Patologi Jerawat

DMRC^CX BCB L ZMOHCF]K]CO

C/ KCXCR BMKCICON

Qckcf Qctu nconnuco ycon sconct u`u` hco tmrutc`c hlhmrltc pcrc rm`cdc pchc `csc cilk bckln &pubmrtcs, chckcf dmrcwct ctcu caom vukncrls/ @mourut pmrilrcco kmblf hcrl =:`csycrcict uslc 322= tcfuo `mohmrltc suctu bmotui caom/ Blcscoyc `modmkcon uslc smiltcr  2: tcfuo nconncuo lol bmriurcon ctcu flkcon sc`c smickl hmonco smohlrloyc/ Xmtcpl iurcon kmblf 3:- hcrl prlc &hco wcoltc, `cslf bmrdmrcwct smtmkcf `mkmwctl `csc pubmrtcs+ tmrutc`c  pcrc wcoltc smwcitu `csc fclh+ pmonnuocco pmonnuo cco plk cotligosmpsl hco imfc`lkco ycon hlplau gkmf  pmrubcfco ichcr fgr`go hckc` tubufoyc/ Im`uoniloco pmoymbcb kclo hcrl dmrcwct chckcf imturuoco &Cogol`+ 2::1,/

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Nmdckcnmdckcoyc bmrupc iuklt ycon bmr`loyci hmonco blbtliblotli fltc` hco putlf &ig`mhg, hco ' ctcu nmdckc pmrchconco+ blsukblsuk bmrococf imiuoloniuolonco smrtc pcrut  pcrut+ tmrutc`c pchc wcdcf/ wcdcf / Nmdckc lol sconct ‛`mrunlico‐ wcdcf pmohmrltc hco `mouruoico

rcsc pmracyc hlrloyc/ Dustru pchc `csc pubmrtcs+ pchc scct smsmgrcon `m`ukcl bmrfubuonco sgalck imbcoycico rm`cdc `mrcsc tlhci pmracyc hlrl hlsc`plon caom hcpct sconct `monnconnu pmrncukcooyc hmonco rm`cdc kclo/ Qmrlon ickl pmohmrltc hm`lilco+ suonico  pmrnl im pmstc ctcu im hlsig+ ctcu `m`buct dcodl &hctlon , hco `mrcsc tlhci pmracyc hlrl smwcitu `mkc`cr pmimrdcco/ Imchcco hm`lilco pmrku hltconcol hmonco smrlus icrmoc hcpct sconct

`momico

pmohmrltc/

Zmongbctcooyc

hltuduico

uotui

sm`lol`ck

`uonilo

`molonnckico pcrut &Cogol`+ 2::1,/ Loslhmo dmrcwct 6:3::- pchc uslc hmwcsc `uhcf ycltu pchc uslc 383> tcfuo pchc wcoltc+ hco 353< tcfuo pchc prlc &\ulohcrtcotg+ 2::< 9 Fcrpmr+ 2::6,/ Bmrhcscrico  pmomkltlco Nggh`co Ngg h`co &3<<<,+ prmvckmosl tmrtlonnl tmrdchl pchc uslc 353> tcfuo+ hl`coc pchc wcoltc bmrilscr 616=- hco pchc prlc bmrilscr <=3::-/ Hcrl survml hl icwcsco cslc tmonncrc + tmrhcpct 8:6:- icsus dmrcwct+ smhconico hl Lohgomslc+ actctco stuhl imkg`pgi  hmr`ctgkgnl igs`mtli lohgomslc+ `mouduico tmrhcpct 5:- pmohmrltc dmrcwct pchc tcfu 2::5 hco 6:- pchc tcfuo 6:- pchc tcfuo2::>/ Hcrl icsus hl tcfuo 2::>+ imbcoycico  pmohmrltcoyc chckcf rm`cdc hco hmwcsc ycon uslcoyc 331: tcfuo smflonnc bmbmrcpc tcfuo  bmkciconco lol pcrc cfkl hmr`ctgkgnl `m`pmkcdcrl pctgnmoltco tmrdchloyc pmoycilt tmrsmbut/ @msilpuo hm`lilco dmrcwct hcpct pukc tmrdchl pchc uslc kmblf `uhcf ctcu kmblf tuc hcrlpchc uslc tmrsmbut &Memohy+ 2::1,/ @msilpuo imbcoycico dmrcwct tmrdchl pchc rm`cdc ctcu hmwcsc `uhc+ tmtcpl pchc imoyctccooyc dmrcwct dunc tl`buk pchc bmrbcncl ngkgonco uslc kclooyc/ Dmrcwct smrlonickl hlfubuoncico hmonco igohlsl tubuf+ bcli pchc scct strms icrmoc bcoyci `csckcf+ ctcu hcpct  pukc smbcklioyc pchc scct smhcon bmrbcfcnlc/ Zchc wcitu pubmrtcs tmrhcpct imoclico hcrl fgr`go cohrgnmo ycon bmrpmrco hckc` hcrcf ycon hcpct `moymbcbico flpmrpkcslc hco flpmrtrgel hcrl nkcohukc smbcsmc smflonnc tlhci fmrco dlic conic imdchlco dmrcwct pcklon  bcoyci pchc uslc rm`cdc &\ulohcrtcotg+ 2::<,/

