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PENGARUH KADAR GARAM DAPUR (NaCl) DALAM MEDIA PENDINGIN TERHADAP TINGKAT KEKERASAN PADA PROSES PENGERASAN BAJA V-155 Skripsi
Diajukan dalam rangka penyelesaian studi Strata 1 Untuk mencapai gelar Sarjana Pendidikan
Oleh :
Nama
: M. Taufan Rizal
NIM
: 5214000045
Program Studi
: Pendidikan Teknik Mesin S1
Jurusan
: Teknik Mesin
FAKULTAS TEKNIK UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SEMARANG 2005
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ABSTRAK
M. Taufan Rizal, 2005. Pengaruh Kadar Garam Dapur (NaCl) dalam Media Pendingin Terhadap Tingkat Kekerasan pada Proses Pengerasan Baja V-155. Jurusan Teknik Mesin Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Semarang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh garam dapur (NaCl) dalam media pendingin air dengan kadar yang berbeda-beda yaitu 9%, 16% dan 23% terhadap tingkat kekerasan baja V-155 yang diuji dengan Rockwell C setelah dikeraskan pada proses hardening dan untuk mengetahui proporsi media pendingin manakah yang menghasilkan kekerasan tertinggi dari penggunaan media pendingin air yang ditambahkan NaCl dengan kadar yang berbeda-beda tersebut. Bahan yang digunakan adalah baja V-155 yang diproduksi oleh PT. Bohlindo Baja. Spesimen dalam penelitian ini berbentuk silinder dengan diameter 40 mm dan tebal 15 mm, Jumlah spesimen keseluruhan adalah 12 buah spesimen, yang terbagi menjadi 4 kelompok yaitu 3 buah spesimen untuk raw material (kelompok kontrol), 3 buah spesimen untuk perlakuan dengan 9% NaCl, 3 buah spesimen untuk perlakuan dengan 16% NaCl dan 3 buah spesimen untuk perlakuan dengan 23% NaCl. Selanjutnya dilakukan pengujian kekerasan dengan alat uji Rockwell C dan pengujian struktur mikro. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini adalah banyaknya kadar garam dapur (NaCl) yang dilarutkan dalam media pendingin air dengan prosentase yang berbeda-beda yaitu 9%, 16% dan 23%. Sedangkan variabel terikatnya adalah nilai kekerasan bahan yang diuji dengan Rockwell C.Data hasil pengujian dianalisa dengan teknik deskriptif dan hasil analisa ditampilkan dalam bentuk diagram batang (histogram). Kekerasan pada proses hardening dengan media pendingin air yang ditambahkan garam dapur (NaCl) yang berbeda yaitu 9%, 16% dan 23% adalah 49,67 HRC, 51,11 HRC dan 53,33 HRC. Dari hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa ada pengaruh kadar garam dapur (NaCl) dalam media pendingin terhadap tingkat kekerasan pada proses pengerasan baja V-155. Semakin tinggi kadar garam dapur semakin tinggi pula nilai kekerasannya. Kekerasan tertinggi dicapai pada media pendingin dengan konsentrasi 23% NaCl yaitu sebesar 53,33 HRC disusul media pendingin dengan konsentrasi 16% NaCl sebesar 51,11 HRC dan yang terendah adalah media pendingin dengan konsentrasi 9% NaCl sebesar 49,67 HRC. Untuk mendapatkan kekerasan maksimal pada proses pengerasan baja V-155 disarankan agar menggunakan media pendingin larutan garam dapur (NaCl) pada konsentrasi jenuh yaitu 23% NaCl karena menghasilkan laju pendinginan yang paling optimal.
KATA PENGANTAR
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Puji syukur senantiasa peneliti panjatkan kehadirat Allah SWT yang telah melimpahkan rahmat dan hidayah-Nya sehingga skripsi yang berjudul Pengaruh Kadar Garam Dapur (NaCl) dalam Media Pendingin Terhadap Tingkat Kekerasan Tingkat Kekerasan pada Proses Pengerasan Baja V-155 dapat diselesaikan dengan baik.
Dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini, peneliti tidak lepas mendapatkan bantuan dari berbagai pihak baik berupa bimbingan maupun dorongan. Pada kesempatan yang baik ini peneliti ingin mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada: 1. Prof. Dr. Soesanto, M.Pd., Dekan Fakultas Teknik Universitas Negeri Semarang. 2. Drs. Pramono, Ketua Jurusan Teknik Mesin Universitas Negeri Semarang. 3. Drs. Murdani, M.Pd., Dosen Pembimbing I yang dengan sabar membimbing peneliti dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 4. Drs. Budiarso Eko, M.Pd., Dosen Pembimbing II yang dengan sabar membimbing peneliti dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. 5. Bapak Puji, pembimbing lapangan atas bantuan dan arahannya. 6. Bapak dan ibukuyang selalu mendoakan dan memberikan motivasi. 7. Semua pihak yang telah membantu dalam menyelesaikan skripsi ini. Semoga bantuan yang telah diberikan dengan tulus ikhlas kepada peneliti mendapat imbalan dari Allah SWT. Peneliti menyadari bahwa penulisan skripsi ini masih jauh dari sempurna, karena itu kritik dan saran yang membangun sangat peneliti harapkan. Semoga skripsi ini dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua. Amiin
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Semarang,
Februari 2005
Peneliti
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PERNYATAAN SELESAI BIMBINGAN
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini pembimbing skripsi dari mahasiswa : Nama
: M. Taufan Rizal
NIM
: 5214000045
Prodi
: Pend. Teknik Mesin S1
Menyatakan bahwa mahasiswa tersebut telah selesai bimbingan skripsinya yang berjudul : Pengaruh Kadar Garam Dapur (NaCl) dalam Media Pendingin Terhadap Tingkat Kekerasan pada Proses Pengerasan Baja V-155
Dan skripsi tersebut siap untuk diujikan. Demikian semoga menjadi periksa.
Semarang,
Februari 2005
Pembimbing I
Pembimbing II
Drs. Murdani, M.Pd. NIP. 130894848
Drs. Budiarso Eko, M.Pd. NIP. 131285577
Mengetahui, Ketua Jurusan Teknik Mesin
Drs. Pramono NIP. 131474226
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BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
A. Latar Belakang Masalah Pada bagian-bagian mesin sering dijumpai suatu bahan yang memerlukan kekerasan dan keliatan, sebagai contoh roda gigi. Pada roda gigi diperlukan suatu permukaan yang keras sedang inti tetap ulet. Pada roda gigi dapat mengalami kerusakan berupa gigi patah, aus atau berlubang-lubang permukaannya, serta tergores permukaannya. Untuk mendapatkan suatu konstruksi bahan yang keras, maka dapat dilakukan suatu proses pengerasan bahan (Hardening). Hardening dapat diartikan o
o
sebagai pemanasan bahan hingga suhu 800 C sampai suhu 900 C dan didinginkan dengan cepat (Beumer, 1994: 92). Menurut penggunannya besi dan baja diklasifikasikan menjadi: Baja konstruksi, baja mesin dan baja perkakas (Beumer, 1994: 85). Baja V-155 adalah termasuk baja mesin (Machinery stells). Dalam penelitian ini bahan yang digunakan sebagai sampel adalah baja V-155 karena baja V-155 sudah memenuhi syarat untuk dipakai dalam konstruksi ko nstruksi permesinan atau komponen mesin, namun masih terbatas pada pemakaian pada bagianbagian yang mendapat beban tidak terlalu berat dan tidak menerima gesekan yang terlalu tinggi, karena kurang keras. Untuk memperbaiki sifatsifat tekniknya maka baja V-155 perlu mendapatkan perlakuan panas (Heat treatment). Proses perlakuan panas adalah proses perubahan sifat mekanik
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dengan jalan mengubah struktur melalui pemanasan dan kecepatan pendinginan. Untuk mengubah nilai kekerasan cara yang digunakan adalah dengan salah satu perlakuan panas yang sering disebut dengan proses hardening atau pengerasan. Proses pengerasan (hardening) baja karbon biasanya dilakukan dalam dapur pemanas dan umumnya menggunakan air dan oli sebagai media pendinginnya tanpa penambahan bahan lain. Dalam penelitian ini digunakan media pendingin air yang ditambahkan garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar yang berbeda-beda yaitu 9%, 16% dan 23%. Kadar