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P Pcigb}c 2 @wb}kjbg" Pcijug 2 ^khbk`kncqj ~ cijug Pciwqc}kjbg Pcukcekig c``gqqkc Pcukgqï ikbhwk~qknc 2 ^jnkjikbhwk~qknc" Pguk`knc Pguj$@ci~j 2 ^ngiqc dwiqkpic" Pjncejicukj 2 Ak}kjbcukj ~ jncejicukj"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
C Cekikqï ikbhwk~qknc
Kb kqcikcbj ~k njdpugbajbj kb swg~qj qgudkbg awg bj}kjbk akgu~g) nlg kb kbhig~g ~gnjbaj ic aknjqj pujpj~qc ac Xkaajx~jb ~jbj cekikq{ g ~fkii= ic pukdc kbaknc ig cekikqï kbqg~g njdg njdpig~~k ak puj g ~qucqghkg) ic ~gnjbac kbaknc ic ncpcnkqï ak qucawuug i(cekikq{ kb g~gnw}kjbg= ca g~gdpkj) ~cpgu ~nuk swgi acqj qg~qj kb swgiic acqc ikbhwc" Kb nguqj ~gb~j) ic aknjqjdkc cekikq{ ~ ~fkii uknlkcdc swgiic quc njdpgqgb}c V2T ga g~gnw}kjbg ak Nljd~f{" Swg~qc aknjqjdkc ì `jbacdgbqcig pgunlë ij ~njpj agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc kb qgudkbk ak dgqg gawncqkg g hijqqjakacqqknlg V2T ukhwcuac ig cekikqkg~) dgbqug c ikgiij ak jekgqqkk V2T akacqqknk ~quwdgbqcikV2T ì njiijncqj quc ig ~fkii~" Ig cekikqï ~jbj ak awg qkpk=
$ pukdcukg= c~njiqcug V2T) pcuicug kb wb djbjijhj V2T) ighhgug V2T) ~nukgug V2T6 awg ak swg~qg ukdcb ciic cekikq{ ak njdpugb~kjbg) awg c swgiic ak pujaw}kjbg6
$ kbqghucqg= i(cekikqï kbqgucqqkc) nkjì ki ~cpgu akcijhcug V2T6 ig qug cekikqï ak dcbkpjic}kjbg qg~qwcig) n ukc~~wdgug V2T) pugbagug cppwbqk V2T) pcuc`uc~cug V2T6 i(cekikqï ak ~nukgug ~jqqj agqqcqwuc6 i(cekikqï qucawqqkc) nlg ~k ugcik}}c bgiic qucaw}kjbg V2T ~kdwiqcbgc) njb~gnwqkc) kdpujdpqw g ~nukqqc"
Ig cekikqï ak dcbkpjic}kjbg qg~qwcig pj~~jbj g~~gug ugcik}}cqg kb wbc ~jic ikbhwc ,kb qci nc~j ~k jpgu ~kiwppj agiic cekikq{ + jppwug dgqqgbaj kb hkjnj awg ikbhwg) pukkighkcbaj swkbak ic ~fkii" Cekikq{ ~ ^fkii 2 Cekikqï ikbhwk~qknc"
Cnngqqcekikqï 2 Cppujpukcqg}}c"
Cnnjppkcdgbqj ikbhwc$kddchkbg
Qgnbknc akacqqknc nlg ~k ugcik}}c pug~gbqcbaj agiig kddchkbk ,ak~ghbk ciic icchbc) `jqjnjpkg) ncuqg pchkbg pweeiknkqcukg ak hkjubcik) gnn"+ njbquc~~ghbcqg ac wbc igqqguc" Hik ciikgk g~pijucbj ig kddch pjk c~njiqcbj ,j ighhjbj+ eugk qg~qk nlg ~k uk`guk~njbj ciig kddchkbk6 k qg~qk ~jbj bwdgucqk" I(g~gnw http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
njb~k~qg bgii(cnnjppkcug bwdguj g igqqguc= ca g~gdpkj) C5) N3) E>""" K qg~qk pj~~jbj g~~gug ag~nukqqk akcijhknk ,~k pgb~k) ca g~gdpkj) ca wbc ~gukg ak swcaucbqk a(jujijhkj ac cnnjppkcug c agk akcijhlk kb pcuic agii(juc+"
G( wbc jqqkdc qgnbknc pgu icjucug ~wiic njdpugb~kjbg ~gb}c ajgu uknjuugug ciic pujaw}kjbg6 kbjiqu uk~wiqc djqkcbqg pjknlë ì wbc ~`kac pgu i(ciikgj) ì ucpkac g bjb uknlkgag ~nukqqwuc6 i(cnnjppkcdgbqj wqkig pgu ic guk`knc agiic njdpugb~kjbg g pwõ g~~gug kdpj~qcqj ~w njdpwqgu) `jubgbaj dcqgukcig pg i(cwqjcppugbakdgbqj g ki ugnwpguj" Cnnjppkcdgbqj pcujic$ag`kbk}kjbg
G( wbc qgnbknc nlg ~gug c ~kiwppcug ic `wb}kjbg dgqcikbhwk~qknc V2T= ~k `jubk~njbj wbc ik~qc ak pcuj kb juakbg akgu~j) wbc ik~qc agiig ijuj ag`kbk}kjbk6 hik ciikgk agjbj pujngagug cii(cnnjppkcdgbqj" ^ kb~gukug ac wb icqj wb qgudkbg nlg bjb lc ic njuuk~pjbagbqg ag`kbk}kjbg g acii(ciquj wbc ag`kbk}kjbg bjb lc ki qgudkbg ak uk`gukdgbqj= kb qci djaj ~k cnngbqwc i(c~pgqqj ak hkjnj g) ciij ~qg~~j qgdpj) ~k cnnug~ng ic ak``knjiqï"
Cnnwiqwuc}kjbg 2 Nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg"
Cnswk~k}kjbg ~ Cppugbakdgbqj
G( i(kpjqg~k `jbacdgbqcig quc ig nkbswg pujpj~qg ac ^" A" Fuc~lgb bgk pukdk cbbk ^gqqcbqc ,2 @kiquj C``gqqkj) Kbpwq njdpugb~kekig) Djbkqju) Juakbg bcqwucig+"
Fuc~lgb ak~qkbhwg quc i(cnswk~k}kjbg puj`jbac) ~qcekig) nlg hgbguc njdpugb~kjbg g pujaw}kjbg ikbhw njb pujng~~k cwqjdcqknk) g i(cppugbakdgbqj uc}kjbcig) jijbqcukj) dc ak awucqc ugicqkcdgbqg eugg `wbhg ac djbkqju pgu i(g~gnw}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc" ^k ì ~pg~~j ak~nw~~c ic pj~~kekikqï nlg i(cppugbakdgb uc}kjbcig pj~~c quc~`judcu~k) ciic `kbg) kb cnswk~k}kjbg6 ic uk~pj~qc ak Fuc~lgb ì ak ~jikqj bghcqkc) d ciquk ~qwakj~k nugajbj nlg) kb njbak}kjbk cacqqg) cbnlg i(cppugbakdgbqj pj~~c pjuqcug cii(cnswk~k}kjb cbnlg i(kpjqg~k agi djaci `jnw~kbh +"
I(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj dkuc cii(cnswk~k}kjbg" _gunlë g~~c cgbhc agjbj guk`kncu~k ig njbak} ag~nukqqg bgiig ciqug kpjqg~k agiic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T" ^gnjbaj cinwbk cwqjuk i(cswk~k}kjbg ì qkpknc agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc g ~gnjbac V2T dgbqug bgiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug V2T pugajdkbc i(cppugbakdgbqj" Caag~qucdgbqj http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Qgudkbg qcijiqc w~cqj kb Kqcikc njdg qucaw}kjbg agii(kbhig~g quckbkbh g jhhk ~gdpug pkû njbqg~qcqj ~wc ikdkqcqg}}c ak puj~pgqqkc g pgu ic ncuknc ak dgnncbknkqï nlg ij njbbjqc ,2 Gawnc}kjbg ~ K~quw} Caghwcqg}}c 2 Cppujpukcqg}}c
C`c~kc
I(c`c~kc ì wb pujeigdc ijhjkcquknj g ijhjpgaknj) dc achik Bjcbqc njkbjihg cbnlg ic hijqqjakacqq swcbqj nc~k ak c`c~kc ikgg pj~~jbj g~~gug uk~jiqk kb cdekgbqg ~njic~qknj cb}knlë kb cdewicqjukj j j~pgacig ,2 bgwujpgachjhknj) cppujnnkj+"
I(c`c~kc pwõ g~~gug djqjukc ,~k pj~~kgag ic ikbhwc) ~k njdpugbag) dc ~k `c `cqknc c pujawuug+ j ~gb~j ,kb nwk ic ak``knjiqï ì bgiic njdpugb~kjbg+" @judg pkû huck ak c`c~kc) agqqg %qucb~$ngbqucik% pgunlë c``ikhhjbj gbqucdek ig cugg agpwqcqg ci ikbhwchhkj ,swgiig ak Eujnc g ak Xgubknfg6 2 bgwujikbhwk~q g~wicbj aciij ~pgnk`knj agi hijqqjakacqqc"
Quc ig ncw~g agii(c`c~kc ~g bg kbakncbj cinwbg bgwujijhknlg g ciqug cdekgbqcik) ~pgnkg ak ncucqqgug c` Cbc`juc ~ Ncqc`juc
Kb hucddcqknc qg~qwcig ,2 qg~qj+ swg~qk qgudkbk ag`kbk~njbj awg dgnncbk~dk ak njg~kjbg V2T= i(cbc`j wb ukdcbaj c wbc ~g}kjbg pugngagbqg agi qg~qj) ic ncqc`juc ì wb ukdcbaj c kb`judc}kjbk nlg agjbj cbnjuc njdpcukug"
Bgiig cqqkkqï ak njdpugb~kjbg) wb qg~qj agb~j ak ukdcbak cbc`juknk uk~wiqguï djiqj pkû ~gdpikng ak w qg~qj njb djiqg ncqc`jug" Cbcik~k 2 Wbkqï akacqqknc"
Cbcik~k aghik guujuk
G( wb c~pgqqj ukigcbqg agiic ikbhwk~qknc njbquc~qkc V2 Ikbhwk~qkncT ga ì ciic ec~g agiig qgjukg ~wii(kbqguikbhwc V2T= njb~k~qg bgiij ~qwakcug ic bcqwuc aghik guujuk) kbakkawcbaj swgiik nlg bjb ~jbj c uchkjbk ~jhhgqqkg agiij ~qwagbqg) dc nlg pj~~jbj g~~gug c~nukqqg c uchkjbk kbqucikbhwk~qknlg) nkjì kbqgubg ciic ikbhwc jhhgqqj ak ~qwakj ,~k pgb~k) ca g~gdpkj) chik guujuk bgii(w~j agiig pugpj~k}kjbk pj~qguecik= kb kqcikcbj) %cbacug% pwõ g~~gug ~ghwkqj ac %kb% g %c%) nlg pj~~jbj g~~gug cuqknjicqg j b http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
pj~~jbj g~~gug kbqguikbhwk~qknlg) ajwqg nkjì cii(kbqgu`gugb}c V2T ~wiic ikbhwc ~qwakcqc ac pcuqg agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc j ak ciqug ikbhwg nlg ~k njbj~njbj j ~k ~qcbbj ~qwakcbaj" Cbnuchg
G( wbc agiig djacikqï ag~nukqqg ac U" Ecuqlg~ pgu ~pkghcug i(kbqguc}kjbg quc i(gigdgbqj guecig g swg knjbknj kb wb dg~~chhkj cwajk~kj"
^gnjbaj swg~qj dgnncbk~dj) ic ikbhwc kgbg w~cqc pgu k~jicug ki ~khbk`kncqj jiwqj cii(kbqgubj ak qwq hcddc agk ~khbk`kncqk pj~~kekik= ca g~gdpkj) wb swcauj nlg ucppug~gbqc wb gnnlkj akgbqc ~khbk`kn swcbaj ~k ighhg ki qkqjij= %^cb Hkcnjdj%" K dcqgukcik k~kk w~cqk kb hijqqjakacqqknc ~jbj kbwqkik ~g d wb cbnuchg caghwcqj ci ikgiij ak njbj~ngb}c agii(ciikgj ,2 Ugick~+" Cbauchjhkc
^gnjbaj ic qgudkbjijhkc ak``w~c ~jpucqqwqqj bghik ^qcqk Wbkqk) i(cbauchjhkc ì ic eucbnc agiig ~nkgb}g agii(gawnc}kjbg nlg ~qwakc i(kb~ghbcdgbqj ca ciikgk cawiqk" Acii(cbauchjhkc ic hijqqjakacqqknc qucg cinwbg kbaknc}kjbk ugicqkg) ~jpucqqwqqj) ck ~ghwgbqk pukbnkpk=
$ i(cawiqj lc wbc ~qjukc ak cppugbakdgbqj g qgbag c ~ghwkug k djagiik nlg hik ~jbj bjqk) cbnlg ~g c ~w qgdpj bjb i(lcbbj ~jaak~`cqqj6
$ i(cawiqj lc dgnncbk~dk ak cbcik~k g `judcik}}c}kjbg pkû njb~jikacqk ak swgiik ak wb cajig~ngbqg g qg ~pg~~j c pujngagug acii(cppugbakdgbqj uc}kjbcig cii(cnswk~k}kjbg V2T ~pjbqcbgc6
$ i(cawiqj kg wbc kqc ak ugic}kjbk ~jnkcik ,uwjik puj`g~~kjbcik g `cdkikcuk) ca g~gdpkj+ ga kbqgupgu~j ,~jpucqqwqqj ~g ì kb nic~~g njb njiighlk ak icjuj+ nlg agjbj g~~gug qgbwqg kb njbqj awucbqg i(kb~ghbcdgbqj ~g bjb ~k wjig `cu ~ncqqcug ki `kiquj c``gqqkj V2T6 $ bgiij ~qwakj ak wbc ikbhwc ~qucbkguc i(cawiqj lc ~njpk egb pugnk~k g uknlkgag uk~wiqcqk pkû qcbhkekik g kddgakcqk agiij ~qwagbqg agiig ~nwjig j agii(wbkgu~kqï" Cbqknkpc}kjbg
G( wb dgnncbk~dj g~~gb}kcig pgu ki pujng~~j ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T" G~~j njb~k~qg bgi pugakug nkõ nlg njdpcukug kb wb qg~qj jpgucbaj ~wiic ec~g agiic ~kqwc}kjbg) agiic pcuqg ak qg~qj nlg ~k ì hkï njdpug~ pcucqg~qj V2T) agiig njbj~ngb}g agi djbaj ,2 ^nlgdc6 2 ^nukpq+) gnn"" Kb qci djaj ~k `cnkikqc ic njdpugb~kjbg quc~`judcbajic) kb ugciqï) ~jij bgiic njb`gudc ak wbc quc ig pugk~kjbk g``gqqwcqg" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
I(cbqknkpc}kjbg ì ~qkdjicqc njb ig cqqkkqï ak giknkqc}kjbg V2T g ~k uc``ju}c njb qgnbknlg njdg ki nij} ki agqqcqj V2T) hik kbnc~quk V2T" Cbqujpjijhkc nwiqwucig
G( ic ~nkgb}c ~qwakc ic nwiqwuc njdg ~jij njdpig~~j ak cijuk) djakicaknwiqwuc kgug)ac ak g~~c juhcbk}}c ~jnkgqï) gnn") nlg ak wb pjpjij" _jknlëV2T bjbkbqg~c ~k kb~ghbc wbc ikbhwc dc cbnlg g~pug i(cbqujpjijhkc nwiqwucig ì wbc agiig ~nkgb}g ak uk`gukdgbqj pukdcukj agiic hijqqjakacqqknc" ,2 Djagii nwiqwucig+" Cppgiicqkc) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Mcfje~jb ì ic `wb}kjbg V2T nlg uk ugcik}}c swcbaj ic ikbhwc kgbg w~cqc pgu ~qcekikug njbqcqqj njb ki ag~qkbcqcukj agiic njdwbknc}kjbg" Cppikncqc) Ikbhwk~qknc
G~pug~~kjbg ncincqc ~w %Cppikga Ikbhwk~qkn~%) nlg kb kbhig~g njuuk~pjbag c %Hijqqjakacqqknc% V2T) cb ~g ac cinwbk cbbk kgbg ~j~qkqwkqc ac Gawncqkjbci ikbhwk~qkn~" Ic ikbhwk~qknc cppikncqc `jncik}}c ic ~wc ukngunc kb ~gqqjuk swcik ic qucaw}kjbg) i(w~j ak gicejucqjuk bgii(cbcik~k ikbhwk~qknc) gnn" Cppugbakdgbqj 2 Cnswk~k}kjbg"
Cppujnnkj
I(cppujnnkj nj~qkqwk~ng ic `kij~j`kc ak `jbaj ak wb(kdpj~qc}kjbg hijqqjakacqqknc"
I(cppujnnkj ~gig}kjbc acqk g kdpkcbqk gpk~qgdjijhknk aciic cukg qgjukg g aciig cug ~nkgb}g ak uk`gukd g ik ukjuhcbk}}c ~gnjbaj k pcucdgquk pujpuk agiic hijqqjakacqqknc) kbakkawcbaj ig dgqg g hik jekgqqk agii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj"
Wb cppujnnkj hgbguc wbj j pkû dgqjak V2T nlg bg ugcik}}cbj i(cppiknc}kjbg bgiig cukg ~kqwc}kjbk" B ~qjukc agiic hijqqjakacqqknc cinwbk cppujnnk ~jbj ~qcqk ag`kbkqk %dgqjak%" ,2 Njdwbkncqkj) @judcik~ Dgqjaj akugqqj) Dgqjaj bcqwucig) Ugcakbh dgqlja) ^kigbq Xc{) ^quwqqwucik~qknj) ^whhgqjpgakc+" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Cppujpukcqg}}c
^k w~c ~pg~~j i(chhgqqkj %cppujpukcqc% ,j %caghwcqc%+ pgu ag`kbkug ic njdwbknc}kjbg njuugqqc ~wi pk ~jnkjikbhwk~qknj g nwiqwucig"
Bgii(cdekqj agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T i(cppujpukcqg}}c ucppug~gbqc wb jekgqqkj hijqqjakacqqk pukdcukj) pgunlë i(guujug ~jnkj$nwiqwucig ì qcig ac njdpujdgqqgug i(g``kncnkc V2T agiic njdwbknc}kjb swcbqj njuugqqc V2T g~~c ~kc aci pwbqj ak k~qc ikbhwk~qknj" C~njiqcug
Cekikqï V2T pukdcukc g) awbswg) njdpjbgbqg g~~gb}kcig agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T"
Khbjucqc achik cppujnnk `judcik~qknk V2T) i(cekikqï ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T jucig kgbg ukpujpj~qc aci dg akugqqkj V2T c ncciij quc i(Jqqj g ki Bjgngbqj) pgu g~~gug pjk ~k~qgdcqkncdgbqg njiijncqc ci ngbquj agii(cqqgb}kjbg njb hik cppujnnk ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T g njdwbkncqkj V2T" C~njiqj piwukikbhwg