BCB LL ZM@BCFCQCO

C/ HMELOLQL

Ciom vukncrls `mrupcico suctu prgsms pmrchconco irgoli imkmodcrimkmodcr plkgsmbcsmc/ hmonco chcoyc ig`mhg+ pcpuk+ pustuk+ oghus+ hco ilstc pchc tm`pct prmhlkmisloyc/ Ciom vukncrls chckcf pmoycilt pmrchconco `mocfuo egklimk plkgsmbcsmc ycon u`u`oyc tmrdchl  pchc `csc rm`cdc hco hcpct hcp ct sm`buf smohlrl/ Nc`bcrco iklols ciom vukncrls smrlon pgkl`grel9 tmrhlrl ctcs bmrbcncl imkcloco iuklt bmrupc ig`mhg+ pcpuk+ pustuk+ oghuk+ hco dcrlonco pcrut+ ycon tmrdchl cilbct imkcloco citle tmrsmbut+ bcli dcrlonco pcrut ycon flpgtrgeli `cupuo ycon flpmrtrgeli &Cogol` + 2::1,/ Zmoycilt lol tmrutc`c tmrdchl pchc rm`cdc hco blcscoyc bmrlovgkusl smkc`c uslc 2= tcfuo oc`uo blsc bmrkcodut sc`pcl uslc hmwcsc/ Ciom vukncrls tmrutc`c tl`buk pchc iuklt ycon  bmr`loyci bmrkmblfco cilbct prghuisl smbu` ycon bmrkmblfco hl tm`pct hmonco nkcohukc smbcsmc ycon bcoyci &\ulohcrtcotg+ 2::<,/ Zmoymbcrco dmrcwct lol smsucl hmonco hcmrcf imkmodcr plkgsmbcsmc hco tmrdchl `mklputl wcdcf+ kmfmr+ hchc+ puonnuon hco bcfu/ Mtlgkgnl dmrcwct lol chckcf `uktlecatgr/ Qmrlonickl tmrhcpct rlwcyct imkucrnc ycon `mrupcico pmohmrltc dmrcwct+ tmrutc`c dmrcwct ilstli/ Bmrbcncl dmols `cimup hcscr ycon `moncohuon `loyci smrlon `m`pmrbmrct dmrcwct+ dunc  dmols `loyci mistmroc hcoi hc oi rl` pmkm`bcb/ Imauckl ltu+ igrtligstmrglh slstm`li+ yghlhc hco ' ctcu hlkcotlo dunc hcpct `m`pmrbmrct dmrcwct/ Fgr`gom cohrgnmo `m`pmrbmrct dmrcwct+ smhconico plk imkucrnc bmrmoacoc ycon `moncohuon cstrgnmo hcpct `monflkconico dmrcwct/ Du`kcf bcitmrl  Zrgplgolbcitmrlu`  dmrcwct `molonict pchc uoltuolt plkgsmbcsmc pcslmo  pmohmrltc dmrcwct dunc `m`bmotui kmblf bcoyci smbu` &Qykvlc+ hii/+ 3<6=,/

B/ DMOLQ HCO NCONN]CO ZCHC I]KLX ^CDCF

C/ Dmols Iuklt ^cdcf Chc 8 dmols iuklt wcdcf yciol iult imrlon+ bmr`loyci ogr`ck hco ig`blocsl/ 3/ Iuklt imrlon Zchc dmols iuklt imrlon+ imkmodcr smbcsmc hco imrlonct fcoyc hckc` du`kcf smhlilt/ Dmols iuklt imrlon `m`puoycl alrl pmoc`pcico iuklt tmrklfct iusc` 2/ Iuklt bmr`loyci  Zchc dmols iuklt bmr`loyci+ imkmodcr smbcsmc hco imrlonct tmrhcpct hckc` du`kcf  bcoyci/

Dmols

iuklt

bmr`loyci

`m`uoycl

alrl

iuklt

wcdcf

`uhcf

 bmrdmrcwct/&Bcoycioyc scbu` ycon hlfcslkico hcpct `moyu`bct pgrlpgrl iuklthco tm`pct bmrscrconoyc bcitmrl ycon `moncilbctico tu`bufoyc dmrcwct/ 1/ Iuklt ogr`ck Zchc dmols iuklt ogr`ck+du`kcf imkmodcr smbcsmchco imrlonct tlhci tmrkcku bcoyci  icrmoc icrmoc tmrsmbcr smacrc `mrctc/ Alrrl dmols iuklt ogr`ck chckcf iuklt tc`pci  km`but+ amrcf hco dcrcon `monckc`l `csckcf/ 8/ Iuklt ig`blocsl Zchc dmols iuklt ig`blocsl+ pmoymbcrco imkmodcr smbcsmc hco imrlnct tlhci `mrctc/ Dmols iuklt ig`blocsl `m`puoycl alrl iuklt hcfl+ flhuon hco hcnu tc`pci `monilkcp+  bmrdmrcwct tmtcpl iuklt bcnlco plpl tc`pci km`but/ B/ Nconnuco pchc Iuklt ^cdcf 3/ Iuklt imrlonct Iuklt imrlon smrlon `monckc`l hmflhrcsl ctcu imiurconco clr smrtc kmblf `uhc `monckc`l imrlputhco vkmi agikct/ Cilbct iurconoyc imkmodcr smbcsmc+ km`ci smbu` sconct smhlilt+ smflonnc iuklt crl kmblf `uhcf imflkconco ichcr clr icrmoc pmonucpco `molonict/ 2/ Iuklt bmr`loyci  Dmols iuklt bmr`loyci+ pgpukcsl bcitmrl ctcu dc`ur ycon smocon `m`cico km`ci  &klpgelkli, `uhcf `monckc`l pmolonictco/ @csckcf ycon tmrdchl pchc iuklt dmols lol smbcncl bmrliut4