garam dapur maksimal dipilih sebesar 23% karena dimungkinkan pada konsentrasi tersebut keadaan larutan jenuh, dalam arti bila kadar garam dapur dinaikkan prosentasenya sudah tidak akan mempengaruhi efektifitas pendinginan karena garam dapur yang terkandung dalam larutan akan mengendap. Hal ini diperkuat dengan pendapat dari Zuhdan Kun Prasetyo (1988), yang menyatakan bahwa larutan garam dapur akan jenuh pada konsentrasi sebesar 23%, dan untuk mengerti secara pasti ada tidaknya pengaruh perlakuan yang diberikan, maka dilakukan pengujian kekerasan dengan uji kekerasan Rockwell C. Air dipakai sebagai media pendingin karena air dapat menurunkan suhu dengan cepat yang diikuti dengan penurunan suhu di dalam benda tersebut, sehingga diperoleh lapisan yang keras yang lebih merata. Garam dapur (NaCl) mampu meningkatkan laju pendinginan apabila dilarutkan dalam air. Dengan adanya penambahan
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garam dapur yang berbeda-beda, kemungkinan akan menghasilkan tingkat kekerasan yang berbeda-beda pula. Berdasarkan pemikiran diatas, maka diadakan penelitian dengan judul “Pengaruh Kadar Garam Dapur (NaCl) dalam Media Pendingin terhadap Tingkat Kekerasan pada Proses Pengerasan Baja V-155”.
B. Identifikasi dan Pembatasan Masalah 1. Identifikasi Masalah Perlakuan panas adalah suatu proses pemanasan dan pendinginan logam dalam keadaan padat sedangkan hardening adalah proses pemanasan baja sampai suhu di daerah atau di atas daerah kritis disusul dengan pendinginan yang cepat, sehingga akan membentuk struktur martensit pada permukaan baja yang dapat meningkatkan kekerasan baja (Amstead, 1993: 144). Sebagai media pendingin yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah air yang ditambah garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar yang berbeda-beda yaitu 9%, 16% dan 23%. Kadar garam dapur maksimal dipilih sebesar 23% karena dimungkinkan pada konsentrasi tersebut keadaan larutan jenuh, dalam arti bila kadar garam dapur dinaikkan prosentasenya sudah tidak akan mempengaruhi efektifitas pendinginan karena garam dapur yang terkandung dalam larutan akan mengendap. Adanya media pendingin pada proses hardening yang berbeda-beda tersebut akan mengakibatkan perubahan struktur kristal baja. Untuk memperoleh baja yang mempunyai sifat-sifat yang dikehendaki (kekerasan tinggi, kekuatan tarik tinggi dan keuletan), bahan baja masih harus
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diberi perlakuan panas. Permasalahan-permasalahan yang mungkin timbul dari adanya proses perlakuan panas pada baja V-155 adalah: Bagaimanakah pengaruh suhu pada proses hardening terhadap tingkat kekerasan Rockwell C, apakah waktu pendinginan mempengaruhi proses hardening, apakah proses pengerjaan awal benda kerja mempengaruhi tingkat kekerasan baja V-155 setelah
dikeraskan,
apakah
ada
perbedaan
nilai
kekerasan
dengan
menggunakan media pendingin air yang ditambah garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar yang berbeda-beda. 2. Pembatasan Masalah Untuk menghindari kesalahpahaman dan menimbulkan masalah baru yang menyimpang dari tujuan, maka diberikan pembatasan masalah sebagai berikut: a. Proses perlakuan panas yang dilakukan adalah proses hardening. b. Media pendingin yang digunakan adalah air yang ditambah garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar yang berbeda-beda yaitu 9%, 16% dan 23%. c. Spesimen yang digunakan adalah baja V-155. d. Pengujian kekerasan yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan pengujian Rockwell C.
C. Permasalahan Berdasarkan identifikasi dan pembatasan masalah di atas maka masalah yang akan dibahas dalam penelitian ini adalah:
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1. Adakah pengaruh kadar garam dapur (NaCl) dalam media pendingin terhadap tingkat kekerasan baja V-155 setelah dikeraskan dalam proses hardening? 2. Proporsi media pendingin manakah yang menghasilkan kekerasan tertinggi dari penggunaan media pendingin air yang ditambahkan garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar 9%, 16% dan 23%?
