giibvfrsgbrf giibvfrsgbrf paur g`efvfr cg kau`df. Jf vabs trås mbstbi`tfcfit mbstbi`tfcfit `f pabit pa bit mf iai-rftaur ‐ gu sfis praprf ‐ qub cf stupâogbt ‐ mf dè d�gpprâefisbai. d�gpprâefisbai. XDB / 08
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
* Ebfr, gujaurm�eub ib mfcgbi i� i�furfit, furfit, i� i�ait, ait, ib i� i�gurait gurait `aurs. Dg subtf mfs ëlfs fst biibf. Df tfcps s�faimrf mgis d�âtfribtâ è cfsurf mfs bistgits ft mfs lâiârgtbais. ]autf lâiârgtbai vbmf. * Jf subs pgssâ saus mfs tabts qub if s�â`raudgbfit s�â`raudgbfit pgs. J�gb `auru sur mfs tfrrfs qub if cf partgbfit pgs. J�gb rflgrmâ mfs `bfds. J�gb rflgrmâ mfs cbrabrs. Jf `efr`ef dg ducbårf qub if s�âtfbit pgs. * Dfs cystårfs cystårfs sait g`efvâs mfpubs dfs sbå`dfs ft sf mâvabdfit gux vbvgits. * Mbcgi`ef ;? sfptfckrf ;878 : Jf cgr`egbs ebfr gvf` Cbdgm mgis dfs
rufs mf [fiifs ft dg oaudf lraubddgbt. Jf c�grrêtgb sur qufdquf `easf mait jf if cf sauvbfis pgs > jf cf rftaurigb > ft jf vbs dg oaudf `accf sb j�gddgbs caurbr mgis d�efurf. ]aut `aitbiugbt ft j�gvgbs `fssâ, jf rflgrmgbs, jf rfspbrgbs, jf vaygbs df caimf sgis cab, ft `fttf prfcbårf gksfi`f â`dgbrgbt taus dfs lfstfs, l fstfs, taus dfs vbsglfs. �ufdqufs cbiutfs pdus tgrm jf rflgligb cg pdg`f ft df caimf. Dfs vbsglfs ft dfs lfstfs gvgbfit lgrmâ `f vabdf vbvgit. @fttf ackrf sb `dgbrf pfrcbt uif oabs mf pdus ui `Őur ifuo. * Dg vbf â`dgtf sgis `fssf. Jf pdfurf aò dg vbf â`dgtf. �ugim jf pdfurf jf vabs cg vbf â`dgtfr mgis tg vbf. ]ai Iac fst dg vbf â`dgtgitf. * XDB / 07
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
Ft sur sur cfs dåvrfs df laþt l aþt mu kgucf kdgi` mait Kdgi`ef sablif sfs dåvrfs. * Jf rftrgìgbs mfribårfcfit gvf` Daubs Dau bs uif pgrtbf mf cai pgr`aurs m�â`rbm�â`rb vgbi. Jf mbsgbs : M�gkarm M�gkarm jf `efr`egbs è â`rbrf mgis df @bfd, cgbs qugim jf rfvfigbs j�âtgbs sb cgd quf jf mus ogbrf gutrfcfit. Fisubtf jf vaudgbs êtrf taut fitbfr mgis taus cfs cats, cgbs cfs lfstfs quatbmbfis âtgbfit trap âdabliâs mu lfstf m�â`rbrf : cêcf saurgi`f qu�gvgit. Gdars jf vaudus quf taus cfs lfstfs sabfit âlgux gu lfstf m�â`rbrf, ft j�apârgb ui dail trgvgbd mf râgjustfcfit, m�âqubdbkrglf. Bd fut âtâ cfsqubi mf ogbrf mfs`fimrf d�â`rbturf mgis df quatbmbfi : jf ebssgbs df quatbmbfi jusqu�è d�â`rbturf. Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs vbit è sai efurf. Gujaurm�eub bd i�y g pdus mf mbârfi`f fitrf `f quf j�â`rbs ft `f quf jf vbs. Ìg i�fst pdus mf dg dbttârgturf > `�fi fst paurtgit uif rfdgi`f. * Jf `efr`ef uif vbf aò mâpdayfr cg vabx, cfs lfstfs. Jf `efr`ef cg vbf. ]autf dg vbf, iaus `efr`eais iatrf vbf. �u�bd fi sabt gbisb paur p aur dfs sbå`dfs. * Jf `efr`ef mgis cfs dbvrfs d�fimrabt d�fimrabt aò m�gcaur m�gcaur df `Őur trfckdf. Jf `efr`ef d�earbzai mu `Őur. * Â`rbrf `�fst `�fst maiifr mgis d�ackrf. d�ackrf. Jf vfux vbvrf fisfckdf è d�ackrf d�ackrf mfs yfux ft mgis dg ducbårf ducbårf mu caimf. * XDB / 0;
F]BFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[
Df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs
J�â`rbs J�â`rbs paur i�gvabr i�gvabr pdus mfvgit dfs yfux quf dg ducbårf. ducbårf. * Mgis df lrgim `egcp mfrrbårf dg cgbsai mu Xrâ mfs Xbfrrfs, Xbfrrfs, ui lraupf m�abfs sguvglfs vait ft vbfiifit. @accf taus dfs gis è dfur tfcps, fddfs s�y grrêtfit qufdqufs jaurs gvgit mf rfprfimrf dfur vayglf vfrs df sum. Fddfs vadfit fi _, ft df cauvfcfit cauvfcfit mf dfurs gbdfs mgis df vfit ogbt df krubt kru bt quf ogbt og bt df sbdfi`f mgis df `Őur. @�fst df cêcf rgvbssfcfit taus dfs gis. * Dg vbf fst dg `easf dg pdus sbcpdf gu caimf, ft dg pdus kfddf è ias yfux qugim iaus dg dgbssais vbvrf. *
XDB / 00
CG[@ K[VIBF[ CFP]GP CFP]GP
ifuo lrgvurfs
XDB / 0=
CG[@ K[VIBF[ CFP]GP CFP]GP
ifuo lrgvurfs
XDB / 06
MG_BM DBGVMF]
@acpdâcfit m‒bddustrgtbais gu mb`tbaiigbrf Dgraussf
gux df`tfurs, Pubtf è ui trgvgbd ff`tuâ fi 7228 sur dfs mâibtbais mu mb`tbaiigbrf Dgraussf, j�gb fitrfprbs mås 722= mf paursubvrf d�fxpdargtbai mf `ft auvrglf. Jf cf subs tauriâ vfrs dfs cgrlfs aò sf dalfit dfs vblifttfs qub bddustrfit `frtgbis cats. Jf cf subs gpfrìu qu�bd y gvgbt mfs prbvbdâlbâs. ]aut cat i�g pgs mrabt è sg vblifttf. Ft, `accf Caisbfur @bia` mgis Dg vbf camf m�fcpdab m�fcpdab mf Lfarlf Xfrf`, sf ogbsgbt df mâofisfur mfs cats aukdbâs, jf cf subs ogbt df mâofisfur mfs cats iai bddustrâs. J�gb filglâ `f «@acpdâcfit m�bddustrgtbais trgtbais gu mb`tbaiigbrf mb`tbaiigbrf Dgraussf¾ pgr mfs pdgi`efs dbtealrgpebâfs fi subvgit s`rupudfusfcfit d�armrf gdpegkâtbquf ft j�gb `accfi`â è gttrbkufr ui mfssbi è `eg`ui mf `fs cats. Dg prfcbårf pdgi`ef `accfi`f pgr df cat gkgimai ft `accfi`fr pgr `f cat i�âtgbt pgs oar`âcfit stbcudgit. Xaurtgit, gprås pdus mf qubizf giiâfs mf trgvgbd ft pdus mf 28 pdgi`efs, jf vgbs kbfitýt tfrcbifr tfrcbifr dg dfttrf F. J� J �gvgbs râgdbsâ dg pdgi`ef mfs Z paur cai gcb gc b Jg`qufs [gcaimat ft j�gb trb`eâ trb`eâ ui pfu, saus d�gcb`gdf prfssbai prfssbai mf d�grteatåquf d�grteatåquf mf @eëtfddfrgudt fi râgdbsgit uif pftbtf pdgi`ef gvf` dfs cats gutaur mf cgiuog`turf. cgiuog`turf. J� J �fssgbf mf `aisfrvfr `aisfr vfr uif rfdgtbai âtycadalbqufs fitrf taut cfs mfssbis. J�gbcf pgrtb`udbårfcfit mfssbifr `fs cats qub g prbarb if pfuvfit pgs d�êtrf `accf dfs gmvfrkfs pgr fxfcpdf. @fs vblifttfs sait gussb `accf mfs akjfts quf d�ai paurrgbt pasfr mgis mfs pergsfs, mait bd ogumrgbt bivfitfr uif lrgccgbrf. Mfs akjfts qub paurrgbfit `aiquârbr dg trabsbåcf mbcfisbai. Ai paurrgbt gdars `grfssfr `grfssfr d�gcbtbâ, d�gcbtbâ, krþdfr dg egbif, egbif, sâ`efr d�gkgttfcf d�gkgttfcfit. it. Pubtf gux `aisfbd gvbsâ mf Lârgrm Mbgz, jf cf subs cbs è gqugrfddfr `frtgbifs pdgi`efs. Dg `audfur `acpdåtf gbisb dfs bioarcgtbais. Jf cf subs maiiâ `fttf të`ef è ff`tufr, gvf` uif råldf sbcpdf qub cf partf, cf `aimubt, è dgqufddf jf mabs cf pdbfr, gvf` dgqufddf jf mabs jaufr. Caisbfur Caisbfur Kgrtdfkaate, gutrf pfrsaiiglf pfrsaiiglf mf Lfarlf Lfarl f Xfrf`, fst cai camådf. @�fst mgis `fs të`efs râludbårfs quf jf trauvf df pdus mf vgrbâtâs, `�fst `f trgvgbd quf jf paursubs. Mgvbm Dbgumft
XDB / 0?