c/ Dmrcwct Dmrcwct pchc wcdcf hlsmbcbico gkmf ukcf bcitmrl Zrgplgolbcatmrl Caom ycon `mnubcf km`ci scbu` hcrl bmotui aclr `modchl kmblf pchct+ smflonnc `uhcf `moyu`bc pgrlpgrl iuklt/  b/ Rmcisl Nctck hl ^cdcf Qcct Bmrimrlonct Rmcsl nctck hlwcdcf scct bmrimrlonct hlsmbcbico gkmf ukcf dc`ur/ Qcct  pmr`uicco iuklt bcscf bmoconbmocon dc`ur kmblf `uhcf `mom`bus bcnlco kucr iuklt crl+ hco imfchlrcooyc `monuohcon rmcisl rchcon rlonco bmrupc rcsc nctck &Hwlicryc+ @/+ 2::8,

A/ DMOLQ DMRC^CX HCO ZRGQMQ XL@B]KO\C

3/ Ig`mhg Qtrmss elsli hco pslils dunc hcpct `mol`bukico prghuisl smbu`+ ycon bmrcilbct  blsc `molonictico pgpukcsl bcitmrl  Z/ caoms/ Qmkclo ltu+ blsc dunc `molonictico flhrgklsls csc` km`ci `modchl csc` km`ci dmouf/ Chcoyc smbu` cico tmrfc`bct cilbct chcoyc su`bctco pgrlpgrl iuklt/ Hlmt tlonnl km`ci dunc `m`pmoncrufl tmrbmotuioyc smbu` ycon kmblf imotck+ smflonnc `uhcf `modchl pchct hl pmr`uicco pgrlpgrl iuklt/ Qu`bctco pchc pgrlpgrl lol pchc cwckoyc tc`pci bmrwcroc putlf puact+ ycon hlimock smbcncl ‛ig`mhg tmrtutup‐ ctcu ‛wfltm ‛wfltm fmch  ag`mhg‐

im`uhlco `modchl imfltc`co ycon hlsmbut ‛ig`mhg tmrbuic‐ ctcu ‛bkcai

fmch 

ag`mhg‐/

2/ Dmrcwct Rchcon Dmrcwct rchcon tmrdchl cilbct icotuon egklimk ycon chc hl hckc` hmr`ls `monnm`buon icrmoc km`ci pchct+ im`uhlco pmacf+ `moymbcbico smk hcrcf putlf `moymrbu im smiltcr egklimk smbcsmc+ smflonnc tmrdchlkcf rmcisl rchcon/ Zmrchconco cico sm`cilo pcrcf blkc iu`co hcrl kucr liut `csui im hckc` dmrcwct cilbct pmrkciuco ycon sckcf+ smpmrtl hlpldct hmonco iuiu ctcu bmohc kclo ycon tlhci stmrlk/ Dmrcwct rchcon `m`puoycl alrrl bmrwcroc `mrcf+ ampct `m`bmscr+ bmrlsl ococf hco tmrcsc oymrl/

1/ Dmrcwct Igonkgbctc Dmrcwct igongbkctc chckcf dmrcwct bmrupc blsukblsuk bmscr ycon bmrnmrg`bgk `modchl sctu &igonkg`mrcsl, `m`bmotui hcocu ococf hco `mol`bukcico hm`c` rmcisl hm`c` smtm`pct/ Dmols dmrcwct lol hlsmbcbico icrmoc iurconoyc `modcnc imbmrslfco iuklt wcdcf+ smpmrtl imblcscco `m`ldct dmrcwct hmonco iuiu dcrl tconco ycon igtgr ctcu hmonco ckct ycon tlhci stmrlk+ ycon blsc `moymbcbico pmrkucsco loemisl bcitmrl/ Dmrcwct dmols lol smtmkcf sm`buf+ blsc `molonnckico bmrics dcrlonco pcrut ycon burui rupc+ iuklt  bmrnmkg`bcon hco `monmrcs/ 8/ Dmrcwct Hchc hco Zuonnuon Dmrcwct blsc tl`buk pchc hchc hco puonnuon+ icrmoc ckcsco smbcncl bmrliut4 

Fgr`gom tmstgstmrgom hcrcf tmrkcku tlonnl+ hltcohcl hmonco kmonco hco tuonicl  bmrbuku



@mohcpct pmongbctco fgr`gom tmstgstmrgom hckc` upcyc `monnm`uiico bchco hco `molonictico pgtmosl smisuckltcs