G( wbc qgnbknc ceec~qcb}c ugngbqg kb swcbqj ì ighcqc ciic qgigk~kjbg kc ~cqgiikqg" I(c~njiqj piwukikbh njb~k~qg bgi ~ghwkug kb akugqqc j cqqucgu~j wbc kagjughk~quc}kjbg wb ggbqj swcig wbc pcuqkqc ak nci wbc ukwbkjbg pjikqknc) gnn") ~pj~qcbaj i(cwakj aciic quc~dk~~kjbg kqcikcbc ciig quc~dk~~kjbk kbhig~k) `ucbng~k) qgag~nlg) gnn"= i(kddchkbg ì ic ~qg~~c) ncdekc ki njddgbqj guecig nlg i(cnnjdpchbc" Nkõ nj~qukbhg i(ciikgj c ighcug ic ~wc njdpugb~kjbg ci njbqg~qj V2T g ciic ~wc njbj~ngb}c agi djbaj= g wqkig awbswg ci uc``ju}cdgbqj ak pujng~~k ak ec~g agiic njdpugb~kjbg V2T" Swg~qc qgnbknc ì djiqj hucakqc chik ciikgk ~kc pgunlë ak ~jikqj ki njbqgbwqj ì pkcngjig) jiqug nlg cwqgbqkncdgbqg njdwbkncqkj) ~kc pgunlë g~~c ucppug~gbqc wbc ~`kac pgu~jbcig pkû nlg wb njdpkqj ~njic~qknj" C~njiqj ~gigqqkj
Cqqkkqï ak c~njiqj kb nwk ~k agjbj uknjbj~ngug cinwbk ~ghdgbqk agiic ncqgbc `jbknc" Ki qg~qj kgbg pug~gbqcqj ~gb}c cinwbc cqqkkqï pujpgagwqknc g ki njdpkqj ì ~jij swgiij ak njhikgug ki dchhkju bwdg pj~~kekig ak acqk" Ciic `kbg agii(c~njiqj) k acqk gbhjbj njbakk~k c huwppk j njppkg kb djaj ac nj~qk ic ec~g pgu wb(cqqkkqï ak cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T g pujngagug pjk ca wb ~gnjbaj c~njiqj) g nj~é kc"
I(jhhgqqj ak swg~qc qgnbknc ì awbswg ic ncpcnkqï ak njhikgug `ucddgbqk g ak ~guku~gbg pgu nugcug kp http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
njbqg~qwcik ,ajg nk ~k qujc) nj~c ~qc cgbgbaj) gnn"+" C^Q_
Ic ~khic ~qc pgu %Cud{ ^pgnkcik~ga Quckbkbh _ujhucd%) wb pujhgqqj ugcik}}cqj acii(g~gunkqj cdguknc awucbqg ic ~gnjbac hwguuc djbakcig pgu pugpcucug ki pgu~jbcig nlg ajgc g~~gug kdpkghcqj bgiig b
kc kc jnnwpcqg achik Ciigcqk" _jknlë bghik ^qcqk Wbkqk cgc ajdkbcqj pgu cidgbj awg agngbbk ki Ugcakbh Dgqlja V2T) hik cdgukncbk dcbnccbj agiic akdgb~kjbg jucig bgiic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc ga cqqw i(C^Q_ njb hucbag kdpghbj ak dg}}k g pgu~jbg"
Ki pujhucddc ~k ec~cc ~w wb dgqjaj kbqgb~kj) nlg kb pcuqg ukpugbagc njbngqqk agi dgqjaj akugqqj kb pcuqg pjbgc ig ec~k pgu ki ag`kbku~k agi dgqjaj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T) aci swcig ij akgu~k`kncc qwqq i(kbqgug~~g pgu hik %~qwak ak cugc%) nkjì pgu ic nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg V2T" N(gucbj awg ajngbqk) wbj ak dcaug ga wbj agiic ~qg~~c ikbhwc aghik ciikgk) nlg ~k jnnwpcc cbnlg agii(kb~ghbcdgbqj hucddcqkncig" Cqqghhkcdgbqj 2 Pcukcekig c``gqqkc"
Cqqkqwakbg
G( wb njbngqqj c~~ck ak~nw~~j kb cdekqj p~knj$pgachjhknj"
Cinwbk ~qwakj~k bghcbj agnk~cdgbqg nlg g~k~qc wb(cqqkqwakbg kbbcqc gu~j i(cnswk~k}kjbg ak wbc ak~nk ,bgi bj~quj nc~j) ic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc j nic~~knc+) ukdcbacbaj ggbqwcidgbqg c `cqqjuk cdekgbqcik ,~jn gnjbjdknk) `cdkikcuk) gnn"+ pgu ~pkghcug ig ak``gugb}g quc ciikgj g ciikgj6 pgu swg~qc ~nwjic) ic akg cqqkqwakbg ciquj bjb ì nlg ki akgu~j qgdpj nlg cukg pgu~jbg kdpkghcbj c uchhkwbhgug ij ~qg~~j ikg
Ciquk ~qwakj~k) pwu bjb cnngqqcbaj ig pj~k}kjbk ak nguqc p~knjdgqukc nlg pugqgbag ak pugakug k uk~wiqcq ec~g agii(cbcik~k cqqkqwakbcig) cddgqqjbj nlg nk ~jbj agiig cukcekik agiij ~qkig a(cppugbakdgbqj nlg pj~~jbj ckwqcug c njdpugbagug ig uchkjbk pgu nwk ~qwagbqk akgu~k kdpkghcbj qgdpk akgu~k pgu hkwb ciij ~qg~~j jekgqqkj" Quc swg~qk `cqqjuk nk ~cugeeguj=
$ ic ~qjukc kbakkawcig= wb ecdekbj ekikbhwg uk~wiqc `cjukqj bgii(cppugbakdgbqj ak swciwbswg qgu}c ikbhwc6 cbnlg ki `cqqj ak cgu kbk}kcqj ij ~qwakj ak wbc ikbhwc awucbqg ki pgukjaj nukqknj V2T kgbg ukqg wb `cqqjug cqqkqwakbcukj swcik`kncbqg6
$ ic %qjiigucb}c pgu i(cdekhwkqï%= ì wbc qucqqj p~knjijhknj nlg ak~qkbhwg ig pgu~jbg nlg uknlkgajbj w swcauj nlkcuj g pugnk~j pukdc ak cnswk~kuij g ig pgu~jbg nlg kbgng pujngajbj pgu cppuj~~kdc}kjb ~wnng~~kg6 kb swcinlg djaj swg~qj `cqqjug ukdcbac ciic ajdkbcb}c agii(gdk~`guj ~kbk~quj j ag~quj ngugiij ,2 ekdjacikqï+" Kb swg~qj ~gb~j) ~cugeeguj ccbqchhkcqg ig pgu~jbg qjiigucbqk pgu i(cdekhw http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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nlg) ca g~gdpkj) bjb ~k eijnncbj ak `ujbqg ca wbc pcujic khbjqc dc nguncbj ak kbqwkubg ki ~khbk`kncq
$ ki pj~~g~~j ak ~qucqghkg ak %cjkacbng%) nkjì ic ak~pj~k}kjbg p~knjijhknc c bjb c``ujbqcug ak pgqqj i ak``knjiqï ,pgu nwk ca g~gdpkj nk ~k eijnnc) awucbqg wb ak~nju~j) swcbaj bjb ~k ~c njdg g~pukdgug w njbngqqj+ dc ca chhkucug i(j~qcnjij) qujcbaj g~pug~~kjbk ciqgubcqkg"
Cqqj njdwbkncqkj
I(cqqj njdwbkncqkj) ~w nwk ì kdpgubkcqj ki dgqjaj `wb}kjbcig$bj}kjbcig V2T) ì i(gigdgbqj puchdcqk dkbkdj agiic njdwbknc}kjbg) ucppug~gbqc nkjì wbj ~njpj dkbkdj ,~ciwqcug) ukbhuc}kcug) nlkgagug i ~qucac) gnn"+ ak w~j agiic ikbhwc" G( cqqucgu~j hik cqqk njdwbkncqkk nlg ~k ugcik}}cbj ig `wb}kjbk V2T
%Cqqj njdwbkncqkj%) g~pug~~kjbg ncincqc ~w %cqqj ikbhwk~qknj% V2T g ~w %cqqj ak ak~nju~j% V2T) ì ~kbj ak %`wb}kjbg njdwbkncqkc% bgiic qgudkbjijhkc ak Xkifkb~ g agi Njb~khikj a(Gwujpc ,2 _ujhgqqj Ikb Djagubg*Pkg+ `cqqc pujpukc ac djiqc hijqqjakacqqknc kqcikcbc" _gu gkqcug swg~qc njb`w~kjbg @ugaak pujpj~qj %`wb}kjbk puchdcqknlg%) dgbqug ciquk cwqjuk w~cbj %kbqgb}kjbk njdwbkncqkg%) ~wii(jbac ak P{fj~fmk" Cqqj ak ak~nju~j
G( i(wbkqï dkbkdc agii(gqbjhuc`kc agi ak~nju~j ,2 qg~qj+) nlg c ~wc jiqc ukgbquc bgii(cdekqj agii(gqbjh agiic njdwbknc}kjbg V2T"
^gnjbaj wb ngigeug cnujbkdj ak L{dg~ wb cqqj ak ak~nju~j c cbcik}}cqj ~wiic ec~g ak jqqj cukceki nwk kbk}kcik kbhig~k `judcbj ic pcujic ^_GCFKBH= $ ^gqqkbh g ^ngbg ) nkjì ki njbqg~qj `k~knj g swgiij ~jnkj$nwiqwucig6
$ _cuqgnkpcbqk) ~kc akugqqk nlg kbakugqqk ,ca g~gdpkj) ~k lc wb pcuqgnkpcbqg kbakugqqj swcbaj i(gdkqqgb cwqgbqknj ~k ~gug ak wb pjuqcjng+6 $ G~kqk cqqg~k njdg njb~ghwgb}c agii(cqqj ,~k gac i(c~pgqqj pgu`judcqkj agii(cqqj ikbhwk~qknj V2T+6 $ Cqqj kiijnwqjukj ,2 cqqj ikbhwk~qknj+) nkjì njbqgbwqj g `judc agiic njdwbknc}kjbg6 $ Fg{) nkjì ic nlkcg p~knjijhknc g ~jnkcig nlg ncucqqguk}}c i(cqqj= kujbkc) kuukqc}kjbg gnn"6 $ Kb~quwdgbq~) nkjì ig ncucqqguk~qknlg pujpukg agi ncbcig ~ngiqj= kc jng) qgig`jbj) igqqguc) gnn"6
$ Bjudg ak kbqguc}kjbg ~jnkcig) jiqug nlg njdwbkncqkc= nkjì njdpig~~k ak ughjig nlg cbbj ~ghwkqg http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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pjqgu bghj}kcug g ~ncdekcug ~khbk`kncqk6
$Hgbgug njdwbkncqkj ki njdpig~~j ak ughjig nwiqwucik pukdc cbnjuc nlg ikbhwk~qknlg nlg ncucqqguk} jhbk hgbgug V2T= akcijhj ~jnkcik}}cbqg) akcijhj ak akecqqkqj) akcijhj qgig`jbknj) djbjijhj kb wbc njb`gugb}c j wbc ecu}giigqqc) gnn"
Cbnlg ~g kb hijqqjakacqqknc ucucdgbqg ~k `c uk`gukdgbqj g~piknkqj ciic bj}kjbg ak %cqqj ak ak~nju~j%) q hik gigdgbqk nlg) ~gnjbaj L{dg~) ic ncucqqguk}}cbj uk~wiqcbj ak g~qugdc ukigcb}c g ~jbj egb bjqk) kb njb~kaguc}kjbg ac ~qwakj~k g kb~ghbcbqk pgu ic ugcik}}c}kjbg agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T" Cqqj ikbhwk~qknj
G( i(gigdgbqj dkbkdj ak cbcik~k puchdcqknc V2T agiic ikbhwc" G( ncucqqguk}}cqj aciic kbqgb}kjbcikqï ,ciqukdgbqk bjb ~cugeeg wb %cqqj%+"
Cw~qkb kbakkawc qug akgu~g `cnng agii(cqqj ikbhwk~qknj= i(c~pgqqj kiijnwqjukj ,i(cqqj ak pujawuug ikbhw i(c~pgqqj kiijnwqjukj ,i(kbqgb}kjbg puchdcqknc nlg nk ~k pujpjbg+ g i(c~pgqqj pguijnwqjukj ,i(g``gqqj puj
Ki njbngqqj ak cqqj ikbhwk~qknj ì ciic ec~g ak swgiij ak cqqj njdwbkncqkj V2T) wqkik}}cqj bgiic hijqqjakacqqknc njbqgdpjucbgc= ~k pukkighkc kb swg~qj nc~j i(c~pgqqj kiijnwqjukj) ~k pjbg nkjì i(gb`c~ kbqgb}kjbk agi pcuicbqg" Cwakj$ikbhwcig) Cppujnnkj 2 ^quwqqwucik~qknj) cppujnnkj"
Cwakj$jucig) Cppujnnkj 2 ^quwqqwucik~qknj) cppujnnkj6 2 Akugqqj) dgqjaj"
Cwakjk~kj
Igqqgucidgbqg ki qgudkbg ~k uk`guk~ng ck dg~~chhk nlg cnnjppkcbj wbc akdgb~kjbg k~kc ga wbc gue
cbnuchg ugick~ ighcqg dgnncbk~dk V2Tukigcbqg jppwug ak V2T" Kb ugciqï ki qgudkbg %cwakjk~kk%) piwucig)ac~qc ca kbakncugakwbc ~g}kjbg agiig qgnbjijhkg hijqqjakacqqknlg V2T= bghik cbbk~jpucqq ^g~~c ^gqqcbqc ~k cnnjppkccbj akcpj~kqkg g nc~~gqqc cwakj) dc achik cbbk Jqqcbqc ki qgudkbg %cwakjk~kk uk`guk~ng ci kagj"
Swcbaj i(cwakjk~kj ì hg~qkqj ac wb njdpwqgu) nlg pwõ swkbak chhkwbhgug wbc ~g}kjbg ak icjuj ~w qg~qj ~nukqqj) ak g~gunkqc}kjbg) gnn") ~k pug`guk~ng pcuicug ak dcqgukcig dwiqkdgakcig V2T"
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Cwqgbqknj) Dcqgukcig
Ki qgudkbg ag~nukg i(w~j akacqqknj ak dcqgukcik nlg ~jbj bcqk njb ~njpj bjb akacqqknj= cuqknjik ak hkj ekhikgqqk `guujkcuk) `kid) pweeiknkqï) gnn" Qcig w~j guc pugk~qj aci Dgqjaj Akugqqj V2T g bgi Ugcakbh Dgqlja V2T) dc ì akgbwqj pcuqknjicudgbqg ukigcbqg bgii(cdekqj agii(Cppujnnkj Njdwbkncqkj V2T ajwqj ~kc ciic bcqwuc ak swg~qj cppujnnkj) ~kc ci `cqqj nlg bghik wiqkdk cbbk ic `ugswgb}c agk kchhk cii(g~qguj) ic ak``w~kjbg picbgqcukc agk dc~~ dgakc g ki pgu`g}kjbcdgbqj agiig qgnbknlg ak ughk~quc}kj lcbbj ug~j k dcqgukcik cwqgbqknk `cnkidgbqg ak~pjbkekik"
^k ì ~pg~~j jekgqqcqj nlg ic dguc cwqgbqknkqï puchdcqknc ,bgi ~gb~j k~qj ~jpuc+ bjb agg cbacug c ~ ak wb(cwqgbqknkqï %hijqqjakacqqknc%= ki qg~qj ì awbswg %cwqgbqknj% ~jij ~g ì ~qcqj pug~j aciic kqc ugcig ,jppwug ì ~qcqj nugcqj ca ljn dc pjqugeeg g~~gug ~qcqj qujcqj bgiic kqc ugcig+ g ~g ì cbnlg ci ikgi cacqqj pgu ij ~qwagbqg nwk kgbg pujpj~qj" Cwqjcppugbakdgbqj
^k qucqqc ak wbc cqqkkqï qkpknc agii(gawnc}kjbg aghik cawiqk ,2 cbauchjhkc+) nlg c qwqqckc ak``jbagb pgu ig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug cbnlg cii(cdekqj wbkgu~kqcukj ,~k pgb~k c qwqqk k icejucqjuk kb ~gi` cnng~~ V2T+ swgiij ~njic~qknj"
Kb ugciqï bgi ~gqqjug agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc g kb swgiij agiig ikbhwg nic~~knlg i(cwqjcppugbakdgbqj ì pj~~kekig) ~jpucqqwqqj ca jpguc ak cawiqk kb hucaj ak cwqjciwqcu~k) dc bgiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug bgppwug qgnbjijhkg dwiqkdgakcik pckjbj pjqgu `cu `ujbqg c qwqqg ig `wb}kjbk ak wb kb~ghbcbqg) ki nwk uwjij kg ukag`kbkqj njdg oqwqjuchhkj(" Cwqjagqqcqj 2 Uknjpkcqwuc"
Cwqjdcqknk) _ujng~~k 2 _ujng~~k cwqjdcqknk g njbqujiicqk"
Cwqjbjdkc bgii(cppugbakdgbqj 2 Hijqqjdcqgqknc) njdpgqgb}c"
Cwqjpujdj}kjbg
G( ic dgqc V2T `kbcig ak jhbk pujng~~j gawncqkj) swkbak cbnlg agii(Gawnc}kjbg Ikbhwk~qknc" Wbc j uchhkwbqc wb nguqj ikgiij ak nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg V2T g ak ~jnkcik}}c}kjbg V2T) ic pgu~jbc pwõ dkucug ciic pujpukc cwqjpujdj}kjbg) nkjì c ugcik}}cug ki pujhgqqj ak ~ë nlg hjgubc ic ~wc kqc"
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I(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc agg ajqcug i(ciikgj ak wbc njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc bgiic ikbhwc dcqgub bgiig ggbqwcik ~gnjbag ikbhwg pcuicqg bgiic ~wc njdwbkqï+ qcig ac bjb kdpgakug ic ~wc pujdj}kjbg pgu~jbcig g ~jnkcig) g ak wbc njdpgqgb}c ~w``knkgbqg bgiic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc ac njb~gbqkuhik ak kbqugnn ucppjuqk g pgu~ghwkug k ~wjk pujhgqqk cii(g~qguj"
Kbjiqug i(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc njbqukewk~ng c dkhikjucug ig ncpcnkqï njhbkqkg g ak cppugbakdgbqj= djaj hcucbqk~ng wb pug}kj~j njbqukewqj cii(cwqjpujdj}kjbg agiic pgu~jbc"
Cinwbg ~qwakj~k pcuicbj ak %cwqj$ugcik}}c}kjbg%6 ceekcdj swk pug`gukqj %cwqj$ pujdj}kjbg% pgu cnng ic akdgb~kjbg akbcdknc agi pujng~~j= wbc pgu~jbc bjb ~k ugcik}}c dck) pgunlë ig ~k cpujbj accbqk ~gdpug bwjk juk}}jbqk kb nwk puj$dwjgu~k) cbacug ccbqk" Cwqjugcik}}c}kjbg 2 Cwqjpujdj}kjbg"
Cjkacbng
Swg~qc pcujic kbhig~g) nlg ~qc pgu %i(c}kjbg ak gkqcug wb j~qcnjij%) ag~nukg wbc ~qucqghkc `jbacdg pgu i(w~j agiic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc= ak `ujbqg ca wb j~qcnjij) ca g~gdpkj ic ak``knjiqï ak g~pukdgug wb nj j ak qujcug wbc pcujic) ~k uknjuug c pcuc`uc~k j pguk`uc~k"
Ic ncpcnkqï ak chhkucug k pujpuk pwbqk ak kbnguqg}}c j ak bjb njbj~ngb}c agiic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc kgbg njb~kagucqc wbc agiig ncucqqguk~qknlg nlg kagbqk`kncbj ic pgu~jbc nlg lc cqqkqwakbg V2T cii(cnswk~k}kjb ikbhwk~qknc"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
