PHAR 3 LEC CHAPTER 13 PHAR 6 LEC CHAPTER 25

CHAPTER 13: SOLUTIONS Solutions 



physiochemical: pepae! "om any com#ination o" a soli!$ li%ui!$ an! &as' phamaceutical: phamaceutical: li%ui! pepaations that contain one o"  moe chemical su#stances !issol(e! in a suita#le sol(ent o mi)tue o" mutually misci#le sol(ents'

 Types  Types o" Homo&eneous Homo&eneous Solutions: Solutions: Soli! Solution * sol(ent is soli!'   

Soli! in soli!: Cu + &ol! , 1.aat &ol! Li%ui! in soli!: H& in A& , amal&am /as in soli!: Ai !issol(e! in soap , 0oatin& soap

Li%ui! Solution * sol(ent is li%ui!'   

Soli! in li%ui!: salt in ate Li%ui! in li%ui!: Alcohol an! ate /as in li%ui!: ca#onate! #e(ea&es

/as Solution * sol(ent is &as'   

Soli! in &as: sul"u in ai Li%ui! in &as: (apo in ai /as in &as: o)y&enate! ai

Spiits * solutions o" aomatic mateials in alcoholic sol(ent' Aomatic 2ates * solutions o" aomatic mateials in a%ueous sol(ent'  Tinctues4lui!e)t  Tinctues4lui!e)tacts acts * solutions solutions pepae! #y e)tactin& acti(e constituents "om cu!e !u&s' In5ections * solutions pepae! to #e steile an! pyo&en6"ee an! inten!e! "o paenteal paenteal a!ministation' a!ministation' 4actos a7ectin& solu#ility:      

 Tempeatu  Tempeatue e Physical popeties o" solute an! sol(ent Pessue pH o" the solution State o" su#!i(ision o" the solute Physical a&itation

Relati(e tems in solu#ility: 8ey Solu#le 4eely Solu#le Solu#le Spain&ly So Solu#le Sli&htly Solu#le 8ey Sli&htly Solu#le Pactically Insolu#leInsolu#l e

91 1 * 1 1 * 3 3 * 1 1 * 1 1 * 1 ;1

Ino&anic
2ate6solu#le 

Eli)is * seetene! hy!oalcoholic solutions' 

=oth cation an! anion o" an ionic compoun! ae mono(alent' One o" to ions in an ionic compoun! is mono(alent'

     

Common salts o" al.ali metals' Ammonium an! %uatenay ammonium salts' Nitates$ nitites$ acetates$ chloates$ an! lactates' Sul"ates$ sul>tes$ an! thiosul"ates' Chloi!es$ #omi!es$ an! io!i!es' Aci! salts

Poo ate6solu#le    

=oth cation an! anion ae multi(alent' Hy!o)i!es an! o)i!es' Sul>!es' Phosphates$ ca#onates$ silicates$ #oates$ an! hypochloites'

O&anic


 

(e ca#ons'
Sol(ents use! "o li%ui! pepaations: Alcohol$ USP$ Ethyl Alcohol$ Ethanol ?CH3CH-OH@  

Pimay sol(ent "o many o&anic compoun!s' B' to D' (( ethyl alcohol at 1'D oC'

Fehy!ate! Alcohol$ USP   

A#solute alcohol ' (( ethyl alcohol Use! hen ate6"ee alcohol is !esie!'

Filute! Alcohol$ N4 

=y mi)in& Alcohol$ USP a! Pui>e! 2ate$ USP'

Ru##in& Alcohol  

G (( ethyl alcohol 3 consistin& o" ate$ !enatuants ith o ithout a!!iti(es an! pe"ume oils$ an! sta#ilies'

/lycein$ USP$ /lyceol ?CH-OH'CHOH'CH -OH@   

Clea syupy li%ui! ith a seet taste'
Isopopyl Ru##in& Alcohol  

A#out G (( isopopyl isopopyl alcohol 3 consistin& o" ate ith o ithout a!!iti(es$ sta#ilies$ sta#ilies$ an! pe"ume oils'

Popylene /lycol$ USP CH3CH?OH@CH-OH@J  


Polyethylene Polyethylene /lycol B




Chloo"om 

)e! an! (olatile oils'

Acetone 


Pui>e! 2ate$ USP$ H -O 

O#taine! #y !istillation$ ion e)chan&e teatment$ e(ese osmosis$ o othe suita#le pocess'

Fistillation
4ist potion o" !istillate an! last potion ?1@ o" the !istillate must #e !isca!e!'

