The Accreditation Board for Engineering and
Technology (ABET) defines engineering: “the profession in which a knowledge of the mathematical and natural sciences gained by study, experience, and practice is applied with w ith judgment to develop ways to utilize, economically economically,, the materials and forces of nature for the benefit of mankind.” mankind .”
Engineering is a profession like medicine, law, etc. that aspires to high standards of conduct and conduct and recognizes its responsibility to the general public.
Scientist - Like an engineer, but a primary goal is the expansion of knowledge and understanding physical processes.
Engineer - Applies knowledge of math and the physical sciences to the efficient design and construction of usable devices, structures and processes.
Professionalism is an aspirational standard, the essential elements of which are:
Competence Personal integrity, responsibility and accountability Public obligation
Competence Relevant, up-to-date skills and capabilities appropriate to the particular task Including appropriate non-technical competences communication, business, leadership and management competences.
A broader foundation of relevant experience, knowledge and understanding Supported with relevant qualifications
Maintained through Continuing Professional Development
Integrity A clear commitment to abide by a code of ethics which is recognized and administered by the professional community.
Responsibility and accountability A set of personal obligations and responsibilities which sit alongside the contractual obligation to an employer or client. A matching accountability which is also separate from that of an employer.
Public Obligation Regard for and contribution to the public good protect the public interest Social responsibility Commitment and contribution to the professional community and support from that community
Requires specialized and highly skilled knowledge. 2. Requires academic training. 3. Is regulated by professional bodies. 4. Examination of competence.
1.
5. 7.
Function of professional work is vital to society. 6. Professionals enjoy higher social status. Compensation is higher than other occupations
Professionals must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of legal and ethical conduct.
8.
10
The Engineering Profession Training , Qualifications, Advancements, Licensure
BS is required for all entry level engineering Jobs.
Engineers trained in one field, may also work in a related field of engineering:
Civil E, Surveying E……… ME EE ………………… Gas &Oil E Chem E. ……………….. Industrial E
Engineering-The Profession
Whether the end result is a product a process or service, engineers need to consider safety, reliability, and costeffectiveness. ,
6
Engineering is a career based on logical, systematic problem solving, generally in high-tech, industrial, or scientific fields.
Engineering as a Profession Engineering possesses those attributes that typically characterize a profession:
Satisfies an indispensable and beneficial need. Requires the exercise of discretion and judgment and is not subject to standardization.
Engineering as a Profession…
Involves activities that require knowledge and skill not commonly possessed by the general public. Has group consciousness for the promotion of knowledge and professional ideas and for rendering social services. Has a legal status and requires wellformulated standards of admission.
What Engineers Do? (a review) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
6.
7.
Design products. Design machinery to build and test these products. Design Plants in which those products are made. Design the systems that ensure the quality and efficiency of the manufacturing process. Design, plan and supervise the construction of buildings, highways, transit systems. Develop and implement ways to extract, process and use raw materials such as petroleum and natural gas. Harness the power of the sun, and wind to satisfy the nations power needs.
15
Herbert Hoover, the thirty-first president of the United States and a mining Engineer, comparing engineering with other professions, made the following Whimsical observations: The great liability of the engineer compared to men of other professions is that his works are out in the open where all can see them. His acts, step by step, are in hard substance. He cannot bury his mistakes in the grave like the doctors. He cannot argue them into thin air or blame the judge like the lawyers. He cannot, like the architect, cover his failures with trees and vines. He cannot, like the politicians, screen his shortcomings by blaming his opponents and hope that the people will forget. The engineer simply cannot deny that he did it. If his works do not work, he is damned. That is the phantasmagoria that haunts his nights and dogs his days. He comes from the job at the end of the day resolved to calculate it again. He w akes in the morning. All day he shivers at the thought of the bugs which will inevitably appear to jolt its smooth consummation. On the other hand, unlike the doctor, his is not a life among the weak. Unlike the soldier, destruction is not his purpose. Unlike the lawyer, quarrels are not his daily bread. To the engineer falls the job of clothing the bare bones of science with life, comfort, and hope.