N Ncnnkc cii(guujug
Acqj wb qg~qj njb guujuk) ~k nlkgag cii(ciikgj ak kbakkawcuik" K qg~qk pj~~jbj g~~gug `jubkqk acii(kb~gh j aci dcbwcig jppwug pj~~jbj g~~gug nj~qkqwkqk ac gicejucqk aghik ~qg~~k ciikgk= kb qci nc~j swg~qc qg c~~wdg wbc cigb}c pcuqknjicug bgii(gawncug cii(cwqjnukqknc ga cii(cwqjciwqc}kjbg ,~jpucqqwqqj) dc b ~jij) bgiic ikbhwc dcqgubc+"" G( pj~~kekig pcuqkug cbnlg ac qg~qk ~jbjuk j cwakjk~kk"
Ic ncnnkc cii(guujug ì ~qcqc ~pg~~j njbqg~qcqc pgunlë pjqugeeg `k~~cug bgii(ciikgj agiig `judg guucqg= i(jekg}kjbg ì cikac ~jij ~g i(g~gunk}kj bjb kgbg ~wnng~~kcdgbqg njuugqqj g ak~nw~~j kb nic~~g" ^k q ak wbc qgnbknc nlg pwõ `cu uk`igqqgug ~w swciwbswg c~pgqqj ikbhwk~qknj" NCG) NGKEQ) NGKN) N_G) @NG) _GQ
^khig nlg njuuk~pjbajbj c _ugikdkbcu{ Qg~q j` Gbhik~l ,_GQ+) c @ku~q Nguqk`kncqg j` Gbhik~l ,@NG+ Nguqk`kncqg j` Cacbnga Gbhik~l ,NCG+) c Nguqk`kncqg j` Gbhik~l `ju Kbqgubcqkjbci Njddwbkncqkjb~ ,NGKN+ g c Nguqk`kncqg j` _uj`knkgbn{ kb Gbhik~l ,N_G+) nkjì ig qug `judg pkû ak``w~g ak nguqk`knc}kj ak njbj~ngb}c agiic ikbhwc kbhig~g bgiic ~wc cukgqï eukqcbbknc ,pgu i(cdgukncbj 2 Q^G) QJG@I6 pg i(cw~qucikcbj 2 WQG^I+" Ki NGKEQ ì ki nguqk`kncqj ~pgnk`knj pgu ic dknujikbhwc agk ~gqqjuk gnjbjdknk g njddgunkcik6 ic ~khic njuuk~pjbag c Nguqk`kncqg j` Kbqgubcqkjbci Ew~kbg~~ cba Qucag" NCK) NCII
^khig nlg ~qcbbj pgu Njdpwqgu C~~k~qga Kb~quwnqkjb g pgu Njdpwqgu C~~k~qga Icbhwchg Igcubkbh" Qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc+" Ncb}jbg
Ic ncb}jbg ì w~cqc pgu cqqkkqï ak c~njiqj) ak pujaw}kjbg g ak `k~~c}kjbg) jiqug nlg ak kbqujaw}kjbg c igqqgucqwuc" Swcbaj i(c~njiqj kgbg g~gunkqcqj cqqucgu~j ic ncb}jbg) g~~j ì ug~j pkû njdpig~~j aciic pug~gb}c http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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agii(cnnjdpchbcdgbqj dw~kncig g ukqdknj g ncucqqguk}}cqj aciig puj`jbag djak`knc}kjbk `jbjijhknl `jbgdk ~k ciiwbhcbj j ~k ceeugkcbj c ~gnjbac agiig bgng~~kqï dw~kncik) i(kbqjbc}kjbg ~ghwg ic dgij bjb ig ughjig ikbhwk~qknlg) ki qjbj g ki qkdeuj ak jng ~jbj akgu~k ac swgiik agi pcuicqj"
Ic pujaw}kjbg) nkjì i(g~gnw}kjbg njucig agiic ncb}jbg) nj~qkqwk~ng i(c~pgqqj pkû kbqgug~~cbqg ak swg~ qgnbknc= ì wbc agiig pjnlg jnnc~kjbk) kb`cqqk) kb nwk i(ciikgj ì c~~jiwqcdgbqg nj~qugqqj c ~ghwkug ki uk agiic `jbqg) swkbak c pcuicug njb wbc ucpkakqï nlg ak ~jikqj gkqc" ^g ~k njb~kaguc) kbjiqug) nlg bgk ukqjubgiik) cinwbg ~quwqqwug j g~pug~~kjbk gbhjbj pkû jiqg ukpgqwqg ncb}jbk pj~~jbj gbkug wqkik}}cqg pgu ic `k~~c}kjbg"
Ic ncb}jbg ucppug~gbqc wbc agiig pkû ak``w~g `judg ak igqqgucqwuc njb nwk k hkjcbk ~jbj c njbqcqqj djiqk nc~k) kbjiqug) ~k qucqqc ak pjg~kc ak bjqgjig swcikqï igqqgucukc= awbswg) i(w~j agiig ncb}jbk ì pguqkbgbqg cbnlg ck `kbk ak wb(kbqujaw}kjbg ciij ~qwakj agiic ~pgnk`knkqï agi qg~qj pjgqknj ~kc kb kqcikcb bgiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug" Nc~k) Hucddcqknc agk
Dcihucaj ki bjdg pj~~c kbawuug kb guujug) ic %hucddcqknc agk nc~k% ak @kiidjug bjb lc bwiic c nlg njb i(kb~ghbcdgbqj ak ikbhwg `ig~~kjbcik njdg icqkbj) qgag~nj j uw~~j) ajg agiig ugic}kjbk ~kbqcqqkn ~jbj ugcik}}cqg cqqucgu~j %nc~k%"
@kiidjug kdpj~qc swg~qc ~wc hucddcqknc) nlg njbkwhc ~kbqc~~k g ~gdcbqknc) ciic `kbg aghik cbbk ^g~ w~cbaj ki njbngqqj ak %nc~j% bjb njdg ~quwqqwuc ak ~wpgu`knkg ,gkagbqk nkjì bgiic ugcik}}c}kjbg agii ikbhwc+ dc njdg ~quwqqwuc puj`jbac= kbakpgbagbqgdgbqg ac njdg uk~wiqc kb ~wpgu`knkg ,ca g~gdpkj ~jhhgqqj j njdg njdpigdgbqj a(chgbqg+ nlk njdpkg wb(c}kjbg ì wb nc~j %chgbqkj%) nlg kbaknc wb ~gdcbqknj pukdcukj ak jhbk njdwbknc}kjbg" Ncqcik}}cqjuk ,qgnbjijhknk+ 2 Qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc"
NGGIQ) NJQG) NQG@IC) AG^) AJQG) AQG@IC) QG^JI
^khig nlg ~k uk`guk~njbj ciig nguqk`knc}kjbk V2T ak njbj~ngb}c hijqqjakacqqknc ak kb~ghbcbqk ak kbhig~g ~qucbkguk" NGGIQ g AG^ ~qcbbj pgu Ncdeukahg G|cdkbcqkjb kb Gbhik~l `ju Icbhwchg Qgcnlgu~ g Akpijdc j` Gbhik~l ^qwakg~) awg nguqk`knc}kjbk V2T nlg nj~qkqwk~njbj uk~pgqqkcdgbqg ikgiij ec~g g ccb}cqj agii(Wbkgu~kqï ak Ncdeukahg= bjb gbhjbj ukic~nkcqk nlg c pcuicbqk ak dcaugikbhwc kbhig~ _gu k pcuicbqk bjb bcqkk ~k lcbbj ki Nguqk`kncqg `ju Jgu~gc~ Qgcnlgu~ j` Gbhik~l ,NJQG+ ga ki njuuk~pjbagbqg Akpijdc ,AJQG+ ak ikgiij pkû ccb}cqj" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Ig ~khig NQG@IC g AQG@IC ukdcbacbj c nguqk`knc}kjbk pgu dcaugikbhwc %ju gswkcigbq%) dc njb qchikj pcuqknjicug= Nguqk`kncqg g ~wnng~~kj Akpijdc kb qlg Qgcnlkbh j` Gbhik~l qj Cawiq~"
Akpijdc kb qlg Qlgju{ cba Dgqljajijh{ j` Qgcnlkbh Gbhik~l qj ^pgcfgu~ j` Jqlgu Icbhwchg~ ,QG ì ic gu~kjbg agk akpijdk k~qk ~jpuc ukic~nkcqc cqqucgu~j nju~k c ak~qcb}c aci njb~ju}kj Gwujikbf" NGIK) NKI^
Ig awg ~khig njuuk~pjbajbj c awg nguqk`knc}kjbk V2T w``knkcik ak njbj~ngb}c agiic ikbhwc kqcikcbc ukic uk~pgqqkcdgbqg aciig Wbkgu~kqï pgu ~qucbkguk ak _guwhkc ,%Nguqk`kncqj ak Ikbhwc Kqcikcbc%) akk~j kb nkbswg ikgiik+ g ak ^kgbc ,%Nguqk`kncqj ak Kqcikcbj njdg Ikbhwc ^qucbkguc%) akk~j kb swcqquj ikgiik+ Nguqk`knc}kjbg
Cqqg~qc}kjbg w``knkcig) ak ~jikqj ukic~nkcqc ac wb juhcbk~dj ~qcqcig j ak ciqj pug~qkhkj hijqqjakacqqknj cqqg~qc ic njbj~ngb}c ak wbc ikbhwc j agiic ~wc akacqqknc= pgu i(kqcikcbj c ~qucbkguk ~k lcbbj NGIK g N V2T) pgu ki `ucbng~g ACI@ g AGI@ V2T) pgu i(kbhig~g eukqcbbknj @NG) NCG g N_G V2 NCGT) pgu swg cdgukncbj ki QJG@I V2T g pgu swgiij njddgunkcig ki NGKEQ V2 NCGT) pgu ki qgag~nj ]AC@) ]D_) g HA^ V2 ]AC@T) pgu ij ~pchbjij GKK) GKE ga G^ V2 GKET" Ic ukngunc ~wiic nguqk`knc}kjbg ì wbj agk ~gqqjuk pkû kcnk agiic hijqqjakacqqknc aghik cbbk Bjcbqc) swcbqj ig kdpiknc}kjbk ~jnkcik) puj`g~~kjbcik) kbqgubc}kjbcik ~k chhkwbhjbj c swgiig ~qugqqcdgbqg
~nkgbqk`knlg= nlg nj~c ~khbk`knc %~cpgug ikbhwc%:) wb njdg ~k pwõ agqgudkbcug ic njdpgqgb}c V2T cqqucgu~j i(g~gnw}kjbgV2T:) njdg ~k pwõwbc ~waakkagug njbqkbwwd ,ac njbj~ngb}c }guj c njbj~ng pcuk c swgiic ak wb dcaugikbhwc+ kb ~gqqjuk: ~w swcik pcucdgquk: ^k qucqqc ak qgdk ak ~qwakj cbnjuc cp NKI^ 2 NGIK"
Nkbg~knc) Njdpgqgb}c
G( wb qkpj ak njdpgqgb}c g|qucikbhwk~qknc nlg njbnjuug c `judcug ic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T= ukhwcuac ic ncpcnkqï ak w~cug ki ikbhwchhkj agk hg~qk ,g~ghwkqk aciig dcbk g aciig eucnnkc+) ki ikbhwchh k~j ,~dju`kg) cddknncdgbqk) gnn"+ g aghik cqqghhkcdgbqk agi njupj"
Dgbqug ì ojkj( pgu qwqqk nlg nk ~jbj qcbqg ikbhwg) ki ikbhwchhkj nkbg~knj kgbg ~pg~~j pgungpkqj nj wbkgu~cig) dgbqug g~~j cukc ac nwiqwuc c nwiqwuc) g ~pg~~j cii(kbqgubj ak nwiqwug nlg w~cbj ic ~qg~~c ikbhwc" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Ki ikbhwchhkj nkbg~knj kgbg ~pg~~j pgungpkqj njdg ~gnjbacukj ck `kbk njdwbkncqkk) dgbqug qwqqk hik ak njdwbknc}kjbg kbqgunwiqwucig ij kbakncbj njdg kdpjuqcbqk~~kdc) ~kc pgunlë wb pcuicbqg ì pukdc pjk c~njiqcqj ,2 ekdjacikqï+) ~kc pgunlë hg~qk gb cnngqqk kb wbc nwiqwuc pj~~jbj g~~gug j``gb~kk kb c hgbgucbaj kbnkagbqk puchdcqknk ~pg~~j qcik ac `cu cejuqkug ic njdwbknc}kjbg"
Ic akdgb~kjbg g|qucikbhwk~qknc V2T ì ~pg~j quc~nwucqc bgii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) dgbqug g~~c ì g~~gb}kcig bgii(cdekqj agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj" _gu pug~gbqcug k `gbjdgbk nkbg~knk c wb ciikgj uknlkgag i(w~j ak ajnwdgbqk cwakjk~kk V2T) ~jpucqqwqqj cwqgbqknk V2T " Nkkiqï 2 Nwiqwuc"
Nic~~knc) Ikbhwc
Ki njbngqqj ak ikbhwc nic~~knc ì jhhgqqj ak puj`jbac ak~nw~~kjbg `kb achik cbbk Jqqcbqc= cii(kagc ak ikb
%djuqc% nlg pugcigc kb pugngagb}c) ~k ~j~qkqwk~ng swgiij ak wbc ikbhwc nlg c qwqq(jhhk ì kc) pgud chik cwqjuk nic~~knk g chik khbjqk g~qgb~juk agiig ~nukqqk dwucik ak _jdpgk ak pcuicug c bjk) ci ak iï agk dkiigbbk"
Cnncbqj c swg~qc bj}kjbg ighcqc ciic nic~~knkqï) ~k lcbbj ikbhwc nic~~knlg cbnjuc kb w~j g``gqqkj) a icqkbj w~cqj njdg ikbhwc gknjicug bgi Njbnkikj Pcqkncbj KK g bgiig gbnkniknlg pcpcik) cii(cucej nic~ ci nkbg~g dcbacukbj) ~jij pgu nkqcug k awg nc~k pkû gkagbqk" Kb swg~qc puj~pgqqkc awbswg wbc ikbhw nic~~knc ì swgiic kb nwk bjb ~k lc pkû cukc}kjbg akcnujbknc) kb nwk k dgnncbk~dk ~jbj ag`kbkqk g) pgu swcbqj pj~~kekig kb wbc ikbhwc) kddwqcekik" Nikbknk) Cppujnnk g dgqjak
^jbj ~qcqk ag`kbkqk kb swg~qj djaj djiqk aghik cppujnnkV2T g agk dgqjak V2T aghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc$Jqqc nlg ~jbj bcqk ac cppiknc}kjbk agiig qgjukg p~knjijhknlg) swc~k nlg i(cppugbakdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj `j~~g ~juqc ak %nwuc% ca wbc dcicqqkc nlkcdcqc djbjikbhwk~dj" Quc k dgqjak nikbknk `khwucbj ki Njddwbk Njwb~giikbh V2T g ic ~whhg~qjpgakc V2T" Ic njuugbqg %nikbknc% ì wbc agiig qgbagb}g njb`iwkqg kb swgiic nlg jhhk ~k nlkcdc hijqqjakacqqknc wdcbk~qknc V2T" Nij}g
Ic pujngawuc nij}g njb~k~qg bgii(kb~gukug ig pcujig dcbncbqk kb wb qg~qj" W~wcidgbqg ~k ic~nkcbj kbqg pukdg ukhlg agi qg~qj) pgu njb~gbqkug wbc pukdc njbqg~qwcik}}c}kjbg) pjk ~k gikdkbc jhbk ~gqqkdc pcu http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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I(ciikgj ajuï kb~gukug wbc pcujic cppujpukcqc) cbnlg ~g bjb ~k qucqqc ak swgiic g``gqqkcdgbqg ncbn
G~k~qjbj cinwbg cukcbqk ak swg~qc qgnbknc" Ic pukdc ì ki nj~kaagqqj nij}g %c nug~ngug%) kb nwk ~k kbk} gikdkbcbaj jhbk ~gqqkdc pcujic) pgu pjk ncbngiicug jhbk ~g~qc j cbnlg jhbk swkbqc pcujic" Qujkcdj nij}g `cnkikqcqj) nlg gigbnc kb ncing ig pcujig ac kb~gukug j nlg pug~gbqc bgk wjqk wb ak~ghbj njuuk~pjbagbqg ciic pcujic gikdkbcqc" _gu dg}}j agi ughk~qucqjug cwakj j kagj ì pj~~kekig g~ghwkug) ikbhwc dcqgubc j kb nju~k ccb}cqk ak ikbhwg ~qucbkgug) agk nij}g jucik kb~gugbaj agiig pcw~g g nlkga chik ciikgk ak kpjqk}}cug swgiij nlg ~qc pgu g~~gug agqqj"
Swg~qc qgnbknc kgbg w~cqc puj`knwcdgbqg pgu ki qg~qkbh= ~gnjbaj cinwbg ukngunlg) k acqk j``guqk bgiig ak nij}g njiijncbj hik ciikgk bgiic ~qg~~c ~wnng~~kjbg ak dgukqj nlg ~k jqqkgbg cqqucgu~j ecqqgukg ak egb pkû njdpig~~g g cukcqg"
Ki nij}g ì wbc qgnbknc `jbacdgbqcig pgu ~kiwppcug$dk~wucug ic ncpcnkqï ak njb~kagucug wb qg~qj bgii hijecikqï) njhikgbaj jhbk ukajbacb}c njbqg~qwcig V2T g nj$qg~qwcig V2T ck `kbk agiic njdpugb~kjbg"
G( jppjuqwbj ak~qkbhwgug ic qgnbknc nij}g) nlg nugc k wjk wjqk ~w ec~g dgnncbknc) aci ukgdpkdgbqj ~pc}k wjqk V2T) kb nwk ic ~ngiqc agk wjqk ì jukgbqcqc acii(jekgqqkj ,pugpj~k}kjbk) guek) gnn"+" Niw~qgu 2 ^pkaguhucd
Njgugb}c
G( wbj agk pukbnkpk ec~k agiic %qg~qwuc%) nkjì agiic ~gukg ak ugqknjik `judcik g njbngqqwcik nlg `cbbj ak wb(wbkqï ikbhwk~qknc wb %qg~qj% V2T" Njb %njgugb}c% ~k ag`kbk~ng ki ugqknjij ijhknj) ~gdcbqknj agi qg~q nkjì ki nj~kaagqqj %`kij agi ak~nju~j%" Njg~kjbg
G( wbj agk pukbnkpk ec~k agiic %qg~qwuc%) nkjì agiic ~gukg ak ugqknjik `judcik g njbngqqwcik nlg `cbbj ak wb(wbkqï ikbhwk~qknc wb %qg~qj% V2T"
Ic njg~kjbg ì ki ugqknjij ak ukdcbak `judcik kbqgubk ca wb qg~qj= pujbjdk g ciqug `judg ak cbc`jug g ncqc`jug V2T) njb~gnwqkj qgdpjuwd) w~j ak njbbgqqjuk ,ak ncw~c) g``gqqj) qgdpj) gnn"+) uknju~j c ~kbj kpjbkdk ,%uj~c% uk~pgqqj c %`kjug%+ ga kpgujbkdk ,%`kjug% ci iwjhj ak %uj~c%+ g nj~é kc" Njddgbqj
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G( wb(cqqkkqï nlg ukgbquc bgii(cdekqj agiic njdpj~k}kjbg V2T ~geegbg pugbac ig dj~~g ac wb qg~qj ig cbcik}}cqj cb}knlë ac wb %qgdc%) nkjì wb qkqjij nlg ~qcekik~ng i(cuhjdgbqj" Njddwbkq{ Njwb~giikbh
Cppujnnkj ak dcqukng wdcbk~qknj$c``gqqkc V2T dg~~j c pwbqj acii(cdgukncbj Nwuucb bghik cbbk ^gqq Ki pukbnkpkj ec~g ì ac ukqujcug bgiic p~knjijhkc ak Ujhgu~) pgu nwk i(kb~ghbcbqg ì kb ugciqï wb %njb~k kb wb pujng~~j nlg njkbjihg pknnjik huwppk kb wbc `judc ak cppugbakdgbqj ceec~qcb}c cwqjbjdj cwqjakugqqj" Njddwbkq{ Icbhwchg
