Wanita Indonesia menjadi Pemimpin : Mengapa Tidak? Diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu tugas Mata Kuliah Kajian Modal Sosial yang ditujukan kepada dosen Prof. Dr. Aim Abdul Karim S.Pd, M.Pd.
Oleh
Widiya Purwanti (0900940)
JURUSAN PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL FAKULTAS PENDIDIKAN ILMU PENGETAHUAN SOSIAL UNIVERSITAS PENDIDIKAN INDONESIA BANDUNG 2011
1
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KATA PENGANTAR
Puji dan syukur saya panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT, karena atas rahmat dan karunianya saya dapat menyusun maka lah ini yang berjudul ”Wanita Indonesia menjadi Pemimpin: Mengapa tidak? “ yang merupakan salah satu tugas dari Mata kuliah Kajian Modal Sosial. Tujuan penyusun membuat makalah ini adalah agar para pembaca dapat menambah pengetahuan dan mengembangkan wawasan setelah membaca dan memahami materi yang ada dalam makalah ini. Dan saya berharap makalah ini dapat
bermanfaat
untuk
pembaca
khususnya
wanita
yang
bisa
mengaplikasikannya mengaplikasikannya kedalam kehidupan sehari-hari sehari- hari Dan saya mohon maaf yang sebesar-besarnya apabila ada kesalahan dari penulisan makalah ini, hal tersebut semata karena keterbatasan saya dalam mengolah materi kajian ini. Dan saya juga berharap mendapat saran dan kritik membangun membangun dari pembaca pembaca agar saya saya dapat memperbaiki memperbaiki diri dalam pembuatan makalah yang lain kedepannya.
Bandung, 28 November 2011
Penulis
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DAFTAR ISI
KATA PENGANTAR PENGANTAR................................. ................................................. .................................. .................................. ................
i
DAFTAR DAFTAR ISI ................................. ................................................. ................................. ................................. ............................. .............
ii
BAB 1 Pendahuluan Pendahuluan ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .........
1
1.1 Latar Belakang Belakang ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ............ ...
1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................. ........
1
1.3 Tujuan Tujuan .................................. .................................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ................
2
1.4 Manfaat Manfaat ................................. ................................................. ................................. ................................. ................................ ................
2
1.5 Sistematika Penulisan ................... .......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ................... ............
2
1.6 Teknik Penulisan ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .........
3
BAB 2 Landasan Landasan Teori ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................ ......
4
2.1 Kesetaraan Gender dan Feminisme .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ............
4
a. Kesetaraan Gender ................... .......... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. .................. ............ ...
4
b. Pengertian dan Sejarah Feminisme................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................. .......
5
2.2 Sejarah Gerakan Wanita di Beberapa Negara ................... ......... ................... .................. .............. .....
6
a. Inggris Inggris ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................................. .............................. ..............
6
b. Amerika Amerika Serikat Serikat ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................................. ................
7
c. Jepang Jepang ................................ ................................................. .................................. ................................. .............................. ..............
8
d. India ................................. ................................................. ................................. .................................. ................................. ................
9
e. Filipina Filipina ............................... ................................................ .................................. ................................. .............................. ..............
9
BAB 3 Pembahasan Pembahasan ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... ........... ..
14
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3.3 Tokoh-tokoh Tokoh-toko h Wanita yang Berpartisipasi Berpart isipasi dalam Pembangunan Pembanguna n Nasional ..
19
a. Mooryati Mooryati Soedibyo ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ............. ...
19
b. Rike Diah Pitaloka .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. .............. .....
21
c. Dewi Motik Pramono ................... ......... ................... ................... ................... ................... ................... .................. .........
25
d. Toeti Noerhadi.................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... ............
27
BAB 4 Kesimpulan dan Saran .................. ......... ................... ................... .................. ................... ................... .............. .....
29
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ................... ......... ................... .................. ................... ................... .................. ................... .................. ........