Title Research E.
Function -S o l v e s n e w p r o b l e m s . -Obtain s new d ata. -D ev i s e s n e w m e t h o d s o f c a lc u l a t i o n -G ai n s n e w k n o w l ed g e
Analytical
SKILLS/Knowledge Perceptiveness Patience Self-Confidence
E.
M o d e ls p h y s i c a l p r o b l em s u s i n g m ath to predict performanc e. P er f o r m s f a i l u r e an a l y s i s
- Math, ph ys ics , engineering science, applications software
Development
-D e v el o p s p r o d u c t s , p r o c e s s e s , o r
Ingenuity
E.
systems -U s e s w e ll -k n o w n p r i n c i p l e s a n d
Creativity J u d i c i o u s J u d g m en t
employs existing processes or m a c h i n es t o p e r f o r m a n ew f u n c t i o n -C o n c e r n e d o n l y w i t h a p r o t o t y p e o r model
17
Title
Function
Design E.
SKILLS/Knowledge
- Converts concepts and information
1. Creativity
i n t o d e t ai l ed p l an s a n d s p ec s f r o m
2 . In n o v a t i o n
w h i c h t h e fi n i s h e d p r o d u c t c a n b e
3 . Fu n d a m e n t a l knowledge
be Manu factured. -R es t r i c t e d b y t h e s t a t e o f t h e a r t
of many disciplines 4. Und erstanding of e c o n o m i c s an d p e o p l e
E. Production
-- De v i s e s a s c h e d u l e t o e f f i c i en t l y c o o r d i n a t e m a t er i a l s an d p e r s o n n e l -- Orders raw materials at the o p t i m u m t im e s -- S et s u p t h e a s s e m b l y l i n e -- H a n d l e s a n d s h i p s t h e f i n i s h e d product
-K n o w l ed g e o f d e s i g n , econom ics, and psychology. -A b i l i t y t o v i s u a l i z e th e o v e r al l o p e r at i o n o f a project -K n o w l ed g e o f e ac h s t ep o f t h e p r o d u c t i o n e ff o r t 18
Title
Function
SKILLS/Knowledge
Test E.
- D ev e l o p s a n d c o n d u c t s t es t s t o v e r if y t h a t a n e w p r o d u c t m e et s design s pecs.
-K n o w l e d g e o f s t at i s t i c s ,
-P r o d u c t s a r e t es t e d f o r s t r u c t u r a l i n t e g r i t y , p er f o r m a n c e , an d reliability . -Te s t i n g i s p e r f o r m e d u n d e r a l l expected environ m ental conditions.
product and process specifications. -M e as u r e m e n t t e c h n i q u e s . -F u n d a m e n t a l en g i n e er i n g a s p ec t s o f t h e d e s i g n
Operations
-Selects sites fo r facilities-
In d u s t r i a l en g i n e e r i n g ,
o r P l a n t E.
-S p e c i f i e s t h e l a y o u t f o r a l l f ac e t s
e c o n o m i c s an d l a w
o f t h e o p e r a ti o n -S el e c t s t h e f i x e d e q u i p m e n t f o r clim ate con trol, lightin g, and communication -R es p o n s i b l e f o r m a i n t e n a n c e an d modifications
19
PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION (USA)
Graduate in an engineering curriculum of not less than four years.
Acquire not less than four years' experience in engineering work of a character satisfactory to the Board.
Pass a written examination
(1) The Fundamentals of Engineering, and (2] The Principles and Practice of Engineering. The first part consists of an eighthour test on mathematics, physics, chemistry, and other basic and engineering sciences to determine whether the candidate possesses minimum technical knowledge
PROFESSIONAL ORGANIZATIONS American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE). The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME). American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE). (aiche.org) American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers (ATME).