XDB / 0<
XDB / 05
XDB / 02
XDB / =8
XDB / =7
MG_BM DBGVMF]
@acpdâcfit m‒bddustrgtbais gu mb`tbaiigbrf Dgraussf
« Kgrtdfkaate, fi m�gutrfs tfrcfs, mâ`bmg ui jaur quf sg vbf taut fitbårf sfrgbt arlgibsâf gutaur m�ui prajft uibquf mait dg iâ`fssbtâ grkbtrgbrf i�gurgbt m�gutrf i qu�fddf cêcf. @fttf bmâf dub vbit gdars qu�bd gvgbt vbilt gis. @f out m�gkarm uif bmâf vgluf, uif qufstbai qub sf pasgbt - quf gbrf 1 - , uif râpaisf qub s�fsqubssgbt : rbfi. D�grlfit, df pauvabr, d�grt, dfs ofccfs, i�bitârfssfrgbfit pgs Kgrtdfkaate. Ib dg s`bfi`f, ib cêcf df jfu. ]aut gu pdus dfs `rgvgtfs ft dfs `efvgux au, sb d�ai d�ai prâoårf, bcprâ`bsf cgbs pgdpbtgitf saus `fs bddustrgtbais bddustrgtbais outbdfs ( fi`arf quf mfs cbddbfrs mf pfrsaiifs armaiifit fff`g`fcfit dfur vbf gutaur mf dfurs `rgvgtfs ft ui iackrf kbfi pdus lrgim fi`arf gutaur mf dfurs `efvgux mu mbcgi`ef ), uif `frtgbif bmâf mf dg pfrof`tbai. Fddf sf mâvfdappg mâ vfdappg mgis dfs cabs, mgis dfs giiâfs qub qu b subvbrfit, s�grtb`udgit s�grtb`udgit gutaur mf trabs prbi`bpfs mbrf`tfurs : Df prfcbfr out m�armrf cargd : bd if s�glbrgbt pgs m�ui fxpdabt au m�ui rf`arm, ib m�ui pb` è lrgvbr, ib m�ui oaim è gttfbimrf. @f quf ofrgbt Kgrtdfkaate if sfrgbt ib spf`tg`udgbrf ib eâraáquf> `f sfrgbt sbcpdfcfit, mbs`råtfcfit, ui prajft, mbo`bdf `frtfs, cgbs iai brrâgdbsgkdf, cgétrbsâ m�ui kaut è d�gutrf ft qub, fi rftaur, lauvfrifrgbt, mgis taut sfs mâtgbds, dg vbf mf `fdub qub qu b s�y `aisg`rfrgbt. `aisg`rfrgbt. Df sf`aim out m�armrf dalbquf : fx`dugit taut rf`aurs gu egsgrm, d�fitrfprbsf ofrgbt oai`tbaiifr df tfcps ft d�fspg`f d�fspg`f `accf mfs `aarmaiiâfs `a armaiiâfs gkstrgbtfs aò vbfimrgbfit s�bis`rbrf gvf` uif râ`urrfi`f biâdu`tgkdf mfs âvâifcfits bmfitbqufs sf pramubsgit bifxargkdfcfit bifxargkdfcfit mgis dfur dfur dbfu, è dfur mgtf. Df trabsbåcf, fii, out m�armrf fsteâtbquf : biutbdf, sg lrgtubtâ âtgit d�uibquf lgrgitbf mf sg rblufur, df prajft sf mâtrubrgbt dub cêcf gu our ft è cfsurf qu�bd s�g``acpdbrgbt s�g``acpdbrgbt > sg pfrof`tbai p frof`tbai sfrgbt `br`udgbrf : pgrtb mf rbfi. Kgrtdfkaate rfvbfimrgbt gu rbfi, è trgvfrs mfs trgisoarcgtbais prâ`bsfs m�akjfts ibs.¾ fxtrgbt mf Dg vbf camf m�fcpdab m�fcpdab Lfarlf Xfrf` X.A.D 72<5 XDB / =;
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut au d�â`rbvgbi ogbsgit mf dg då`ef è dg dgiluf fst dub cêcf âtrgilfr è sg `tbai ” i�fst ib orgiquâ ib trai`ea ib orbzgbddfur ib cartradd ib ifutrbia ib dfptfutai ft pgs cêcf cartrgbt ” m�gttfitf sur dg oraitbårf, mbtfs dfur mf if pgs ogbrf `accf ` accf iaus ft m�bivfitfr m�bivfitfr ” dfs trai`eamfs sait kaiifs ” augbs j�y gb laþtâ ” `�fst `�fst `accf ìg, `�fst `�fst â`rbt â `rbt mgis df mb`tbaiigbrf ” `�fst `�fst kbfi ogbt paur dfs cgdbis ” dfx fst quam iatgcus iatgcus ” `atbsfur `atbsfur frla daqugtur ” Kfrtef Mgcifnf qub `adpartf ìg mgis ” `�fst mf dg cfrmf ” mfs outurfurfux ” paur Dastbil jâiâ râ`ebai ” passâmâ pgr dg ldgimf-lbmaubddf ldgimf-lbmaubd df ” wbte ebs wari aut seafs1 ” ebfr cgtbi è Dgs`aw ” mâkbdf ” mâkbdf ” mâ ” dg Lâibgdf Mysfitf M ysfitfrbf rbf ” bcprbcâ sur pgpbfr rbft
(fxtrgbts)
XDB / =0
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
(gu `fitrf gujaurm�eub) - ]u gs vu `f typf qub s�fst bccadgmg mfvgit df Xýdf Fcpdab 1 - Augbs ” tar`ea ft krþda ” `�âtgbt ui cartrgbt qub gvgbt ui trgvgbd mgis sg râlbai df Cartrau ” prås mf Krþdai Krþd ai - @efz cab tautf dg ogcbddf fst gu `eýcglf fi `f cacfit ” è tgkdf ai pgrdf mf pfrcart taus dfs jaurs gdars ìg if c�âtaiif pgs `f qu�bd s�fst pgssâ - Cfrmf vaus pgrdfz mf pfrcart fi ogcbddf 1 Df sfro `egssf df sfro ” pguvrf `aitrf pguvrf `�fst dg dblaumbddf mf `f pgys ” gkaiiiâs è d�gkaicbifr-igtbai - Augbs ” cêcf sb j�gb pgs kbfi `acprbs qub egkbtgbt mgis `f pgys sb `f i�fst cfs vabsbis qub vbfiifit vbfiifit kauzbogbddfr kauzbogbd dfr mu kblarifgu mf tfcps tfcps fi tfcps gvf` gvf` cab è dg cgbsai (mgis d�fivfdappf mu cart) @eårf ogcbddf, `efrs vabsbis, Jf vaus vaus gbcf, sfudfcfit sfudfcfit jf vfux quf df paurvabcfit pukdb`ai sg`ef quf iaus saccfs taus fi trgbi mf saurbr. Cfs mfribfrs cats sfrait : Iaus mfvais urlfccfit rfmâibr iatrf Eucgibdbtâ, Eucgibdbtâ, bd y g mgilfr (mgis df `attglf vbddglf mfs `atbsfurs) - ]u gs fitfimu pgrdâ mu `atbsfur frla daqugtur ” jf `atbsf mai` j�gb df mrabt mf pgrdfr - Ge iai pgs mu taut ” cab jf if trgvgbddf pgs ft jf pgrdf ” cgbs mbs c�fi pdus - �ufdqu�ui �ufdqu�ui cf pgrdf 1 ” arg ft dgkarg ! ” cart gux absfgux absfgux ” cart gux absbos ! ” Ai vg taus vaus `aitrbkutfr, vaus dfs gssbstâs ! Mâdgbssais dfs gmdâsâs ! @fs g`efrlfs è pbqufr ! - Fe ! Ae ! Jf subs dè cab ca b ! ” Gdda ! - qufdqu�ui cf pgrdf 1 ” Bd g mbspgru - Cgbs iai jf subs dè ! ” Jf subs dè ! Fe mbs jf j f tf pgrdf ! Df rgppartfur paur dfs Âmbtbais [âbisârfr mbt fisubtf : - Mfs pfrsaiifs mbspgrgbssfit `egquf jaur mgis dfs vbddglfs. vbddgl fs. D�arblbif D�arblbif mf `fttf mbspgrbtbai sfckdf êtrf êtrf uif iauvfddf cgdgmbf : df `atbsfur `atbsfur frla daqugtur @� @�fst fst dg rgbsai paur dgqufddf jf vaus ogbt pgrt mf `f rgppart XDB / ==
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
(sur df pait) - Fe mbtfs jf vaus `aiigbs ` aiigbs vaus ! ” m�G m�Gvbliai vblia i 1 ” vaus êtfs m�G m�Gvbliai vblia i ! ” Dfs cglb`bfis m�Gvbliai ! - Xgs m�Gvbliai iaus ” pgs iaus prfimrf paur mfs `ai`ais ib rai`eais `gr è kgkarm ai lufudf ai lufudf cgbs è Gvbliai ai lufudf pdus trås oart ” ofsta`ef ofsta`ef ogsta`ef paur kaurlfabs ogstufux ” taur taur mf cglbf ” EAX ” Gvbliai mbspgrgét mf `f caimf ” trau è cbliai ” EAX ” Gvbliai râgppgrgét ft mfvbfit uif cgrquf mf kbårf mgis `f caimf - Kuvais uif Gvbliai Gvbliai fisfckdf paur p aur oêtfr ìg ” mâ`aitfigiìais `fttf kautfbddf ” vbmais dè ! ” ft `aitbiuais mf mâ`aitfigi`fr df rfstf mu caimf ! (mgis dg kbkdbateåquf G-tfitgtbvf) G-tfitgtbvf) - Xaurquab Xaurquab `btf-t-bd tgit ” dfs P`ytefs P` ytefs 1 - Bd fst gcaurfux ” Bd mbt « sfudf dg vbf gcaurfusf rfstfrg rfstfrg ¾ (`au`au, sgdut, ìg vg1) - @@ - Du - @_ 1 - Dg oarcf ” taujaurs dg oarcf ” putgbi mf stydf st ydf Df rgppartfur paur dfs Âmbtbais [âbisârfr mbt fisubtf : - Dfs trai`eas sait oart fi prada-pgrdattf cgbs quf ogbrf s�bds gkgimaiifit dfs gutrfs gutrfs ” df sfitbcfit `ascb`ai `ascb` ai ” s�bds fiogitfit ui cgrcaimf cgrcaimf sgis d�gttg`efr d�gttg`efr gux pfupdgmfs gux oarêts mf pfupdbfrs pfupd bfrs au è dg prada-pgrdattf, df cgrcaimf s�fi brg taurifr fi raim mgis dg sgddf mf jfu ft sf mâdbtfrg pgr `ai`râtbai ogutf m�gvabr âtâ gi`râ (mgis ui vbmf `ackdâ m�gcaur) - Bd cf cgiquf ui tru` mgis cg vbf - Dg paâsbf pa âsbf sþrfcfit - �uab1 �uab 1 ]runumai ]runumai quf mbs-tu mai`1 mai` 1 XDB / =6
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
- Bd tf cgiquf dg paâsbf `gr pgrtaut aò df cgiquf 1 sfrg paâsbf p aâsbf ! s�bd tf cgiquf mf dg lubiaubddfttf lubiaubddfttf mgis df orbla `�fst `�fst qu�bd tf cgiquf ui pat mf paâsbf mgis df pdg`grm ” ui paåtf è pgyfr sur sur df tgrm - Ft df cgiquf mf dbfi padbtbquf1 - Cgiquf mf paâsbf - Ft s�bd cgiquf mu trgvgbd1 - ]rgvgbddf dg paâsbf - Ft df cgiquf mf jabf `egquf jaur, df cgiquf mf d�êtrf gbcâ1 - Cgiquf mf paâsbf ft `egquf paåtf pa åtf cart iaus cgiqufrg - ]u cf cgiqufs - Cab gussb jf t�gbcf 72<2, uif lufrrf l ufrrf â`dgtf mgis dg vbddf mf Xauft-Daudâ fitrf dfs pra-Jaei-Mffr, pra-Jaei-Mffr, dfs Xra-Oarm ft dfs Xra-[figudt cgbs `f sait dfs @asigrms, cgg passâmgit dg kgrrbårf âdf`trbquf fxtfisbkdf qub ait lgliâ è dg subtf mf `fttf vb`tabrf ” fi 725= gcâiglfcfit sur df sbtf mf @audgis-sur-Lâf ” D�fitrfprbsf prfim uif mbcfisbai bimustrbfddf ” pgysgis sgis tfrrf ” `aitrýdf mfs tfrrfs mf dg râlbai ” Jf sgdbs vatrf iac @asiftgrm ! Gu cgr`eâ Xdg`f Xdg`f mfs jg`akbis ” sur ui stgim mf patfrbfs ai vfim mfs mâ`aitfigits ” Bd y fi g mf tautfs dfs tgbddfs ” mâ`aitfigit è vbf ” mâ`aitfigit è cats ” mâ`aitfigit è fiifcbs ” mâ`aitfigit è pbssf paur bi`aitbifits ” mâ`aitfigits mâ`arâs Mgis d�ebstabrf mf d�grt mf Lackrb`e ” sur dg `grtf mfs dbfux `btâs è dg i ” bd if sf pgssf rbfi mgis d�aufst mf dg Orgi`f ” ui mâsfrt `udturfd ” sabt-mbsgit ” �ufddf Oadbf ! Ft dg @egribf 1! Dg cbibstrf orbzgbddfur Jfiiy Kaibmâ è `egilâ d�gppfddgtbai d�gppfddgtbai mu [PG [ PG ([fvfiu mf Padbmgrbtâ G`tbvf) qub mfvbfit df [ME ([fvfiu mf Mblibtâ Eucgbif). Bd i�fst pdus df rfvfiu mf `fdub qub rfìabt mf dg pgrt mf `fux qub vfudfit kbfi df dgbssfr vbvrf, cgbs kbfi df rfvfiu mf `fdub qub pfut jftfr è dg lurf mf `fux qub df rflgrmf iabr sai fxbstfi`f. Gbisb ai if rflgrmfrg pdus `f rfvfiu `accf mâpfisf paur mfs fxbstfi`fs daurmfs è partfr cgbs kbfi `accf ui mfribfr rfcpgrt mf d�eucgibscf è fitrftfibr XDB / =?