^k qucqqc ak wbc ikbhwc %gqbknc% V2T g bjb ak wbc ikbhwc %njdwbkqcukc% V2T) nkjì wbc agiig ikbhwg w``k agii(Wbkjbg Gwujpgc" Njdpgqgb}c ~ G~gnw}kjbg
Ic aknjqjdkc kgbg acii(wbkgu~j njbngqqwcig agiic ikbhwk~qknc nljd~fkcbc"
%Njdpgqgb}c% kbaknc ki ~k~qgdc ak ughjig ,kbqg~g njdg dgnncbk~dk ak `wb}kjbcdgbqj) bjb njdg bj nlg ì kbniw~j bgiic dgbqg g nlg pgudgqqg ak njdpugbagug j pujawuug kbag`kbkqg `uc~k) cbnlg dck wak pukdc) egb `judcqg ~gnjbaj ig ughjig ~qg~~g"
Ic ugcik}}c}kjbg g``gqqkc ak `uc~k ec~cqg ~wiic njdpgqgb}c kgbg nlkcdcqc %g~gnw}kjbg%6 kb kbhig~g qgudkbg ì pgu`judcbng) dc qcig qgudkbg bjb lc akugqqc njbbg~~kjbg njb ic %njdpgqgb}c pgu`judcqkc% V2T) nlg ì wbc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T"
Ki njbngqqj ak njdpgqgb}c) ~jpucqqwqqj ~g pug~j kb jppj~k}kjbg c %g~gnw}kjbg%) pcug uknlkcdcug ic aknjqjdkc ~cw~~wukcbc icbhwg*pcujig V2T= ~k qucqqc ak wbc ~jdkhikcb}c ~wpgu`knkcig) kb swcbqj ec~qgu j~~gucug nlg ki njbngqqj ak njdpgqgb}c ì ak bcqwuc p~knjikbhwk~qknc g ~k cppiknc ci ~kbhjij pcuicbqg dgbqug swgiij ak icbhwg ì ak dcqukng ,~gdkjqknj$+ikbhwk~qknc g ~k cppiknc ca wbc njdwbkqï" Njdpkqj
Bgiic ikbhwc njdwbg agiic kqc ~njic~qknc %njdpkqj% kbaknc ki njdpig~~j ak cqqkkqï ajdg~qknlg ,ak ~nukqqg+ c~~ghbcqg achik kb~ghbcbqk"
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Kb akacqqknc) ki %njdpkqj% ì wb(cqqkkqï `kbcik}}cqc) nlg pwõ g~~gug ak juakbg njhbkqkj) jpgucqkj) gnn Djiqc hijqqjakacqqknc kqcikcbc ak dcqukng cbhij~c~~jbg w~c qc~f pgu kbakncug wb %njdpkqj% kb swg~qc ~gnjbac cnng}kjbg"
Wbc agiig qgbagb}g gdguhgbqk aghik cbbk Bjcbqc ì ki qc~f$ec~ga igcubkbh) nlg kbaknc wb cppujnnkj ukpugbag ic ig}kjbg agiic pgachjhkc cqqkk~qknc g `jncik}}c i(cqqgb}kjbg g i(cqqkkqï ~jpucqqwqqj ~wii(g~gnw}kjbg ak %njdpkqk%) ~wiic ~jiw}kjbg ak pujeigdk" Njdpigqcdgbqj
C ak``gugb}c agiic qgnbknc nij}g V2T g agi ukgdpkdgbqj ak ~pc}k wjqk V2T) nlg ukhwcuacbj ~kbhjig pc swg~qc qgnbknc uknlkgag ak kb~gukug kb wb qg~qj dwqkicqj agk ~kbqchdk j aghik ~pg}}jbk ak `uc~g ceec~q g~qg~k) pwu ~gb}c hkwbhgug ck ikdkqk agi akcijhj cpguqj V2T"
Ki njdpigqcdgbqj ak wb qg~qj ~nukqqj ,ak ~jikqj ~k qucqqc agiig ~g}kjbk njbniw~kg agiig ecqqwqg ak wb akcijhj+ dgqqg kb hkjnj i(kbqguc njdpgqgb}c qg~qwcig V2T agii(ciikgj= pgu njdpigqcug ki qg~qj) kb`cqqk) agg ec~cu~k ~wiic njgugb}c hijecig ,ki (`kij agi ak~nju~j(+ g agg qgbgu njbqj agk dgnncbk~dk ak njg hkï pug~gbqk bgiic pcuqg agi qg~qj nlg hik ì bjqc" Njdpjuqcdgbqk~dj 2 ^quwqqwucik~qknj) cppujnnkj"
Njdpj~k}kjbg ,~nukqqc+
Bgi nic~~knj %qgdc% i(ciikgj nlg ~qgbag wbc njdpj~k}kjbg agg pugak~pjuug wb qg~qj kb ec~g ca wbc ~kbqgqknc kbaknc}kjbg agii(cuhjdgbqj6 qwqqckc) g~k~qjbj qcbqg `judg ak njdpj~k}kjbg swcbqk ~jbj k h qg~qwcik ~nukqqk= ~k pj~~jbj njdpjuug ag~nuk}kjbk) nlg uknlkgajbj pcuqknjicug cqqgb}kjbg ciic pugnk~kj ig~~kncig g ciig bj}kjbk ~pc}kcik6 ugic}kjbk ~w ggbqk) nlg cnngbqwcbj ic `wb}kjbg agk guek g agiic ~qu qgdpjucig6 ~k pj~~jbj cgug agiig bcuuc}kjbk) agiig igqqgug `judcik g bjb) agk qg~qk k~quwqqkk ,k~quw}kj i(w~j) ~pkghc}kjbk ak wb hkjnj) gnn"+ g agk qg~qk pug~nukqqkk) njdg ca g~gdpkj ki (njakng ak njdpjuqcd agiic nic~~g6 ~k pj~~jbj njdpjuug ag`kbk}kjbk ~kbqgqknlg) ~k pj~~jbj ag~nukgug agk ucppjuqk hgjdgqu qgjugdk" Kb ciqug pcujig) ki %qgdc%) ki ~chhkj ak cuhjdgbqj igqqgucukj) ~qjuknj j ~jnkcig) ì ~jij wbc ag `judg ak njdpj~k}kjbg g `ju~g ic pkû kbwqkig) pgunlë hgbguknc= bjb kbaknc ki ag~qkbcqcukj) bjb pugnk~ ~njpj puchdcqknj) bjb kpjqk}}c wb njbqg~qj V2T" Njdpugbagug
Ki pujng~~j ak njdpugb~kjbg) nlg pwõ g~~gug uk`gukqj c qg~qk jucik ,2 C~njiqj+ ) ~nukqqk ,2 Igqqwuc+ j dwiqkdjacik) ì wbj agk pukbnkpcik njdpjbgbqk agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T6 bgiic ~qjukc ugng http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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aghik cppujnnk hijqqjakacqqknk) ic njdpugb~kjbg ì ~qcqc ~jqqjciwqcqc ~jij bgii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj dgbqug g~~c ì ngbqucig pgu i(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T g uk~wiqc pcuqknjicudgbqg cnngbqwcqc bgii(cppujnnkj gudgbgwqknj V2T"
Ciic ec~g agi pujng~~j ak njdpugb~kjbg) nlg pwõ g~~gug g~qgb~kc ,2 ^ncbbkbh6 2 ^fkddkbh+ j kbqg ~qc ki pujng~~j ak cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T= g~~j njb~k~qg bgi ~cpgu pugakug nkõ nlg pwõ njdpcukug kb wb qg~ jpgucbaj ~wiic ec~g agi njbqg~qj V2T) agi pcucqg~qj V2T) agiig njbj~ngb}g agi djbaj ,2 ^nlgdc6 2 ^nukpq+) gnn" Kb qci djaj ic njdpugb~kjbg ~k quc~`judc bgiic ukngunc agiic njb`gudc ak wbc quc ig pugk~kjbk g``gqqwcqg"
Kb djiqk nc~k wb puj`kqqj ~njic~qknj kb~w``knkgbqg pwõ agukcug) cb}knlë ac ak``knjiqï njhbkqkg j ak kdpghbj) ac pujeigdk ak njdpugb~kjbg" _gu ~kiwppcug swg~qk pujng~~k) ~jbj wqkik}}cekik qgnbknlg s pujngawuc nij}g V2T) k cuk qkpk ak kbnc~quj V2T g) kb nguqg ikbhwg) ki agqqcqj V2T6 pgu ciwqcug i(cekikqï a njdpugb~kjbg) ~k pj~~jbj cgug ~ngiqg dwiqkpig V2T) hukhikg V2T) qucb~njak`knc}kjbk V2T) gnn"
Njdwbkncug ~ Kb`judcug
Dgbqug bgiic ikbhwc njdwbg swg~qk awg guek gbhjbj ~pg~~j pgungpkqk njdg ~kbjbkdk) kb puchdcikbhwk~qknc ga kb hijqqjakacqqknc ~jbj qjqcidgbqg akgu~k= i(kb`judc}kjbg ì kbjijbqcukc ,ca g~gdpkj) nlk ~wac j qugdc j cuuj~~k~ng kb`judc) pwu bjb jigbajij) ~wi pujpukj ~qcqj ak ~qug~~ gdjq dgbqug ic njdwbknc}kjbg ì jijbqcukc) ~k ugcik}}c cqqucgu~j cqqk ak ak~nju~j V2T kbqgb}kjbcik g `kbcik ca wb acqj g~kqj"
Kb swg~qc puj~pgqqkc pj~~kcdj akug nlg njdwbkncug ~khbk`knc uchhkwbhgug k pujpuk ~njpk ~jnkj$puch cqqucgu~j i(w~j agiic ikbhwc g agk ikbhwchhk bjb guecik ca g~~c njbbg~~k"
_gu pjqgu njdwbkncug g``kncngdgbqg ~wi pkcbj puchdcqknj) caghwcqcdgbqg ~wi pkcbj ~jnkj$nwiqwuci njuugqqcdgbqg ~wi pkcbj ikbhwk~qknj ì bgng~~cukj pj~~gagug wbc ewjbc njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2 Njdwbkncqkc) Njdpgqgb}c
_ugbagbaj ig dj~~g aci njbngqqj nljd~fkcbj ak njdpgqgb}c V2T ic ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc aghik cbbk ^gqq ~pgnkcidgbqg ca jpguc ak L{dg~ ,dc cbnlg ak qwqqk hik ~qwakj~k ak gqbjhuc`kc agiic njdwbknc}kjbg V gicejuc ic bj}kjbg ak njdpgqgb}c %njdwbkncqkc%) nlg kbniwag ic njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc V2T) swgii g|qucikbhwk~qknc V2T g swgiic ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T" Ic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc ~k ag`kbk~ng awbsw njdg ic ncpcnkqï ak w~cug qwqqk k njaknk) guecik g bjb) pgu uchhkwbhgug k pujpuk `kbk bgii(cdekqj ak wb ggbqj V2T njdwbkncqkj" Kb cdekqj hijqqjakacqqknj ki njbngqqj ak %njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc% ì ~qcqj ciicuhcqj= jiqug ciic akdgb~kjbg ighcqc ck njaknk ,ikbhwk~qknk ga g|quc$ikbhwk~qknk= %~cpgug ic ikbhwc%+ ga ci ijuj w~j kb http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ N 5/14/2018
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~kqwc}kjbg ,akdgb~kjbg ~qucqghknc) ~jnkj$puchdcqknc g nwiqwucig= %~cpgu `cug njb ic ikbhwc%+) ì ~qcqj kb~gukqj cbnlg ki njbngqqj ak %~cpgu `cug ikbhwc%) nkjì agiic pcaujbcb}c agk pujng~~k njhbkqkk) jiqug ikbhwk~qknk) nlg ~jqqj~qcbbj ciig cekikqï ikbhwk~qknlg V2T" Ic ijhknc njb~ghwgb}c hijqqjakacqqknc agii(gicejuc}kjbg agi njbngqqj ak njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc acppukdc ic ugcik}}c}kjbg ~kqwc}kjbcig V2T g pjk swgiic bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2T agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T" Njdwbkncqkj) Cppujnnkj
I(cppujnnkj V2T njdwbkncqkj ì kb ugciqï ki pkû %qucak}kjbcig% ak qwqqc ic ~qjukc hijqqjakacqqknc) kb sw `kb acii(cbqknlkqï guc ic njdwbknc}kjbg ca g~~gug jhhgqqj ak kb~ghbcdgbqj * cppugbakdgbqj6 ~jij aj ^gkngbqj i(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T ~k ~j~qkqwk~ng c swgiij njdwbkncqkj) nlg ukgdguhg gu~j ic `kb agii(Jqqjngbqj ,n`u" ki Dgqjaj akugqqj V2T g) swcinlg agngbbkj ajpj) swgiij Cwakj$jucig V2T+ pgu uk~w ajdkbcbqg bgiic ~gnjbac pcuqg agi bj~quj ~gnjij) c``gudcbaj~k kb Kqcikc achik cbbk Jqqcbqc kb pjk"
Ig ncucqqguk~qknlg agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj njdg ~k ì gbwqj njb`khwucbaj jhhk cbbj uknguncqg $ bgi uwjij ngbqucig cqqukewkqj cii(ciikgj) ck ~wjk ek~jhbk njdwbkncqkk6 $ bgii(cgu pj~qj ic njdwbknc}kjbg V2T ) g swkbak ic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T ) njdg jhhgqqj6
$ bgii(cgu cnngbqwcqj ic bj}kjbg ak cwqgbqknkqï V2T agk dcqgukcik akacqqknk) ac pujpjuug swkbak njb ic w~j ak qgnbjijhkg hijqqjakacqqknlg V2T 6 $ bgii(cgu c``kcbncqj) ck `kbk agiic ciwqc}kjbg agi uk~wiqcqj) pcucdgquk swcik i(g``kncnkc V2T puchdcqk i(cppujpukcqg}}c V2T ~jnkj$nwiqwucig ciic qucak}kjbcig njuugqqg}}c V2T `judcig"
I(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj ì jukgbqcqj gu~j ki %nj~c% kb~ghbcug) dc bjb j``ug kbaknc}kjbk ugicqkg c %nlk%) nkjì bj lc wbc akdgb~kjbg p~knj$akacqqknc) wbc qgjukc agii(cppugbakdgbqj nwk `cug uk`gukdgbq akugqqj"
I(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj lcV2T" qujcqj ugcik}}c}kjbg akacqqknc kb awg dgqjak V2T= swgiij ~kqwc}kjbcig swgiij bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig Njdwbknc}kjbg ~ G~pug~~kjbg
^k qucqqc ak wbc aknjqjdkc `juqgdgbqg ak`g~c achik kagcik~qk) cidgbj `kbj c Nujng) g ceecbajbcqc ach cbbk Nkbswcbqc kb pjk kb swcbqj cbnlg i(w~j g~pug~~kj agiic ikbhwc ì wbc `judc ak njdwbknc}kjbg" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Jhhk cinwbk ~qwakj~k qgbajbj c ukpujpjuug ic aknjqjdkc gagbaj ic ak``gugb}c bgi `cqqj nlg i(cqqj ak ak~nju~j V2T puggac wb ag~qkbcqcukj kbqgb}kjbcidgbqg kbakkawcqj jppwug bjb= wbc igqqguc ~wiic puj agpug~~kjbg ì %njdwbknc}kjbg%) wbc pjg~kc j wbc ughk~quc}kjbg ~wi akcukj nlg ceekcbj pgu ~jhhgqqj ~g~~c agpug~~kjbg ~jbj %g~pug~~kjbg%"
Kb hijqqjakacqqknc ic aknjqjdkc pwõ qjubcug wqkig pgu cukcug ki qkpj ak dcqgukcig pujpj~qj g uknlkg~qj ciikgk) ciqgubcbaj quc `judg ak njdwbknc}kjbg ,nlg ~cucbbj bgng~~cukcdgbqg pugcigbqk+ g `judg a g~pug~~kjbg ,nlg uk~wiqcbj djiqj djqkcbqk+" Njdwbkqcukc) Ikbhwc
Qcig ag`kbk}kjbg ì cqqukewkqc ciig ikbhwg w``knkcik agii(Wbkjbg Gwujpgc) nlg bjb ~jbj qwqqg ig ikbhwg w``knkcik aghik ~qcqk dgdeuk= ca g~gdpkj) ki ncqcicbj ì ikbhwc w``knkcig agi Ughbj ak ^pchbc dc bjb ikbhwc njdwbkqcukc"
Ic swcik`knc ak %ikbhwc njdwbkqcukc% ì `jbacdgbqcig pgunlë ~jij qcik ikbhwg ukgbqucbj bgk pujhucdd ikbhwk~qknk agii(Wbkjbg g ~jbj jhhgqqj ak qgudkbjijhk}}c}kjbg w``knkcig ac pcuqg aghik W``knk Qucawq agii(Wbkjbg Gwujpgc" Ig ikbhwg njdwbkqcukg bjb cbbj njb`w~g njb ig njddwbkq{ icbhwchg~) nlg ~jbj ikbhwg %gqbknlg% Njbcqkc) @wb}kjbg 2 Cppgiicqkc) `wb}kjbg
Njbbjqc}kjbg ~ Agbjqc}kjbg
Jhbk pcujic lc wb ~khbk`kncqj ug`gugb}kcig ,i(jhhgqqj) ij ~qcqj) i(c}kjbg uknlkcdcqk ciic dgbqg ak nlk i agqqj %agbjqc}kjbg%) dc ~pg~~j c swg~qj ~khbk`kncqj ~g bg chhkwbhg wbj cppug}}cqkj) nlg pwõ g~~g pj~kqkj j bghcqkj= g~~j nj~qkqwk~ng ic %njbbjqc}kjbg%" K qgudkbk V2T agiig dknujikbhwg ~nkgbqk`knj$ puj`g~~kjbcik bjb ~jbj njbbjqcqk) dc ~k ikdkqcbj ciic pwuc akdgb~kjbg agbjqcqkc"
Ic ncpcnkqï ak jpgucug njuugqqcdgbqg ~wi pkcbj agiic njbbjqc}kjbg g agiic agbjqc}kjbg nj~qkqwk~ng w `cqqjuk pkû kdpjuqcbqk agiic njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig V2T g akkgbg kc kc pkû ukigcbqg dcbj c dcbj nl cppuj`jbak~ng ij ~qwakj ak wbc ikbhwc" Njbj~ngb}c agi djbaj 2 Gbnknijpgakc"
Njb~cpgjig}}c ikbhwk~qknc http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bghik cbbk Jqqcbqc ~k ì ~kiwppcqj kb Hucb Eugqchbc ki djkdgbqj) juhcbk}}cqj njdg wb(c~~jnkc}kj Icbhwchg Cxcugbg~~ ga kb ~ghwkqj kb @ucbnkc ì bcqj wb djkdgbqj) dgbj ~quwqqwucqj) nlkcdcqj Ë icbhchg= kb Kqcikc i(g~pug~~kjbg ~ngiqc njdg gswkcigbqg agiig g~pug~~kjbk kbhig~g g `ucbng~g ì ~qcqc %njb~cpgjig}}c ikbhwk~qknc%" Ij ~pkukqj ak swg~qk djkdgbqk ì swgiij ak ugchkug cii(gnng~~j ak kb~ghbcdgbqj kbqwkqkj nlg lc