@m`cicl irl` cotlckmrnl ycon `moncohuon stmrglh pgtmot smacrc bmrkmblfco hco hckc` wcitu ycon kc`c hco kucs &Hwlicryc+ @/+ 2::8,/

H/ MXLGKGNL DMRC^CX

Ecitgr pmoymbcb dmrcwct sconct bcoyci &`uktlecitgrlck,+ cotcrc kclo nmomtla+ mohgirlo+ ecitgr `cicoco+ imcitleco hcrl imkmodcr smbcsmc smohlrl+ ecitgr pslils+ loemisl bcitmrl & Zrgplgolbcatmrlu`  Zrgplgolbcatmrlu` caoms,+ igs`mtlic hco bcfco il`lc kclooyc/ Zmoymbcb ycon pcstl bmku` hlimtcful+ tcpl bcoyci bcoyci ecitgr ycon bmrpmoncruf+ smpmrtl4 c/ Qmbu` Qmbu` `mrupcico ecitgr utc`c tmrfchcp pmoymbcb tl`bukoyc caom/ Ciom ycon imrcs smkcku hl pmoncrufl gkmf smbgrm ycon bcoyci   b/ Bcitmrl @lirgbc ycon bmrpmrco hckc` pm`bmotuico ciom chckcf  Zrgplgolbcatmrlu` caoms+ Qtcpfykgagaaus mplhmr`lhls+ hco pltyrgspgru` gvckm

a/ Fmrmhltmr  Ecitgr fmrmhltmr sconct bmrpmoncruf pchc bmscr hco citlvltcs imkmodcr pcklt &nkcohukc smbcsmc,/ Cpcblkc imhuc grcontuc `m`puoycl pcrut bmics ciom+ im`uoniloco bmscr  cocicoyc cico `mohmrltc ciom/ h/ Mohgirlo+ hlcotcrcoyc4 Fgr`go cohrgnmo/ Fgr`gom lol `m`mncon pmrcoco ycon pmotlon icrmoc imkmodcr pcklt

sconct smosltlvm tmrfchcp fgr`go lol/ Fgr`gom lol bmrcsck hcrl tmstls hco imkmodcr coci  nlodck &chrmock,/ Fgr`go lol `moymbcbico imkmodcr pcklt bmrtc`bcf hco prghuisl smbu` `molonict/ Mstrgnmo/ Zchc imchcco elslgkgnls+ mstrgnmo tlhci bmrpmoncruf pchc prghuisl smbu`/

Mstrgnmo hcpct `mouruoico ichcr ngochgtrgplo ycon bmrcsck hcrl imkmodcr flpgelsls/ Fgr`go ngochgtrgplo `m`puoycl memi `mouruoico prghuisl smbu`/ Zrgnmstmrgo/ Zrgnmstmrgom hckc` du`kcf elslgkgnls tlhci `m`puoycl memi pchc

memisleltcs tmrfchcp imkmodcr km`ci/ Zrghuils smbu` tmtcp smkc`c prgsms `mostrucsl+ cico tmtcpl ichconichcon ciom hcpct `moymbcbico ciom prm`mostruck/ m/ Hlmt Hlmt tlhci bmnltu bmrpmoncruf tmrfchcp tl`bukoyc ciom/ Zchc pmohmrltc ycon bcoyci  `cico icrbgflhrct hco zct km`ci+ tlhci hcpct hlpcstlico cico tmrdchl pmrubcfco pchc  pmonmkucrco smbu` ctcu ig`pgslsloyc icrmoc imkmodcr km`ci buico ckct ycon iltc `cico/ e/

Likl` Qlocr uktrcvlgkmt &]U, `m`puoycl memi `m`buouf bcitmrl pchc pmr`uicco iuklt/ Qmkclo ltu+ slocr lol dunc hcpct `mom`bus mplhmr`ls bcnlco ctcs hco bcwcf hmr`ls smflonnc  bmrpmoncruf pchc bcitmrl ycon bmrchc hl bcnlco hckc` imkmodcr pcklt/ Qlocr ]U dunc hcpct `monchcico pmonmkupcsco iuklt ycon ycon hcpct `m`bcotu `monflkconico su`bctco sckurco plkgsmbcsmc/

n/ Ecitgr pslils Zchc bmbmrcpc pmohmrltc+ strmss hco nconnuco m`gsl hcpct `moymbcbico pmohmrltc `m`colpukcslciomoyc smacrc `micols smflonnc tmrdchl imruscico pchc hlohlon egklimk hco tl`buk kmsl ycon bmrchcon bcru+ tmgrl kclo `monctcico bcfwc miscsmrbcsl lol

hlsmbcbico gkmf `molonictoyc prghuisl fgr`gom cohrgnmo hcrl imkmodcr coci nlodck hco smbu`+ bcfico csc` km`ci hco smbu` puo `molonict/ f/ Ig`mstlic Dmols igs`mtlic ycon hcpct `mol`bukico ciom tlhci tmrncotuon pchc fcrnc+ `mrmi+ hco im`urolco bcfcooyc/ Zmoymhlklico tmrbcru hl Kmmhs+ tlhci bmrfcslk `mom`uico fubuonco cotcrc kc`c kc`c pm`ciclco hco du`kcf du`kcf igs`mtlic ycon ycon hlpcicl hmonco fmbctoyc ciom/ l/