D. Penegasan Istilah Untuk menghindari adanya salah pengertian di dalam judul skripsi ini, maka perlu ditegaskan istilah yang dianggap penting. Dengan demikian ada kesamaan pendapat di dalam memberikan penafsiran.
1. Pengaruh Pengaruh adalah daya yang ada atau timbul dari sesuatu (orang, benda dan sebagainya) yang berkuasa atau yang berkekuatan. Pengaruh dalam penelitian ini adalah hubungan yang mempengaruhi antara penggunaan garam dapur (NaCl) dalam media pendingin dalam kadar yang bervariasi terhadap kekerasan pada proses pengerasan baja V-155.
2. Garam Dapur (NaCl) Bahan ini berupa bahan padat putih, memiliki bentuk kristal kubus yang transparan, tidak dapat terbakar serta mempunyai titik leleh 801 (Effendie:1989). 3. Pendingin
o
C.
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Pendingin dalam kamus besar bahasa Indonesia adalah alat untuk mendinginkan sesuatu. Dalam penelitian ini mempunyai pengertian, yaitu media atau alat pendingin yang digunakan untuk menurunkan temperatur bahan yang temperaturnya tinggi (Anton Maulana, 1983: 207). Bahan pendingin yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah air yang ditambahkan garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar NaCl masing-masing yaitu: 9 %, 16 % dan 23 %. 4. Kekerasan Kekerasan adalah merupakan suatu tahanan dari bahan terhadap perubahan bentuk tetap (Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia,1989: 425). Dalam penelitian ini adalah kemampuan dan kekuatan bahan menerima penetrasi dari bahan lain yang terstandar, yaitu dengan menggunakan pengujian Rockwell. 5. Proses Pengerasan ( Hardening) Hardening adalah proses pemanasan baja sampai suhu di daerah atau di atas daerah kritis disusul dengan pendinginan yang cepat, sehingga akan membentuk
struktur
martensit
pada
permukaan
baja
yang
dapat
meningkatkan kekerasan baja (Amstead, 1993: 144). 6. Baja V-155 Baja V-155 adalah salah satu nama baja dari produk Bohler, angka 2
155 menunjukan kekuatan tarik maksimumnya sama dengan 1550 N/mm . Baja V-155 adalah baja paduan untuk konstruksi mesin dengan kadar sebagai
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berikut: 0,38% C, 0,20% Si, 0,70% Mn. 1,50% Cr, 0,20% Mo dan 1,64% Ni (Grade Bohler PT. Bohlindo Baja). Dari penegasan istilah dapat disimpulkan bahwa dalam penelitian ini adalah meneliti seberapa besar pengaruh kadar garam dapur (NaCl) dalam media pendingin air, apabila kadar garam dapur (NaCl) yang digunakan 9%, 16% dan 23% terhadap kekerasan baja V-155 setelah dikeraskan dengan proses hardening yang selanjutnya diuji dengan pengujian Rockwell skala C.
E. Tujuan Penelitian Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah sebagai berikut : 1. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh kadar garam dapur (NaCl) dalam media pendingin terhadap tingkat kekerasan baja V-155 setelah dikeraskan dalam proses hardening? 2. Untuk mengetahui proporsi media pendingin manakah yang menghasilkan kekerasan tertinggi dari penggunaan media pendingin air yang ditambahkan garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar 9%, 16% dan 23% ?
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1. Bagi dunia industri pengerjaan logam, merupakan masukan yang dapat dipakai sebagai pedoman dalam produksinya, dengan maksud dapat diketahui perlakuan panas yang akan diterapkan sesuai dengan kondisi benda kerja, media pendingin yang dipakai, suhu pemanasan yang dikenakan dan laju pendinginan yang diterapkan. 2. Bagi dunia pendidikan adalah suatu pengembangan dan pengalaman di bidang pengerasan baja. 3. Bagi pembaca hasil penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk menambah pengetahuan tentang pengerasan baja. 4. Bagi peneliti penelitian ini merupakan sarana untuk melatih diri agar bertambah pengetahuan serta ketrampilan dalam melakukan penelitian.