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
Dg Lâibgdalbf mf dg Dblaumbddf Âtumf mu cytef oaimgtfur mf Cgx Kfddgstuil câcabrf-câcargkdf m�ui âtumbgit fi lâibgdalbf Dfs `tbais caqufit gvf` gvf` dâlårftâ `f qub fst prbs paur mu râfd, râfd, mgis dg dgiluf cêcf,fddfs cêcf,fddfs mâ`aitfigi`fit dfs lrfmbis-lufmbis
Cgx Kfddgstuil
Cgx Kfddgstuil out df prfcbfr julf mf dg dblaumbddf. Bd partgbt uif rakf-`au vfrturf-mf-`egckrf kgbdkrui, kgbdkr ui, m�gdfzgi, m�gdfzgi, mf lrbs paccfddâ, mf pabd mf rgt, mf `fro, mf raufi, mf vg`ef, mf zfi`df, mf pf`bdf, mf pyf, mf dfu`f. Bd out fiofrcâ `efz dub pgr sfs ds paur if pdus gddfr julfr. Cgx Kfddgstuil marcgbt tautf dg jauriâf sur ui dbt è sai iac, sb kbfi qu�bd âtgbt pgroabs `aioaimu gvf` `f cfukdf mf `egckrf. Bd usgbt mf dg `aiousbai paur prfimrf d�gppgrfi`f mf oucâf mf oucbfr ft dgbssfr df dbt df rfprâsfitfr mfvgit dg ogcbddf. Dfs ds mbsgbfit «Kaijaur pårf Kfddgstuil¾ è d�arfbddfr, df dfimfcgbi, ai maiigbt dg saupf vfrtf è dg `auvfrtur ` auvfrturf. f. Cgx Kfddgstuil Kfd dgstuil mfvbit julf `gr bd i�âtgbt i�âtgbt iâ ib orgiquâ, ib trai`ea, ib orbzgbddfurs, ib cartradd, pgs cêcf cartrgbt car trgbt `f qub âtgbt `gutbai mf sai bcpgrtbgdbtâ. bcpgrtbgdbtâ. BdBd âtgbt âtgbt iâ jftâ-dè saus oarcf mf mf qufdqufs pfddgumfrbfs quf ofust d�fiogit, oaimfcfit qub fs`gppabt mf sg cårf. G pgrtbr mf dè, sai pårf s�fx`dgcg s�fx`dgcg « t�fs t�fs pgs ib cai ds ¾, ft Cgx Kfddgstuil `ru tautf sai fiogi`f qu�bd âtgbt mai` biib. ]rås jfuif, bd dut Df trgbtâ mu mâsfspatabr mf Nbnb Df Lgrmf ft bd pfrmbt tautf bmâf mf `f qu�bd pauvgbt kbfi êtrf, sfud d�egkbt mf sab, d�gppgrgt fi sabf, iu mf sab, iud fi sab, mâpaurvu m�bitârbarbtâ, d�egkbt ogbsgbt df kaieaccf. Bd mfvbfimrg gdars `f qu�bd pfisf mfs gutrfs : julf. Cgx Kfddgstuil julfg fi prfcbfr ui â`rbvgbi, Daubsf Ofrigimf Ptfpegibf, paur gitb-traddbscf gitb-traddbscf ft gitb-geurbscf. gitb-geurbscf. Daubsf Dau bsf Ofrigimf Ptfpegibf Ptfpegibf fst uif igitb igitb qub qu b out bistgddâ pgr dfs âmbtbais Lgddbyâigcgrrf. Df massbfr out mbff`bdf paur Cgx Kfddgstuil `gr m�ui `ýtâ dfs dbvrfs-efrftb`a-ìg-fivabf-mu-pëtâ pdgbsgbt è Cgx Kfddgstuil, cgbs bd âtgbt cgibofstfcfit mfvgit uif mfcfurâf, uif kaufusf mf egrb`ats, uif sbcpdfttf lubiaubddfttf trai`eamf. Bd sf rf`aiiu fi `ft â`rb vgbi-ib ft `fttf biibf-`aiif. Bd dg `aimgcig gu `aupf-aildf `aupf-ail df mf dg dblaumbddf ft gu laurmbi l aurmbi è laurmfs. Gprås `fdg, taut df caimf rf`aiiu sg qugdbtâ mf
XDB / =<
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
julf. Dfs ds mf Cgx Kfddgstuil d�ait d�ait fiofrcâ paur sgvabr qub âtgbt vrgbcfit dfur pårf. Dfs ds mf Cgx Kfddgstuil pfisgbfit quf dg dblaumbddf âtgbt uif gmmb`tbai paur dfur pårf mai` bd dub rfit sukbr uif `urf mf mâsfilglf. Dg râgdbtâ `�fst quf dg dblaumbddf s�âtgbt `aioaimuf tautf fitbårf gvf` `ft eaccf ft quf sgis df pauvabr mf julfr, bd if pauvgbt pdus qu�êtrf mf dg oucâf mf oucbfr au ui dbt. ]aut vgparfux qu�âtgbt Cgx Kfddgstuil, bd `accfiìg è s�fivadfr, mfvbit acibpatfit ft pu julfr taut df caimf gu cêcf cacfit, mfs trgbis è vgpfur, vgpfur, mfs vbpårfs ft mfs luêpfs, mfs carmus mu `râmbt. Mauzf cfrmfux sgis prâmbspasbtbai, jaugit dfs gpýigutrfs gpýigutrfs ait marcb sur df dbt mu iac mf Cgx Kfddgstuil, â`rgsâs mf mauzf rêvfs ft m�uif mauzgbif m�afuos `gssâs, sf pfrmbrfit mf dblaumbddf paur â`rbrf `eg`ui ui dbvrf mf cgdgmf : Kukudf, Kbddf, Kdëcf, Kgdkutbf, Mrbkdf, Kgdgmf, Kbdf, Kbmf, Kdfutf, Kdêcf, Kgc ft Kaimbau. Dbvrfs pras`rbvgit pras`rbvgit dg prâpasbtbai « mgis ¾ > Pfuds dbvrfs fi`arf gutarbsâs mgis dfs kbkdbateåqufs cartradds ft bitfrmbts mgis dfs uibvfrsbtâs orgiquâs, `�fst `f qu�ai mbt.
Df Kbkdbakus mfs Âmbtbais [âbisârfr (mâ`fitrgdbsgtbai ft fiiub) D�Gutarbtâ (bd fst è dg oabs b`, julf ft prâsbmfit) ” Gdars paurquab gvfz-vaus krþdâ tautfs dfs vabturfs mu qugrtbfr 1 Df Lgcbi (bd g è dg oabs 5, 7;, 76, ;8 ft ;2 gis) ” Ai sf ogbsgbt `ebfr. D�Gutarbtâ ” Cab jf pfisf quf `�fst mgis tfs låifs, `�fst bis`rbt mgis vatrf sgdf rg`f. Df Lgcbi ” @�fst vaus qub gvfz bivfitâ ìg, j�gb vu vas fiogits jftfr mfs pâtgrms sur mfs egimb`gpâs qub pgssgbfit, mgis vatrf `gcpglif, `�fst mu cêcf armrf. Ft vatrf ds géiâ qub if mâpgssf pgs df cåtrf `grrâ mf sai dbt, sbtugtbai m�bisf`tf, `�fst mu cêcf armrf. D�Gutarbtâ ” Ìg i�g rbfi è vabr, ogbs pgs df cgdbi `�fst taujaurs vaus. Df Lgcbi ” Xgr`f qu�gu`ui mf iaus if s�gcusf caisbfur. D�Gutarbtâ ” Xaurquab vaus-êtfs vaus grrêtâ è `f qugrtbfr 1 _aus gvbfz gssfz mf tfcps paur ogbrf tautf dg vbddf `accf vaus if krgidfz rbfi mf vas jauriâfs. Df Lgcbi ” Xgr`f quf `�fst mfvfiu vbtf `ebgit gussb, ai sf dgssf, gu our ft XDB / =5
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
è cfsurf ìg sf mâsfi`egitf. J�gdducf df ofu sur dg prfcbårf kgliadf, pubs jf dgbssf dfs pra`egbifs è cfs patfs, uif oabs qu�ai qu�ai g taus pgssâ pg ssâ iatrf taur, taur, ai sf ogbt `ebfr. `ebfr. D�Gutarbtâ ” Pbtugtbai mf `rfvâs ! Df Lgcbi ” Ai g pgs krþdâ df kus cglbquf pgr `aitrf. D�Gutarbtâ ” Df 1 Df quab 1 Df Lgcbi ” Df Kbkdbakus mfs Âmbtbais [âbisârfr, ias lrgims-pårfs qub sf oait `ebfr mfpubs qu�bds sait è dg rftrgbtf pgssfit dfur tfcps mgis `f kus. [fs pf`t mfs gi`bfis ai i�fi i�fi krþdf rbfi. _aus _aus i�gvfz i�gvfz pgs vu df kus cglbquf 1 l gcbis. D�Gutarbtâ ” Fi`arf mfs ebstabrfs mf lgcbis. Df Lgcbi ” _aus if pauvfz mai` pgs df vabr. Pþrfcfit `gr vaus `efr`efz praoaimâcfit tautf rgbsai, sþrfcfit sþrfcfit `gr vaus `rayfz quf dfs catbvgtbais catbvgtbais sait `g`eâfs. Df kus cglbquf, sfud `fux qub ait `aigi`f fi dg pubssgi`f mf d�gppgrfi`f pfuvfit df vabr, taus `fux qub trauvfit tautf rgbsai mgis d�gppgrfit pfuvfit pfuvfit vabr df Kbkdbakus `gr bd fst tfddfcfit glrgit. pgssfit-t-bd mgis vatrf `frvfgu 1 �ugim dfs s`bfitbD�Gutarbtâ ” Cgbs quf sf pgssfit-t-bd qufs paurrait fxpdbqufr `fttf mâdbiqugi`f mgis vas syigpsfs, taut sfrg râldâ ! Df Lgcbi ” I�gddfz pgs sb dabi. If `efr`efz pgs gussb praoaimâcfit. [flgrmfz, rflgrmfz mgis `f pgr`, vaus vayfz df kg` è sgkdf 1 Df lgcbi qub ogbt sai `eëtfgu mf sgkdf dè > bd sf ogbt `ebfr. Jf vaus fivbf, vaus gvfz râussb è vaus `aivgbi`rf quf vaus êtfs a``upâs. Jf vaus fivbf `gr mf `f pabit mf vu vaus bitfrprâtfz tautf `easf `accf catbvâf. Cgbs dfs catfurs sait `rgcâs, ias têtfs sait `rgcâs, iaus jauais gux jfux vbmâas gvf` mfs `egcpbais `acpdåtfcfit `rgcâs ft AX, ai dbt ias KM mgis dfsqufddfs dfs mfssbis sait tfddfcfit oucâs qu�ai i�gspbrf pdus qu�è ìg, mfvfibr gutfur mf KM, ogbrf mfs bcglfs, mf jadbfs j adbfs bcglfs, m�biqubâtgitfs bcglfs, mf sgdfs bcglfs, âvbtfr gutgit qu�ai df pfut dg praoaimfur. df oaim, ìg iaus ogbt o gbt pfur cgbitfigit. Ai lgrmf dg vblifttf igrrgtbvf, igrrgtbvf, ebstabrf mf sf dg rg`aitfr fitrf patfs, ai vaus dgbssf dgb ssf dfs sf`rfts cystårfs paur vas prêtrfs, padb`bfrs ft pgpg, pgpfs, pacpbfrs p acpbfrs ft pacpbmau j�fi gb gssfz mf `fs `aiifrbfs. Jf vgbs vaus firflbstrfr mgis D�Gutarbtâ ” Kai j�fi df `ebfr. ]ai iac ft `fdub mf tai patf. Df Lgcbi ” �ub`n ft Odupnf.
XDB / =2
JA@FDRI LGPIBF[
Dfs âtrgilfrs sait pgrtaut
Dg Lâibgdf Mysfitfrbf Mysfitfrbf ]�fs taut pftbt ” t�fs taut pftbt ” ft yg pgs m�grkrf `efz tab ” t�gs pgs mf jgrmbi ” t�gs t�gs pgs mf pdgitf ” ft tu mabs cgr`efr uif efurf paur gddfr è Dbmd ” aub bd y g mfs Dbmd fi Gddfcglif ” aub Dbmd `�fst gddfcgim ” gdars tu cgr`efs ” ft qugim tu cgr`efs ” bd y g mfs grkrfs ” gdars g dars qugim tu cgr`efs tu passåmfs taus dfs grkrfs ” pfisf è pgyfr df dayfr ui jaur ” ogbs pgs sfckdgit mf if pgs `acprfimrf dg og`turf ” dfs `ebrfs ” `�fst bitfrigtbaigd - ]bfis sb jf c�g`eftgbs uif pdgitf è Kguegus1 ” au ui pftbt grkrf1 ” ui Iayfr! ” j�gmarf dfs iabx ” cgbs jf if sgbs pgs sb ui pftbt iayfr ” ui iaygux ” ìg ogbt mfs iabx ” au gdars j�g`eåtf mfs iabx gu supfr-cgr`eâ ” cgbs gdars bd ogut cgr`efr ” pauge ” kaygux ” ui `glfat ” cbfux ” `efr`efr s�bd y g ui cgr`eâ ” `accf ìg jf paurrgbs cgr`efr ft g`eftfr! ” ft jf rfitrf è d�gppgrtfcfit gprås ” sg` mf iabx ” kbårf ” aò bds pgrdfit gddfcgim ” aò jf `acprfims rbfi ” è cai kauqubi ” ge augbs tbfis sb j�â`rbvgbs j�â`rbvgbs ui kauqubi! ” ui tru` cgdsfbi! ” qugim jf c�grrêtfrgbs c�grrêtfrgbs mf cgr`efr ” jf `accfi`f d�ebstabrf ” ui pårf qub vg ibqufr sfs fiogits ” mfs pftbts iu`b`udtfurs ” putgbi ” ai vg cf mâtfstfr gprås ìg ” putgbi `�fst `�fst oart ” putgbi `�fst mrýdf `f cat ” iu`b`udtfur ” ui kauqubi ” uif vrgbf cfrmf qub mâlaudbif ” gcaurfusfcfit ” jf vgbs â`rbrf ui dbvrf ” ui dbvrf mf cfrmf ” ui dbvrf lâibgd ” df cbfi:
DG LÂIBGDF MRPFI]F[BF
XDB / 68
CG[@ K[VIBF[ CFP]GP CFP]GP
ifuo lrgvurfs
XDB / 67
Orårfs ft safurs, qufds sait vas mâsbrs râfds 1 _âlâtfr mgis df mrulstarf, df rflgrm dabitgbi, vbmf, fiiuyâ, fi kuvgit mu `goâ bisbpbmf 1 Au pfut êtrf DF OGB[F XF]F[ AV DF @[GCF[ @ACXDÅ]FCFI]. Dg sfudf `easf quf d‒ai pfut ogbrf gvf` `fs cgbsais m‒fs`dgvfs camfrifs - gppfdâfs mfs kautbqufs - FP] MF DFP MÂOAI@F[. _aus if pauvfz pgs râoarcfr df `gpbtgdbscf ft d‒bieucgibtâ. Maiifzy mfs `aups jusqu‒è `f qu‒bds `råvfit. Q [â`fccfit iaus gvais `accfi`â è vabr è trgvfrs uif gutrf sartf mf mupfrbf : bd y g ui `frtgbi typf mf praofssbaiifds qub prâtfimfit iaus rfprâsfitfr... Dfs mâputâs, df Xgrtb @accuibstf, dfs dfgmfrs syimb`gux, dfs trgvgbddfurs sa`bgux, dg vbfddf-vbfbddf lgu`ef... ]aus `fs lfis ait prâtfimu glbr fi iatrf iac. ]aut `fs lfis ait `frtgbifs `easfs fi `accui... BDP iaus vfimfit, taujaurs... BDP ait taus pfur mf iaus... BDP prê`efrais taujaurs df cgbitbfi mf dg pgbx... Ft iaus fi gvais cgrrf... Ft iaus saccfs pguvrfs... Ft iaus saccfs ogtbluâs mf dg pgbx. Gilry Krblgmf, cgrs 72<7
XDB / 6;
GDFUBP JVMB@
Akdbvbai
XDB / 60
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂA I
Wuam1
iatudf iatu df (au gcusfcfit prâgdgkdf prâgdgk df è usfr `accf tu d�fitfims d�fitfims > au pdus fxg`tfcfit `accf tu df vaumrgs, au pgs) :
« dg vbf mf d�eaccf fst fckraubddâ ft bisblibgitf Dg sa`bâtâ trbvbgdbtâ sgis i ¾ Cg` Mbgrcbm
«ai i�figccf i�figccf pgs uif gdducfttf sur ui cur qub s�frbtf¾ s�frbtf¾ Cg` Mbgrcbm
XDB / 6=
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂA I
Wuam1
GI GI :@AIOBMFIBFD :@AIO BMFIBFD
[F@ACCGIMÂ fi [F@ACCGIMÂ [F@ACCGIMÂ G.[. G.[ .