Ion E)chan&e
Keolite pocess o" so"tenin& ate' Hi&h mineal content' Keolite: catalyst' 2ate passes thou&h a column o" cation an! anion e)chan&es CationsAci! e)chan&es: pemit e)chan&e o" cations in solution' Anions=ase e)chan&e esins: pemit emo(al o" anions'

Re(ese Osmosis  

Coss60oTan&ential Coss60oTan&ential 0o' 0o'  Tanspot  Tanspot o" sol(ent thou&h thou&h a semipemea#le semipemea#le mem#ane'

    

Pemeate: >ltee! potion' ltation: ltation: '16'- mcm ?#acteia@' Ulta>ltation: Ulta>ltation: '16'1 mcm ?(ius@'  Nano>ltation: '16'1 mcm ?o&anic compoun!s@' Re(ese Re(ese osmosis: 9'1 mcm'

Chaacteistics o" 2ate:   

 Tasteless'  Tasteless' 4ee!om "om iitatin& %ualities' Lac. o" phamacolo&ic acti(ity'

Fisa!(anta&es o" ate:  



4a(oa#le me!ium "o many chemical eactions' Suppot &oth o" micoo&anisms hen contaminate!' In pue "om a!! cost to po!uction'

Pepaations o" Solutions: Simple Solution 

=y !issol(in& the solute in sol(ent'

Solution #y Chemical Reaction 

=y eactin& - o moe solutes ith each othe in a suita#le sol(ent'

Solution #y E)taction 

8e&eta#le o animal oi&in ae o"ten e)tacte! in a suita#le sol(ent'

E)pessin& sten&ths o" phamaceutical pepaations: Pecent ei&ht in (olume ? (@ 

/ams o" constituent in 1 mL o" pepaation'

Pecent Pecent (olume in (olume ? ((@ 


Pecent ei&ht in ei&ht ? @ 

/ams o" constituent in 1 & o"  pepaation'

Ratio o" sten&th to ei&ht in (olume ?6:6 (@ 

/ams o" constituent in state! millilites o" pepaation'

Ratio o" sten&th to (olume in (olume ?6:6 ((@ 


Ratio o" sten&th to ei&ht in ei&ht ?6:6 @

Antipsychotics

Antieto(ial =oncho!ilato Cathatic

Coticosteoi! Fementia Fental Caies Potectant Electolyte Replenishe 4ecal So"tene Hematinic Histamine HAnta&onist Immunosuppessa nt Opioi! A&onist Anal&esic 8itamin F

/ams o" constituent in state! num#e o" &ams o" pepaation'



E)amples o" Oal Solutions #y Cate&oy:

Antinauseant Antipeistaltic

Escitalopam o)alate 4luo)etine HCl Notiptyline Notiptyline HCl On!anseton HCl Fipheno)ylate

Cyclospoine
One ee ate is use! as ma5o in&e!ient'

Aomatic 2ates 

Anti!epessants

Potassium chloi!e Focusate so!ium 4eous sul"ate Cimeti!ine HCl

A%ueous Solutions 



HCl$ atopine sul"ate Halopei!ol Pephenaine  Thiothi)ene  Thiothi)ene HCl Emticita#ine Theophylline



Ocial pepaation o" aomatic ates: 

Simple Solution



Altenate solution #y inte(ention ?(olatile mateial is mi)e! thoou&hly ith 1 & talc'

Collo!ions 

A%ueous Aci!s 

Ino&anic an! o&anic aci!s o" &eat impotance in chemical an! phamaceutical manu"actuin&' Hy!oaci!s: no o)y&en' O)y&en6containin& O)y&en6containin& aci!s'



 