30
BAB 1 Pendahuluan
1.1
Latar Belakang
Sudah bukan zamanny zamannyaa lagi wanita hanya berkutat dengan alat-alat dapur dan perangkat rumah lainnya. Kini wanita ruang geraknya sangat luas, wanita bisa sejajar dengan pria dalam hal apapun terutama dari segi pengembangan karir dan aspirasinya. Berbagai kajian dan teori-teori mengenai wanita dikembangkan di beberapa negara yang berbeda pengalamannya di bidang politik dan berbeda-beda keadaan sosial budayanya, hal ini menunjukan bahwa wanita kedudukannya sederajat dengan pria. Lalu bagaimana gerakan wanita di Indonesia? Indones ia? Di Indonesia proses itu sudah menjelma pada abad ke-19 dalam bentuk peperangan di banyak daerah di bawah pimpinan raja atau tokoh-tokoh lain yang melawan penjajahan belanda, disana lahir beberapa tokoh wanita seperti
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Maka dari itu saya memilih judul “ Wanita Indonesia menjadi Pemimpin : mengapa tidak ? ”, disini saya akan menjelaskan bagaimana peran wanita Indonesia di abad 21 ini, ditengah arus globalisasi yang semakin meluas dan tidak terbendung. Kemudian saya akan menuliskan beberapa beberapa artikel yang di buat oleh o leh tokoh-tokoh wanita Indonesia mengenai pandangan mereka terhadap wanita dan kepemimpinannya.
1.2
Rumusan Masalah
a. Bagaimana kesetaraan gender dan feminisme berbicara? b. Bagaimana sejarah gerakan wanita di beberapa negara? c. Bagaimana kedudukan wanita saat ini? d. Bagaimana kedudukan wanita di Indonesia saat ini? e. Bagaimana tokoh wanita-wanita Indonesia ketika berbicara wanita dan kepemimpinannya?
1.3
Tujuan
a. Memahami apa itu kesetaraan gender dan feminisme b. Mengetahui sejarah gerakan wanita di beberapa negara c. Mengetahui kedudukan wanita masa kini d. Memahami dan mengetahui kedudukan wanita di Indonesia e. Mengetahui pandangan wanita-wanita sukses dibidangnya mengenai wanita dan kepemimpinannya.
1.4
Manfaat
Manfaat disusunnya makalah ini agar penulis maupun pembaca memahami kesetaraan wanita saat ini terutama di Indonesia dan menjadikan motivasi-motivasi bagi wanita lainnya untuk terus maju.
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1.5
Sistematika Penulisan
Makalah ini disusun secara sistematis mulai dari BAB 1 yaitu Pendahuluan yang berisi Latar belakang, rumusan masalah, tujuan penulisan, manfaat, sistematika penulisan, dan teknik penulisan. Pada BAB 2 yaitu landasan teori yang berisi pengertian feminisme, pengertian kesetaraan gender, dan sejarah pergeraan wanita di beberapa negara. Pada BAB 3 yaitu pembahasan yang terdiri dari kedudukan wanita masa kini, kedudukan wanita di Indonesia, dan beberapa artikel dari wanita wanita karir kar ir yang aktif dibidangnya masing-masing. Pada BAB 4 yaitu berisi Kesimpulan dan Saran dari Peran wanita Indonesia dalam pembangunan.
1.6
Teknik Penulisan
Teknik yang digunakan dalam penulisan makalah ini yaitu dengan teknik pengambilan data dari literature buku dan browsing dari Internet.
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BAB 2 Landasan Teori 2.1 Kesetaraan Gender dan Feminisme
a. Kesetaraan gender
Konsep sex (jenis kelamin) dan gender masih sering dipahami secara rancu dalam masyarakat. Konsep gender yang sebenarnya merupakan peran dan perilaku laki-laki dan perempuan sesuai dengan pengharapan pengharapan sosial, sering kali dianggap sebagai ketentuan atau kodrat yang tak dapat diubah. Hal tersebut menjadi masalah karena kekeliruan
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Sebaliknya, teori konflik menganggap bahwa dalam kehidupan keluarga, istri atau perempuan dalam posisi yang tertindas dalam kaitannya dengan fungsi ekonomi, seksual, dan pemilikan properti. Janet Chafetz menganalisis bahwa perempuan menduduki posisi yang rendah dalam masyarakat, yang ia sebut dalam stratifikasi jenis kelamin. Sedangkan teori sistem dunia yang selama ini hanya memperhitungkan
kapitalisme
dari
pekerjaan
ekonomi
publik,
dianggap telah mengurangi kontribusi perempuan di bidang produksi ekonomi karena mengabaikan pekerjaan perempuan dalam rumah tangga. Dari
teori
mikro
sosial
gender,
interaksionisme
simbolik
mengidentifikasi bahwa individu berusaha memelihara identitas gendernya di berbagai situasi serta memahami bagaimana arti menjadi perempuan atau laki-laki. Sementara itu, etnometodologi menganggap bahwa identitas gender individu diperoleh melalui interaksi dalam berbagai situasi. Dengan demikian, melalui budaya yang berbeda individu akan mengidentifikasi peran gendernya secara berbeda sesuai dengan situasi sosial.