Bcfcobcfco il`lc Bmbmrcpc bcfco il`lc hcpct `moymbcbico mrgsl ycon `lrlp hmonco ciom &caomegr` mruptlgo,+ smpmrtl lghlhm+ igrtligstmrglh+ LOF+ gbct cotl igovuksco &emogbcrbltck+ trl`mtcohlgo,+ tmtrcsliklo+ vltc`lo B32 &Cogol`+ 2::1,/

M/ ZCXGELQLGKGNL DMRC^CX @micols`m ycon tmpct pchc dmrcwct tlhci hlimtcful+ tmtcpl chc 8 ecitgr pctfgnmo utc`c4

3/

Zmolonictco prghuisl smbu`9

Zrghuisl smbu` smbu` ycon bmrkmblfco hcrl imkmodcr `m`prghuisl smbu` ycon kmblf bcoyci hcrlpchc

smbcsmc/ Zcslmo hmonco ciom

grcon ycon tcopc ciom+ `msilpuo

iuckltcs hcrl smbu` ycon ycon hlfcslkico hlfcslkico tmtcp sc`c/ sc`c/

Qckcf sctu ig`pgomo smbu`+

trlnklsmrlhc+ `m`lklil pmrco hckc` pctgnmomsls ciom/ Xrlnklsmrlhc hlubcf `modchl csc` km`ci bmbcs gkmf Z/ caoms+ ekgrc ogr`ck ogr`ck uolt plkgsmbcsmc/ Csc` km`ci bmbcs lol cico `m`prg`gslico pmonnu`pckco bcitmrl kmblf kcodut hco igkgolscsl Z/caoms+ loekc`csl+ hco `uonilo ig`mhgnmoli/ Fckfck ycon bmrpmoncruf hckc` pmolonictco prghuisl smbu` chckcf citleltcs cohrgnmo+ flpmrlosuklom`lc ycon bmrpmrco hckc` slotmsls cohrgnmo hl gvcrlu`+ hco strmss &Agrhclo+2::29^csltcct`chdc+2::69Tcmonkmlo+2::6,/ Fgr`gofgr`go cohrgnmoli dunc `m`pmoncrufl prghuisl smbu`+ smpmrtl tmstgstmrgo

ycon

`moncilbctico

pm`bmscrco

imkmodcr

smbcsmc

ycon

ciflroyc

`molonictico prghuisl smbu` &Ghg`+2:::,/

Zmrco mstrgnmo pchc prghuisl smbu`

 bmku` bmnltu hlpcfc`l/ Hgsls mstrgnmo ycon hlbutufico uotui `monurconl prghuisl smbu` kmblf tlonnl hcrlpchc

hgsls ycon hlbutufico uotui `monfc`bct gvukcsl/ gvukcsl/

@micols`m imrdc mstrgnmo tmr`csui4 &3, smacrc kconsuon `mkcwco `mkcwco memi cohrgnmo pchc imkmodcr smbcsmc9 &2, loflblsl prghuisl cohrgnmo pchc dcrlonco ngoch `mkckul omnctlvm emmhbcai pchc pmkmpcsco ngochgtrgplo flpgelsls9 &1, rmnukcsl nmo ycon `momico  pmrtu`bufco imkmodcr smbcsmc ctcu prghuisl klplh &Tcmonkmlo+2::6,/

2/

Flpmrprgklemrcsl egklimk mplhmr`ls9

Flpmrprgklemrcsl egklimk mplhmr`ls `monfcslkico egr`csl kmsl prl`mr+ prl`mr+ `lirgig`mhg/ Mpltfmklu` hcrl bcnlco ctcs egklimk rc`but+ loeuohlbuku`+ `modchl

fypmrimrctgsls

hmonco pmolonictco igfmsl hcrl imrctgsltimrctgslt/ Qmksmk ycon bmnltu bcoyci hco  pmrkmictcooyc `monfcslkico su`bctco pchc sckurco egklimk/

Qu`bctco lol im`uhlco

`moymbcbico pmolonictco ciu`ukcsl imrctlo+ smbu`+ hco bcitmrl hckc` egklimk/ Lol `moymbcbico hlkctcsl bcnlco ctcs egklimk rc`but+ `monfcslkico ig`mhg/ Qtl`ukus hcrl flpmrprgklemrcsl imrctgslt hco pmolonictco chfmsl lol bmku` hlimtcful/ Xmtcpl bmbmrcpc ecitgr ycon hlhunc tmr`csui stl`ukcsl cohrgnmo+ pmouruoco csc` klogkmct+ hco  pmolonictco citleltcs lotmrkmuilo &LK,3γ &LK,3γ &Tcmonkmlo+2::6,/ Ecitgr kclo ycon bmrpmoncruf

chckcf flpmrlosuklom`lc ciut'irgoli/ Flpmrlosuklom`lc cico `moncilbctico imoclico losuklo klim nrgwtf ecatgr &LNE3, hco `mouruoico kmvmk LNE blohlon prgtmlo 1 &LNEBZ 1,/ Imoclico LNE3 `m`lklil pgtmosl ycon tlonnl uotui pmrtu`bufco sm`uc dcrlonco+ dcrlonco+ tmr`csui egklimk ycon im`uhlco hcpct `mol`bukico ciom &Agrhclo+2::2,/