In Our Country:
KİMYA MÜHENDİSLERİ ODASI (kmo.org.tr) (SELANİK CAD. ÇAMLI APT. 17/14 KIZILAY – ANKARA) TMMOB –Türkiye Mühendisler ve Mimarlar Odası Birliği
Academy Environmental Engineers Founded in 1941. American Institute Aeronautics and Astronautics Founded in 1963 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Founded in 1908. Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5901. Internet: www.aiche.org American Nuclear Society American Society of Agricultural Engineers Founded in 1907. American Society of Civil Engineers Founded in 1852. American Society for Engineering Education
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Founded in 1959
The American Society of Mechanical Engineers Founded in 1880. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Founded in 1884. The Minerals, Metals and Materials Society v Founded in 1959. National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying Founded in 1920.
National Institute of Ceramic Engineers Founded in 1938.
In 1954 The National Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE) adopted the fol following lowing statement, statemen t, known as the Engineer’s Creed As a professional engineer, engineer, I dedicate my professional knowledge and skill to the advancement and betterment of human welfare. I pledge: To give the utmost of performance. To participate in none but honest enterprise. To live and work according to the laws of man and the highest standards of professional conduct. To place service before profit, the honor and standing of the profession before personal advantage and the public welfare above all other considerations. In humility and with need for Divine Guidance, I make this pledge.
In 1977, a similar statement was approved by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET), as follows
I. II. III. IV.
Engineers uphold and advance the integrity integrity,, honor and dignity of the engineering profession by: Using their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfare; Being honest and impartial and serving with fidelity the publics, their employees; Striving to increase the competence and prestige of the engineering profession and Supporting the professional and technical societies of their disciplines.
“ethika” in Greek means “character” Ethics is the study of the morality of human actions. It is the science of determining values in human conduct and of deciding what ought to be done in different circumstances and situations. Engineering ethics is concerned with the personal conduct of engineers as they uphold and advance the integrity, honor and dignity of engineering while practicing their profession.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
This conduct of behavior has obligations to Self, Employer and/or client Colleagues and co-workers Public Environment
Kohlberg suggests that an individual may reason and approach moral decisions from three main levels of moral cognitive development. Preconventional Level , in which proper conduct is regarded as what directly benefits oneself. This is the level of development of most young children. At this level, individuals are motivated primarily by an unquestioning submission to power, by a desire to avoid punishment, or by a desire to satisfy their own needs. Conventional Level, the individual accepts the norms of one's family, group, or society as the standard of morality. At this level, individuals are motivated by the desire to please others and to conform to the expectations of the social unit rather than upon their self interest. Here an act is deemed to be morally right when it is approved by convention or law and wrong when it violates group customs or laws. Post-conventional Level , at which an individual is motivated by what is morally reasonable for its own sake without regard to self-interest or to social conventions. Such individuals are morally autonomous because they think for themselves and do not respond to ulterior motives or assume that group customs are always right.
What makes certain actions morally right and others morally wrong? Martin and Schinzinger describe four types of moral theories that help to answer this question: 1. Utilitarianism. This theory considers the good and bad consequerices of an action and seeks to maximize utility, defined as the overall balance of good over bad consequences. Our actions ought always to produce the most utility, considering everyone affected by those actions. 2. Duty ethics. This theory maintains that there are duties which ought to be performed even though performing them may not always produce the most good: to be fair, to be honest, etc. 3. Rights ethics. Under this theory, an action is morally right if it does not violate the rights of other people. 4. Virtue ethics. This theory regards an action right if it supports good character traits (virtues] and wrong if it manifests bad character traits (vices).
Preamble Engineering is an important and learned profession. As members of this profession, engineers are expected to exhibit the highest standards of honesty and integrity. Engineering has a direct and vital impact on the quality of life for all people. Accordingly, the services provided by engineers require honesty, impartiality, fairness and equity and must be dedicated to the protection of the public health, safety and welfare. Engineers must perform under a standard of professional behavior that requires adherence to the highest principles of ethical conduct.
I. Fundamental Canons Engineers, in the fulfillment of their professional duties, shall; 1.
Hold paramount of the safety, health and welfare of the public.
2.
Perform services only in areas of their competence.
3.
Issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner.
4.
Act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trusties.