@AV[[BF[ MF IVB] @AV[[BF[ AOOB@BFD FI_AB PXÂ@BGD PXÂ@B GD OG@PBC OG@PBCBDÂ BDÂ XF[PAIIFD XF[ PAIIFD XG[ G_BAI G_BAI [F : FI [FXAIPF G: _/[FO : AKJF] [FOF[FI@F
È d�gttfitbai mf : Cgbs È qub mf mrabt : @efrs gcbs, @efrs Cgcgi ft Xgpg, Cgmgcf, Caisbfur, Cfsmgcfs, Cfssbfurs, @efr È kbfitýt, _fubddfz glrâfr, 49, d�fxprfssbai mf cfs sfitbcfits mbstbiluâs. _fubddfz glrâfr, 49, cfs sgdutgtbais mbstbiluâfs. Jf vaus prbf m�glrâfr, m�glrâfr, 49, cfs sgdutgtbais dfs cfbddfurfs. _fubddfz `rabrf, 49, è cai cfbddfur sauvfibr. Jf vaus prbf mf `rabrf, `rabrf, 49, fi d�fxprfssbai mf cfs sbi`årfs sgdutgtbais. [f`fvfz, 49, cfs cfbddfurfs sgdutgtbais. sgdutgtbais. Pgdutgtbais mbstbiluâfs, Pgdutgtbais, ]rås `armbgdfcfit. `armbg dfcfit. Gf`tufusfcfit, Gcb`gdfcfit, Gcbtbâs, @armbgdfcfit výtrf, @armbgdfcfit, Cfr`b, XDB / 66
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂAI D ÂAI
Wuam1
_aus g``fptfz mf if pgs fxpartfr ib râfxpartfr taut/..../au /.../ `aimfitbfddf aktfiu
guprås /...(AV DABI]GBIFCFI])/ vfrs (B) dfs pgys au taut rfssartbssgit au râsbmfit mfs pgys subvgits : @arâf mu Iarm, @ukg, Brgi, Brgq, Dbkyf, Pfrkbf, Paumgi, Pyrbf, au taut gutrf pgys guqufd /.../ bcpasfit ui fckgrla sur dfs kbfis > (BB) tautf pfrsaiif bis`rbtf sur dfs dbstfs /...(]FIV XG[ WVB WVB _FV])/
XDB / 6?
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂAI D ÂAI
Wuam1
FI XG[@AV[GI], DBPGI] @F]]F [F_VF, vaus gorcfz ft lgrgitbssfz quf vaus
i‒êtfs ib sbtuâ, ib saus df `aitrýdf, ib ui rfssartbssgit au râsbmfit mf d‒ui mfsmbts pgys, ib bis`rbt sur d‒uif mfsmbtfs dbstfs. _aus g``fptfz fi autrf mf if pgs utbdbsfr `fs XAÂPBFP è mfs is bitfrmbtfs pgr dg dâlbsdgtbai/.../ y `acprbs,
mf cgibårf iai fxegustbvf, gu mâvfdappfcfit, è dg `ai`fptbai, è dg ogkrb`gtbai au è dg pramu`tbai mf cbssbdfs iu`dâgbrfs au m‒grcfs `ebcbqufs au kbadalbqufs.
è pgrt ìg....
XDB / 6<
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂAI D ÂAI
Wuam1
Wuam 1 (Wu‒grrbvf t bd 1) sf mbsgbt-bd qub paurtgit sf tgbt
XDB / 65
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂA I
Wuam1
btrf dâlfimf bcglf :
X76 : [VBIFP (85/8=) vabr. vabr fi`arf, è d�fivfrs ft gu-mfdè X7< : trg`f mu prfsquf rbfi (tbrglf iucârbquf jft m�fi`rf, 788 x <8 `c) X72 : «aò gddfr 1 bd i�y i�y g iuddf pgrt aò gddfr.¾ X;8/;7 : «d�earbzai i�gvfuldfrg i�gvfuldfrg pgs cfs mâsbrs¾ X;;/;0 : «jgcgbs sb dabi m�uif m�uif arblbif bisblibgitf¾ bisbli bgitf¾ X;= : «`f`b fst è cab¾ X;6 : «`f`b fst è cab. M�b`b M�b`b è b`b¾ X;? :«aò fst-`f «dè-kgs¾ 1 X;< : «mf d�gutrf `ýtâ¾ X;5/;2 : P`åif : Bd y g X08 : B`b tu ous cai «gbddfurs¾ X07 : Ft `ft «b`b¾ g taus dbfu X0; : P`åif : �uf `�fst-bd pgssâ 1 X06 : «@f¾
(.)
XDB / ?8
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂA I
Wuam1
iatudf paur dg sârbf m�bcglfs qub subt. «ib pdus ib cabis qu�uif gmargtbai mu `egas¾ mbsgbt Xawys mf ]`eaugil-]sfu ib pdus ib cabis ib ib armaiiâ sgis armrf âtgkdb fst `f mâsarmaiiâ 1 QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ rfo. Iatfs : Nfiifte \ebtf «d�fsprbt «d�fsprbt iacgmf¾, Df dbvrf mf pa`ef, pa `ef, sfptfckrf ;885.
XDB / ?7
LGF]GI LGF]GI DÂA I
Wuam1
Gussb Gussb : QJ�gb mâpdg`â d�bcglf (pglf) «mâ`efts¾ gu mâkut mf dg sârbf [VBIFP. Q Jf pfisf quf d�bcglf «wgt`efm « wgt`efm gim rf-wgt`efm¾ sfckdf ui pfu âtrgilfcfit pdg`fr, pdg`fr, b`b, fi i mf sârbf. sârbf. Gdars au ai dg cft, ai d�bisårf d�bisårf gu gu mâkut, gu cbdbfu mfs tfxtfs, au ft fddf s�bistgddf i�bcpartf i�bcpartf aò mgis dg rfvuf, rfv uf, au tu dg mâlglf. mâl glf. Qqufdqufs tbtrfs ait âtâ `arrblâs. Qè vabr gussb s�bd fst utbdf m�bisârfr dfs mbcfisbais mfs tbrglfs > `gr jf if `rabs d�gvabr bimbquâ qu�uif oabs.
XDB / ?=
CGIVFD PGD_G]
Xrbi`fssf
XDB / ?6
JFGI-CG[BF LDFBZF
è, paur, gvf`
è, paur, gvf` Mbrf è qub j�â`rbs. J�â`rbs è. È Xebdbppf Kf`n, è Gdbfttf @assft, è Cb`efd @razgtbfr, è Giif-Dgurf D, è Gurfdbfi L. , è @erbstapef Egiig, è @â`bdf Cgbigrmb, è Xgtrb`n Pgbitai, è Adbvbfr, è Dgurfit, è Kfrtrgim, è kfgu`aup m�gutrfs `accf fux, j�â`rbs è (au gvf`) `fdub, Pbflorbfm, mait jf vbfis mf rf`fvabr `fs dblifs, bd vbt fi Gddfcglif, jf dub gb maiiâ, ui jaur, ui padgrabm iabr trauvâ mgis dg ruf m�Gssbsf, bd y g fitrf iaus `fs cats : «Dg peatalrgpebf fst iabrf, cgbs ìg i�fst i�fst pgs ui iâlgtbo¾ iâlgtbo ¾ : «Mfpubs kbfitýt 7 gi, jf i� i�gb gb fi taut ft paur taut qu� qu�uif ofiêtrf paur â`rbrf. Df `gmrf pfr`â è jaur, jaur, df `eëssbs m�uif m�uif ofiêtrf. Df taut ta ut âtgit mf if pgs pgs dë`efr prbsf. È ogbrf og brf df luft. luft. È êtrf mf lgrmf. l grmf. È vfbddfr gu ux ft rfux mu tfcps qub pgssf mgis df tfcps qu�bd ogbt. @efcbi ogbsgit j� j �fi subs vfiu è tfibr mfs kuddftbis câtâaradalbqufs saus uif euttf fi kabs, taut fi mfvbsgit sur df pgssglf mfs iuglfs mait Laftef La ftef mbt qu�bd «maiif «maiif oart è pfisfr¾. Bd fi igét ui rgcgssbs mf pergsfs mait gu`uif kau`ef if vaumrgbt. È vrgb mbrf m brf j�fi j�fi subs cêcf è if pdus vabr quab mbrf. Gu pbrf bd if rfstfrg pdus qu�è praoârfr df cabimrf cat fi kdgi` au mgis df iabr paur if pgs pg s gvabr è d�bis`rbrf d�bis`rbrf - iabr sur kdgi`. Âtrgilf bircbtâ quf `fddf m�gvabr taujaurs è tfibr fi rfjft `f quf d�ai trauvf è â`rbrf. Mf i�â`rbrf quf `aitrgbit, `aitrf sai lrâ. Paus dg mb`tâf. È cgbi oar`âf è if pgs dë`efr prbsf. Ft `fttf të`ef, quf trap sauvfit sauvfit jf cf sgbs è cab ca b sfud if pgs êtrf dè. @� @�fst fst ui âtgt sbiludbfr. M�âvfbd, M�âvfbd, cgbs qub vaus dgbssf vg`git. È if pgs êtrf dè. Fi ears-jf, vbg ui bd. Fi fxbd, paur taut mbrf. Fxbdâ è d�bitârbfur m�uif m�uif dgiluf dgiluf mgis dgqufddf ai tfitf t fitf fi`arf m�â`rbrf m�â`rbrf gdars gda rs qu�ai if d�fitfim pdus pgrdfr gutaur mf sab mfpubs iackrf m�giiâfs. Ft `�fst gbisb qu�gvf` df tfcps cf vbfit `accf ui dgilglf mf vfitrbdaquf. Jf if mbs pdus uif `easf, cgbs subs tfiu m�gvabr è cf dg ogbrf mbrf gdars qu�fddf c�bliarf ft cf mâdgbssf sur df mfvgit m�uif s`åif mâsfrtâf. Ft dè, mai`, jf c�yy ogbs pgrdfr, c� pgrdfr, sadbdaquf è vbmf, ft taut fi sg`egit gvabr prbs è taut jgcgbs `ailâ mf cg pfrsaiif paur i�êtrf pdus qu�ui vg`gtgbrf.¾ Gdtbtumf zâra, paåtfs, paåtfs, ft`ftfr ft`ftfrgg : `astucfs. `astucfs. (fxtrgbt) Jgvg, Jgvg, `addf`tbai dfs pftbts fssgbs , 722< XDB / ??
JFGI-CG[BF LDFBZF
Df dbvrf mfs `gkgifs (fxtrgbts)
Pgis mgtf Jubddft 725< - gaþt ;870. @accf sb df sauvfibr, sauvfibr, « gitârbfur è dg qufstbai ¾, au df sauvfibr mf dg qufstbai, âtgbt rfcaitâ è dg surog`f mf d‒â`rgi. Wufdquf `easf mf ia`turif au df tgkdfgu iabr (@grgvglf 1), « dg sbcpdf surog`f pdfbif m‒ui vaducf iabr bioibcfit mfisf ¾. Vi râ`bt è pfbif praiai`â, praiai`â, prfsquf prfsquf bigumbkdf, camboâ pgr df tfcps. @aiìu paur râgdbsfr df df `egit. Bd au fddf s‒auvrf. @fttf pergsf mâ`rbt d‒auvfrturf. « Vif ofitf ¾. Cgbs dg mfs`rbptbai fst gttfimrf. Bd y g mfs furs qub s‒auvrfit. Gu cêcf bistgit. Xaur mâ`rbrf bd suot m‒ui sfud cat. Wufd sauvfibr 1 Vi cat qub mâ`rbvgbt d‒gttfitf, au df `accfi`fcfit. Wufdquf `easf s‒auvrf. ‐ Iai, gvgit d‒auvfrturf. Df sau vfibr mf qufdquf `easf gvgit. Df sbdfi`f m‒ui sfud cat, gvgit. Vi bistgit mf jubddft. Vif passbkbdbtâ ia`turif. Fi`arf uif qufstbai fi`arf. @fddf mu pgssglf m‒uif vârbtâ orabmf è d‒bmâf mf d‒fgu. Bd i‒y g fi`arf (jf if pfrìabs) qu‒uif sfudf tg`ef gu oaim mf d‒fgu. @fttf vârbtâ `ai`frif dfs yfux. Xaurtgit fi`arf dg qufstbai fi`arf. Gu`ui sauvfibr gitârbfur è dg qufstbai. Vi jaur mf jubddft. @fdg, XDB / ?<
JFGI-CG[BF LDFBZF
Df dbvrf mfs `gkgifs (fxtrgbts)
« qufdquf `easf mf ia`turif ¾, gvgit.