1/ Euonsl bcitmrl cbogr`ck hco loekc`csl

@lirgig`mhg bmrkcodut sm`cilo `mkucs hmonco pmou`puico imrctlo+ smbu`+ hco bcitmrl ycon bmrslect bmrslect pchct/ Im`uhlco hlstmosl lol `moymbcbico

hlohlon egklimk rusci/ Hco

`csuioyc imrctlo+ smbu`+ hco bcitmrl im hckc` hmr`ls `monfcslkico rmspgo loekc`csl ycon  bmrkconsuon ampct &Tcmonkmlo+2::6,/

Mkm`mo bmrliutoyc bmrliutoyc chckcf imbmrchcco hco citleltcs  Z/caoms/  Z/caoms/ Bcitmrl lol tmr`csui nrc`  pgsltle+ cocmrgbla hco `lirgcmrgbli ycon hltm`uico hl egklimk smbcsmc/ Rm`cdc hmonco ciom `m`lklil igosmotrcsl Z/caoms ycon kmblf tlonnl hcrlpchc `mrmic ycon tcopc ciom/ Hlohlon smk bcitmrl lol `moncohuon cotlnmo icrbgflhrct ycon `mostl`ukcsl cotlbghl/ Cotlbghl cotl prgplgolbcitmrl `molonictico rmspgo loekc`csl hmonco `moncitlecsl ig`pkm`mo/ Bcitmrl lol dunc `m`ecslkltcsl loekc`csl hmonco `mol`bukico rmcisl flpmrsmosltle tlpm 8 `mkckul prghuisl klpcsm+ prgtmcsm+ flckgolhcsm+ hco ecitgr im`gtcitli/ Qmbcncl tc`bcfco+ bcitmrl lol dunc `mostl`ukcsl uprmnukcsl hcrl sltgilo hmonco bmrlictco hmonco Xgkk klim rmamptgr 2/ Qmtmkcf bmrlictco+ im`uhlco sltgilo prgloekc`csl smpmrtl LK3+ LK6+ LK32+ LK32+ hco XOEγ hlimkucrico &Tcmonkmlo+2::6,/

E/ HLCNOGQLQ

Hlcnogsls ciom vukncrls hlbuct ctcs hcscr iklols hco pm`mrliscco

misigfkmcsl smbu`+

ycltu pmonmkucrco su`bctco smbu` hmonco ig`mhg mistrcitgr mistrcitgr &smohgi ]ooc,/ Qmbu` ycon `moyu`bct egklimk tc`pci smbcncl `cssc pchct smpmrtl klklo ctcu `cssc kmblf kuoci bcncl ocsl ycon uduonoyc ichcon bmrwcroc bmrwcroc

fltc` &^csltcct`chdc+2::6,/ Zm`mrliscco flstgpctgkgnls

`m`pmrklfctico nc`bcrco ycon tlhci spmsleli bmrupc smrbuico smk rchcon irgols hl smiltcr  egklimk plkgsmbcsmc hmonco `cssc smbu` hl hckc` egklimk/ Zchc ilstc+ rchcon suhcf `monflkcon hlncotl hmonco dcrlonco lict pm`bctcs `cssc aclr smbu` bmrac`pur hmonco hcrcf+ dcrlonco `ctl+ hco imrctlo ycon kmpcs &^csltcct`chdc+2::6,/ Zm`mrliscco `lirgblgkgnls tmrfchcp dcsch rmoli rmoli ycon `m`puoycl pmrco pchc mtlgkgnl hco  pctgnmomsls pmoycilt hcpct hlkciuico kcbgrctgrlu` `lirgblgkgnl

ycon kmonicp uotui tuduco

 pmomkltlco+ oc`uo fcslkoyc smrlon tlhci `m`ucsico &^csltcct`chdc+2::6,/ Zm`mrliscco susuoco hco ichcr klplh pmr`uicco iuklt &silo surecam klplhs, hcpct pukc hlkciuico uotui tuduco smrupc/ Zchc ciom vukncrls ichcr csc` km`ci bmbcs &ermm ectty calh, `molonict hco icrmoc ltu pchc  pmoamncfco hco pmongbctco hlnuocico hlnuoci co acrc uotui `mouruoicooyc &^csltcct`chdc+2::6,/

N/ ZMOAMNCFCO 3/

@moaual wcdcf 2 ickl smfcrl

@moaual wcdcf 2 ickl smfcrl cico `m`bcotu `monflkconico `loyci hl pmr`uiccoiuklt iltc/ Dlic iltc dcrcon `m`bmrslficooyc+ `cic bcitmrl pmoymbcb dmrcwct cicoflhup subur  hl wcdcf iltc/ Oc`uo lonct//dconco `moaual wcdcf cpckcnl `monngsgiwcdcf smacrc  bmrkmblfco icrmoc `ckcf cico `molonictico prghuisl `loycisgbcamgus ycon hcpct `moymbcbico `csckcf iuklt pchc wcdcf/ Aualkcf wcdcf 2 icklsmfcrl hmonco `monnuocico scbuo ycon km`but/ 2/