5.
Avoid deceptive acts.
6.
Conduct themselves honorably, responsibly, ethically and lawfully so as to enhance the honor, reputation and usefulness of the profession.
II. Rules of Practice
1. Engineers shall hold paramount of the safety, health and welfare of the public. a.
b. c.
d.
e.
If engineers’ judgment is overruled under circumstances that endanger life of property, they shall notify their employer or client and such other authority as may be appropriate. Engineers should approve only those engineering documents that are in conformity with applicable standards. Engineers shall not reveal facts, data or information without the prior consent of the client or employer except authorized or required by law or this Code. Engineers shall not permit the use of their name or associate in business ventures with any person or firm that they believe are engaged in fraudulent or dishonest enterprise. Engineers having knowledge of any alleged violation of this Code shall report thereon to appropriate professional bodies and, when relevant, also to public authorities, and cooperate with the proper authorities in furnishing such information or assistance as may be required.
2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence. a.
b.
c.
Engineers shall undertake assignments only when qualified by education or experience in the specific technical fields involved. Engineers shall not affix their signatures to any plans or documents dealing with subject matter in which they lack competence or to any plan or document not prepared under their direction and control. Engineers may accept assignments and assume responsibility for coordination of an entire project and sign and seal the engineering documents for the entire project, provided that each technical segment is signed and sealed only by the qualified engineers who prepared the segment.
3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner. a.
Engineers should be objective and truthful in professional reports, statements and testimony. They shall include all relevant and pertinent information in such reports, statements or testimony, which should bear the date indicating when it was current.
b.
Engineers may express publicly technical options that are founded upon knowledge of the facts and competence in the subject matter.
c.
Engineers shall issue no statements, criticisms or arguments on technical matters that are inspired or paid for by interested parties, unless they have prefaced their comments by explicitly identifying the interested parties on whose behalf they are speaking and by revealing the existence of any interest the engineers may have in the matters.
4. Engineers shall act for each employer or client as faithful agents or trustees. a.
Engineers shall disclose all known or potential conflicts of interest that could influence or appear to influence their judgment or the quality of their services.
b.
Engineers shall not accept compensation, financial or otherwise, from more than one party for services on the same project, or for services pertaining to the same project, unless the circumstances are fully disclosed and agreed to by all interested parties.
c.
Engineers shall not solicit or accept financial or other valuable consideration, directly or indirectly, from outside agents in connection with the work for which they are responsible.
d.
Engineers in public service as members, advisors or employees of a governmental or quasi-governmental body or department shall not participate in decisions with respect to services solicited or provided by them or their organizations in private or public engineering practice.
e.
Engineers shall not solicit or accept a contract from a governmental body on which a principle or officer of their organization serves as a
5. Engineers shall avoid deceptive acts. a.
Engineers shall not falsify their qualifications or permit
misrepresentation of their or their associates’ qualifications. They shall not misrepresent or exaggerate their responsibility in or for the subject matter of prior assignments, brochures or other presentations incident to the solicitation of employment shall not misrepresent pertinent facts concerning employers, employees, associates, joint venturers or past accomplishments. b.
Engineers shall not offer, give, solicit or receive either directly or indirectly any contribution to influence the award of a contract by public authority or which may be reasonably construed by the public as having the effect of intent to influencing the awarding of a contract. They shall not offer any gift or other valuable consideration in order to secure work. They shall not pay a commission, percentage or brokerage fee in order to secure work, except to a bona fide employee or bona fide established commercial or
III. Professional Obligations
1. Engineers shall be guided in all their relations by the highest standards of honesty and integrity. a. b. c.
d. e. f.
Engineers shall acknowledge their errors and shall not distort or alter the facts. Engineers shall advice their clients or employers when they believe a project will not be successful. Engineers shall not accept outside employment to the detriment of their regular work or interest. Before accepting any outside engineering employment they will notify their employers. Engineers shall not attempt to attract an engineer from another employer by false or misleading pretenses. Engineers shall not actively participate in strikes, picket lines or other collective coercive action. Engineers shall not promote their own interest at the expense of the dignity and integrity of the profession.