Df pgssglf m‒uif vârbtâ orabmf è (jf df iaccf) : fi`fr`dfcfit. Vi dbfu qub i‒fst pgs fi`arf. Vif passbkbdbtâ ia`turif. ia`turif. Dfur mfs`rbptbai fi `f dbfu. Ft `fddf m‒ui gutrf sfitbcfit : rbfi (rbfi m‒gutrf gvgit). ]au jaurs bds au fddfs « gksfits è dfur pdg`f ¾. Iai, dg oarêt i‒g jgcgbs âtâ pdus kfddf kfddf.. Gbisb jf i‒gb jgcgbs pu sgvabr (i‒gygit quf sukstbtuâ). Xdusbfurs cats gbisb sukstbtuâs è m‒gutrfs. G ui sfud. « Wufdquf `easf s‒auvrf, qufdquf `easf mf ia`turif ¾. Wufd sauvfibr fi`arf 1 Bd prfimrg dg pdg`f m‒ui gutrf. Bis`rbt paur taujaurs. Gu cêcf bisbis tgit. Mgis sg `eutf, gvgit mf mbspgrgétrf. Wufdquf `easf gdars mf `f tfcps mfvfiu saurm. Xaur fddf, mfvgit cab, tfddf cu sbquf. Jf if sgbs pdus aò. Df tfxtf `ac cfiìgbt pgr ui cat : fitrf. fitrf. Xgssglf. … Gbisb df pgssglf. Jf subs mf d‒gutrf `ýtâ. Aò 1 Xdus tgrm, fitrf dfs krgi`efs, dg oarêt. Gksfitfs, gttfitbvfs, `accf gksfits ft gksfitfs è dfur pdg`f. (Pgis mgtf). @‒fst fddf qub mbt : df jaur sf dåvf. Bd y g, mgis df pgysglf, ui trau. @rfu sâ, jaufs `rfusfs. Df sauvfibr mf `fs jaufs `rfusfs gu cacfit aò df jaur sf dåvf. D‒fgu fst gu oaim. @f qub rfstf mf iabr gu oaim. XDB / ?5
JFGI-CG[BF LDFBZF
Df dbvrf mfs `gkgifs (fxtrgbts)
Jf vabs df jaur fitrf dfs mfux. Jf subs pgs sâ mfvgit ft cgbitfigit dfs tau`ef. Fddfs i‒ait pgs mf vbsglf. G d‒bistgit aò df jaur sf dåvf. G lgu`ef, ui prâ, ft dg kau`ef, df cauvfcfit bicf mf `fs mfux dåvrfs `dasfs. Ft df kraubddgrm. Mbgdaluf : Mf têtf è trgvfrs dg vbtrf, s‒fxfrìgit è d‒g`ubtâ : mâjè, ui sauvfibr. @‒âtgbt dg câcâ cabrf qub `egilfgbt dfs cats. Df tfcps dfs gvgbt foog`âs. ‐ ]u `aiigbs `ft bistgit aò dg râgdbtâ sart mf d‒fgu, râfddfcfit bcprâbcprâ vbsbkdf. Cambâf pgr df tfcps gu oaim mf `fs `uvfs. Cgbitfigit df râ`bt `accfi`f è d‒bitârbfur mu vbsglf. Jf mbs quf dfs yfux vabfit df jaur. jaur. Xaur qu‒bds vabfit. Xaur qu‒bd y gbt df rflgrm. Ft df `arps taut fitbfr. fitbfr. Dfs yfux, dg kau`ef, df vbsglf, dg oarcf mfs grkrfs ft mfs kubssais, cambâs pgr df tfcps è d‒bisd‒bis tgit aò df jaur sf dåvf : dg passbkbdbtâ ia`ia` turif, df `accfi`fcfit m‒ui mbgdaluf : Bccakbdfs fi trgbi mf tackfr. (Pgis mgtf) : `‒fst fddf qub mbt « `fttf cusbquf fst dg cbfiif ¾, « jf dfs vabs, fddfs tackfit ¾, ft : « paur `f `egas qub auvrf dg partf ¾. Mait dg saur`f è d‒bistgit aò mu dbt sf dåvf ui jaur fi `aurgit, mait dfs cgbis sait auvfrtfs, mait dfs pgucfs sait aoofrtfs, `au`eâfs, « è pgrtbr m‒b`b ¾. XDB / ?2
JFGI-CG[BF LDFBZF
Df dbvrf mfs `gkgifs (fxtrgbts)
Jf if subs pdus dg `easf fisfvfdbf. Gu jaurm‒eub, gvf` prâ`bsbai. @ft gildf mrabt è cbmb : vab`b dg rbvbårf, dg _bfiif. « Jf vgbs pdus vbtf quf tab ¾. « Xdus orabmfcfit ¾. _ab`b gvfuldâcfit dg rbvbårf è d‒gildf, mrabt b`b, taut fi kgs. Fi iaus, è pgrtbr m‒b`b. Jfumb. Df `efcbi quf j‒gb qubttâ, gvf` dfs grkrfs. G mfs egutfurs mbooârfitfs. Krgs tfimus è mfs egutfurs mbooârfitfs. Jfumb : `‒fst ui saccfbd m‒grkrf. _ab`b ui `egcp. @accf ui `egcp m‒grkrfs. (Jf if pgr vbfis è mâ`rbrf gu`ui mf sfs lfstfs). Bd sf dåvf. Bd fst mfkaut. Bd taurif trabs oabs gutaur mf `ft grkrf. Bd taurif sfs krgs. Wufd sauvfibr 1 Vif è uif, `acptâfs uif è uif… « Maiiâfs gu `bfd ¾. Vif (fddf g sg praprf câcabrf). Pgis mgtf : bd ofrcf dfs yfux. Df jfu mu kabs sur dub-cêcf gvgit df `addbfr. Df tfcps pgssf m‒grkrf fi grkrf. Mf dg jgckf lgu`ef è dg jgckf mrabtf. Mu tfcps fi`arf. @fdg, d‒ebstabrf mu vbsè-vbs mfs grkrfs. Dg passbkbdbtâ ia`turif. Df pgssglf mu sgil m‒uif jgckf è d‒gutrf. @accf uif vbsbtf fi oarêt . Df sauvfsauvf ibr m‒ui dbfu. Dfs `efvbddfs appasâfs gu `aurgit. Mfkaut, `aitrf dg pfitf.
Ai mbstbiluf dfs âdâcfits mu jfu : dail `accf (ui `gigd), dail `accf (jgckfs ft krgs maiiâs gu `bfd, `efvbddfs `efvbddfs appasâfs gu XDB / <8
JFGI-CG[BF LDFBZF
Df dbvrf mfs `gkgifs (fxtrgbts)
`aurgit ‐ « lgrmgit dg câcabrf mu dbfu ¾, iabr `accf (â`dusf). Ft mfux oabs df cêcf grkrf, cêcf dailufur gu sad, cêcf dai lufur cgbitfigit vfrtb`gd, cêcf (…) Cêcf dailufur cgbitfigit mrabtf. Bd sf dåvf, bd fst mfkaut dfs krgs df dail mu `arps. Df jaur caitf è trgvfrs dfs grkrfs. « @fttf vârbtâ sfisbkdf vfrs dgqufddf iaus gddais ¾. Mbvbsbai, pdbglf, prfssbai mâsarcgbs mgis dg trgjf`tabrf. Bijf`tâf mf pdack. Pbcpdfcfit, `f lfstf mf rftaurifr. PbcPbc pdfcfit, pgr`f quf dg rbvbårf. Mf iubt fi iubt. Jusqu‒è âpubsfcfit mfs iubts. G d‒fivfrs : « @fttf iubt, dg pdus kfddf ¾. Jf cgr`ef. (Iaus cgr`ebais ft `fttf iubt âtgbt dg pdus kfddf). Jusqu‒è âpubsfcfit mfs iubts. Pgis mgtf : `‒fst dub qub â`rbt Dg â`rbt Dg oarêt i‒g jgcgbs âtâ pdus kfddf.
Gbisb, mgis dg câcabrf mu mbgdaluf. Fddfs sf sait dfvâfs fi cêcf tfcps quf cab. Dfs `efvbddfs orabmfs. _ârbâfs. G `aitrf`aurgit. Vi `egit, df `egit qub tf vabt.
XDB / <7
JFGI-CG[BF LDFBZF
Df dbvrf mfs `gkgifs (fxtrgbts)
Dfs mfribårfs mfribårfs pglfs mf `f jaurigd âtgbfit prfsquf prfsquf trgispgrfitfs, trgispgrfitfs, ft sur dg `auvfrturf `auvfrturf mu `gebfr ai pauvgbt dbrf è d‒fi`rf raulf mfux mfs dblifs mf dg câteamf : =. Dfs yfux ofrcâs iaus fitfimais dg cusbquf mf taut (akjf`tbvf), ft 5. Iaus gppfdais uif râvadutbai passbkdf.
XDB / <;
JVP]BI MFDG[FVU
Xrajf`tbdf Dbârgd
XDB / <0
JVP]BI MFDG[FVU
Xrajf`tbdf Dbârgd
Ebstabrf mf dg paâsbf dg`uigbrf mu sbå`df ; gu sbå`df 08. au Xgrtbtbais paur ui paåtf saiarf) ( au
Ai vg rfprfimrf d�gutacgtbquf. @db`-`db`. [gtgtgtgtg. D�gutacgtbquf rfvbfit. Fi oar`f d�gutacgtbquf fi oar`f. D�guta fi oar`f d�guta `db`. [gtgtgtgtg. ìg mâlgbif mf pgrtaut ìg mâkarmf ìg dë`ef mfs sgdvfs mfs kgddfs mfs saurmfs mfs sgdfs mfs sgdvfs mf kgddfs è sgdbvf gutacgtbquf. `db`. ]aiif ]aiif påtf mf pgrtaut rgtgtbiâ pfu rgtgtbiâ rgtgtbiâ cat rgtgtbiâ rgtgtbiâ cart ìg `dgquf. Mfribfr kaudfvfrsfcfit mu caimf gvgit gvgit cbsf è jaur kbc kbc tu tfst tfs cats tu pfu pgs tfst cgilfs tfs cats cgilfs vgs y cgilfs tab mgis df vfit d�gutacgt d�gutacgtbquf bquf kbc mgis d�gbr d�gbr dg paâsbf oautu fi d�gbr d�gbr qub rftackf caddf `�fst `biq furas d�fitrâf `db` `db` rgtgtgtgtg dg saupf dg oauo dg paâsbf mbtf fi d�gbr d�gbr mbs taut mgis d�gbr d�gbr mgis d�fgu d�fgu iayâf fi oar`f d�guta d�guta `rbtbquf `rgcf fi oar`f ìg kuttf mbrf`t d�guta `dgquâ gvf` sfs pftbtfs raufs mf cbsårfs gu pifu qub if sf ogkrbquf pdus quf pgrt pbquft au pdgi sa`bgdf pgyf tai pdgi tai lras pdgi qu�ai t�g kbfi cbs tg rftrgbtf gvgit d�efurf cfr`b fi vaus rfcfr`bgit dg paâsbf fi vaus rfcfr`bgit vfubddfz mbspasfr dg paâsbf vfubddfz mbspasfr fi vaus rfcfr`bgit pgr dg partf sgis partf auvfrtf ft sadbmgbrf gu caimf mf dg oar`f `db` `db` dg oar`f paâsbf vaus rfcfr`bf t�g t�g pgrtb`bpâ `�fst `�fst df prbi`bpgdf rfitrf rfitrf `efz tab fi guta `rbtbquf sâvårf dg paâsbf sedgl sedg l dg pfupfu `�fst `�fst `egum df pifu fst `egum `�fst pdgstbquf pgrtaut pdgstbquf fi trgi`ef df pgbi sf` ft sg cbf mf kuddf `rfusf ft sg `raþtf âpgbssf murf mf tgxgtbai sguvglf ft mf mâkrgbddglf dg paâsbf tf rfcfr`bf mâkrgbddâf dg paâsbf è pabdf tgtauâ sur dg cgbi dg paâsbf è pabits kbc [gtgtgtgtg `�fst d�arlgif qub pgrdf mf cg cgbi j�gb pdus mf vabx `�fst paur dfs saurms dg paâsbf saiarf `�fst paur dfs saurms putgbi dg paâsbf putgbi pgrtaut vudlgbrf vudl gbrf sgdapf mf câmbg `rgvgtf dg paâsbf gvf` fddf tf rfcfr`bf rfcfr`bf vgs y `db` mbspasf tu `db` `db` kaulf pdus `db` sgis `aupurf sgis sbdfi`f taujaurs cë`efr dg paâsbf kau`ef dg pfupfu mgis dg tfutâ qub tgxf trabs oabs tg cgrlf mf sgdgbrf va`gdf è dbkfrtâ ouygit o uygitff mu ra`n [gtgtgtgtg [gtgtgtgtg cudtbpdb`gtbai cudtbpdb`gtbai mfs pgbis mgis tg paâsbf kauc k auc mâlgbif guta `ackustbai sur df tarsf grrg`ef tfs pabds sf` sf ` grrg`ef tg vabx cufttf pdfbif mf sgdvf m�akus m�akus raubddf mf kut rgi`f `rgcf tg sgdbvf è `biq furas tg sgdbvf gu trgvgbd tg dgiluf prada pdus dè qub maiif sai pastf mf putf `aitrf ui tb`nft rfsta fgsy `�fst `�fst ssbssb lras dg paâsbf p aâsbf mgis dfs raufs mgis dfs lfitfs dfs lfitbds l fitbds lfitfs zbzb qub `dgquf sedgl ducbårf sur tg trai`ef kaulf pdus vgs y kaulf dg paâsbf XDB / <=
JVP]BI MFDG[FVU
Xrajf`tbdf Dbârgd