ncucqqguk}}cqj ugcik}}c}kjbg agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj ~jpucqqwqqj~w``knkgbqg kb cdekqj bj}kjbcig `wb}kjbcig V2T=djiqg kdpkcbqk hijqqjakacqqknk kb nwk ic njdpgqgb}c V2TV2T) ì njb~kagucqc cbnlg ~g ak wbc akdgb~kjbg ak dgqcnjdpgqgb}c) nkjì ak wbc njb~cpgjig}}c g~piknkqc ~wiic uchkjbg agiig cu ~ngiqg ikbhwk~qknlg g ~wi `wb}kjbcdgbqj agiic ikbhwc"
Kb Kqcikc `kbj aciic `kbg aghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc ~k guc kbgng c``gudcqj ki njbngqqj ak uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikb V2T) nlg pjbgc ij ~kiwppj agiic njb~cpgjig}}c ikbhwk~qknc g) pkû kb hgbgucig) njdwbkncqkc njdg pkic~quj agiij ~kiwppj njhbkqkj) agiic ncpcnkqï ak cppugbakdgbqj cwqjbjdj g) swkbak) agii(cwqjpujdj}kjbg V2T agii(ciikgj cqqucgu~j ij ~qwakj ak wbc ikbhwc" ,2 Njb~cpgjig}}c puchdcq cppujnnkj agiic6 2 Qlkbf cijwa pujqjnji+" Njb~cpgjig}}c puchdcqknc) Cppujnnkj agiic
^gnjbaj k ~wjk ~j~qgbkqjuk) ~k qucqqc ak wb cppujnnkj V2T kbakuk}}cqj c ~qwagbqk wbkgu~kqcuk j cawiqk) a ikgiij kbqgudgakj j ccb}cqj" Kb ugciqï ì ~jij wbc cukcbqg agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T) njb wb `juqg cnngbqwc}kjbg agi uwjij agiic uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc V2T ga kb pcuqknjicug agii(cbcik~k agi ak~n V2T " Ki pukbnkpkj ec~g ì i(j~~guc}kjbg djiqj cbcikqknc ak ~ncdek njdwbkncqkk njbajqqk ac dcaugikbhwc) djaj ac kbakkawcug ig ~qucqghkg puchdcqknlg pujpukg ak wbc ciquc ikbhwc" Njb~ghbc
K~quw}kjbg pgu i(g~gnw}kjbg ak wbc cqqkkqï akacqqknc) ak wb g~gunk}kj) gnn" Njbqg~qj
Nkõ nlg njdpcug bgiij ~qg~~j qg~qj ,2 Njqg~qj+) kbqjubj ca wb qg~qj ,2 _cucqg~qj+) bgiic ~kqwc}kjbg V nwk ~k ugcik}}c wb ggbqj V2T njdwbkncqkj"
Ki njbqg~qj `jubk~ng ig kb`judc}kjbk ak ec~g ~w nwk jpguc ki pujng~~j ak cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T) nlg ì g~~g pgu ic njdpugb~kjbg V2T6 ic njb~kaguc}kjbg agi njbqg~qj ì kbak~pgb~cekig cbnlg pgu ugcik}}cug agiig ak pujaw}kjbg nlg bjb ~kcbj pukg ak ~pg~~jug njdwbkncqkj" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Njbqg~qj ~kqwc}kjbcig 2 ^kqwc}kjbg
Njbquc~qkc ~ njdpcucqkc) Ikbhwk~qknc 2 Ikbhwk~qknc"
Njbquc}kjbg ak wb qg~qj
Swg~qc qgnbknc ì ~pg~~j njb`w~c njb ki ukc~~wbqj V2T) ci swcig ì kb pcuqg pujpgagwqknc6 g~~c njb~k~qg bgii(gikdkbc}kjbg ak pgukjak j `uc~k j ~kbqchdk j ~gdpiknk pcujig nlg bjb `jubk~njbj wb(kb`judc}kjb ukigcbqg ga g~~gb}kcig ciij ~njpj agi qg~qj"
Ic njbquc}kjbg pwõ puggagug agk ikdkqk swcbqkqcqkk pugagqgudkbcqk) nlg pj~~jbj g~~gug ~qcekikqk kb pgungbqwcig ,%gikdkbcug ki 7?' agi qg~qj%+ jppwug kbakncbaj ig akdgb~kjbk agi qg~qj a(cuukj ,%ukawu qg~qj `kbnlë bjb ukdcbhjbj nlg >?? pcujig%+" Swg~qc qgnbknc ì wqkig pgu ~kiwppcug ic ncpcnkqc ak hgucunlk}}cug ig kb`judc}kjbk" Njbqujiicqk) _ujng~~k 2 _ujng~~k cwqjdcqknk g njbqujiicqk"
Njpkjbg 2 ^nukpq"
Njppkg dkbkdg
Ig njppkg dkbkdg ~jbj nj~qkqwkqg ac awg pcujig nlg ~k ak``gugb}kcbj pgu wb ~jij `jbgdc= ca g~gdp i(jppj~k}kjbg quc *b* g ic njuuk~pjbagbqg hgdkbcqc *b=* pj~~kcdj cgug pgbc$pgbbc) ~cbj$~cbbj) ~jbj$~jbbj
gnn"
^k pj~~jbj cgug cbnlg (njppkg( c qug gigdgbqk njdg ca g~gdpkj kb kbhig~g ewa$eca$ega g kb `ucbng iw) ijwp" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ N 5/14/2018
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Ig njppkg dkbkdg) ic nwk dcqukng njdpjuqcdgbqk~qknc ì nlkcuc ,2 ^quwqqwucik~qknj+) ucppug~gbqcbj ic qgnbknc pukbnkpcig pgu pgu`g}kjbcug ic njdpgqgb}c `jbjijhknc V2T c ikgiij ak ~kbhjik `jbgdk g pwõ g g~ghwkqc njuugqqcdgbqg ~jij w~cbaj wb icejucqjukj ikbhwk~qknj" Njupw~ 2 ^{iicew~"
Njuugqqg}}c
Ic njdwbknc}kjbg ì njuugqqc swcbaj bjb ~k guk`kncbj ~khbk`kncqkg agkcb}g aciig ughjig kbniw~g b njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc V2T"
Ic njuugqqg}}c guc ic pukbnkpcig `kbcikqï ak cinwbk cppujnnk) njdg ca g~gdpkj swgiij `judcik~qknj V2 swgiij ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T) dc ic bj}kjbg ak njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T lc pjuqcqj c ukqgbgug nlg g~~gug pkgbcdgbqg ukw~nkqc ic njdwbknc}kjbg agg g~~gug cbnlg cppujpukcqc V2T ga g``kncng V2T jiqu njuugqqc" NJQG 2 NGGIQ
Nj$qg~qj
G( ic pcuqg agi qg~qj V2T nlg qujkcdj kbqjubj ca wbc acqc wbkqï ikbhwk~qknc= ca g~gdpkj) ki nj$qg~qj a `jbgdc ì ic pcujic kb nwk g~~j ì kb~gukqj) swgiij ak wbc pcujic ì ic `uc~g) swgiij ak wbc `uc~g ì ki pguk nj~é kc"
Ki nj$qg~qj lc wbc `wb}kjbg g~~gb}kcig bgiic njdpugb~kjbg) kb swcbqj pgudgqqg i(cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T g `jubk~ng ic nlkcg pgu ak~cdekhwcug pcujig jdj`jbg ,ca g~gdpkj) ic pcujic %nju~j% kb %Mgcb ì nju~j kgbg a Cmcnnkj%) %ki ~kbacnj ak Cmcnnkj ì nju~j cii(cgujpjuqj% g %lj `ugswgbqcqj wb nju~j ca Cmcnn
^pg~~j ~k kbniwag ki qgudkbg %nj$qg~qj% bgi pkû hgbguknj njbqg~qj V2T) nlg njdpugbag qwqqckc cbnlg gigdgbqk" Nuwnkguec
Ki qgudkbg kbniwag swk ~kc k nuwnkguec pujpukcdgbqg agqqk ~kc swghik kbnujnk ak pcujig nlg) kb ugciqï) ~jbj ~jij kb cppcugb}c= http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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$ nuwnkguec kb nwk ig pcujig ,ak ~jikqj c``gugbqk c wb wbknj cuhjdgbqj hucddcqkncig j ~w wb ncdpj ig~~kncig) njdg qgudkbk ~pjuqkk j pujbjdk kbag`kbkqk+ cbbj kbakkawcqg kb ec~g ciic ag`kbk}kjbg j c ag~nuk}kjbg) ~kiwppcbaj kb qci djaj ic njdpgqgb}c dgqcikbhwk~qknc) jppwug nj~qkqwk~njbj k ewnlk a nij}g V2T) pgu nwk ~k ~kiwppc i(cekikqï ak igqqwuc6
$ nuwnkguec kb nwk kb ugciqï ~jij wbc pcujic kgbg kbnujnkcqc c qwqqg ig ciqug= g~~c ì ~nukqqc kb wbc nji
gkagb}kcqc g pgu kbakkawcuic) ek~jhbc kb~gukug ig pcujig ,ac kbajkbcug njdg k~qj ~jpuc+ bgiig nj nlg ic kbnujnkcbj" NQG@IC 2 NGGIQ
Nwiqwuc
^gnjbaj ag`kbk}kjbg ak Ië{$^qucw~~ ì %nwiqwuc% nkõ nlg bjb ìnwiqwucik %bcqwuc%= pjbgki kidj ek a bwquku~k)icnjpuku~k) pujnugcug) gnn") g ig cukg nwiqwugqwqqj j``ujbj djagiik V2Ticakbcqwuc uk~pj~qc= pujnwucu~k) pugpcucug g ak~qukewkug ki nkej) ki djaj ak nugcug cekqc}kjbk g g~qkqk) ig ughjig ak njuqghhkcdgbqj) ic ~quwqqwuc `cdkikcug) g nj~é kc"
Cinwbk djagiik nwiqwucik pj~~jbj uk~wiqcug pkû pujawqqkk ak ciquk) g nj~qkqwk~njbj ic nkkiqï ak wb pjp dc pgu ki ug~qj qwqqg ig nwiqwug ~jbj ghwcidgbqg aghbg" Swg~qj cqqghhkcdgbqj ak uk~pgqqj g) pj~~keki kbqgug~~g pgu ic akgu~kqï nwiqwucig) ucppug~gbqc wbc dgqc gawncqkc V2T g~~gb}kcig agiic hijqqjakacqq kgbg ag`kbkqc ugicqkk~dj nwiqwucig ,2 nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg+" Nwiqwucig) Njdpgqgb}c
Dgbqug i(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T pgu~ghwkc wbc njdpgqgb}c nwiqwucig kbqg~c njdg cnng~~j ck qg agiic igqqgucqwuc) agiic nwiqwuc wdcbk~qknc kb hgbgucig) bgii(cdekqj agii(C^Q_ V2T g agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T %nwiqwuc% V2T lc c~~wbqj ki cijug nlg lc kb cbqujpjijhkc V2T) nkjì ak ugqknjij ak c djak ak kgug) juhcbk}}c}kjbg ~jnkcig) gnn" Ic njdpgqgb}c nwiqwucig kbaknc awbswg ic ncpcnkqï ak njdwbkncug kb dcbkguc cppujpukcqc V2T ciic %~ngbc% nwiqwucig ci nwk kbqgubj ~k ugcik}}c i(ggbqj njdwbkncqkj V2T ,2 Gqbjhuc`kc * Gqbjdgajijhkc agiic njdwbknc}kjbg+
Kb cdekqj hijqqjakacqqknj ~k pug`guk~ng jhhk `cu uk`iwkug ic akdgb~kjbg nwiqwucig kb wbc ncqghjukc pkû ic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T) nlg kgbg pug~gbqcqc chik ciikgk kb dcbkguc kbqghucqc" Nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg
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ikbhwk~qknc+" Ic nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg ~k cuqknjic kb awg pujng~~k akgu~k=
$ kbnwiqwuc}kjbg) ugicqkc cii(cnswk~k}kjbg agk djagiik nwiqwucik agiic pujpukc njdwbkqï6 ic `kbcikqï agii(kbnwiqwuc}kjbg bgiic nwiqwuc dcqgubc ì swgiic ak ucnnjuacug jhbk hkjcbg kbakkawj njb ic nwiqw nwk ~qc gbqucbaj c `cu pcuqg ,cbnlg ~g jhbk kbakkawj pjquï pjk cppjuqcug njbqukewqk jukhkbcik g dwqc ~wc nwiqwuc+"
$ cnnwiqwuc}kjbg) ugicqkc ciig nwiqwug ~qucbkgug" Ic `kbcikqï dkbkdc agii(cnnwiqwuc}kjbg ì ki ugicqkk~d nwiqwucig V2T) dc kb wb(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc pkgbc ci ~gdpikng ugicqkk~dj ~k ajugeeg chhkwbhgug kbqgug~~g pj~kqkj) cqqkj gu~j ki akgu~j) i(ciquj ac ~ë" Nwuuknjij
Wb nwuuknjij ,~pg~~j ~k w~c cbnlg kb kqcikcbj ic `judc icqkbc) nwuuknwiwd) $c) hkwbqc cqqucgu~j i(kbh wb djagiij jpgucqkj V2T nlg ag`kbk~ng wb puj`kij `judcqkj g swkbak kbaknc ig dgqg V2T) hik jekgqqk g k njbqgbwqk nlg nj~qkqwk~njbj i(jhhgqqj ak wb nju~j"
Kb pukdc cppuj~~kdc}kjbg ~k pwõ akug nlg wb nwuuknjij `jbag ig bj}kjbk ak pujhucddc V2T g ak ~{iic V2T6 kb ugciqï jhhk k nwuuknjik qgbajbj c kbniwagug cbnlg ~g}kjbk nlg j``ujbj
$ pcucdgquk pgu cukcug ki nwuuknjij c ~gnjbac agiig ncucqqguk~qknlg agiic ~kqwc}kjbg akacqqknc) agiic b aghik ciikgk) agi swcuqkgug kb nwk ~k jpguc) agiig ajqc}kjbk hijqqjqgnbjijhknlg ak~pjbkekik) gnn"6
$ wbc hwkac dgqjajijhknc ugicqkc ciig qgnbknlg akacqqknlg nlg ~k njb~khikc ak wqkik}}cug ,j nlg gbh njb~kagucqg kbnjbhuwg njb ig pugdg~~g agi nwuuknjij+ pgu uchhkwbhgug hik jekgqqkk6 $ wbc ~gukg ak pcucdgquk pgu ic guk`knc g ic ciwqc}kjbg V2T agi uchhkwbhkdgbqj aghik jekgqqkk"
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Q QCII
^khic njuuk~pjbagbqg c Qgnlbjijh{$Ckaga Icbhwchg Igcubkbh" ,2 Qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc+" Qcbagd) Dgqjaj
^k qucqqc ak wbc `judc ak ckwqj ugnkpujnj quc awg pcuicbqk ak dcaugikbhwc akgu~c) nkc~nwbj agk swcik i(ciquj ca cppugbagug i(ciquc ikbhwc"
^gnjbaj ki dgqjaj Qcbagd ~qugqqcdgbqg agqqj)~kqwc}kjbk bjb n(ì cinwb kbqgugbqj pgudgqjaj nwk ~k qucqqc `judc g~qugdc ak dgqjaj %bcqwucig%6 kb djiqg akacqqknlg kb nwkak~kajngbqk) uknjuug ci Qcba qwqqckc) ~k lc ic pug~gb}c ~ciqwcukc ak wb ajngbqg nlg njbj~ng gbqucdeg ig ikbhwg) pgu nwk pwõ ckwqc uk~jigug pujeigdk nlg k awg ~jhhgqqk nlg njjpjgucbj cii(cppugbakdgbqj bjb ~jbj kb hucaj ak ~pkgh ~jik" Qgnbknc
Wbc qgnbknc ì wb(cqqkkqï ak nic~~g cqqucgu~j nwk ki dcqgukcig ikbhwk~qknj kgbg pug~gbqcqj chik ~qwagb ac swg~qk cbcik}}cqj) gicejucqj) ,uk+pujajqqj6 ciqug qgnbknlg ukhwcuacbj ig djacikqï ak uk`ig~~kjbg V2T ikbhwc j ic ciwqc}kjbg V2T"
C ak``gugb}c agii(cppujnnkj V2T) nlg lc wbc akdgb~kjbg `kij~j`knc) g agi dgqjaj V2T nlg agg ugcik} kb qgudkbk ak pujhgqqc}kjbg nwuuknjicug ga juhcbk}}c}kjbg akacqqknc ig kbaknc}kjbk agii(cppujnnkj) g s cbbj hkwakncqk kb qgudkbk %guj * `ci~j% g %njgugbqg * kbnjgugbqg%) ig qgnbknlg bjb cddgqqjbj hkwa cijug dc ~jij ak g``kncnkc bgi pujawuug i(g``gqqj jiwqj" Qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc
I(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj pwõ g~~gug c~~k~qkqj ac ~quwdgbqk qgnbjijhknk6 kb swg~qk cbbk) ic qgnbjijh ugbag cbnlg pj~~kekig i(k~quw}kjbg c ak~qcb}c bjbnlë swgiic qjqcidgbqg cwqjhg~qkqc aciij ~qwagbqg" Ig ~quwdgbqc}kjbk nlg pj~~jbj g~~gug wqkik}}cqg pgu i(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj ~jbj=
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$ ki ughk~qucqjug cwakj) nlg njb~gbqg ak ukpujawuug ic akdgb~kjbg jucig agiic ikbhwc) pug~gbqcbaj pkû cukgqï) jnk dc~nlkik g `gddkbkik) njb uwdjuk ak `jbaj) gnn"6
$ ki kagjughk~qucqjug) nlg chhkwbhg ic akdgb~kjbg kagj) `jubgbaj kb qci djaj ki njbqg~qj V2T ~kqwc}kjbcig g njb~gbqgbaj ak cppuj`jbakug ic nwiqwuc V2T ~qucbkguc6 jiqug c dcqgukcik akacqqknk cppj~kqcdgbqg pujhgqqcqk) ki kagjughk~qucqjug pwõ pug~gbqcug dcqgukcig cwqgbqknj V2T) swcik bjqk}kcu gnn"6
$ ic qgigk~kjbg kc ncj j kc ~cqgiikqg ,2 AE^+) nlg quc~dgqqg kb akugqqc dcqgukcig kb ikbhwc ~qucbkgu bgng~~cukcdgbqg pgb~cqj pgu ~njpk akacqqknk6 qcig dcqgukcig pwõ g~~gug kagjughk~qucqj g wqkik}}cqj p akacqqknk) j ~gdpikngdgbqg dg~~j c ak~pj~k}kjbg aghik ciikgk kb wbc ~cic) kb njuukajk) g nj~é kc) `cjugbaj ki aëpc{~gdgbq V2T g `jubgbaj kbpwq ~wppigdgbqcug6