2. Engineers shall at all times strive to serve the public interest. a.
Engineers shall seek opportunities to participate in civic affairs , career guidance for youths and works for the advancement of the safety, health and well-being of their community.
b.
Engineers shall not complete, sign or seal plans and/or specifications that are not in conformity with applicable engineering standards. If the client or employer insists on such unprofessional conduct, they shall notify the proper authorities and withdraw from further service on the project.
c.
Engineers shall endeavor to extend public knowledge and appreciation of engineering and its achievements.
3. Engineers should avoid all conduct or practice that deceives the public a.
b. c.
Engineers shall avoid the use of statements containing a material misrepresentation of fact or omitting a material fact. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may advertise for recruitment of personnel. Consistent with the foregoing, engineers may prepare articles for the lay or technical press, but such articles shall not imply credit to the author for work performed by others.
4. Engineers shall not disclose, without consent,
confidential information concerning the business affairs or technical processes of any present or former client or employer, or public body on which they serve. a.
b.
Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties, promote or arrange for new employment or practice in connection with a specific project for which the engineer has gained particular and specialized knowledge. Engineers shall not, without the consent of all interested parties, participate in or represent an adversary interest in connection with a specific project or proceeding in which the engineer has gained particular specialized knowledge on behalf of a former client or employer.
5. Engineers shall not be influenced in their professional duties by conflicting interests. a.
b.
Engineers shall not accept or other considerations, including free engineering designs, from material or equipment suppliers for specifying their project. Engineers shall not accept commissions or allowances, directly or indirectly, from contractors or other parties dealing with clients or employers of the engineer in connection with work for which the engineer is responsible.
6. Engineers shall not attempt to obtain employment or advancement or professional agreements by untruthfully criticizing other engineers, or by other improper questionable methods. a.
b.
c.
Engineers shall not request, propose or accept a commission on a contingent basis under circumstances in which their judgment may be compromised. Engineers in salaried positions shall accept part-time engineering work only to the extent consistent with policies of the employer and in accordance with ethical considerations. Engineers shall not, without consent, use equipment, supplies, laboratory or office facilities of an employer to carry on outside private practice.
7. Engineers shall not attempt to injure, maliciously or falsely, directly or indirectly, the professional reputation, prospects, practice or employment of other engineers. Engineers who believe others are guilty of unethical or illegal practice shall present such information to the proper authority for action.
a.
Engineers in private practice shall not review the work of another engineer for the same client, except with the knowledge of such engineer, or unless the connection of such engineer with the work has been terminated.
b.
Engineers in governmental, industrial or educational employ are entitled to review and evaluate the work of other engineers when so required by their employment duties.
c.
Engineers in sales or industrial employ are entitled to make engineering comparisons of represented products with products of other suppliers.
8. Engineers shall accept personal responsibility for their professional activities, provided, however, that engineers may seek indemnification for services arising out of their practice for other than gross negligence , where the engineer’s interests cannot otherwise be protected.
a.
Engineers shall conform with state registration laws in the practice of engineering.
b.
Engineers shall not use association with a nonengineer, a corporation, or as a cloak for unethical acts.
9. Engineers shall give credit for engineering work to those to whom credit is due, and will recognize the proprietary interests of others.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Engineers shall, whenever possible, name the person or persons who may be individually responsible for designs, inventions, writings or other accomplishments. Engineers using designs supplied by a client recognize that the designs remain the property of the client and may not be duplicated by the engineer for others without express permission. Engineers, before undertaking work for others in connection with which the engineer may make improvements, plans, designs, inventions or other records that may justify copyrights or patents, should enter into a positive agreement regarding ownership.
Engineer’s design, data, records and notes referring exclusively to an employer’s work are the employers property. Employer should indemnify the engineer for use of the information for use of the information for any purpose other than the original purpose.