b. Pengertian dan sejarah feminisme
Apa sebenarnya yang dimaksud dengan feminisme? Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, edisi kedua, cetakan keempat tahun
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emosional; laki-laki dinggap aktif, perempuan fasif, dan sebagainya. Dengan dasar pemikiran-pemikiran tersebut maka perempuan tidak mempunyai kesempatan yang sama untuk masuk dalam dunia yang menjadi perhatian publik. Singkatnya feminisme mencoba untuk mengubah situasi situasi ini”. Jadi, feminisme merupakan suatu teori yang berasal dari gerakan wanita dan menuntut adanya kesetaraan hak antara kaum wanita dan pria. Feminisme lahir pada abad ke-18 di Perancis yang dipelopori oleh Lady Mary Wortley Montagu dan Marquis de Condorcet. Gerakan tersebut didorong oleh ideology pencerahan (Aufklarung) yang menyatakan bahwa manusia diberi kemampuan mencari kebenaran dengan menggunakan rasio (akal). Gerakan tersebut merupakan dampak dari revolusi perancis (1789-1793) yang mengesampingkan hak-hak wanita padahal pada waktu itu wanita berperan banyak dengan
terjadinya
Revolusi
Perancis.
Menurut
hukum
suami
mempunyai kekuasaan penuh terhadap istrinya, harta dan anakanaknya. Istri harus tunduk kepada suaminya, tidak diperbolehkan mengadakan transaksi secara hukum tanpa izin suaminya. Istri yang berzinah dapat dihukum penjara 2 tahun, dan kalau tertangkap basah suaminya boleh membunuhnya tanpa mendapat hukuman. Sebaliknya, suami yang berzinah bebas hukuman. Wanita juga dilarang menghadiri rapat-rapat politik, atau berpakaian celana panjang dan bila wanita
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Setelah lahirnya gerakan feminism di Perancis, maka lahir pula gerakan wanita di berbagai negara lainnya, seperti inggris, Amerika Serikat, Jepang, India, dan Filipina. a. Inggris
Tokoh utama yang memperjuangkan keadilan bagi wanita adalah Mary Wollstonecraft. Bukunya yang berjudul A Vindication Vindication of the Rights of Women Women sangat berpengaruh berpengaruh pada tahun 1792. Dalam buku in i
di tegaskan pentingnya pendidikan bagi wanita karena pada waktu itu kebanyakan wanita tidak mendapatkan pendidikan formal, dengan pendidikan bagi wanita maka mereka dapat mengembangkan rasionya dan mereka akan menjadi warga negara yang berguna. Seorang tokoh lain yang memperjuangkan hak-hak bagi wanita yaitu john Stuart mill yang bukunya berjudul The Subjection of Women, terbit tahun 1869, dianggap kitab suci bagi pergerakan wanita
di Eropa. Buku ini sangat berpengaruh, karena Mill menghubungkan gerakan wanita (feminisme) dengan pemikiran liberalisme. Mill berpendapat bahwa persamaan dalam hukum bagi pria dan wanita adalah syarat utama untuk mencapai masyarakat yang adil, yang memberi kesempatan yang sama bagi semua warga negara. Gerakan wanita di Inggris pada waktu itu mengutamakan