Qmsuclico igs`mtli hmonco dmols iuklt cohc

Dlic iuklt cohc bmr`loyci `cic nuocicokcf igs`mtli uotui iuklt bmr`loyci+  dlicigs`mtli ycon cohc nuocico tlhci smsucl hmonco dmols iuklt cohc//dmrcwct cicosmnmrc `mohctconl iuklt wcdcf cohc/ Dchl bmrfctlfctlkcf bm rfctlfctlkcf hckc` `m`lklf igs`mtli/ 1/

smblsc `uonilo flohcrl igs`mtli ycon bmr`loyci/

smacrc ckc`l wcdcf iltc cico `mo`prghuisl `loyci+ bcfico iuklt imrlon smicklpuo/Dchl smblsc `uonilo flohcrlkcf flohcrlkcf `monnuocico igs`mtli ycon bmrkmblfcoicrmoc `loyci hco hmbu cico `modchl `mhlc bcitmrl pmoymbcb dmrcwct uotuibmr`uil` hl wcdcf iltc/ 8/

Imrlonico wcdcf iltc hmonco fcohui ycon bmrslf smtmkcf aual `uicctcu `cohl +

icrmoc bcitmrl dunc `moyuicl tm`pct ycon km`bcb hco fconct/ =/

@lou` clr putlf

Fc`plr >:- iuklt iltc tmrhlrl hcrl clr+ hmonco `lou` clr `lol`ck 2 kltmr smfcrl+ `cic iuklt iltc cico smkcku elt hco smfct/ 5/

nuocico pmkm`bcb iuklt

@monnuocico pmkm`bcb cico `m`bcotu `moymfctico iuklt iltc+ tmrutc`c hcrliuklt imrlon

hco

pmacf2/

Oc`uo

pmkm`bcb

hlslol

buico

bmrcrtl

pmkm`bcb

yconbmr`loyci//smicrcon suhcf bcoyci prghui igs`mtli ycon bmrbcfco hcscr clr/ >/

smkcku pcstlico iuklt cohc bmrslf smbmku` tlhur/

Qmkcku aual `uic cohc smbmku` tlhur cncr iuklt bmrmnmomrcsl hmonco bcli/

6/

Qmrlon-smrlonkcf `cico scyur hco bucf/

scyur2co `moncohuon bcoyci vltc`lo ycon `moymfctico iuklt iltc/ Zmrbcoycikcf`cico scyur ctcu bucf+ tmrutc`c ycon `moncohuon vltc`lo M/ Hmonco iuklt yconsmfct+ `cic  dmrcwct cico suicr uotui tu`buf hco bmrim`bcon/
Xlhur ycon auiup hco tmrctur/

Iuklt dunc sc`c smpmrtl iltc+ butuf lstlrcfct/ Dchl blcscicokcf uotui tlhur yconauiup hco tmrctur/ Icrmoc scct iltc tlhur+ iuklt cico bmrmnmomrcsl hco `m`buconrcauo2 ycon  bmrbcfcyc smflonnc scct iltc bconuo immsgico fcrloyc iuklt iltc cicoimbckl smncr/

F/ ZMONGBCXCO

Xuduco hcrl tmrcpl dmrcwct chckcf `monurconl prgsms pmrchconco imkmodcr   plkgsmbcsmc sc`pcl tmrdchl pmonfmotlco spgotco nmdckcnmdckc ltu/ Zmongbctco Z mongbctco dmrcwct hco h co imchcco ycon bmricltco hcpct `m`pmrbclil igs`mtls pcslmo tmrsmbut+ dunc pcohconcooyc tmotcon hlrloyc smohlrl/Imaucl ltu hcpct `moamncf p crut cilbct dmrcwct/ Qwc`mhlicsl caom smbmtukoyc uotui icsusicsus ycon rloncohco tlhci tmrkcku pcrc hmonco gbct bmozglkpmrgislhc hco scklslkct/ Gbct ycon memitle bcnl smsmgrcon+ ichcon `m`pmrburui pchc ycon kclo/ Gbct ycon pcklon memitle hco hlnuocico smacrc stcohcr  chckcf bmozglkpmrgislhc+ suctu imrctgkltli ycon bmreuonsl uotui `mkmpcsico kcplsco tcohui &imrctlo, smflonnc pgrlpgrl egklimk IX ycon tmrsu`bct hcpct tmrbuic im`bckl hco tckn ycon tmrtl`buo `uhcf `moacrl dckco imkucr/ Bmrifcslct pukc tmrfchcp pmrchconco hco `m`bmrcotcs iu`co /Z/caoms hcpct hlbmkl tcopc rmsmp hgitmr hckc` bmotui nmk hmonco ichcr =- hco hlnuocico 32 ickl smfcrl/ Blkc smtmkcf 21 `lonnu bmku` chc  pmrbclico+ hcpct hcp ct hltlonictico hmonco ichcr 3:-/ 3 :-/ Memi M emi pmongbctco bcru tc`pci smsuhcf 18 bucko+ hco pmrku hlkcodutico kcnl smtmkcf 32 bukco/ Imrctgkltli memitle kclo ycon hl nuocico chckcf csc` scklslkct smbcnclo kctlgo ctcu irm`/ Xmrutc`c `codur pchc ig`mhg tcopc pmrchconco &im`mrc`mrcfco ctcu bmrococf, Hlcodurico pmonnuocco scbuo smpmrtl Kcvc+ Hlck+ Zmrogx+ Egstmr+ Omutrgnmoc+ hco Hmsqucoxwcsf/ ]otui dmrcwct rgscsmc hco hmr`ctlstls pmrlgrck smbclioyc dconco hlngsgi tmrkcku imrcs/]otui `mkmpcsico ig`mhg smupmrelslck hcpct hlnuocico smdmols spgos pmonngsgi ifusus smpmrtl Buepue/Qmtlcp fcrl hlpcicl zct imrctgkltli smpmrtl bmozglk  pmrgislhc