kaulf râpåtf sg `dgquf ìg påtf sg cårf fi è sg `dgquf pgr mfssus df cgr`eâ mf dg paâsbf mu cgr`eâ sgis oaim mfs pgpbfrs sgis fi`rf fi`rf mf pfgu ft vgs y tbrf tab tab mfssus dg paâsbf sf tbrf mfssus vabdg taut `a-`armf `a -`armf gutacgtbquf gutacgtbquf âtglf cabis ca bis mfux dg paâsbf cabis uif trg`f t�fs lrbddâ vgs y `aurt `�fst lrgtas lrgs lrbs ft larlf mf paâsbf praoaimf qub tf rfcfr`bf mu pgssglf mf tg vadaitâ `�fst `�fst sycpg mf tg vadaitâ prfcbårf mf pgrtb`bpfr è dg dg pgrtb`bpgtbai mfs `db` [gtgtgtgt [gtgtgtgtgg fi oar`f mgis tg tg og`f d�guta `rgssf d�guta `rgcf rftauriâf `aitrf dg paâsbf kgrrglf mu kgs mfs kgrrbårfs mfs kgs `egumgssf paâsbf `egumf rf`auvfrtf mf oufd d�gdducabrf d�gdducabrf è dg pdg`f mu lfudabr dg paâsbf pa âsbf tg lufudf l ufudf dg paâsbf pa âsbf saiarf paur dfs saurms df saiarf [gtgtgtgtg [gtgtgtgtg mgis df trgc vas pgpbfr dg ofrcfturf mgis qubizf cbiutfs cfr`b dg paâsbf m�firflbstrfr vas ma`ucfits è dg sartbf krgva cfr`b t�fs t�fs oart ìg kuttf ibquf taut dg caitglif caitgli f ibquf dg caitglif ft sfs traus pgrtaut dg trai`ef mf d�grkrf pgyf sg trai`ef dg paâsbf mf d�grkrf d�grkrf è s`bf qub fi ldgimf pgs uif mf ldgim mf rubifs mf kau`efs è pdfbi pats sur kgimf prfssgitf prfssgitf ìg oubf mf pgrtaut d�gutacg d�gutacgtbquf tbquf mgis dg pa`ef `fbiturf sur df cgi`ef `db` taur mf krgs `dâ mf sad kbc tf oucf dg pfu dg pu dg pa dg pb dg pg dg pg `acprbs dg paâsbf df cat sbdfi`f mfpubs df mâkut `rbf `brf Kbc tbfis t�gpprfimrg è dg paâsbf t�gpprfimrg d�guta tru` `a`a vbi kbs`attf `ruf cë`ef dfs cats tg mbs`bpdbif è cats dg pfu pfu `�fst og`bdf lrgttf vrack `�fst ìg `�fst swgl `�fst `dffi dg paâsbf fgsy guta `db` fi kgimf fi `db` fi pats fi purâf mf pbfms mf vfrs fi lras dg paâsbf mu kgtfgu xf `�fst tru` kbfi `�fst âpubsgit pramubt âpubsâ mu cgr`eâ mfs `ais`bfi`fs pgbi mf pdgstbquf `db` gutacgtbquf gutacgtbquf df lufudabrf lufudabrf tg lufudf gssaccâ g ssaccâ mgis mgis d�gs`fisfur d�gs`fisfur tatgdf paâsbf sa`bgdf tatgdf mu lras l ras pgvâ tata taut taiog dg paâsbf laccf dg paâsbf `alif lbra lbraufttf i� i�gg rbfi g mbrf dg ib`ef pâpårf mu cat mf trap sgis i sgis jgcgbs sgis subtf subf taujaurs `db` rgtgtgtgtg `�fst sgis ogutfs dg paâsbf sgis ogutfs iai oautu iai mf pfu fi d�gbr `db` mgis tai mbfz mu kbzz `�fst d�gssurf fi d�gbr `�fst pgssgit `�fst sgis `fssf stap au cgrlf `dgbr cgrlf è ogbrf ft è mbrf ft è tgbrf ft gttfrrbr putgbi pgrsqu�bd iaus rfstf trbstf kfgu`aup è ogbrf pâtfr dfs ggbrfs gu pdgstbquf `db` gu kaac kgil mfs pftbtfs sadutbais sadutbais prbvâfs mf vbf pukdbquf gu cat pfu pfu g``armâ gu lfis pfu qub pfisf fi`arf qub qub pfisf dg lrassf pfisâ `accuif `accuif qub iaus â`rgsf df lras cgr`eâ kabtfux ft orbgkdf qub cgbitbfis dg lrassf pfisâf kabtfusf `accuif taut ìg gu pdg`grm gu pdgstbquf gu pgbi `db` `db` d�gutacg d�gutacgtbquf tbquf putgbi â`rbrf `�fst `�fst afuvrfr `accf ai rgcgssf mfs cfrmfs `accf ai vb`f mfs kaudai raim pbdaiif mfs XDB / <6
JVP]BI MFDG[FVU
Xrajf`tbdf Dbârgd
pbdaiifs mâkrgi`ef mâkrgi`ef ft rfkrgi`ef cgbitbfis cgbitbfis mbusf pgssf è dg `egéif `egéif è dg cgbi cgbi mbs kaijaur cfr`b gu rfvabr oaimu mgis d�g`bfr dbqubmf mgis df tbssus tbssâ bcprbcâ iauâ fcpgquftâ `acptâ rgilâ pubs rf`acptâ pubs fivayâ pubs trgispartâ pubs cgr`egimâ pubs rfvfimu pubs rf`acptâ pubs gu rfvabr cfr`b mf iaus mbspasfr dfs cats pgrtaut mbspasfit mf iaus dfs mbspasais pgrtaut paur cbfux dfs aukdbfr paur cbfux dfurs ogbrf dg pfgu p fgu `db` dfs [gtgtgtgtg [gtgtgtgtg mf dg cgibårf grtbsgigdf mu pgquft `efdau mu `adbs suspf`t mbs`rft è dg partf mf vas `frtbtumfs cfr`b fi d�gbr taut ìg fi d�gbr è vfibr : [fssg` mf dg paâsbf pa âsbf mgis dfs `aurgits râpâtbtbos cayfis cayfis
orglcfits mbt : -dfs yfux ebstarbqufs mu pgssglf ft mu pgssglf `gr `fttf eucgibtâ pgssglårf ogbt og`f gu sbdfi`f pukdbquf ft df partf sur `f qub è dbfu ft qub iaus cfut cgbs bd y g kbfi pdus d�ebstabrf fst kbfi pdus dailuf cgbs taut fg`â `fttf ebstabrf `fttf pgrtbf mf d�eucgibtâ d�eucgibtâ `fttf pgrtbtbai mu sbdfi`f mfs eaccfs fst taut fg`âf `accf fux dfs `aurkâs s�fg`fit fi pukdbquf dars qu�bd ogut rfprâsfitfr s�fg`f `accf df dail tfxtf sbcpdf ft partfit gbisb d�ebstabrf sbdfi`bfusf mf d�eucgibtâ. d�eucgibtâ. Fddbptbquf. Xdailâ > Dg ducbårf mf d�gukfrlf cft fi s`åif d�grkrf vfrt. Ia`turif fst gdducâf, daurm d�gbr eucbmf, sadbmf, pgdgkrf: sf trgéif. Df pdgtfgu fi mgcbfr mf iayâ rfpasf `aitrf df cur. Mgis uif aks`urbtâ `gdcf ft rf`udâf. Pbrf, jf subs m�ui gutrf pgys. Aò dg vadtblf mu saccfbd, pasturf sgis lrgvbtâ, paursubt iubt fi iubt, df caiadaluf mfs ëcfs, ar`efstrf, mgisf cg`gkrf. Df dgilglf `�fst mf `eabr. @egquf pergsf fst mâ`ackrfs. Vif gs`åsf. Vif gssbsf. Vif `egbsf. Vif vbtrbif. Df org`gs. â`rbrf pgr saustrg`tbai pgr fg`fcfit âdglufr `aupfr supprbcfr mfs cats rf prfimrf akstrufr rfimrf aks`urf `g`efr ýtfr dfs cats pftbt è pftbt râtrâ`br df tfxtf sbcpdbfr au tgpfr sf` fidfvfr if pgs sf saustrgbrf gu cat saustrgbrf df cat fi fidfvfr mbcbiufr vfrs df cabis df iâ`fssgbrf cabis D�fxtbi`tbai D�fxtbi`tbai mu sbdfi`f sb dfi`f D�fxtbi`tbai d�âvb`tb d�âvb`tbai ai Pbdfi`f Pbdfi`f d�âtaufcfit d�âtaufcfit dg mbspgrbtbai mu rftrgbt. XDB /
JVP]BI MFDG[FVU
Xrajf`tbdf Dbârgd
Bd y g uif gutrf oguif gux oraitbårfs mfs fgux sur dg dbcbtf mfs fuvfs ui gutrf `aurgit m�gutrfs uibvfrs caimfs è dg dbcbtf mfs tfrrfs pgr mfssus dfs iayâs taut ui gutrf tfcps gu lrâ mfs `aurgits gu vfit mfs `rufs rbfi mf sfckdgkdf gux egkbtumfs mu caimf sur dg igppf orgé`ef `aurgitf gu pbfm mfs caits, bd y g d�gksfi`f.
Vif lrgimf ebstabrf `accf dg praoaimf ebstabrf mu trau iabr `�fst m�gbddfurs dg pdus dabitgbif mfs ebstabrfs `�fst df pdus âpgbs `rfux qu�bd y fu gvgit gvgit dg i `�fst `�fst df pabit mfs `aivfrlfi`fs `aivfrlfi`fs mfs `aiousbais mf tautf dfs gttfitfs ft cêcf mfs gttfitbais surtaut mf dgtfi`f `�fst df pabit è d�gildf d�gildf mf dg cgbi `�fst `�fst dg kau`ef k au`ef m�gârgt m�gârgtbai bai mf d�Őbd, d�Őbd, pgr aò pgroabs d�ai d�ai `gpturf `gpturf d�gut d�gutrf, rf, d�arfbddf d�arfbddf gu `autfgu è `autfgu tbrâ. XfiXfimgit `f tfcps, mgis df oaim mf dg sgddf ai gttfim taujaurs, saus `au vfrts mgis df oaim mfs têtfs mf taus : è `auvfrt. Pgis `fttf prâ`bsbai gu`ui bimb`f gu`uif cgrlf m�frrfur gu`ui passbkdf. Pgis `ft bimb`f bcprâ`bs - d�fspg`f gutaur. Cgibårf iabrf ducbårf. Mfux bimbvbmus sf `addfit ifz è ifz sf sfitfit. Iaus rfvfiais è `f cacfit prâ`bs sur d�ebstabrf mu `rfux au mu iu fxtrêcf, saus , d�ebstabrf mu mâkut, `fddf mfs dbilfs mâ`ebrâs ft mf dg iuquf, mu kad org`gssâ : df pgssglf gu ofutrf saus dg pgupbårf. -Jf pfux t�arbr cai rflgrm paur quf tu df cgqubddf. Mgis d�d�gppgrgt, d�gparbf, d�gparbf, quf mfs rfkaims mf oaims, mfs kaurmaiifcfits mf `egbrfs, mfs orbssais. Jf pfux ogbrf mai mf cai `arps paur quf tu t�y pfrmf. Dfs â`ucfs mâkarmfit, dfs fgux sâpgrâfs sf dbfit dbfit dfs dgilufs ft dfs sfxfs rf`aiigbssfit rf`aiigbssfit dfs `efcbis, `efcbis, dabi mf d�fspg`f sgis prâ`bsbai, fi`arf gussb dabi mfs jaurs, taut gussb dabi mfs råldfs ft mfs dabs. è tbtrf mf câcabrf, gvgit orglcfitgtbai. È tbtrf mf câcabrf, ui `grift vbmf, fg`â. Biufi`â mfs arlufbds pgssbaiifds, gux rf`abis mfs rufs, mf dg oauluf `egrifddf `aitrf dfs pgrfs-krbsfs mu cgtbi, saus d�gd`ývf mf dg `addâlbgdf, `�fst gddâ`egit, gibcgd, mâsbr è tbrf tfimu, bcpgtbfi`fs. Mgis dg sf`aimf zaif, gu oaim, cgibårf, iabrf ducbårf, gttfitfs. -�u�ai t-bds taus è vaudabr rfssfckdfr è mf vbfbddfs peatalrgpebfs. Bds sait fiogits fiogits ft mâjè iastgdlbqufs. Aò i�gurgbfit bds `aiiu d�fiogi`f qu‒ è trgvfrs mf vbfbddfs peatalrgpebfs. If sait bds quf mfs rfprâsfitgits. �uf rfstf t-bd mf dg `gvfrif. Xaurquab dfs egkbtumfs mfs gi`bfis sait mfvfiu dfs mfvabrs mfs iauvfgux. �uf `�fst `�fst bd pgssâ. �ub �u b g kbfi pu fg`fr dfs `aitau ` aitaurs rs mf `f `arps. Dfs saustbtrfs sf paursubvfit cgbs d�bcglf è mbspgruf. [fstf qufdqufs pra pasbtbais sackrfs ft dfitfs, dg tfitgtbvf tfitgtbvf m�ui m�ui dgilglf, dgilgl f, ui mbspasbtbo bi`fimbgbrf. XDB / <<
JVP]BI MFDG[FVU
Xrajf`tbdf Dbârgd
Pur dg mbspgrbtbai mu tfxtf Pur dg sukdbcgtbai mu cat pfu
caia`armf.