$ ki icejucqjukj ikbhwk~qknj= kbgbqcqj pgu njb~gbqkug hik g~gunk}k ~quwqqwucik V2T bgi ajpjhwguuc) juc ~ quc~`judcqj kb wb cdekgbqg kb nwk njbkjbj ughk~qucqjuk kbakkawcik) kagjughk~qucqjug) ~pg~~j wb kdpkcbqj ak ukng}kjbg qgigk~kc kc ncj j kc ~cqgiikqg" Qgbagb}kcidgbqg) i(gjiw}kjbg ì gu~j icej dwiqkdgakcik) njb wb njdpwqgu kb jhbk pj~qc}kjbg6 swg~qk icejucqjuk ~jbj ag`kbkqk cbnlg ~gi` cnng~~
$ ki njdpwqgu djbjdjacig) nkjì swgiij njb wb ~gdpikng ~nlgudj w~cqj pgu icjucug ~wiic ikbhwc ~n njb xjua pujng~~ju~ ,ak ~jikqj pgu `cug njdpj~k}kjbk) ukc~~wbqk) pcuc`uc~k) gnn"+) ecbnlg acqk g kpguqg V2T nlg `jubk~njbj g~~gb}kcidgbqg ak}kjbcuk j hucddcqknlg ak uk`gukdgbqj6 cinwbk pujhucddk cwqju ,nkjì pujhucddk njb ic ~quwqqwuc hkï pugak~pj~qc pgu qgnbknlg swcik ig ~ngiqg dwiqkpig V2T) ki nij}g) V gnn+ njb~gbqjbj ak nugcug ecqqgukg ak g~gunk}k) ac swgiik ak njdpugb~kjbg c swgiik pkû bgqqcdgbqg hucddcqkncik6
$ ki njdpwqgu dwiqkdgakcig) nlg kbqghuc qg~qk ~nukqqk) kddchkbk `k~~g g kb djkdgbqj) ~wjbk" G( ic akdgb~kjbg jqqkdcig pgu ~j~qgbgug i(cnswk~k}kjbg ak wbc ikbhwc g pwõ cbnlg g~~gug w~cqj kb pujng~~k cwqjcppugbakdgbqj V2T) ~geegbg ic pug~gb}c ,`k~knc j ugdjqc) cqqucgu~j ugqk kb`judcqknlg+ ak wb qw uk~wiqk ~pg~~j kbak~pgb~cekig6
$ ig ugqk qgigdcqknlg) swcik Kbqgubgq) ic pj~qc gigqqujbknc) ic kagjnjb`gugb}c ga ciquk ~k~qgdk= njb~gb ~kc i(k~quw}kjbg c ak~qcb}c) nkjì ic ak~ijnc}kjbg kb ~pc}k akgu~k ak ajngbqg ga ciikgj) ~kc i(kbqguc}kjb ciquk ~qwagbqk ak ikbhwc j njb pcuicbqk ak dcaugikbhwc) swkbak kb wbc ~kqwc}kjbg cwqgbqknc ak njdwbknc}kjbg"
Ki akacqqknj ~wiic qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc kbg~qg g~~gb}kcidgbqg cinwbk pwbqk= ki uwjij cqqukewkqj cii(ggbqwcig ajngbqg g ki ikgiij ak cwqjbjdkc agiij ~qwagbqg6 ic bcqwuc akacqqknc j cwqgbqknc agi dc ic pj~~kekikqï ak kbqgucqqkkqï agi dgakwd ~ngiqj" Qgig`jbcqc
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Pcukcbqg agi ujigpic{ V2T kb nwk k awg pcuqgnkpcbqk bjb pj~~jbj uknjuugug c ~qucqghkg knjbknlg j hg~qw pgu ckwqcu~k kngbagjidgbqg bgiic njdpugb~kjbg" Kb nic~~g ak ~jikqj kgbg ugcik}}cqc dgqqgbaj wb pcbbgiij) ca g~gdpkj ic icchbc) quc k awg ~qwagbqk) kb djaj nlg bjb pj~~cbj gagu~k" Qgdc 2 Njdpj~k}kjbg ,~nukqqc+"
Qgdc ~ Ugdc
Cbcik}}cbaj wbc ~gswgb}c ikbhwk~qknc ~k pwõ akkagug nkõ nlg ì bjqj) nkjì ki %qgdc%) g swcbqj kgbg pugakncqj ak bwjj ~w swgi qgdc) nkjì ki %ugdc%"
Swg~qc aknjqjdkc) qkpknc agii(cbcik~k agi ak~nju~j) ì wqkig kb hijqqjakacqqknc ~kc pgu ic hucac}kjbg V2T dcqgukcik nlg gbhjbj pujpj~qk , ~jpucqqwqqj bgiig `c~k kbk}kcik i(c~pgqqj qgdcqknj agg pugcigug ~w s ugdcqknj+) ~kc pgu ic nj~quw}kjbg agk nij}g V2T= icaajg ig pcujig qchikcqg ~jbj g~~gb}kcidgbqg qgdc ki nij}g ì `cnkig) dgbqug icaajg ~jbj pcujig ugdcqknlg c ~njdpcukug ic ~jiw}kjbg uk~wiqc ~pg~~j ak` Qgudkbg
Bgiig dknujikbhwg V2T ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcik i(wbkqï dkbkdc ak ig~~knj bjb ì pkû ic %pcujic%) nlg ì ncukncqc ak njbbjqc}kjbk) nlg pwõ g~~gug pjik~gdknc) cddgqqg ~kbjbkdk pkû j dgbj pugnk~k) pwõ c ~gnjbac agiig ughkjbk) agk njbqg~qk) agiic pujgbkgb}c ~jnkcig agk pcuicbqk) dc ki %qgudkbg%) nlg bj ig ncucqqguk~qknlg k~qg ~jpuc"
Bghik cdekqk ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcik pkû njb~jikacqk k qgudkbk ~jbj ~qcekik g pgudcbhjbj pgu agngb swk agukc ki ~gb~j ak je~jigqj) ca g~gdpkj) agiic dknujikbhwc agii(cddkbk~quc}kjbg+ j pgu ~gnjik) n bgiic dknujikbhwc hkwukaknc" Bgiig ~nkgb}g pkû ugngbqk ~k qujcbj ~pg~~j nc~k ak ug~kawc pjik~gdkc ,c g~gdpkj) ~k gacbj %dgqjaj% j %`wb}kjbg% kb swg~qj jiwdg+ g ~k lcbbj ak~nw~~kjbk quc ~pgnkcik~qk awucbj cbbk pukdc nlg wb qgudkbk pugcihc ~whik ciquk ,~k gac) ca g~gdpkj) %dknujikbhwc%+" QG^JI 2 NGGIQ
Qg~qkbh
^k qucqqc ak wb c~pgqqj agiic ciwqc}kjbg V2T) pugnk~cdgbqg swgiij agiic ucnnjiqc ak acqk ki pkû pj~~kek c``kacekik g pguqkbgbqk" Kb kqcikcbj njuuk~pjbag c %guk`knc%) cbnlg ~g ic pcujic %qg~qkbh% ì njbbjqcqc ~gb~j ak wbc dchhkjug dgnncbknkqï) jhhgqqkkqï"
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Qg~qj
Bghik cbbk ^g~~cbqc kb Hgudcbkc ~k ì njdkbnkcqj c ~gpcucug ic ikbhwk~qknc qg~qwcig aciic ikbhwk~qknc hgbgucig) kbakkawcbaj bgi %qg~qj% wb(wbkqï ak ikbhwc ~wpgukjug ciic `uc~g ,~qwakcqc aciic ~kbqc~~k V2T ncucqqguk}}cqc ac wbkqcukgqï ug`gugb}kcig) nkjì ak ~khbk`kncqj) acii(cppcuqgbgb}c c wb hgbgug V2T) qgbwq kb~kgdg ac dgnncbk~dk ak njgugb}c V2T ijhknj$~gdcbqknc ,ki nj~kaagqqj %`kij agi ak~nju~j%+ g ak njg V2T `judcig ,w~j ak njbbgqqjuk) njb~gnwqkj qgdpjuwd) pujbjdkbcik}}c}kjbg) w~j ak ~kbjbkdk) kpjbkd
kpgujbkdk) gnn"+" Swg~qc ~gukg ak ugic}kjbk kbqgubg nlg ak~qkbhwg wb qg~qj ac wb bjb$qg~qj ì agqqc cbn %qg~qwuc%"
Kb Cdguknc ~k w~c ~jgbqg ak~njwu~g njdg ~kbjbkdj ak %qg~qj%) dgbqug kb Gwujpc ~k qgbag c akkagu %qg~qj%) kbqg~j njdg njbngqqj c~qucqqj) g %ak~nju~j% kbqg~j njdg ugcik}}c}kjbg pucqknc ak wbc qg~qj"
K qg~qk pj~~jbj g~~gug ~waakk~k kb akgu~k %qkpk%) nkc~nwbj ncucqqguk}}cqj ac ~wg ughjig nj~quwqqkg pu ~k lcbbj cukg qkpjijhkg) c ~gnjbac aghik cwqjuk) dc kb hijqqjakacqqknc ,~jpucqqwqqj agiic pukdc ikbhw w~cbj ak ~jikqj pjnlg ncqghjukg= qg~qk ag~nukqqkk ,j ug`gugb}kcik) cuhjdgbqcqkk ,j ~pgnwicqkk+) k~quwq ~quwdgbqcik+) bcuucqkk" Ki %qkpj% qg~qwcig bjb c njb`w~j njb ki %hgbgug% V2T"
Kb hijqqjakacqqknc ki qg~qj kgbg ~gdpug pkû ~pg~~j njb~kagucqj njdg i(wbkqï ec~g ac nwk pujngagug chik gigdgbqk ak ucbhj kb`gukjug ,`uc~k) ~kbqchdk) pcujig) dju`gdk) `jbgdk+) nwk ki qg~qj `jubk~ng ki %n qg~qj% V2T"
Ic ncpcnkqï ak jpgucug c ikgiij ak qg~qj kgbg agqqc %njdpgqgb}c qg~qwcig% V2T g) ck `kbk hijqqjakacqqk kgbg kb~gukqc bgi bjguj agiig hucddcqknlg nlg nj~qkqwk~njbj ic njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc V2T) nkjì i ~g}kjbg pkû pujpukcdgbqg ikbhwk~qknc agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T" Qg~qwcig) Njdpgqgb}c 2 Qg~qj"
Qg~qwuc 2 Qg~qj"
Qlkbf cijwa pujqjnji
Qgnbknc pujpukc agiic ukngunc p~knjijhknc) g~~c pwõ g~~gug w~cqc bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj pgu u njb~cpgjik hik ciikgk agk ijuj pujng~~k ak igqqwuc V2T"
Hik ciikgk ighhjbj wb qg~qj g dcbj c dcbj nlg pujngajbj bgiic igqqwuc ~kigb}kj~c guecik}}cbj k ij pgb~kguk g ig jpguc}kjbk ijhknlg nlg g~ghwjbj6 swg~qk %pgb~kguk ca ciqc jng% gbhjbj ughk~qucqk6 wb ~wnng~~kc igqqwuc pcuciigic cii(c~njiqj agiic ughk~quc}kjbg ,njb`ujbqcqc ggbqwcidgbqg njb ic ughk~qu ak swcinlg ciquj njdpchbj+ pjuqc ca wbc `juqg njb~cpgjig}}c agiig pujpukg ~qucqghkg bjbnlë agiig http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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ak``knjiqï ak njdpugb~kjbg ~nukqqc"
Kb ugciqï ig pjqgb}kcikqï ak swg~qc qgnbknc pckjbj `ju~g dchhkjuk bgii(cdekqj agiic uk`ig~~kjbg V2T ~wi ikbhwc ~g ij ~qwagbqg kgbg nlkcdcqj c guecik}}cug k pujng~~k nlg njdpkg bgi njdpigqcug wbj ~nlg wjqj V2T"
Qk$qk$qï$qk
Acqj wb djagiij njb ~kiiceg cqjbg ,%qk%+ g qjbknlg ,%qï%+) hik ciikgk gbhjbj nlkcdcqk c ukpgqgug ag `uc~k nlg lcbbj ij ~qg~~j ~nlgdc kbqjbcqkj= ca g~gdpkj) ~wi djagiij qk$qk$qï$qk) ~k pjhhkcbj g~pug~~ swcik aj {jw xcbq kq:) aka {jw ~gg lgu: gnn"
^k qucqqc ak wbc qgnbknc w~cqc ~jpucqqwqqj pgu i(kb~ghbcdgbqj agii(kbhig~g) ikbhwc kb nwk i(cnngbqj ak p ì ~j~qkqwkqj acii(cnngbqj ak `uc~g" QJG@I) Q^G
Ig ~khig njuuk~pjbajbj c Qg~q j` ^pjfgb Gbhik~l ga c Qg~q j` Gbhik~l c~ c @jugkhb Icbhwchg= ~k quc agk awg ikgiik agiic nguqk`knc}kjbg V2T ak njbj~ngb}c agii(kbhig~g bgiic cukgqï cdgukncbc ,2 NCG+" Qjqci pl{~knci ug~pjb~g
Cppujnnkj ak dcqukng wdcbk~qknj$c``gqqkc dg~~j c pwbqj acii(cdgukncbj C~lgu bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc
Ki pukbnkpkj ec~g ì swgiij agii(cnnjppkcdgbqj pcujic$c}kjbg) ~kc pgu pujawuug wb njkbjihkdgbqj qj agk dg}}k g~pug~~kk agii(ciikgj) ~kc pgu pgudgqqgug ic agic{ga juci pucnqkng V2 AJ_T" ^k qucqqc ak wb cppujnnkj iwaknj pcuqknjicudgbqg `gikng pgu i(kb~ghbcdgbqj pugnjng V2T agiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug" , 2 ^whhg~qkg$Cnngigucqkg Igcubkbh cba Qgcnlkbh+" Qucaw}kjbg ~nukqqc
Acqj wb qg~qj ~nukqqj bgiic ikbhwc ak pcuqgb}c) qucawuug ~khbk`knc pujawuug wb qg~qj ~nukqqj gswkcigbq wbc ikbhwc a(cuukj) ggbqwcidgbqg njb i(cw~kikj ak ak}kjbcuk ga ciquk dcqgukcik a(cppjhhkj"
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ Q 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
G( pj~~kekig cbnlg ic qucaw}kjbg kbqucikbhwk~qknc) kb nwk ~k pc~~c ac wbc cukgqï cbqknc ca wbc cukgqï njbqgdpjucbgc agiic ~qg~~c ikbhwc ,ca g~gdpkj) ~k pgb~k ciic qucaw}kjbg ak qg~qk ak Nlcwngu kb kbhig jakgubj+"
Qgnbknc `cjukqc aghik cppujnnk `judcik~qknk V2T ic qucaw}kjbg ì pujecekidgbqg i(cekikqï pkû njdpig~ ,uknlkgag kb`cqqk wb(cnnwucqc cbcik~k ikbhwk~qknc g nwiqwucig+ g ucppug~gbqc wb pwbqj a(cuukj agii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj6 swkbak bjb pcug wqkik}}cekig njdg qgnbknc pgu cppugbagug ic ikbhwc"
Qucaw}kjbg ~kdwiqcbgc g kdpujdpqw
C ak``gugb}c agiic qucaw}kjbg ~nukqqc V2T) nlg njb~gbqg chik ciikgk ak ak~pjuug ak djiqj qgdpj g ak cppuj`jbakug k pujeigdk ikbhwk~qknk j nwiqwucik kb ak}kjbcuk ga gbnknijpgakg) ic qucaw}kjbg ~kdwiqcbg jucig$jucig j swgiic kdpujdpqw ,~nukqqj$jucig jppwug jucig$~nukqqj+ cgbhjbj kb qgdpj ugcig" Swkb qg~qk a(cuukj ~jbj djiqj pkû ~kddgquknk c swgiik ak pcuqgb}c"
Kb cdekqj akacqqknj swg~qc cqqkkqï) njdpig~~k~~kdc) ~gug ca g~gunkqcug ic ncpcnkqï ak njdpugbagug i(g~~gb}c puchdcqknc g nwiqwucig ak wb qg~qj ga ì hucakqc chik ciikgk ccb}cqk kb swcbqj ucppug~gbqc i dc~~kdc ~`kac" Qucb~njak`knc}kjbg"
Ic `judc pkû qkpknc ak qucb~njak`knc}kjbg ~k lc njb i(c~njiqj$igqqwuc ak wb qg~qj g i(g~gnw}kjbg ak ak~g ec~cqk ~wiig kb`judc}kjbk njbqgbwqg bgi qg~qj ~qg~~j6 i(cqqkkqï pwõ g~~gug ~jiqc njb wb(wbknc `jbqg ,i(kb~ghbcbqg j wb bc~quj+ jppwug njdg icjuj ak njppkc= jhbk ciikgj `jubk~ng ig k~quw}kjbk pgu ki ak nlg ki njdpchbj agg g~ghwkug ,2 Agqqcqj$ak~ghbj+" Ciquk g~gdpk ak qucb~njak`knc}kjbg ~jbj ngbquc ~whik c~pgqqk puchdcqknk= ca g~gdpkj) dkdcug swcbqj ~k c~njiqc) ~ghwkug wb kqkbgucukj ~w wbc pkcbqkb Ic qucb~njak`knc}kjbg ì wbc agiig qgnbknlg `jbacdgbqcik pgu hwkacug$guk`kncug ic njdpugb~kjbg) ~jpucqqwqqj pgunlë bjb uknlkgag pujaw}kjbg ~nukqqc"
Qucb~`gu
_ukbnkpkj kb ec~g ci swcig ig njdpgqgb}g cnswk~kqg ~k quc~`guk~njbj ~w swgiig kb cnswk~k}kjbg) nugcba wb(kbqgu`gugb}c V2T nlg pwõ g~~gug pj~kqkj ,ca g~gdpkj= njbj~ngug ki njbngqqj ak nc~j kb icqkbj ckwq bgii(cppugbakdgbqj agi uw~~j+ j bghcqkj"
Kb swg~qk nc~k ki qucb~`gu ì %pujcqqkj%) nkjì jpguc ac nkõ nlg ì cnswk~kqj c swgiij nlg ~k ~qc cnswk~gb pj~~kekig cbnlg ki pgunju~j kbgu~j) ~jpucqqwqqj c ikgiik ciqk ak cnswk~k}kjbg) pgu nwk i(cgu cnswk~kqj http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ Q 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
%njb~k~q j`% kb kbhig~g ~k uk`igqqg ~wii(kqcikcbj hgbgucbaj %njb~k~qg ak% cb}knlë %njb~k~qg kb%" Kb swg~ nc~j ~k pcuic ak qucb~`gu ugqujcqqkj" Quc~nuk}kjbg
^k qucqqc ak wbc cqqkkqï cppcugbqgdgbqg ~kdkig ci agqqcqj V2T) dc pcuqg ac wbc njbgu~c}kjbg j ac wb
djbjijhj cwqgbqknk) ncucqqguk}}cqk ack qkpknk c~pgqqk agiic ikbhwc jucig) swcik hik cbcnjiwqk) ig `ci~g pcuqgb}g) gnn" Nkõ pjuqc i(ciikgj c uk`igqqgug ~wiic bcqwuc agii(jucikqï= ki pujeigdc agiic pwbqghhkcqwu g~gdpkj) ~k pjbg kb dcbkguc kddgakcqc " Quc~`judc}kjbg ak hgbgug
G( wbc qgnbknc nlg pjuqc c uk`igqqgug ~wiic bcqwuc ~pgnk`knc agk ~kbhjik hgbguk njdwbkncqkk V2T= ca g~gdpkj) quc~`judcug wbc qgig`jbcqc kb wbc igqqguc) kb wb dg~~chhkj eugg) kb wb qgighucddc) gnn"
^k qucqqc ak wbc qgnbknc njdpig~~c k nwk ~njpk puchdcqknk ~pg~~j ~`whhjbj chik ciikgk) nlg ic njb~ka wbc ~gdpikng dcbkpjic}kjbg ~njic~qknc g ic cnngqqcbj njb ak``knjiqï" Quc~`judc}kjbg ak djacikqï