G. Sistematika skripsi Secara garis besar sistematika skripsi dapat dibagi menjadi tiga bagian yaitu: bagian pendahuluan, bagian isi dan bagian akhir skripsi. Adapun rincian sistematika skripsi ini adalah sebagai berikut: 1. Bagian awal Skripsi Bagian ini berisi halaman judul, halaman pengesahan, abstraksi, motto dan persembahan, kata pengantar, daftar isi, daftar tabel, daftar gambar dan daftar
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BAB I
: Pendahuluan, berisi berisi tentang latar belakang masalah, permasalahan, penegasan istilah, tujuan dan manfaat penelitian dan sistematika skripsi.
BAB II : Landasan teori dan hipotesis, berisi tentang landasan teori sebagai sebagai telaah kepustakaan, kerangka berpikir dan hipotesis penelitian. BAB III : Metode penelitian, berisi tentang populasi, sampel, variabel, metode penyusunan data dan metode analisis data penelitian. BAB IV : Hasil penelitian dan pembahasan, berisi tentang hasil penelitian dan laporan analisis hasil. BAB V : Penutup, berisi tentang simpulan dan dan saran. 3. Bagian Akhir Skripsi Bagian akhir skripsi berisi tentang daftar pustaka dan lampiran.
BAB II
LANDASAN LANDASAN TEORI DAN HIPOTESIS A. Landasan Teori 1. Baja V-155 Baja merupakan paduan yang terdiri dari besi, karbon dan unsur lainya dalam prosentase tertentu. Baja dapat didefinisikan sebagai suatu campuran
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(0.3% - 0,7% C) dan baja karbon tinggi (0,7% - 1,4 % C). Sedangkan baja paduan dibagi menjadi baja paduan rendah (jumlah paduan kurang dari 8%) dan baja paduan tinggi (jumlah paduan lebih dari 8%) (Amstead,1993: 51). Secara
umum
baja
dapat
dibedakan
menjadi
dua
kelompok
berdasarkan kegunaannya, yaitu baja konstruksi dan baja perkakas. Kandungan karbon baja konstruksi sekitar 0,06 % - 0,55 %, dibuat dalam bentuk profil, batangan, pipa dan pelat. Baja dapat dibedakan lagi menurut kegunaannya yaitu: baja perkakas dingin, baja perkakas panas, baja konstruksi mesin, baja pencetak plastik, baja stainless dan baja tahan panas (Grade Bohler PT. Bohlindo Baja). Sedangkan baja perkakas mempunyai kadar karbon 0,5 % - 1,5 %, digunakan untuk perkakas seperti martil, pisau, kikir, gergaji, mata bor dan sebagainya. Baja V-155 merupakan baja paduan rendah yang diantaranya digunakan untuk baling-baling, poros engkol, bantalan, roda gigi dan sebagainya. Baja V-155 mempunyai unsur kimia sebagai berikut: 0,38% C, 0,20% Si, 0,70% Mn, 1,5% Cr, 0,2% Mo, 1,64% Ni, 96,79% Fe, 0,13% Cu, 0,05% W, 0,03% S, 0,04% Co (Bohler Steel Manual). a. Karbon Dalam Baja Hubungan antara karbon dan besi sebagian besar tergantung pada
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diantara struktur dan dikenal sebagai satu fasa, yang sedikit berbeda dari fasa besi. 2) Besi adalah elemen allotropik , yaitu bisa keluar lebih dari satu bentuk kristal. Walaupun karbon merupakan solusi pada baja lebur, tetapi masalah dalam baja padat timbul dalam struktur pengkristalan bukan sebagai karbon tetapi berupa campuran kimia yang sangat keras yaitu cementite (Fe3C) dan hal ini dapat dilihat dengan menggunakan
mikroskop, ini yang disebut fase kedua dari baja.