earbzaitgdf. earbzaitgdf.
mf mâogbtfs è `âdâkrfrsbdfi`bfux, bcprâ`bs, bcprâ`bs,
Dg peatalrgpebf caitrf uif tgkdf sur dgqufddf ai rfcgrquf mfs vêtfcfits tfcfits iabrs mfs lrgbifs lrgbifs ui pbstadft è `addf mfs kabtfs fi pdgstbqufs sgis `auvfr`dfs `auvfr`dfs mfs sg`s mf lrgbifs, l rgbifs, mu kabs Xrâ`bpb`f
Au mâtg`efcfit Au prfsqu J� J �gb cbs cfs mfux cgbis cgbis fi kad. Xubs jf subs subs gddâ `ufbddbr `fttf fgu dè. J� J �gb gpprbs gpprbs pgr `afur. `afur. è dg paursubtf paursubtf mu mu tfcps. tfcps. J�gb rfi`aitrâ. rfi`aitrâ. J �gb rftfiuf. J�gb partâ `fit vbsglfs ft df cêcf `afur. Ogbt `fit pgs tauriâ gutaur taut gutgit. Df cêcf `afur. Ft uif ogtbluf xf. D�aks`urbtâ m�â`rb m�â`rbrf rf â`rbrf â`rbrf `�fst `�fst aks`urf. aks`urf. D�apg` D�apg`btâ btâ mf d�êtrf. d�êtrf. J�gb J�gb ogbs df cur. cur. Og`f Og`f gux ducbårfs mâ`gmfitfs. mâ`gm fitfs. J� J �gb pfrìu d�aks`urbtâ d�aks`urbtâ mfs tfcps. Df dfurrfs df urrfs mf taut `f qub s`bitbddf. -Cfttrf df fu gux gux rgcpfs. _abdg _abdg taut.
rglcfit mf cgsqufs. (]autf (]autf dfs dfs pracfssfs pracfssfs brrâsadu brrâsadufs) fs) - Orglcfit Iabr`br
(jusqu�è dg ducbårf) XDB / <5
GIAIRCFP
@arrfspaimgi`fs
XDB / <2
GIAIRCFP
@arrfspaimgi`fs
XDB / 58
GIAIRCFP
@arrfspaimgi`fs
XDB / 57
GIAIRCFP
@arrfspaimgi`fs
XDB / 5;
GIAIRCFP
@arrfspaimgi`fs
XDB / 50
CG[B CG[BIF IF DÂ_ÊWV F
Pgis tbtrfs ( gqugtbitf)
XDB XDB//5=7
CG[B CG[BIF IF DÂ_ÊWV F
Pgis tbtrfs ( gqugtbitf)
XDB / 56
CG[B CG[BIF IF DÂ_ÊWV F
Pgis tbtrfs ( gqugtbitf)
XDB / 5?
XDB / 5<
JVP]BI MFDG[FVU
mâtbtrfr
XDB / 55
BIMFU / KBAL[GXEBFP
@EG[DFP XFIIF�VBI fst iâ fi 72?6 è `gckrgb, paåtf ogbs mfs paåcfs sbcpdbâs au stgimgrms mfs paåcfs mâdgkrâs ft mfs bcpravbsgtbais gu mb`tgpeaif câlgpeaif ft mfs vbmâas è d�grrg`ef mgis dfs trgbis mfs df`turfs df dail mfs gutarautfs trgvgbddfur mf dubcêcf è trgvfrs dg pgradf mf d�gutrf bd sf mbt â`autfur mf sg praprf cart mait bd i�g pdus mf iauvfddfs mfpubs dg igbssgi`f. CGEBFV [FCKDBI, Mrabt mf ldgiglf , 7 gaþt ;870. Pupfrcgr`eâ V, ruf mu = sfptfckrf, Grdfs (O[). Bcprfssbai Bcprfssbai gu trg`fur trg`fur sur guta`addgit, `uttfr. `uttfr. 088 x 768 `c. Cgtebfu ]rfckdbi ]rfckdbi fst iâ gu Cgis fi 7258, bd vbt ft trgvgbddf è [fiifs ft Grdfs, Bd oarcf gvf` Mgvbm [figudt df mua dfs Orårfs [bpaudgbi. Bd fst cfckrf mu `addf`tbo mf peatalrgpefs KBX. Cgtebfu ]rfckdbi cft fi Őuvrf mfs mbspasbtbos m�bitfrvfitbais lrg pebqufs ft s�bispbrf s�bispbrf mfs prgtbqufs ft fxprfssbais fxprfssbais giaiycfs, gutaiacfs ft spaitgiâfs mgis d�fspg`f urkgbi paur qufstbaiifr dfs syståcfs mf dâlbsdgtbai, mf rfprâsfitgtbai ft mf syckadbsgtbai mf dg vbddf.
trgvgbddf fssfitbfddfcfit fssfitbfddfcfit gvf` dg peatalrgpebf, ebs GDGBI ODFBL fst ui pdgstb`bfi qub trgvgbddf tarbfi ft `rbtbquf `rbtbquf m�grt, â`rbvgbi â`rbvgbi ft `addf`tbaiifu `ad df`tbaiifurr iâ fi 72=; ft mâ`âmâ df 7< mâ`fckrf mâ `fckrf ;87;. Bd pgrtb`bpf è dg oaimgtbai mu OEG[ (Orait Eacasfxufd m�G`tbai [âvadutbaiigbrf) ft `râf fi 72<0 df Lraupf 6, auvfrtfcfit m�bispbrgtbai sbtugtbaiibstf. Bd pukdbf uif rfvuf : Df Odâgu Pa`bgd, jusqu�fi 72<6. È pgrtbr mf 725; fisfblif è d�Vibvfrsbtâ mf Xgrbs _BBB pubs è d�Â`adf mf d�Bcglf mf Xabtbfrs-Gilaudêcf ft fii è d�Â`adf supârbfurf mfs Kfgux-Grts m�Gilfrs. Bd fst d�gutfur mf lrgimfs `acpasbtbais peatalrgpebqufs râgdbsâfs è pgrtbr mf peatalrgpebfs peatal rgpebfs bistgitgiâfs. bistgitgiâfs. @� @ �fst ui mfs prfcbfrs gygit gmgptâ, mgis dfs giiâfs 72<8, dfs rf`efr`efs fi peatalrgpebf fxpârbcfitgdf è dg rfprâsfitgtbai mu mâsbr eacaâratbquf pgr dg câtgpearf mf d�bcglf : peatalrgpebfs trås glrgimbfs gi mf vgdarbsfr dg trgcf, jfux mf cbsf fi gkécf, gssfckdglfs mf padgrabms pubs pdus tgrm m�Fntg`eracf, padyptyqufs. Pfs Őuvrfs, qub prapasfit gussb uif râfxbai sur dg cbsf fi bcglf mf iatrf caimf, taurifit tautfs gutaur mfs iatbais mf pudsbai s`apbquf. Xgrgddådfcfit Xgrgddådfcfit è sai trgvgbd trgvgbd mf rf`efr`ef peatalrgpebquf, bd râgdbsf pdusbfurs g`tbais mf ruf dbâfs è sg râfxbai sa`bapadbtbquf. Fi 7257, pgrtb`bpf è dg `râgtbai mfs @gebfrs mf dg Xeatalrgpebf gvf` Lbddfs Carg, Kfrigrm Xdassu, Grigum @dggss, @dgumf Iarb… Fi 725= è dg rfvuf mfs Grts gvf` Kfizgnbi, Jgqufs Oad, Rgiib`n Cbdeau. Bd fst d�gutfur m�uif qubizgbif m�auvrglfs tgit mf rf`efr`ef ebstarbquf quf mf râfxbai sur dg peatalrgpebf gbisb quf mf iackrfux grtb`dfs ft tfxtfs mf `gtgdal `gtgdalufs. ufs. -Iaus pukdbais df tfxtf biâmbt Fx-vata fi mfux pgrtbfs, dg pra`egbif pgrtbf mgis df pra`egbi iucâra iucâra mf XDB. XDB / 52
BIMFU / KBAL[GXEBFP
IB@ADGP MGVKGIFP, MGVKGIFP, Xrbsai mf Cgtgra. Cgtgra. Orattglfs gu lrgpebtf sur pgpbfr, râgdbsâs sur dfs curs mf dg prbsai «sfcb-pgiaptbquf¾ mf Cgtgra (Fspglif). Xrbsai bcglbiâf pgr d�gr`ebtf`tf d�gr`ebtf`tf Fdbfs [alfit, [ alfit, `aistrubtf fi 7567, bigulurâf fi 75?0 ft cbsf ears sfr vb`f fi fi 7226, fddf g iatgccfit iatgccfit âtâ utbdbsâf pgr Orgi`a Orgi`a paur d�fiofr d�fiofrcfcfit cfcfit mf sfs appasgits. bioas : www.ib`adgsmgukgifs.`ac www.ib`adgsmgukgifs.`ac FBFIIF JFGI CAIIBF[ fst â`rbvgbi bd fst iâ gu Cgis fi 7250. -Iaus `eabsbssais mf pukdbfr mgis XDB qufdqufs fxtrgbts mu Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs. D�â`rbturf mf `f tfxtf è mâ-kutâf pgr ui dbvrf mâ`ebrâ. Bd Bd s� s�glbssgbt m� m�fi ibr gvf` dg dbttârgtu dbttârgturf. rf. Bd y g mgis df Dbvrf mfs Pubtfs Pubtfs uif fxpârbfi`f fxpârbf i`f qub iaus fst `accuif, `accuif, `fddf mu sbdfi`f ft mf dg d g pguvrftâ.
fisfbl igit. Bd fisfblif è d�â`adf d�â`adf supârbfurf sup ârbfurf mfs KfguxMG_BM MG_BM DBGVMF D BGVMF fst grtbstf ft fisfbligit. grts mu Cgis. fst iâ fi 7255, bd fst pfbitrf ft â`rbvgbi. JA@FDRI JA@FDRI LGPIBF[ fst GDFUBP JVMB@, Akdbvbai, mfssbi iucârbquf. Gdfxbs Jumb` fst iâ fi 7250 è Pgbit Igzgbrf fi Orgi`f. Bd vbt ft trgvgbddf è Igitfs. -Fi gr`eâa-giterapadaluf mfs « oarcfs pfrmufs ¾, cai trgvgbd trgvgbd rf`aistbtuf rf`aistbtuf mfs s`udpturfs s`udpturfs iâfs m� m�gr`ebtf`turfs gr`ebtf`turfs ft mf oarcfs oarcfs utauta pbqufs guxqufddfs jf rfmaiif câcabrf ft cgtârbgdbtâ. cgtârbgdbtâ. G trgvfrs mfs vayglfs râfds ft vbrtufds cai trgvgbd fxpdarf dfs bivfitbais sbiludbårfs `aitfcpargbifs au dabitgbifs `rââfs pgr d�Eaccf. d�Eaccf. _bddfs ft vbddglfs gkgimaiiâs gygit sfrvb è mfs fxpârbcfitgt fxpârbcfitgtbais bais cbdbtgbrfs, `accuigutâs `accuigutâs ebppbfs gygit vâ`u è dg i mfs giiâfs ?8 mfs fxpârbfi`fs utapbqufs utapbqufs ft grtbstbqufs, `aibts gr`ebtf`turgux ft fisfckdfs pgvbddaiigbrfs sait cfs prbi`bpgux sujfts ft df pabit mf mâpgrt mf cfs pramu`tbais. Gprås gvabr mâ`fdâ `fs gr`ebtf`turfs ft gutrfs dbfux, j�apårf ui trgvgbd mf rf`aistbtutbai, lâiârgdfcfit utbdbsâ mgis uif pfrs pf`tbvf ebstarbquf, s`bfitbquf au giterapadalbquf. G d�â`efddf d�â`efddf s`udpturgdf, dg rf`aistbtutbai tbtutbai cf pfrcft p frcft pgr ui pgrtb prbs mbmg`tbquf, mf ogbrf og brf mâ`auvrbr dg caiucfitgdbtâ caiucfitgdbtâ ft d�bivfitbvbtâ m�uif gr`ebtf`turf mbspgruf, df câ`gibscf m�uif tf`eibquf aksadåtf au dfs prgtbqufs m� m�uif `bvbdbsgtbai `bvbdbsgtbai dabitgbif. dabitgbif. bioas : www.gdfxbsjumb`.`ac www.gdfxbsjumb`.`ac
XDB / 28
BIMFU / KBAL[GXEBFP
giiâfs. Bd vbt qufdquf pgrt ft gbdg bdLGFGI LGFGI DFAI D FAI fst iâ mf ìg qufdqufs ft iackrfusfs giiâfs. dfurs, au b`b. Dè-kgs, dè, dè , ft gu-mfdè mf (« vabr `b-mfssus ¾)... È pgr`auru, pgr`aurs mbvfrs `efcbis fitrfcêdâs, fitrfcêdâs, fi mbârfits mbârfits pgysglfs, fspg`fs âlrfigit jfux ft qufstbaiifcfit qufstbaiifcfits>s> cbsfs fi oarcfs. �uf mbrf b`b m�uif `frtgbif lgccf mf teåcfs mf rf`efr`efs qugim bd s�gl s�glbt, bt, fst qufstbai mf « rgppart gu caimf, caim f, è d�gutrf d�gutrf ¾, mf vbf Qmu vbvgitQ vbvgitQ oarcfs gux prbsfs gvf` d�fxbstfi`f d�fxbstfi`f Q d‒ « fx-¾Q(dbfu, fx-¾Q(dbfu, au pasbtbai p asbtbai è pgrtbr muqufd...) ]aut ]aut fst ggbrf mf tfcps-fspg`f, prgxbs ft « gttbtumf gttbtumf ¾ . JFGI-CG[BF JFGI-CG[ BF LDFBZF fst â`rbvgbi> bd fst iâ è Xgrbs, gux ]aurifddfs, mgis df qugrtbfr mu Cgrgbs fitrf Kgstbddf ft Pgbit Xgud. Bd fst gussb Xraofssfur âcârbtf è d�F`adf iarcgdf supârbfurf mf Dyai aò bd g mbrblâ df @fitrf m�Ftumfs Xaâtbqufs murgit mbx giiâfs (7222-;882). Bd g `aiìu `f dgkargtabrf `accf uif « `accuigutâ ¾ mf rf`efr`ef ft mf `râgtbai. Bd trgvgbddf (gvf` m�gutrfs) è d�âcfrlfi`f m�uif â`rbturf akjf`tbvf. Bd s�fst cgrbâ fi ]uibsbf, g vâ`u è @grteglf ft g fisfbliâ è d�Vibvfrsbtâ mf ]uibs. Bd g âlgdfcfit fisfbliâ gux Ftgts-Vibs (mgis dg oarêt mu _frcait) ft fi @ebif bitârbfurf, è \uegi. Bd g kfgu`aup tauriâ gutaur mu trau mf Dâcgi, df dg`. Mås qu�bd fi g dg passbkbdbtâ, bd rftaurif fi @ebif, è Ub�gi Ub�gi ft è Xânbi. Au è ]grig`, ]grig`, qub fst df vbddglf vbddgl f mf sai fiogi`f. Bd trgvgbddf è d�fxtâiugtbai ft gu mâpgssfcfit mu lfirf paâsbf. Bd `rabt pauvabr pgrdfr mf « past-paâsbf ¾. Bd fi`aurglf tautf bibtbgtbvf fi `f sfis. Bd g dailtfcps ma`ucfitâ sfs mâpdg`fcfits mgis d�fspg`f d�fspg`f è d�gbmf d�gbmf mu Xadgraám. Bd gbcf dg cusbquf grgkf, df iabr, dg pdubf. Bd s�bitârfssf gux armrfs cfimbgits. Bd if vg pgs gu teâëtrf. Bd g oaimâ dg rfvuf G`bm(f) gvf` Cb`efd @razgtbfr Xubs dg rfvuf Ibaqufs mait bd fst taujaurs rfspaisgkdf. Bd `rabt quf d�gmjf`tbo « dbttârgd ¾ ft d�gmjf`tbo « `accuibstf ¾ mabvfit gvabr ui sfis. Bd trgvgbddf (gvf` m�gutrfs) è df `efr`efr.Bd g pukdbâ mgis mf iackrfusfs rfvufs mait D�bi Xdgia, ZVN, ]grtbif, Gxadatd au ]]@. Bd g oaimâ dg `fddudf Cgx Ptbrifr è Pblai`f (Gdpfs mf egutf Xravfi`f), gvf` Cb`efd @razgtbfr ft Xgtrb`n Pgbitai (« mfgmdy warnfrs ¾). Bd mbt qu�bd g cgilâ ui pabssai mf saur`f ft qu�bd ogut `aistrubrf mfs `gkgifs. Bd mbt qu�bd vg vfrs ui grkrf ft qu�bd rfvbfit. Au qu�bd mfvbfit.