Are you responsible? You are an engineer at International Programmable Machines (IPM), which makes computers. You are visiting a
manufacturing plant of one of IPM’s suppliers, which sells parts to IPM and other companies. You notice that a nonIPM system is not properly grounded, and it could cause an electrical shock. What should you do? For what reasons?
Software errors in the Therac-25 resulted in deaths
In the early 1980s, Atomic Energy of Canada Limited made the Therac-25 cancer radiation treatment machine
Between 1985 and 1987, radiation overdoses by the Therac-25 caused severe burns, which killed three patients and seriously injured three others
Who was responsible?
What are different kinds of personal responsibility?
Causal Operators’ keyboard entries caused the overdoses
Role
Legal
Software engineers developed and tested the control program, but overlooked errors The manufacturer was liable for damages
Moral
Unlike others, can be shared
Engineers are morally responsible for safety
“Engineers … shall hold paramount the safety, health, and welfare of the public.” – Code of Ethics, National Society of Professional Engineers
When you see unsafe objects or practices, you are professionally responsible to act even when you are not assigned that task
How should you advise the committee? You are an engineer who works for the state government, but you hope to leave soon for a higher-paying job with Bucknell Corporation. You are advising a committee that is considering three bids for constructing a new government building. One bid comes from Bucknell, and you
think that Bucknell’s bid is the best. Should you advise the committee to accept
Bucknell’s bid? Why or why not?
When does a conflict of interest exist?
Not “conflicting interest” Person in a position requiring exercise of judgment Special interests that might interfere with the exercise of that judgment
Financial interests Family connections Prior relationships
Why does a conflict of interest seem unethical?
Ethical concerns raised by conflict of interest
Potential bias
Perceived deception
Loss of trust
Appearance of a conflict of interest
What can you do about a conflict of interest?
Recusal
Disclosure
Management
Can you work on the new engines? You designed the engines that Galactic Motors hopes to use in future all-electric automobiles. Six months ago, you left Galactic for a managerial position with Forge Motor Company, a direct
competitor. After a restructuring, however, Forge’s vice president asks you to lead a design team to
develop engines for Forge’s planned electric autos. The vice president hints that Forge is interested in the design concepts that you previously developed at Galactic Motors. How should you respond? For what reasons?
What is a trade secret?
Information with commercial value
Represents an economic investment
Required effort to develop
Actively kept confidential by owner
Need not be patentable
Violations covered by criminal law
No legal recourse if independently discovered (unlike patent)
You have obligations to former employers
Confidentiality of trade secrets
Promises in signed nondisclosure and noncompete agreements
How can we approach moral problems?
Identify Affected
parties
Rights and responsibilities
Additional
information needed
Consider alternative actions
Imagine possible consequences
How can we evaluate morality of actions?
Basic ethical values —honesty, fairness, civility, respect, kindness, etc. Moral tests:
Harms test : Do the benefits outweigh the harms, short term and long term?
Reversibility test : Would I still think this choice is good if I traded places?
Common practice test : What if everyone behaved in this way?
How can we evaluate morality of actions?
Legality test : Would this choice violate a law or a policy of my employer?
Colleague test : What would professional colleagues say?
Wise relative test : What would my wise old aunt or uncle do?
Mirror test : Would I feel proud of myself when I look into the mirror afterward?
Publicity test : How would this choice look on the front page of a newspaper?
Example: Can sending spam be moral?
Spam is unwanted bulk e-mail
Could be honest, free speech, but …
Harms: Costly, reduces trust in e-mail
Reversibility: Senders dislike receiving spam
Common practice: Would clog network
Legality: CAN-SPAM law does not apply outside U.S., where much spam originates
In the Method of Casuistry, we find negative and positive paradigm cases
In another country, should we give a
customary “grease payment” to a low -level government official for expedited handling of our paperwork?
Negative paradigm (clearly wrong): Extortion
Positive paradigm (clearly right): Gift
… and we compare their features Extortion
Grease payment
Gift
Large size ----------------------x-Small size Transaction x-----------------------Friendship Before action x-----------------------After action Influence ----x-------------------No influence decision Requested by ----------x-------------Not requested recipient