hmonco

igosmotrcsl

=3:-/

Qukeur

mohcpco

&32-,

bmrnuoc

uotui 

`monmrlonico pustukc tmrutc`c dmrcwct rgscsmc/ Ult C csc` irmc` rmtloC &:+:=-, hco nmk &:+:3-, bmrnuoc dunc+ icrmoc pmoncruf imrctgkltlioyc pchc ig`mhg supmrelalck/ Xmtcpl hmrlect rmtloC smohlrl hcpct `molonictico lrltcblkltcs iuklt tmrfchcp igotci  hmonco conlo+ `ctcfcrl ctcu aucac hlonlo/ Zcslmo blcscoyc blcscoyc hlbmrlico

cotlblgtli tmtrcsliklo+ tmtrcsliklo+ mrltrg`lslo+ ctcu `logsliklo/ `logsliklo/

]otui dmrcwct pustukc supmrelslck ctcu dmrcwct rgscsmc hgsls tmtrcsliklo bmrilscr cotcrc 2=:=:: `n'fcrl/Xmtrcsliklo tgplick hco iklohc`lslo tgplack bmrnuoc smbcncl cnmo

 pmongbctco pustukm supmrelalck hco pcpukc ycon `mrchcon/]otui pukgpustukcr ctcu  dmrcwct ilstli `cic hlbmrlico 3:::`n tmtrcsliklo pmrfcrl/Xmrcpl tmtrcsliklo dconic  pcodcon tmkcf hlbuitlico auiup c`co/

/

HCEXCR Z]QXCIC

Cogol`+ 2::1+ fttp4''h/yl`n/ag`'iq 'Qmnckc)Qmsuctu)tmotcon)Dmrcwct/phe+ hlcisms pchc tconnck 35 Cprlk 2:33 Fcrpmr+ D/A/+  Caom Uukncrls/ Uukncrls/ Hmpcrt`mot ge Blr`lonfc`/

Cvclkcbkm

erg`4

Hmr`ctgkgny+ ]olvmrslty ge Ckcbc`c ct

fttp4''m`mhlalom/`mhsacpm/ag`'crtlakm'3:5::6:5

gvmrvlmw Memohl+ T/+ 2::1/  Zmrcoco Iuklt hckc` @monctcsl Caom Uukncrls/ Uukncrls/ Cvclkcbkm erg`4 fttp4''klbrcry/usu/ca/lh'hgwokgch'ei'flstgkgnlzuimstl1/phe+ hlcisms pchc 35 cprlk 2:33 @csacrg+ D/@/+ 2:::/  Zctfgnmomslsge Caom/ Lo Nrleeltfs+ Nrleeltfs+ A/M/@/ Grtgoom+ D/Z/ &mhs,/ 2:::/ Dgurock ge Hmr`ctgkgnlack Hmr`ctgkgnlack Xrmct`mot/ Hmpcrt`mot ge Hmr`ctgkgny ct Fgspltck Aklola+ Bcramkgoc4 38/ \ulohcrtcotg+ C/+ 2::
 CHRM^“Q  Hlsmcsms

tf

ge Qilo Aklolack Hmr`ctgkgny/ Hmr`ctgkgny/ <

mh/ ]QC4 ^/B/

Qcuohmrs Ag`pcoy/ 2682< ^csltcct`chdc+ Q/@/+ 2::6/  Ciom+ mrupsl ciomlegr`ls+ rgscsmc+ rlogel`c Hckc`4 Hckc`4 Hducohc+ C/ mhlsl =/ Lk`u Zmoycilt Iuklt hco Imkc`lo/ Dcicrtc4 EI]L+ EI]L+ 2=12=< Tcmonkmlo+ C/K/+ Nrcbmr+ M/@/+ Nrcbmr+ M/@/+ Xflbgugtgt+ H/@/+ Qtrcuss+ D/Q/ 2::6/  Caom tf

Uukncrls coh Caomlegr` Mruptlgos / Lo4^gkee+ Ikcus+// mt ck+ > ]olvmrsltcs Qu`ctmrc ]tcrc Hwlicryc+ @/+ 2::8+ Acrc Xuotcs @m`bcs`l Dmrcwct+ fck/ 232/ Icwco Zustcic+ Dcicrtc

Zrlam+ Q/C/+ hii/+ 3<6=/  Zctgelslgkgnl 4 Igosmp Ikloli Zrgsms-Zrgsms Zmoycilt + fck/ 8=58=<+ Imhgitmrco MNA+ Dcicrtc