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kemanusiaan. Pada tahun 1848 ketika diadakan Konvensi Hak-hak Wanita di kota Seneca Falls, banyak tuntutan yang dikemukakan mengenai persamaan hak disemua bidang kehidupan, namun perjanjian tersebut dipusatkan pada 3 hal : memperoleh memperoleh hak memiliki pendapatan hasil pekerjaan sendiri, ha katas anak-anak setelah perceraian, dan hak pilih dalam pemilu. Kecemasan wanita mulai memuncak pada tahun 1960-an karena pengalaman pahit yang diderita para wanita muda yang aktif dalam gerakan hak sipil dan new left yang radikal. Mereka mengira bahwa gerakan yang berjuang untuk golongan kulit hitam dan minoritas juga mendukung gerakan wanita. Tetapi ternyata tidak, wanita hanya diberi peranan sebagai pengurus makanan, juru tik atau pelayan seks. Selain itu mereka selalu dicemooh maka munculah istilah “Women’s Liberation Movement” yang radikal. Gerakan ini mencakup berbagai kelompok yang berbeda-beda kiatnya, dan yang paling radikal adalah yang ingin mengubah masyarakat dimana wanita memisahkan diri dari pria, yang dianggap penindas wanita dalam keluarga maupun dalam masyarakat. “Women’s Lib” sangat vocal sehingga sering disamakan dengan gerakan wanita di dunia Barat pada umumnya. c. Jepang
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protes terhadap keadaan buruk tenaga kerja wanita mengalami kegagalan. kegagalan. Gerakan wanita memegang peranan penting setelah Perang Dunia 1. Dapat diringkas bahwa di Jepang, negara maju di Asia, perasaan keadilan menimbulkan gerakan wanita disertai keyakinan pentingnya perbaikan moral dalam masyarakat. Perkembangan selanjutnya dipengaruhi oleh makin banyaknya wanita yang berpendidikan dan oleh pemikiran-pemikiran Barat serta oleh kebijakan pemerintah. Gerakan wanita mengalami masa pasang surutnya yang banyak tergantung pada keadaan politik negara. d. India
Menjadi jajahan inggris sejak tahun 1857 dan memperoleh kemerdekaan tahun 1947, timbul gerakan yang bergandengan dengan kemerdekaan. Dalam hal ini Mahatma Gandhi sangat berjasa dengan mendorong wanita berpartisipasi dalam perjuangan memperoleh
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digariskan dalam perundang-undangan untuk mencapai keadilan bagi wanita dan masyarakat pada umumnya. e. Filipina
Sebelum dijajah oleh Spanyol pada abad ke-16 kedudukan wanita tinggi. Mereka memerintah di barangaya (desa), mereka sebagai pemuka-pemuka
agama
bahkan
pemimpin-pemimpin
militer.
Perkawinan umumnya monogamy, anak laki-laki dan perempuan mendapat bagian yang sama dari warisan sedangkan istri mendapat separuh dari milik bersama. Jelasnya masyarakat pada waktu itu bersifat egaliter. Penjajahan Spanyol yang kebudayaannya androsentris ( berpusat pada kepentingan pria), mengubah kedudukan wanita, pemerintahan dikuasai oleh pria, kesempatan pendidikan terbatas bagi wanita. Perkawinan masih bersifat monogamy tetapi perceraian dilarang. Wanita dilarang untuk bekerja pada jabatan-jabatan di muka umum,
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Dalam kasus Filipina ini terlihat bahwa gagasan feminis yang semula dilontarkan beberapa pihak luar, tidak menimbulkan suatu gerakan tetapi ini perlu ditunjang oleh anggota masyarakatnya sendiri, khususnya wanita. Baru setelah ada cukup banyak wanita yang berpendidikan
dengan
sikap
yang
berubah
dibanding
generasi
sebelumnya yang masih dipengaruhi oleh kebudayaanyang dibawa oleh bangsa Spanyol, maka terjadilah kemajuan. Ini menunjukan juga bahwa kekuasaan politiklah yang banyak menentukan ada atau tidaknya gerakan wanita.