Kbkdbalrgpebf sâdf`tbvf : Xaâsbf Xaâsbf ft lurgtbai lurgtbai, Pfubd, 7250, Pbcpdb`gtbai dyrbquf, Pflefrs, 725<, Orgi`bs Orgi`bs Xailf Xailf, Pfubd, 7255, Dâcgi, Pfubd, 7228, G iabr , Pfubd, 722;, Df Xrbi`bpf mf iumbtâ bitâlrgdf bitâlrgdf , Pfubd, 7226, Dfs @ebfis iabrs mf dg prasf, Pfubd, 7222, Iai Iai, Gd Mgitf 7222, Iâai Iâai, Pfubd, ;88=, Obdc è vfibr , Pfubd ;88<, Partbfs, �ufstbais ]âarbqufs ;882, ]grig`, ui g`tf prâpgrgtabrf, Pfubd ;877. G pgrgétrf : Df Dbvrf mfs `gkgifs. `gkgifs. XDB / 28
BIMFU / KBAL[GXEBFP
Xrbi`fssf, tbrglf peatalrgpebquf, peatal rgpebquf, mâkrbs mbvfrs, pgpbfr pfbit, styCGIVFD GIVFD PGD PG D_G, Xrbi`fssf, ramur, ramur, (76x76x;6) ;877-;87;, fxpasbtbai Vkbquf, lgdfrbf l gdfrbf Lbddg Dafr`efr Da fr`efr,, Kfrdbi. Mfpubs dg i mfs giiâfs giiâfs 28, Cgiufd Cgiufd Pgdvgt prapasf prapasf uif bmâf mf dg vbddf `accf arlgibscf pradboârgit. Bd fi mâsblif `egquf âdâcfit, `egquf `fddudf, qu�bd glfi`f, `accf mgis ui jfu mf `aistru`tbai mait ai arlgibsf dfs pbå`fs gvf` dfs eâsbtgtbais ft dfs `frtbtumfs mf d�bcpravbsgtbai. Fitrf dfs curs mfs dbfux m�fxpasbtbai m�fxpasbtbai,, bd bistgddf -au dgbssf s�bistgddfr- taut ui uibvfrs urkgbi, uif cudtbtumf m�bccfukdfs râmubts pgr dg peatalrgpebf -cgqufttfs bivfrsâfs- cbibgturbsâs `accf paur dfs `aitrgbimrf è rfitrfr mgis `ft uibquf `aitfigit. G `fs rf`aistru`tbais fcpruitâfs gu râfd, bd gmjabit mfs âdâcfits âva`gtfurs m�gr`ebtf`tur m�gr`ebtf`turf, f, gssfckdglfs, g ssfckdglfs, caudglfs, caudgl fs, akjfts trauvâs trauvâs : Cfukdfs-bccfukdfs, Cfukdfs-bccfukdfs, akjfts eykrbmfs mf rfprâsfitgtbais m�bccfukdfs ft mf cakbdbfr m�bitârbfur, Gildfs, Bccfukdfs pramu`tfurs, ft dfurs prâ`bfusfs mâjf`tbais sait gutgit gutgit mf jfux gvf` dg oarcf ft d�gitb-oarcf. d�gitb-oarcf. �u�fddfs �u�fddfs sabfit ogkrbquâfs, pgroabs pgroab s mf ogìai sapebstbquâf, sapebstbqu âf, au kbfi rgcgssâfs, sartbfs m�ui qufd`aiquf rfkut, bd `aisbmårf ft `aisfrvf dfs pbå`fs qub sfrvbrait è sfs grrgilfcfits gvf` ui rflgrm mf `addf`tbaiifur, qu�bd gkgimaiifrg tautfoabs gu cacfit mf dbvrfr d�bistgddgtbai d�bistgddgtbai gu spf`tgtfur. @aioraitâs sgis ebârgr`ebf, bccfukdfs ft akjfts -pfu bmfitbgkdfs- `aitrbkufit è apârfr ui kraubddglf mfs oraitbårfs, ui jfu sfisbtbo ft cfitgd m�gddfr-rftaur fitrf bitârbfur ft fxtârbfur, fspg`f bitbcf ft fspg`f pukdb`. Fi ;885, paur sai bistgddgtbai bistgddgtbai Xgysglf m�gildf m�gildf gvf` Oaufttfrbf Oaufttfrbf è dg Lgdfrbf PCX rfprbsf è Kfrdbi d�giiâf subvgitf, bd ogbt `dgbrfcfit râoârfi`f è Xebdbp N. Mb`n fi cgtârbgdbsgit cgtârbgdbsg it d�Fmb d�Fmb`f `f mu racgi G Cgzf Ao Mfgte (Gu kaut mu dgkyrbitef). Mf pdus fi pdus, Cgiufd Pgdvgt sfckdf bitfrralfr bitfrralfr dg suppasâf sadbmbtâ sadbm btâ mu râfd ft fi rgcgssfr dfs râsbmus gprås frbtfcfit. frbtfcfit. Gilådf Gssbg, ;878 dbialrgvurfs. «... Df `aup vbfit m�êtrf tbrâ. Dg CG[@ K[VIBF[ CFPGP, ifu dbialrgvurfs. lurf, df trgbt orgi` ft bi`bsbo mf Cgr` Kruibfr-Cfstgs âvaqufit d�grt mfs lrgims cgétrfs, mf [fckrgimt ft Môrfr jusqu�gux vblifttfs fxprfssbaiibstfs. D�uibvfrs, dub, mfssbif mfs earbzais pdus bi`frtgbis. Gu `fitrf mf taut, d�eucgbi. @f qu�bd fst, `f qu�bd trgisoarcf. Df oau, df caistrf, dg igturf, dg vbddf, dg cg`ebif, d�gibcgd. Df dbialrgvfur pra`åmf pgr gssfckdglf, ui car`fgu m�eaccf, ui kaut mf kêtf, ui taur m�â`rau. m�â`rau. Paurbr Pa urbrff gux dåvrfs, df lrgim câ`egit daup sf ldbssf mgis d�Ebstabrf mf d�Grt. Xgrtaut, d�eykrbmf, df mbarcf, d�bi`ailru...¾. Ugvbfr Ogyfr
XDB / 27
BIMFU / KBAL[GXEBFP
GIAIRCFP, `arrfspaimgi`fs. Iaus gvais `eabsb mf pukdbfr b`b qufdqufs trg`fs mf `f qu�bd rfstf mu lfstf bilâibfux m�ui gussgbrf mf tbckrfs. @arrfspaimgi`fs ft lrgtubtâ, afuvrfs cbibgturfs. M�gutrfs âdâcfits mf `fttf `addf`tbai pgrgétrais mgis df pra`egbi iucâra mf XDB.
CG[BIF DÂ_Ê�VF fst iâf fi 725<, fddf fst grtbstf ft fisfbligitf. Fddf prgtbquf dg peatalrgpebf ft d�fstgcpf. d�fstgcpf. Iaus pukdbais b`b trabs gqugtbitf gqugtbitf râgdbsâfs fitrf fitrf ;882 ft ;878. JVPBI MFDG[FVU fst grtbstf ft â`rbvgbi, bd fst iâ fi 725<. Bd fst gussb df oaimgtfur mf dg rfvuf XDB. bioas : www.justb www.justbimfdgrfux.or imfdgrfux.or
XDB fst uif vuf au rfssfckdf è uif rfvuf au fst ui fspg`f qub prfim dg oarcf m�ui dbvrf (sf mâlubsgit `accf), gux `rfux, `accf tfitgtbvf. XDB fxbstf lrë`f ft gvf` taus `fux qub ait sauegbtâ rf`fvabr `fttf rfvuf. Dfs rgbsais qub iaus ait paussâfs è `râfr `ft fimrabt sait gussb df cgiquf m�fspg`f ft dg tfitgtbvf mf cfttrf fi dbfi mbârfits lraupfs mf pfisfr . XDB fst fi prajf`tbdf dbttârgd au paur dbttârgd au dfs duttfs bisurrf`tbaiifddfs bisurrf`tbaiifddfs. Iaus iaus fiiuyais mfs pgrutbais `y`dbqufs ft râpâtâs, `aioartgkdfs ft rgssurgitfs, iaus prapasais if rbfi prâvabr ft ft if rbfi rfvfitfitgtbvf `gr if paurrg jgcgbs êtrf fitbårfcfi fitbårfcfitt mbqufr . XDB sf sfit pra`ef mf dg tfitgtbvf gkautb, mf d�â`ef`, d�â`ef`, `gr iaus if lgliais lg liais rbfi, è quab kai k ai jaufr fi`arf, qugim iaus if ogbsais quf `udtbvfr iatrf fi-iub. Iaus rfcfr`bais `fux qub ait `aitrbkuâ lâiârfusfcfit è dg rfvuf.
Pb pfu iaus g âtâ trgiscbs, `�fi paurrgbt êtrf uif `egi`f ]bqqui
XDB / 2;
Df iucâra 87 mf dg rfvuf Xdb g âtâ tbrâ mgis ui prfcbfr tfcps è 08 fxfcpdgbrfs, fxfcpdgbrfs, pgpbfr 28l, 28l , `auvfrturf 088l, 088l , mas `grrâ `addâ, fi a`takrf ;870. Dg rfvuf g âtâ râbcprbcâf trabs trabs oabs. Ait âtâ mbstrbkuâs 28 fxfcpdgbrfs gu tatgd, sgis sukvfitbai, sur df camf apârgtabrf mu prâ-g`egt au mu mai. Dfs `auvfrturfs sait ogbtfs è dg cgbi. Âtgbt gjautâ mgis `egquf fxfcpdgbrf ui mfssbi arblb Justbi Mfdgrfux. igd râgdbsâ pgr Justbi @f iucâra fst gr`ebvâ mgis dg kbkdbateåquf mu @fitrf Bitfrigtbaigd mf dg Xaâsbf è Cgrsfbddf.
@fttf fi
iatf g âtâ mâ`fckrf
â`rbtf ;87=.
Q `aistru`tbai `aistru`tbai / dbgbsai :
justbi.mfdgrfuxHlcgbd.`ac justbi.mfdgrfuxHlcgbd.`ac