Spiits  

/a&les  

A%ueous solutions use! "o teatin& the phayn) an! nasophayn) #y "ocin& ai "om the lun&s thou&h &a&le$ hich is hel! in the thoat'

2ashes  

 



La(atio Oi 2ith alcohol$ &lycein$ seetene$ su"actant$ 0a(oin&$ an! coloin&' Eye 2ashes ?Collyium@
 

Inpissate! Muice' 4om ipe "uit$ a%ueous in chaacte' Use! in ma.in& syups'

Spays 

 

A%ueous solutions in "oms o" coase !oplets>nely !i(i!e! soli!s to #e applie! topically' =y atomiene#ulie' Fe(ice: spay6o6mie'

Essences' Alcoholic o hy!oalcoholoic solutions o" (olatile su#stances' su#stances' Uses: 0a(oin& a&ent o theapeutic (alue'

4ist Spiits: =an!y  

Spiitus (ini (itis B6B alcohol "om &apes'

2his.y  

Spiitus "umenti BG63 alcohol "om ceeals'

Pepaations o" Spiits: Simple Solution 

 Muices 

Li%ui! pepaations #y pyo)illine !issol(e! in sol(ent mi)tue' Uses: potecti(e to s.in$ me!ication' Fiections o" use: so"t #ush

Fissol(in& solute in alcohol #y a&itation'



Chemical Reaction 

Only pepaation: Aomatic Spiit o" Ammonia$ N4

Fistillation 

=an!y



2his.y

 

 Toothache  Toothache !ops !ops 

 Tempoay  Tempoay elie" elie" o" toothache toothache #y application o" small cotton satuate! ith po!uct into the tooth ca(ity' ca(ity'

Fental Oal Solution 

  

A!ministee! A!ministee! #y nasaloal espiatoy oute' Ne#ulie' Humi!i>es: (olatile mateial a!!e! to ate in cham#e' 8apoie: >ne mist o" steam'

Inhalants 

Hi&h (apo pessue can #e caie! #y a cuent into the nasal passa&e'

Syups 





 

Fe)tose 

 Topically  Topically in oal oal ca(ity' ca(ity'

Inhalation 



Concentate! a%ueous pepaations o" a su&asu&a su#stitute ithithout 0a(oin& a&ents an! me!icinal su#stances' Simple Syup: concentate! solution o" sucose in pui>e! ate'
Components o" syups:

Su&a ?usually sucose@Su&a su#stitute' Antimico#ial pese(ati(es' 4la(oants' Coloants'
Su#stitute "o sucose in syups containin& ston& aci!s'

Po#lems ith !e)tose: 

  

4oms satuate! solution in ate at G (( hich is less (iscous than simple syup' Fissol(es moe easily' Less seet' Satuate! solution suppot &oth o" micoo&anism'

A!!:   

Pese(ati(es' Seetenes' /lycein ?!e(elop #utyic o!o'@

Anitmico#ial Pese(ati(e  

=enoic aci!: '16'- Paa#ens: a#out '1

4la(oant  

8olatile oils$ (anillin$ etc' Ren!e syup pleasant tastin&'

Coloant 

Coloin& a&ent coelate! ith the 0a(oant'

Seetenes



Non6nutiti(e a&ents$ synthetic seetenes'


Uses o" syups:   

 Taste  Taste mas.in&' 8ehicle "o pe!iatic us' 2i!ely accepta#le'

Pepaation o" Syups: Solution ith the ai! o" heat   



Acacia Syup$ N4 Cocoa Syup$ N4 Pepae syup as %uic.ly as possi#le an! hen the syupQs components ae not !ama&e! o (olatilie! #y heat' E)cessi(e heatin&: in(esion o" sucose'

Solution #y a&itation ithout the ai! o"  heat   

4eous sul"ate Syup /lycyhia Syup
A!!ition o" sucose   

Sienna Syup$ N4 Chey Syup A me!icate! li%ui! is employe! as souce o" me!ication in the pepaation'

Pecolation  

 Tolu  Tolu =alsam 4ist the pepaation o" the e)tacti(e o" the !u& then the pepaation o" the syup'

 