2.3 Sejarah gerakan wanita di Indonesia
Perempuan Indonesia memiliki peranan dan kedudukan sangat penting sepanjang perjalanan sejarah. Kiprah perempuan di atas panggung sejarah tidak diragukan lagi. Gerakan kebangkitan nasional berhubungan
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hati pelajar dan mahasiswa tentang perjuangan pembebasan nasional di seluruh negeri di bumi ini. Dibukanya sekolah-sekolah Belanda Belanda untuk elite pribumi dan para ningrat, telah menghasilkan sekumpulan orang-orang muda berpendidikan Barat yang kelak menjadi tulang punggung gerakan pembebasan nasional. Pencerahan dalam dunia pendidikan tersebut menggugat orangorang muda untuk berkumpul, berbicara, berdiskusi dan menentukan. Tahun 1908 lahirlah organisasi yang dinamakan Budi Utomo. Sebelum Budi Utomo berdiri, telah lahir seorang pejuang perempuan, yaitu R.A. Kartini (1879-1904). Beliau adalah pelopor dan pendahulu perjuangan untuk pendidikan perempuan dan persamaan hak perempuan. Kartini berpendapat bahwa bila perempuan ingin maju dan mandiri, maka perempuan harus mendapat pendidikan. Kartini selama ini kita kenal sebagai seorang pejuang emansipasi perempuan, terutama di bidang pendidikan. pendidikan. Kartinilah Kart inilah yang membangun pola pikir kemajuan, kemajuan, dengan cara menggugah kesadaran orang-orang sejamannya, bahwa kaum perempuan
harus bersekolah. Tidak hanya di Sekolah Rendah, melainkan harus dapat
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baik sebagai sayap atau bagian dari organisasi perempuan yang sudah ada, atau pun membentuk wadah organisasi perempuan tersendiri yang dilaksanakan oleh perjuangan perempuan di satu sektor atau tingkat tertentu. Terbukti dengan adanya Kongres Perempuan Indonesia tingkat nasional di Yogyakarta pada tanggal 22 Desember 1928 yang dihadiri oleh 30 organisasi perempuan. Kongres ini menghasilkan federasi oganisasi perempuan yang bernama Persatoean Perempoean Indonesia (PPI). Setahun kemudian PPI diubah menjadi PPII (Perikatan Perhimpunan Isteri Indonesia). PPII sangat giat di bidang pendidikan dan usaha penghapusan perdagangan perempuan. Pada tahun 1932, dalam kongresnya, PPII mengangkat isu perjuangan melawan perdagangan perempuan dan salah satu keputusan penting yang diambil adalah mendirikan Perkumpulan Pemberantasan Perdagangan Perempuan dan Anak (P4A). Setelah kemerdekaan, organisasi perempuan kembali bergerak, akan tetapi karena pada awal kemerdekaan Negara Republik Indonesia masih diliputi oleh perjuangan mempertahankan kemerdekaan, maka perjuangan perempuan Indonesia adalah mendukung para pejuang dalam
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orang menteri perempuan, yaitu Ny. Maria Ulfah Santoso sebagai Menteri Sosial dan Ny. S.K. Trimurti sebagai Menteri Perburuhan. Pada dekade akhir pemerintahan Orde Baru, isu gender mulai muncul, sehingga disadari bahwa perempuan harus diberdayakan. Dalam pembangunan yang bernuansa gender, perempuan dan laki-laki harus selalu
mendapat
akses
yang
sama
dalam
pembangunan,
dapat
berpartisipasi dan dapat mempunyai kesempatan yang sama dalam penetapan keputusan dan akhirnya dapat menikmati keuntungan dari pembangunan tersebut secara bersama-sama.
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di Amerika Serikat yaitu Hillary Clinton. Beliau menunjukan bahwa wanita sebenarnya mampu berkarir seperti pria. Lulus dari Sekolah Hukum Yale pada tahun 1973, ia pindah ke Arkansas pada tahun 1974 dan kemudian menikahi Bill Clinton pada 1975. Ia lalu menjadi rekan wanita pertama di Firma Hukum Rose pada tahun 1979 dan dua kali tercatat sebagai salah seorang dari 100 pengacara paling berpengaruh di Amerika. Sejak tahun 1979 beliau mulai terjun ke dunia politik yaitu sebagai Ibu Gubernur Arkansas dan aktif dalam sejumlah organisasi yang terkait dengan kesejahteraan anak-anak serta menjadi anggota direksi Wal-Mart dan beberapa perusahaan lainnya. Dan pada tanggal 22 Januari 2009 Hillary Clinton dilantik sebagai Menteri Luar Negeri Amerika Ser ikat.
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laki-laki seimbang pada tingkat Sekolah Dasar (SD) dan Sekolah Lanjutan Pertama (SLTP). Akan tetapi jumlah perempuan makin berkurang seiring dengan meningkatnya jenjang sekolah. Hal ini disebabkan oleh masih adanya diskriminasi dalam keluarga terhadap anak perempuan untuk bersekolah ke jenjang yang lebih tinggi. Hal ini terkait pada masih kuatnya budaya patriarki, yang menganggap bahwa "setinggi-tinggi perempuan bersekolah,
akhirnya
akan
masuk
dapur
juga."