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sebagai cementite. Kehadiran cementite bebas akan tergantung pada jumlah karbon didalam baja dan bisa dilihat pengaruh pengaruh karbon terhadap unsur-unsur pokok, Pertama pada baja karbon rendah, sebagai contoh baja akan lunak dengan 0,3 % C. Kandungan karbon ini tidak akan cukup untuk merubah ferrite menjadi pearlite dan akibatnya baja akan terdiri dari keduanya yaitu ferrite dan pearlite. Pearlite itu sangat keras sebab adanya
unsur
pokok cementite,
tetapi
adanya
cementite
akan
menyebabkan kekenyalan, tergantung pada perbandingan antara ferrite dan pearlite. Bila pearlite lebih sedikit, maka baja tersebut akan lebih lunak, sebaliknya bila kandungan karbon naik ditemukan lebih banyak pearlite dan bila sampai 0,85 % C, baja tersebut hampir terdiri dari pearlite semuanya dan bila kadar karbon mendekati tingkat ini, kekerasan
dari logam akan naik dan akan diimbangi dengan berkurangnya kekenyalan dan kekuatannya (ketahanan terhadap beban kejut). Bila
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sebagai besi γ (gamma). Ada dua hal penting dalam perubahan dari bentuk α kebentuk γ . Pertama adalah γ tidak bisa mempertahankan cementite dalam keadaan padat. Cementite akan berubah dengan cepat
dari γ ke besi α. Hal ini adalah bila kandungan karbon naik, titik kritis (perubahan dari γ ke α) menjadi tertekan dan terjadi pada suhu terendah. Bila kandungan karbon 0,85% atau lebih, titik kritis terjadi pada temperatur yang lebih tinggi dan kesemuanya ini diperlihatkan pada diagram kesetimbangan di atas. Garis atas menunjukan titik kritis atas dan garis horisontal yang melalui titik yang paling bawah menunjukan titik kritis bawah. Pada temperatur diatas titik kritis atas bentuk campurannya dikenal dengan nama austenite. Bila kadar karbon hanya 0,85%, perubahan dari besi γ ke α menyebabkan semua cementite dikeluarkan dari semua larutan sekaligus dan membentuk pearlite. Perubahan dari γ
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jumlah kandungan kandungan ferritenya. Pearlite sangat keras dan akan memberikan sifatnya ini kepada baja sehingga menjadi keras. Peningkatan proporsi pearlite
membuat
logam
tersebut
kekenyalannya
berkurang
dan
ketahanan terhadap deformasi meningkat, cementite sangat keras dan getas. b. Pengaruh Unsur Paduan Dalam Baja Unsur campuran adalah unsur yang sangat penting dalam pembuatan baja, jumlah persentase dan bentuknya membawa pengaruh yang amat besar terhadap sifatnya. Pengaruh unsur paduan dalam baja adalah sebagai berikut: 1) Unsur Karbon (C) Unsur ini menaikan besaran kekuatan bengkok, tekan dan takik, tetapi menurunkan keliatan dan kemampuan tarik, kemampuan tempa dan las, sifat penghantar listrik dan panas. panas.
Penurunan keliatan akibat
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Nikel mempertinggi kekuatan dan regangannya sehingga baja paduan ini menjadi liat dan tahan tarikan serta tahan karat atau korosi. Oleh karena itu, baja paduan ini biasa digunakan untuk membuat sudu-sudu turbin, roda gigi, bagian-bagian mobil dan sebagainya. 4) Krom (Cr) Unsur ini memberikan kekuatan dan kekerasan baja meningkat serta tahan karat dan tahan aus. Penambahan unsur kromium biasanya diikuti dengan penambahan nikel. Biasanya baja paduan ini digunakan untuk bahan poros dan roda gigi.
5) Molibdenum (Mo) Penambahan molibdenum akan memperbaiki baja karbon menjadi tahan terhadap suhu yang tinggi, liat, dan kuat. Untuk baja-baja perkakas Mo dapat menggantikan Wolfram (W).baja paduan ini biasa
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Unsur ini menurunkan kemampuan pengubahan bentuk dingin oleh karena itu hanya diijinkan 0,2% Si. Si meningkatkan sifat tahan elektris dan digunakan di lempeng dinamo. 8) Belerang (S) Sulfur meningkatkan kemampuan diregangkan karena itu digunakan sampai 0,3% didalam baja automatik (free cutting stell). 9) Vanadium (V) Penambahan unsur ini akan memperbaiki struktur kristal baja menjadi halus dan tahan aus terlebih bila dicampur dengan kromium. Baja paduan ini banyak digunakan untuk membuat roda gigi, batang penggerak, dan sebagainya.