Ukgbqucbj kb swg~qc jng qgnbknlg njdg ki pc~~chhkj aci ak~nju~j akugqqj c swgiij kbakugqqj ,cqqkkqï pujpgagwqknc ci ~cpgu pcuc`uc~cug g ukc~~wdgug+ j knggu~c ,cqqkkqï pujpgagwqknc ci ~cpgu akcijhcu jppwug ki pc~~chhkj ac wb juakbg gicqj c wb juakbg kc kc pkû g~piknkqj) `kbj c hkwbhgug cii(kdpguc akugqqj"
^k qucqqc ak qgnbknlg ~pg~~j ukqgbwqg (~njic~qknlg( achik ciikgk g swkbak bjb nguqj hucakqg) dc pj~~jb uk~wiqcug pkû cnngqqcekik ~g ~g bg ~pkghcbj ig `kbcikqï " QQQ
^khic nlg ~qc pgu qgcnlgu(~ qcifkbh qkdg= ~k qucqqc ak wbc agiig cukcekik w~cqg pgu ak~qkbhwgug k cuk cppujnnk) nkjì ki uwjij agii(kb~ghbcbqg g agi qgdpj nlg ghik wqkik}}c pgu pcuicug= ~k c aci QQQ dc~~ bgii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T c swgiij dkbkdj bgiic ^kigbq xc{ V2T"
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ ^ 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
^ ^CIQ 2 ^whhg~qkg$Cnngigucqkg Igcubkbh cba Qgcnlkbh
^echikj
G( wb guujug nc~wcig) bjb ~k~qgdcqknj" Bjb kbaknc wbc njdpgqgb}c kdpgu`gqqc njdg) kbgng) i(guujug ^ncikbh 2 Pciwqc}kjbg"
^ncbbkbh
G( wbc ~qucqghkc V2T ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T g~qgb~kc) nlg njb~k~qg bgi ~cpgu njhikgug cinwbg kb`judc} ~pgnk`knlg kb wb qg~qj" G( wbc ~qucqghkc njdpigdgbqcug c swgiic ak ~fkddkbh V2T" ^ngiqc dwiqkpic
^k lcbbj pkû `judcqk ak ~ngiqc dwiqkpic"
Ki pkû ~gdpikng ì nj~qkqwkqj aciig ajdcbag nlg pj~~jbj cgug uk~pj~qc %~é% j %bj%) jppwug aciig `uc~ pj~~jbj g~~gug gug j `ci~g" Kb ciquk nc~k ~k lcbbj `uc~k j ajdcbag nlg ~w wb qujbnj njdwbg kbbg~qcbj qug j swcqquj pj~~kekik njbniw~kjbk ,agqqk %ak~qucqqjuk%+) wbc ~jic agiig swcik ì njuugqqc"
^k pj~~jbj cbnlg cgug `uc~k j qg~qk kb nwk cinwbg pcujig ,~pgnkcidgbqg njbbgqqjuk) `judg guecik) gn ~jbj ~j~qkqwkqg ac wb huwppj ak awg j qug pj~~kekikqï kb ciqgubcqkc= i(ciikgj agg ~nghikgug ic `judc njuugqqc" Ic ~ngiqc dwiqkpic pwõ cbnlg g~~gug pujpj~qc kb `judc huc`knc) njb ak~ghbk cb}knlë pcujig"
Ic ~ngiqc dwiqkpic ì wbc qgnbknc g~qugdcdgbqg pugnk~c swcbqj c njbqgbwqj= ~g ic ~k w~c pgu hwkacug guk`kncug ic njdpugb~kjbg g~~c njb~gbqg kb`cqqk ak njbngbqucug i(cqqgb}kjbg g~cqqcdgbqg ~wii(gigdgb ag~kagucqj6 ~g ic ~k wqkik}}c pgu g~gunkqcug j guk`kncug njbj~ngb}g dju`j~kbqcqqknlg j qg~qwcik) ic ~ng http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ ^ 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
dwiqkpic kbaknc njb pugnk~kjbg cii(ciikgj ki pwbqj ~w nwk agg uk`igqqgug" ^ngbcukj
^gnjbaj ic ag`kbk}kjbg ak Ak_kgquj) ~k qucqqc ak wb ggbqj njdwbkncqkj V2T djiqj ~quwqqwucqj) wb au kb bwng) djqkcbqg g njkbjihgbqg pgu i(ciikgj) nlg akdgbqknc ak ~qcu jpgucbaj kb ikbhwc ~qucbkguc p
njbngbquc ic ~wc cqqgb}kjbg ~wii(g~gnw}kjbg agi njdpkqj c~~ghbcqj ,2 ic %ughjic agi akdgbqkncug% kb ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{+" Swg~qj njkbjihkdgbqj gdjqkj ukdcbac ci djagiij jijakbcdknj V2T g k~nukg ki dgqjaj aghik ~ngbcuk bgii(cigj agiic hijqqjakacqqknc wdcbk~qknc V2T"
Ij ~ngbcukj pcug ic qgnbknc pkû cacqqc pgu ~kiwppcug ,~jpucqqwqqj kb ciikgk ak dcaugikbhwc j ak ikg ccb}cqj ak ikbhwg ~gnjbag j ~qucbkgug+ wb pcuqknjicug c~pgqqj agiic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc) njdpgqgb}c ~qucqghknc V2T"
^nlgdc
Bj}kjbg pujpukc aciic p~knjijhkc njhbkqkc g ak `jbacdgbqcig kdpjuqcb}c hijqqjakacqqknc"
Wbj ~nlgdc ì wb bwnigj njhbkqkj ~w nwk ~k kbbg~qcbj ig bwjg njbj~ngb}g j nwk ~k uknjuug pgu njdpugbagug" ^k lcbbj ca g~gdpkj ncdpk ~gdcbqknk ,k njijuk) k dcddk`guk) gnn"+) ncdpk bj}kjbcik ,iwjhj) ~pc}kj) pj~~g~~j) swcbqkqï) gnn"+) njpkjbk ,~gswgb}g kbqgucqqkg ceec~qcb}c njak`kncqg) njdg g~gdpkj ig ujwqkbg~ ak ~ciwqk g njbhgak) hik kbnjbquk kb wb ecu) i(cnswk~qj ak ekhikgqqk ciic ~qc}kjbg) gn ^nukpq+"
I(cqqkkqï ak cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T) ncuakbg agiic njdpugb~kjbg V2T) njb~k~qg bgii(cqqkc}kjbg ak ~nlgdk h ^nlgdc cpguqj ~ nlkw~j) wjqj ~ pkgbj
Swg~qc aknjqjdkc ukdcbac c swgiic quc cppujnnk agawqqkk ~ kbawqqkk V2T) bjbnlë ciic uk`ig~~kjbg V2 ~wiic ikbhwc njbqucppj~qc cii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiic hucddcqknc pujpukj agii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2
Ij ~nlgdc nlkw~j j pkgbj ì swgiij agk qucak}kjbcik ikeuk ak hucddcqknc) dgbqug ij ~nlgdc cpguqj j ì ic ugcik}}c}kjbg huc`knc ak wbc ucppug~gbqc}kjbg dgbqcig nlg ij ~qwagbqg ~k ì nugcqj kdpiknkqcdgb nlg) cqqucgu~j i(cqqkkqï ak njdpigqcdgbqj agiic ~nlgdc) akkgbg g~piknkqc" _gu g~gdpkj) ì wbj ~nlg cpguqj ,qkpknj ak wb ikgiij kbk}kcig ak ~qwakj agiic ikbhwc+ ic ~gswgb}c agk pujbjdk pgu~jbcik ~jhhgq njdpigqcug ugnwpgucbaj ig cukg `judg agi guej %g~~gug% quc ig bj}kjbk cppgbc cnswk~kqg"
_gu pjuqcug i(ciikgj ciic njb~cpgjig}}c agi pujpukj pujng~~j ak uk`ig~~kjbg ~k pwõ pucqkncug ki qlkbf pujqjnji V2T" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ ^ 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
^njukbh 2 Pciwqc}kjbg"
^njuugjig}}c
Bj}kjbg kbqwkqkcdgbqg nlkcuc dc djiqj njb`w~c bgi djdgbqj kb nwk ~k jhikcbj qujcug aghik kbak nlg njb~gbqcbj ak guk`kncubg ic swcikqï" Kb hgbgug ~k ukqkgbg ~njuugjig wbc pcaujbcb}c kb nwk i(g``k V2T njdwbkncqkc ì hcucbqkqc g bjb nk ~jbj kbqguuw}kjbk ajwqg cii(c``cbbj~c ukngunc dgbqcig ak ig~~ ak dgnncbk~dk dju`j~kbqcqqknk"
Bgiic puc~~k) swg~qj `cqqjug agiic njdpgqgb}c) ~pg~~j nlkcdcqc njb ic pcujic kbhig~g `iwgbn{) kgbg wqkik}}cqj ack ajngbqk kb `c~g ak guk`knc V2T pgu chhkwbhgug wb gigdgbqj ak hkwak}kj ~jhhgqqkj nlg cqqwqk~nc kb qgudkbk ak pwbqghhkj ki uwjij agiig pujg jhhgqqkg) nlg ucucdgbqg pj~~jbj ugbagug njb agiic njdpig~~kqï agiic njdwbknc}kjbg cwqgbqknc" ^nukpq
^k qucqqc ak wb %njpkjbg% njdwbkncqkj= c ~gnjbac agiig ~kqwc}kjbk ,ca g~gdpkj= kbnjbquj ak awg cd ecu+) ic njbj~ngb}c agi djbaj nk akng swcig hgbgug V2T qg~qwcig ,bgii(g~gdpkj= wb akcijhj+ pwõ g~~g dg~~j kb pucqknc g swcik cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T pj~~jbj g~~gug ugcik}}cqk ,~ciwqk) j``guqc) cnngqqc}kjbg uk`kwqj) juakbg) gnn"+"
Ic bj}kjbg ak ~nukpq ì g~~gb}kcig pgu i(cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T) wbj agk pujng~~k `jbacdgbqcik pgu ic njdpugb~kjbg" Kb hijqqjakacqqknc) ki uknju~j ciij ~nukpq njb~gbqg cbnlg ak kdpcucug c puggagug nlg ig~~knj pwõ g~~gug wqkik}}cqj kb wb njpkjbg ak wb nguqj qkpj ,bgii(g~gdpkj= bjdk ak egcbag) ak ~pwb gnn"+" ,2 ~nlgdc+" ^nukgug
G( wbc agiig cekikqï V2T pukdcukg) swkbak `c pcuqg kbqghucbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T" Qwq kb djiqk nju~k) ~jpucqqwqqj pgu cawiqk) ic ~nukqqwuc lc wb uwjij ~gnjbacukj uk~pgqqj ciig cekikqï ukngqqkg ~cpgu akcijhcug" Kb`cqqk ic ~nukqqwuc kgbg kbqujajqqc ajpj nlg ~k ì icjucqj ciig cekikqï jucik g ciic igq bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj pugnjng V2T agiic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc n(ì ~pg~~j wb `juqg ak~qcnnj qgdpjucig quc ig ci cekikqï g ic ~nukqqwuc) nlg ~pg~~j ì ukajqqc c pwuc g ~gdpikng uknjpkcqwuc V2T g quc~nuk}kjbg V2T) jiqug n cii(g~gnw}kjbg ak g~gunk}k"
Ki pujng~~j ak ~nukqqwuc ~k cuqknjic kb cidgbj qug `c~k= kbakkawc}kjbg ak kagg ,nlg pwõ g~~gug njbajqq qgnbknlg njdg ki euckb~qjudkbh V2T j ik ~pkaguhucdV2T+6 pujhgqqc}kjbg V2T qg~qwcig ,nkjì ukjuhcbk}} http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
agiig kagg kb wb qg~qj ncucqqguk}}cqj ac njgugb}c V2T) ac njg~kjbg V2T g aci uk~pgqqj agiig ughjig ak h V2T+) ~qg~wuc agi qg~qj"
Kb `c~g ak ciwqc}kjbg V2T ~k qgbhjbj ak ~jikqj ~gpcucqk k hkwak}k ugicqkk ci njbqgbwqj g ciic `judc ikbhwk~qknc6 swg~q(wiqkdc c ciwqcqc bjb ~jij kb qgudkbk ak g``kncnkc V2T puchdcqknc g ak njuugqqg}}c `judcig) dc cbnlg ak cppujpukcqg}}c V2T ci qkpj pcuqknjicug ak ughk~quj nlg kgbg uknlkg~qj bgiic dch pcuqg agk qg~qk ~nukqqk" ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{
Fuc~lgb lc gicejucqj swg~qc qgjukc bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc) dgqqgbajic ciic ec~g agi ~wj cppujnnkj %bcqwucig% V2T" Fuc~lgb ~k uk`ï cii(kagc agi ICA V2T ,dgnncbk~dj ak cnswk~k}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc+ ga gic pukbnkpk nlg bg ~pkghcbj ic bcqwuc g ki `wb}kjbcdgbqj"
Cb}kqwqqj ak~qkbhwg quc %cnswk~k}kjbg% g %cppugbakdgbqj% V2T) swg~q(wiqkdj g~~gbaj ak bcqwuc uc}kjb pugpj~qj g~~gb}kcidgbqg ciic `wb}kjbg ak djbkqju V2T agii(g~gnw}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc"
_gunlë ~k cqqkk ki ICA jnnjuug nlg bjb ~kc pug~gbqg cinwb `kiquj c``gqqkj V2T g nlg g~~j ukngc wb k njdpugb~kekig V2T) njiijncqj bgi hkw~qj ikgiij agii(juakbg bcqwucig V2T ak cnswk~k}kjbg) g nkjì ci pwb V2T) ki hucakbj kddgakcqcdgbqg ~wnng~~kj cii(kbpwq %k% nlg `kbj c swgi djdgbqj ì ~qcqj cnswk~kqj"
Jiqug ciig %kpjqg~k% ~waagqqg Fuc~lgb chhkwbhg wbc %ughjic%) ic uwig j` `juhgqqkbh= ~k lc cnswk~k}kjb ~gb}c pujeigdk ~jij ~g nk ~k akdgbqknc nlg ~k ~qc kdpcucbaj ic ikbhwc) ~jij swcbaj nk ~k njbngbquc ~ njbqgbwqj puchdcqknj g ~wi pjuqcug c qgudkbg ic qucb~c}kjbg kb nwk ~k ì kdpghbcqk ,2 ki djagiij ~gd qucb~c}kjbcig6 2 ^ngbcukj+" ^gnjbac ikbhwc
Dcihucaj kb kbhig~g cdgukncbj ~k w~k ~pg~~j ~gnjba njdg ~kbjbkdj ak `jugkhb) ic ikbhwc %~gnjbac% swgiic nlg ij ~qwagbqg pwõ qujcug cbnlg `wjuk agiic ~nwjic) njdg bgi nc~j ak wb kqcikcbj nlg ~qwakc `ucbng~g kb @ucbnkc) dgbqug ic ikbhwc %~qucbkguc% V2T ì swgiic nlg ij ~qwagbqg qujc ~jij c ~nwjic) nj `ucbng~g ~qwakcqj kb Kqcikc"
C ak``gugb}c agiic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc) ic ~kqwc}kjbg ak ikbhwc ~gnjbac puggag nlg djiqj agii(kbpwq ikbhwk~qknj ~w nwk ~k icjuc pujgbhc akugqqcdgbqg acii(g~qgubj) ~pg~~j pjuqcqj c ~nwjic achik ~qg~~k ~qwagbqk6 kbjiqug bgiic ~kqwc}kjbg ak ikbhwc ~gnjbac ic djqkc}kjbg ì ak ~jikqj kddgakcqc) ~quwdgbqc swjqkakcbc ,qucbbg kb nc~k ak ~kqwc}kjbk ekikbhwk pujeigdcqknlg pgu uchkjbk ~qjuknj$kagjijhknlg) njd swgiic kqcikcbj$qgag~nj c Eji}cbj+) dgbqug ig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug ~jbj bgng~~cukcdgbqg kb pcuqg cbnlg %g~qucbgg% ciic swjqkakcbkqï ak k~qc agiij ~qwagbqg" ,2 Gqbknc) ikbhwc" 2 ^pjbqcbgj) cppugbakdgbqj+
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
^ghbj
G( i(wbkqï dkbkdc agiic ~gdkjqknc ,2+) kb~kgdg ck %~kbqjdk% ,nlg ~jbj ki pujajqqk ak ~gdpiknk c}kjbk bcqwucik= ki qwjbj nlg cbbwbnkc ki qgdpjucig) ic `geeug nlg kbaknc wb(kb`g}kjbg+ g chik %kbaknk% ,nlg ~ agiig ucppug~gbqc}kjbk knjbknlg+ cbnlg ~g djiqg ciqug qkpjijhkg ak dgnncbk~dk ~gdkjqknk ~jbj ~qcqg pujpj~qg bgii(wiqkdj ~gnjij" K ~ghbk ~jbj nj~qkqwkqk acii(kbqghuc}kjbg cuekqucukc g njbgb}kjbcig ak w ~khbk`kncbqg g wb ~khbk`kncqj ,2 ^khbk`kcbq ~ ~khbk`kë +" ^gi` cnng~~ 2 Cwqjcppugbakdgbqj6 2 Icejucqjukj ikbhwk~qknj ,Qgnbjijhkc Akacqqknc+"
^gdcbqknc
^nkgb}c nlg ~qwakc ki djaj kb nwk ~k juhcbk}}cbj k ~khbk`kncqk kb wbc ikbhwc" Kb hijqqjakacqqknc ~k ì w~cqc pgu wb nguqj qgdpj i(g~pug~~kjbg %njdpgqgb}c ~gdcbqknc%) jhhk judck njdpigqcdgbqg ~j~qkqwkqc ac %njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig%" ^gdkjqknc
^nkgb}c nlg ~qwakc ki ~k~qgdc agk ~ghbk V2T guecik j bjb guecik kb wbc njdwbkqï ,2 Ikbhwc ~ Ikbhwchhk+"
^gnjbaj ic puj~pgqqkc gpk~qgdjijhknc judck cnngqqcqc) ic ikbhwk~qknc ,2+ ì ~jij wbc pcuqg) pgu swcb g~qugdcdgbqg ukigcbqg) agiic ~gdkjqknc"
Kb Kqcikc ~k ~jbj cwqg ~pgukdgbqc}kjbk qgbagbqk c ucnnjuacug ic ikbhwc g k ikbhwchhk ,nkjì i(gawnc}kj ikbhwk~qknc V2T g i(gawnc}kjbg cuqk~qknc) dw~kncig) djqjukc+) g c swg~qj cdekqj ~k ì acqj ki bjdg ak %njdpgqgb}c ~gdkjqknc% ,2+" ^gdkjqknc) njdpgqgb}c
Bghik cbbk Bjcbqc bgiic ~nwjic kqcikcbc ~k ì kbk}kcqj c acu njupj ca wb(kbaknc}kjbg nlg ì pug~gbqg b pujhucddk `kb aci 3;8; g ukhwcuac i(kbqghuc}kjbg) jkcdgbqg pcu}kcig) agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc nj~kaagqqg %qug gawnc}kjbk %= gawnc}kjbg k~wcig$cuqk~qknc) gawnc}kjbg ~jbjuj$dw~kncig) gawnc}kjbg djqjukc" Swg~qj qkpj ak ~pgukdgbqc}kjbk `c uk`gukdgbqj ca wbc %njdpgqgb}c ~gdkjqknc%) kbqg~c njd http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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`cnjiqï wdcbc ak pujawuug g ~ncdekcug ~ghbk ,2+ ak cukj qkpj) c``gugbqk ck akgu~k ~gb~k agi njupj wd