Dengan
adanya
diskriminasi terhadap anak perempuan untuk bersekolah, maka persentase anak perempuan yang mencapai pendidikan minimal (Wajar 9 tahun) jauh lebih rendah dari anak laki-laki; begitu juga jumlah buta huruf perempuan pada umur 15-45 tahun jumlahnya 2-3 kali lebih banyak dari laki-laki.
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Meskipun demikian, ternyata masih banyak hambatan bagi perempuan untuk mencapai kedudukan atau peningkatan prestasi seperti yang diharapkan, apalagi untuk kedudukan pimpinan atau pengambil keputusan lainnya. Untuk mencapai kedudukan yang setara dengan kedudukan
laki-laki,
seperti
kedudukan
pimpinan,
dan
pengambil
keputusan, perempuan dituntut untuk mempunyai kelebihan prestasi yang lebih menonjol, serta harus melalui perjuangan yang sangat berat, padahal tuntutan semacam ini bagi laki-laki pun tidak dirasa perlu. Perjuangan perempuan yang berat untuk mencapai suatu kedudukan, disebabkan karena masih banyak masyarakat Indonesia yang masih menganut paham patriarki, sehingga menghasilkan keputusan dan sikap yang bias gender.
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dan menandakan bahwa kualitas hidup perempuan masih sangat tertinggal dari kualitas hidup laki-laki. Nilai IPG adalah perbedaan kualitas hidup antara perempuan dan laki-laki. Pengukuran IPM dan IPG berdasarkan tiga kategori, yaitu tingkat pendidikan, kesehatan, dan kemampuan ekonomi masyarakat. Bedanya, pada IPG memakai pengukuran dibedakan antara perempuan dan laki-laki. Pengukuran lain yang menunjukkan ketimpangan peran laki-laki dan perempuan ditunjukkan juga dengan Indeks Pemberdayaan Pemberdayaan Gender (IDG), ( IDG), yaitu indeks yang memperlihatkan peran aktif perempuan dalam kehidupan ekonomi dan politik serta pengambilan keputusan. Semua
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c. Dalam bidang ekonomi, menurut survei terakhir, pendapatan perempuan biasanya hanya 60% dari pendapatan pria untuk waktu kerja dan posisi yang sama, ditambah kesalahan Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) dalam mendata pelaku ekonomi di sebuah keluarga. Bila sebuah keluarga, di mana seorang isteri berusaha di rumah
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Terlepas dari masih adanya diskriminasi terhadap wanita Indonesia namun
masih
banyak
pula
wanita-wanita
Indonesia
yang
aktif
berpartisipasi dalam pembangunan nasional dan meningkatnya jumlah wanita dalam kedudukan kepemimpinan. Berikut ini akan dipaparkan beberapa beberapa tokoh t okoh wanita Indonesia mengenai pandangannya terhadap wanita
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Menyinggung acara peluncuran Buku "Kumpulan Puisi 123 Perempuan Indonesia", Mooryati mengatakan, ide peluncuran buku ini sangat luar biasa. "Ide yang sangat amazing, menakjubkan. Pemikiran yang benarbenar bisa menyatukan pendapat pendapat atau persepsi dalam bentuk puisi dari 123 wanita, kemudian bagaimana bisa mengumpulkan mereka, dan itu
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berbeda, kesemuanya menunjukkan wanita super – sanggup sanggup memberi warna pada kehidupan. Lalu bagaimana dengan perempuan Indonesia sesungguhnya sesungguhnya (non-fiksi)? (non-f iksi)? Sebut saja Dewi Sartika, perempuan kelahiran Bandung, 4 Desember 1884 – wafat di Tasikmalaya, 11 September 1947 dalam umur 62 tahun. Dewi Sartika adalah tokoh perintis pendidikan untuk kaum
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Kebangkitan Perempuan. Pemerintahan Soekarno pada tahun 1959 menetapkan tanggal tersebut sebagai hari besar nasional (SK Presiden RI No. 316/1959), sebagai penghargaan terhadap kontribusi perempuan dalam perjuangan bangsa. Namun sayangnnya, perjalanan sejarah dan penghargaan yang diberikan oleh pemerintahan Soekarno telah didistorsi oleh kekuasaan Orde Baru. Makna peristiwa Kongres Perempuan Indonesi tahun 1928 telah dikerdilkan dengan sekedar memaknainya sebagai
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