 Thic.$ (isci!$ a!hesi(e li%ui!s$ li%ui!s$ po!uce! #y !ispesin& &um in atee)tactin& atee)tactin& ith ate mucila&inous pinciple "om (e&eta#le Colloi!al chaacte 8iscosity 8iscosity pe(ents imme!iate se!imentation'

Honey   

 

Clai>e! Honey Staine! Honey Use! as #ase "o thic. li%ui! pepaations .non as Honey
Eli)is 

Clea$ seetene! hy!oalcoholic solutions inten!e! "o oal use an! usually 0a(oe! to enhance palata#ility'

Pepaation o" Eli)is:  

Simple solution A!mi)tue o" - o moe li%ui! in&e!ients'

 Types  Types o" Eli)is: Eli)is: Nonme!icate! 

E)tempoaneous >lli& o" pesciptions in(ol(in& ?a@ the a!!ition o" a theapeutic a&ent to a pleasant6tastin& pleasant6tastin& (ehicle an! ?#@!ilution o" e)istin& me!icate! eli)i'




Employe! "o the theapeutic #ene>t o" the me!icinal a&ent'





/alenicals inclu!e classes o" pepaations:      

Fecoction In"usion 4lui!e)tacts E)tacts Pilula ?semisoli!@ e)tacts Po!ee! e)tacts


Latin maceae ?to soa.'@ Popely comminute! !u& is pemitte! to soa. in the menstuum until the cellula stuctue is so"tene! an! penetate! #y the menstuum an! the solu#le constituents ae !issol(e!'







E)tacts 



Pecolation  

   

Latin pe ?thou&h@ ?thou&h@ an! colae ?to stain'@ Comminute! !u& is e)tacte! o" its solu#le sol(ent thou&h a column o" the !u&' Pecolate: collecte! e)tacti(e' Slo ate o" 0o: 91mLmin'
Li%ui! pepaations o" (e&eta#le !u&s pepae! #y pecolation' Consi!ee! too potent an! too #itte tastin&' Pocess A: e)hausti(e pecolation ith an alcoholichy!oalcoholic menstuum' Pocess =F: ith #oilin& ate as the mestuum an! the alcohol a!!e! in concentate! pecolate' Pocess CE: "acilitate total !u& e)taction'

Concentate! pepaations o" (e&eta#le o animal !u&s o#taine! #y emo(al o" the acti(e constituents o" the especti(e !u&s ith suita#le menstua'  Thee "oms: "oms: ?a@ semili%ui! semili%ui! e)tacts $ ?#@ pilula o soli! e)tacts$ ?c@po!ee! e)tacts'

 Tinctues  Tinctues 

 

Alcoholichy!oalcohoic solutions pepae! "om (e&eta#le mateialschemical mateialschemical su#stances' =y simple solution' Sel"6pese(e!'

 Topical  Topical solutions solutions 

A%ueous (ehicle'

Pepae! #y E)taction:  Topical  Topical tinctue tinctue 4lui!e)tacts 

1 tinctue'



Alcoholic (ehicle'

 Nasal Pepaations 

A%ueous pepaations en!ee! isotonic to nasal 0ui!s'

Otic solutions  

Eaaual pepaations' Usually place! un ea canal #y !opssmall amounts "o emo(al o" e)cess ceumen ?ea a)@ o teatment o" ea in"ections$ in0ammation$ o pain'

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Enemas   

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Fouches 

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A%ueous solutions hich is !iecte! a&ainst a past o into a ca(ity' Cleansin&$ antiseptic' Use o" #ul# syin&e' 4e%uently !ispense! in a "om o" po!e ith !iections o" !issol(in& in a speci>c %uantity o" ate$ usually am Fo#ellQs Solution Ta#lets'

Eye !ouche Phayn&eal !ouche Nasal !ouche 8a&inal !ouche

Clyste Rectal in5ection Usually &i(en at #o!y tempeatue o" 16- pints in5ecte! sloly ith enema syin&e' I" etaine! in the intestine$ shoul! not #e use! in la&e %uantities

Retention Enemas    

A!ministee! A!ministee! ectally "o local e7ects' Nutiti(e: supply nutients'
E(acuation Enema 

 To  To cleanse the #oel' #oel'