10) Kobalt (Co) Penambahan unsur ini akan memperbaiki sifat kekerasan baja
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satu nama baja dari produk Bohler yang sering digunakan untuk pembuatan baling-baling, poros engkol, bantalan, roda gigi dan sebagainya.
2. Proses Pengerasan Baja ( Hardening) Proses pengerasan baja dilakukan melalui dua tahap, yaitu: a. Pemanasan Pada saat pemanasan menuju suhu pengerasan harus dilakukan secara bertahap, yakni pemanasan pendahuluan dan pemanasan akhir,
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Melalui perlakuan panas struktur baja dapat berubah. Bila baja o
eutektoid dipanaskan dengan suhu 723 C, maka karbida besi (sementit) akan terurai menjadi besi (Fe) dan karbon (C). unsur karbon tersebut menjadi bebas terlarut di dalam besi. Kemampuan melarutkan karbon tersebut hanya dimiliki oleh besi gamma. Larutan ini terjadi pada suhu ketika baja masih padat, karenanya disebut larutan padat (austenit). Baja eutektoid beralih menjadi austenite pada saat melampaui suhu 723
o
C.
Dengan adanya unsur-unsur yang terkandung didalam baja maka akan berpengaruh pada suhu kritis yang berdampak pada perubahan pengaruh
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Gambar 2. Diagram besi karbida (Amstead, 1993: 140) Peralihan wujud struktur baja pemanasan lambat akan berlaku sebaliknya bila dilakukan pendinginan lambat. Kristal besi akan terurai bila suhu menurun akibatnya austenite akan berubah kembali menjadi o
pearlite pada suhu lebih kecil dari 723 C. Dipandang dari segi kisi ruang,
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mencapai
suhu
yang
rendah
dan
membentuk martensit .
Suhu
pembentukan martensit akan makin rendah bila kandungan karbon makin tinggi. Pada kenyataannya laju pendinginan sangat mempengaruhi hasil proses hardening, bahkan bila dibandingkan pengaruh pemanasan maka pengaruh laju pendinginan lebih besar dan lebih nyata. Laju pendinginan yang cepat akan menghasilkan logam dengan kekerasan yang lebih tinggi bila dibandingkan dengan laju pendinginan yang lambat. Waktu yang diperlukan untuk mencapai kekerasan maksimal adalah kurang dari satu
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benda-benda yang besar, maka disana baja akan lebih lambat mencapai suhu pengejutan dan garis pendinginan 2 dalam gambar 3 yang kini kecuramannya berkurang dapat memotong garis liku S pertama di dua titik secara bergantian, dalam kasus ini berlangsung juga wujud tahap
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akan menyebabkan pendinginan yang cepat dan menghasilkan struktur martensit. Martens, seorang ilmuwan kebangsaan Jerman menemukan struktur ini pada tahun 1878. Martensit didapatkan dengan mencelupkan baja karbon dalam air dan terbentuklah fase transisi yang terjadi dekomposisi
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Kekerasan maksimum yang dapat dicapai tergantung pada kadar karbon. Kekerasan maksimum dapat dicapai bila austenit seluruhnya berubah menjadi martensit dan nilai kekerasannya dapat mencapai 66 sampai 67 Rockwell C. Untuk mencapai hal ini maka kadar kadar karbon harus sama atau lebih dari 0,60 %.
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Tujuan dari proses quenching adalah untuk mendapatkan kekerasan yang optimal. Kekerasan (hardness) adalah sifat mekanik yang berhubungan dengan kekuatan dan merupakan fungsi dari kadar karbon dalam baja. Sebagai media pendingin yang dipakai di dalam penelitian ini dipergunakan air yang ditambahkan garam dapur (NaCl) dengan kadar yang bervariasi
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sangat kecil namun tersebar merata meskipun dibiarkan dalam waktu yang lama. NaCl atau garam dapur tidak akan mengendap bila dibiarkan dan tidak dapat dipisahkan dari air dengan cara penyaringan. Partikelpartikel NaCl, ion-ionnya dalam air tidak akan dapat terlihat dengan mikroskop. Zat terlarut dan pelarutnya benar-benar tercampur secara
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