Ki pjuug njdg dgqc ic njdpgqgb}c ,ga cbnlg ic njb~cpgjig}}c+ ~gdkjqknc ~k ec~c ~wiic njb~kaguc} nlg qwqqk k ikbhwchhk) guecik g bjb guecik) w~cbj ~ghbk njbgb}kjbcik g cuekqucuk) lcbbj wbc ~kbqc~~ qg~qwcikqï) pj~~jbj g~~gug w~cqk pgu ~njpk puchdcqknk g pgu ~njpk g~qgqknk g pj~~jbj g~~gug kbqghucqk k dwiqkdjacik V2T" ^gdkjqknj$qucb~c}kjbcig ECE) Djagiij
@ugaak lc ukpug~j k njbngqqk ak ICA g IC^^ V2T ac Nljd~f{ g ac Euwbgu) kbqghucbajik bgi ~wj dja ~gdkjqknj$qucb~c}kjbcig ECE agii(cnswk~k}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc= swcbaj ki ecdekbj ,E+ lc wbj ~njpj puchdcqknj) ghik ngunc ak cqqkcug wbc qucb~c}kjbg njb i(cawiqj ,C+) nlg j``ug ic bgng~~cukc ugquj$c}k , `ggaecnf + ikbhwk~qknc ,njuug}kjbg) ukpgqk}kjbg) ukb`ju}j) gnn"+ g puchdcqknc= ac swk ic djignjic %EC nlg ag~nukg njdg ki ecdekbj cqqkk ki ICA cqqucgu~j ki IC^^ agii(cawiqj g ac swk cbnlg ki djagii akacqqknj pujpukj agiic hijqqjakacqqknc wdcbk~qknc"
K dg~~chhk nlg nj~qkqwk~njbj ic qucb~c}kjbg bjb ~jbj) jkcdgbqg) ~jij ikbhwk~qknk dc kdpikncbj i(w agii(kbqguj pcqukdjbkj ~gdkjqknj ,nkjì ak ncpcnkqï ak ~khbk`kncug+ ak~pjbkekig ci ecdekbj ,aci pkcbqj uk~j) aciic ~qugqqc agiic dcbkbc cii(kbaknc}kjbg njb i(kbakng) gnn"+ g cii(cawiqj" Ac swg~qg njb~kaguc}kjbg gdguhg wb uwjij pcuqknjicug agk dg~~chhk dwiqkdgakcik V2T kb hijqqjakac ^gukc}kjbg g ~gswgb}kc}kjbg
^k wbk~njbj swk awg qgnbknlg cppcugbqgdgbqg akgu~g dc) kb ugciqï) ec~cqg ~wiij ~qg~~j pukbnkpkj= i(juakbcdgbqj ak gigdgbqk `jubkqk kb ak~pj~k}kjbg nc~wcig"
^k pj~~jbj ~gukcug) nkjì ak~pjuug kb juakbg swcbqkqcqkj) agk pujbjdk kbag`kbkqk ,%bg~~wbj) swcinwbj djiqk%) gnn"+) aghik chhgqqkk swcik`kncqkk) pugbagbaj wbc agiij ijuj njdpjbgbqk ~gdcbqknlg njdg p ak uk`gukdgbqj ,%~nwuj) hukhkj) cppcbbcqj) nlkcuj) eukiicbqg%) gnn"+ j agk bjdk) cbnjuc wbc jiqc ~wii ak wb qucqqj ~pgnk`knj ,%ncqcpgnnlkc) ecucnnc) nc~wpjic) nc~c) kiic) pcic}}j) nc~qgiij%) gnn"+"
Ic ~gswgb}kc}kjbg ~k ec~c ~wi pcucdgquj %qgdpj% g pwõ njkbjihgug awg qkpk ak kb~kgdk= ac wb icqj nc~wcik) ca g~gdpkj) ak cguek g ak ijnw}kjbk ak qgdpj jppwug ak `judg guecik ac njiijncug kb ~wnng~~kjbg6 acii(ciquj kb~kgdk pcuqknjicuk) nj~qkqwkqk ac qg~qk nlg kbniwajbj cbcnujbkg) nkjì ~jguqkd agii(juakbg nujbjijhknj" Qcig ncucqqguk~qknc ì qkpknc agk qg~qk bcuucqkk) kb nwk ~pg~~j ~k lcbbj cbqknkp ,%pujig~~k%+ g `ic~lecnf ,%cbcig~~k%+" Ukdgqqgug kb juakbg wb qg~qj igqqgucukj kb ec~g ciic ~wnng~~kjbg qgdpjucig) cqqkkqï qkpknc agii(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc) uknlkgag kb gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc wb ~gnjbaj djdgbqj= ki qg~qj ukdg~~j kb juakbg kgbg kb`cqqk uk~nukqqj) uk~k~qgdcbaj ~kc k ukdcbak agk pujbjdk ~ njb~gnwqkj qgdpjuwd" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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^gqqjukcig) ikbhwchhkj 2 Dknujikbhwc ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcig
^khbk`kcbq ~ ~khbk`kë
G( wbc agiig aknjqjdkg ak ^cw~~wug) ki `jbacqjug agiic ikbhwk~qknc djagubc"
Ki ~khbk`kcbq ì ic akdgb~kjbg `jbknc ak wb ~ghbj V2T) ki ~khbk`kë ì ki njuuk~pjbagbqg njbngqqj) gjncqj dgbqg aci ~khbk`kcbq "
Kb hijqqjakacqqknc ~k lcbbj cppujnnk nlg pukkighkcbj ki ~khbk`kcbq) njdg ca g~gdpk swgiik `judcik~qk g cppujnnk ec~cqk ~wi ~khbk`kë njdg ki dgqjaj akugqqj V2T) ki ugcakbh dgqlja V2T g) ~jpucqqwqqj) i(cppu njdwbkncqkj V2T" ^khbk`kncqj ~ cijug
G( wbc agiig aknjqjdkg ak Xkaajx~jb g ag~nukg ic ak``gugb}c quc ki ~khbk`kncqj agnjbqg~qwcik}}cqj a pcujic) nj~é njdg ij ~k qujc kb wb ak}kjbcukj) g ki cijug g``gqqkj nlg g~~c lc swcbaj kgbg w~cqc kb njbqg~qj" Qcig cijug pwõ ak``gukug aci ~khbk`kncqj ~kc pgu uchkjbk puchdcqknlg ,%ì njipgjig% agqqj ighhgbaj ic nujbcnc ak wb pujng~~j) lc cijug akgu~j ac %ì njipgjig% pujbwbnkcqj aci hkwakng kb qukewbcig+) ~kc pgu ic ncuknc dgqc`juknc ,%~qukbhk k agbqk% lc cijug akgu~j c ~gnjbac nlg ic `uc~g ~kc aci agbqk~qc j ac wb pcaug ci `khikj kb ak``knjiqï+"
Ukpugbagbaj kb pcuqg ic aknjqjdkc w~g ~ w~chg V2T) Xkaajx~jb bjqc nlg bgii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qk ~jbj k %cijuk% g bjb k %~khbk`kncqk% c nj~qkqwkug ki ugcig jhhgqqj ak kb~ghbcdgbqj" ^kigbq Xc{
Cppujnnkj ak dcqukng wdcbk~qknj$c``gqqkc dg~~j c pwbqj acii(gigqknj$cdgukncbj Hcqqghbj bghik c ^gqqcbqc"
Ki pukbnkpkj ec~g ì ki ~kigb}kj agii(kb~ghbcbqg) nlg ~k ikdkqc c `jubkug kbpwq ,j c hg~qkug ic dcnnlkbc n `jubk~ng= ughk~qucqjug) kagj+ g c acug k~quw}kjbk) njuughhgbaj hik guujuk njb hg~qk njbgb}kjbcik pkw nlg njb pcujig) ic~nkcbaj nlg ~kcbj hik ciikgk c ~njpukug ga g~gunkqcug ic ikbhwc" ^kiicej 2 ^{iicew~"
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^kdwic}kjbg= 2 Aucddcqk}}c}kjbg6 2 Ujigpic{6 2 ^ngbcukj"
^kbqc~~k
G( ic eucbnc agiic ikbhwk~qknc nlg ~qwakc k dgnncbk~dk ak njdekbc}kjbg agiig pcujig kb ~kbqchdk) pujpj~k}kjbk) `uc~k" Kb hijqqjakacqqknc uk~wiqc pkû pujawqqkj uknjuugug ciic bj}kjbg ak %njdpgqgb}c dju`j~kbqcqqknc% V2T ^kbqg~k
Bgi njbqg~qj agii(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T ic `c~g ak ~kbqg~k ì ~wnng~~kc cii(cnnj~qcdgbqj hijecig ci qg~qj qg~qk+ ak pcuqgb}c g ciic `c~g ak cbcik~k" Bgiig wbkqï nlg ugcik}}ccbj ki dgqjaj ~kqwc}kjbcig V2T ic ~kb guc njbngpkqc njdg ci ugcik}}c}kjbg kb cwic ak g~gdpk ak njdwbknc}kjbg ~kdwicqc6 bgiig wbkqï bj}kj `wb}kjbcik V2T ic ~kbqg~k qgbag c njkbnkagug njb ic uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc V2T) dgbqug ig ~kdwic}kjbk ciqug cqqkkqï ak cnswk~k}kjbg ~jbj ighcqg kb dcbkguc kbak~~jiwekig ci djdgbqj agii(cbcik~k) njb ic sw kbqgu~gncbj g ~k ukdcbacbj kb wbc ~juqc ak dgnncbk~dj ak ugick~ V2T" ^kqwc}kjbg
Ic ikbhwc bjb ~k ugcik}}c ~g bjb kb ggbqk V2T nlg lcbbj iwjhj kb wb njbqg~qk ~kqwc}kjbcik" ^gnjbaj pukdg ag`kbk}kjbk) ca g~gdpkj njb @k~ldcb bghik cbbk Nkbswcbqc) ic %~kqwc}kjbg% gbkc ag`kbkqc a swcqquj cukcekik= iwjhj) djdgbqj) cuhjdgbqj) uwjij agk pcuqgnkpcbqk6 achik cbbk ^gqqcbqc kb pjk ~jb chhkwbqk ciquk `cqqjuk) ic nwk djak`knc ncdekc ic ~kqwc}kjbg bgi ~wj njdpig~~j ,g uknlkgag akgu~g cu V2T ak ikbhwc+= ki iwjhj kgbg ~nk~~j kb wb ~gqqkbh `k~knj ga wbc ~ngbc nwiqwucig) ~k pugbajbj kb njb~kaguc}kjbg bjb ~jij k uwjik agk pcuqgnkpcbqk dc cbnlg k ijuj `kbk puchdcqknk pkû kddgakcqk g k ij cqqghhkcdgbqk p~knjijhknk) ig bjudg ak kbqguc}kjbg njbakk~g) k hgbguk njdwbkncqkk V2T wqkik}}cqk"
Bj}kjbg pujpukc agiic ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc V2T) ic %~kqwc}kjbg% ì ~qcqc ic nlkcg pgu ki pc~~chhkj acii(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T ci dgqjaj ~kqwc}kjbcig V2T) kb nwk i(juhcbk}}c}kjbg agi ~kiicej guc ciig ~kqwc}kjbk `k~knlg ,ci ecu) kb ~qc}kjbg) ci nkbgdc) gnn"+) g pjk ci dgqjaj bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2 nwk ig ~kqwc}kjbk ~jbj ak ncucqqgug guecig ,j``ukug * cnngqqcug * uk`kwqcug nlkgagug g acug wb(kbaknc}kj ~qucacig6 gnn"+" ^kqwc}kjbcig) dgqjaj
G( ic pukdc ugcik}}c}kjbg agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T) pujpj~qc bgi djdgbqj kb nwk hik ~qwak ~jnkjikbhwk~qknk V2T) ic uk`ig~~kjbg ~wi njbngqqj ak njbqg~qj V2T ~kqwc}kjbcig g i(cnngbqwc}kjbg ~wiic http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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njdwbknc}kjbg V2T pkwqqj~qj nlg ~wiic `judc ikbhwk~qknc cpukcbj bwjk ~pc}k"
Ki dgqjaj ~k ncucqqguk}}cc pgu ki `cqqj nlg ~k ec~cc ~w wbkqï akacqqknlg V2T cb}knlë ~w ig}kjbk V2T) n ikbhwc gbkc pug~gbqcqc kb wbc ~kqwc}kjbgV2T njdwbkncqkc g bjb pgu ~quwqqwug k~jicqg njdg bgii(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T) nlg ~k `cngc icuhj w~j agiig qgnbjijhkg hijqqjakacqqknlg V2T ak~p bgk pukdk cbbk ^g~~cbqc ,ughk~qucqjug j ak~nj g akcpj~kqkg+"
G~~gb}kcidgbqg ki dgqjaj ~kqwc}kjbcig guc wb(kbqghuc}kjbg ak gigdgbqk agii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V ,n(guc wbc `juqg njdpjbgbqg ak kb~ghbcdgbqj agiic hucddcqknc) bjb cbnjuc kbqg~c njdg uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc+ g ak swgiij ~quwqqwucik~qknj ,gucbj kb`cqqk w~cqk g~gunk}k ~quwqqwucik V2T+"
Wb uwjij ukigcbqg gbkc c~~ghbcqj ciic njdpjbgbqg ~jnkj$nwiqwucig V2T) ~wiic ~nkc agii(C^Q_ V2T a cbbk Swcucbqc"
^pg~~j ki dgqjaj ~kqwc}kjbcig kgbg k~qj njdg wbc pukdc `c~g agi dgqjaj bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2 kb ugciqï swg~q(wiqkdj lc wb akgu~j jhhgqqj ak kb~ghbcdgbqj ,ic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T+ uk`kwqc cppjuqk ac cppujnnk pugngagbqk" ^fkddkbh
G( wbc ~qucqghkc V2T ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T g~qgb~kc) hijecig) nlg njb~k~qg bgi ~cpgu njhikgug ki ~gb~j hgbgucig ak wb qg~qj) swkbak ic ~wc `wb}kjbg V2T ga ki njbqgbwqj hijecig" G( wbc ~qucqghkc njdpigdgb swgiic ak ~ncbbkbh V2T ^bcfg~ & icaagu~
Hkjnj kbhig~g wqkik}}cqj pgu i(cppugbakdgbqj agk bwdguk" ^k aï wb ukswcauj c ~ncnnlkguc njb k bwdg 3 c 3??) kbqgu~gncqj nc~wcidgbqg ac ~gupgbqk , ~bcfg~+ g ac ~ncig c pkjik ,icaagu~+" Hik ~qwagbqk qkucb acaj) ~jddcbj ca ciqc jng ki bwdguj agiic nc~giic ~w nwk ~k qujcbj c swgiij agi acaj g dwjjbj `kbk~njbj kb ejnnc ca wb ~gupgbqg ~ngbajbj ciic nc~giic ajg swg~qj c ic njac) ~g `kbk~njbj ck pkgak wbc ~ncic ~cihjbj `kbj ciic nc~giic ajg ic ~ncic cppjhhkc ic nkdc" ^jnkcik}}c}kjbg
G( wbc agiig dgqg gawncqkg V2T g dkuc c pgudgqqgug ca jhbk kbakkawj ak gbqucug kb njbqcqqj njb k ~w ~kdkik"
Qwqqk hik cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T nlg ugcik}}cbj ic `wb}kjbg kbqgupgu~jbcig V2T njbnjuujbj c pgu~ghwku ~jnkcik}}c}kjbg" Swg~qc qwqqckc pug~wppjbg ic nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg V2T kb swcbqj ~jij wbc pgu~jbc nlg http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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njbj~ng g pcaujbghhkc k djagiik nwiqwucik V2T ak wb pjpjij pwõ g~~guk cnngqqcqc g swkbak ~jnkcik}}c ^jnkjikbhwk~qknc
G( wbc eucbnc agiic ikbhwk~qknc) bcqc kb Cdguknc bghik cbbk Nkbswcbqc) nlg ~qwakc ki cukcug agiic ikb ciijunlë swg~qc ì w~cqc kb wb njbqg~qj V2T ~kqwc}kjbcig"
Ic ikbhwc pwõ cukcug ak ughk~quj ,aci njiijswkcig cii(kb`judcig) aci `judcig cii(cwiknj+6 pwõ cukcug ~gnjbac agii(cuhjdgbqj qucqqcqj ,ig dknujikbhwg ~nkgbqk`knj puj`g~~kjbcik V2T ~jbj cukgqï ak swg~qj agii(cugc kb nwk kgbg w~cqc ,~k pgb~k cii(kbhig~g eukqcbbknj g cdgukncbj) cii(kqcikcbj gbgqj g dgukakj gnn"+ j agi dgakwd nlg ic gknjic ,hkjubcig) qgigk~kjbg) gnn"+"
Ic ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc lc pj~qj cinwbg agiig ec~k nlg lcbbj ukjiw}kjbcqj ic hijqqjakacqqknc) c njdkbnk aciic bj}kjbg ak njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T) djiqk agk njbngqqk ukpug~k ac qcig cdekqj ak~nkpikbcu ~qcbbj kb ugciqï ~wi njb`kbg quc ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc g puchdcikbhwk~qknc V2T) pgu nwk ck `kbk hijqqjakacqqk pkû pujawqqkj njb~kagucug wb njdpig~~j wbkqcukj ag`kbkqj %njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc% V2T" ^jnkjikbhwk~qknc) njdpgqgb}c 2 ^jnkj$puchdcqknc) Njdpgqgb}c"
^jnkj$puchdcqknc) njdpgqgb}c
Njdpjbgbqg g~~gb}kcig agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T) g swkbak jekgqqkj `jbacdgbqcig aghik cppujnnk njdwbkncqkk V2T) swg~qc njdpgqgb}c ì ic uk~wiqcbqg ak cukg njdpjbgbqk nlg ~wi pkcbj qgj gbhjbj ak ~jikqj qgbwqg ak~qkbqg=
$ i(c~pgqqj puchdcqknj V2T) nlg ~k kagbqk`knc ic ncpcnkqï ak pgu~ghwkug k pujpuk `kbk cqqucgu~j ic njdwbknc}kjbg6 wbc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c puchdcqknc kgbg k~jicqc ac cinwbk cwqjuk g ag`k %njdpgqgb}c ugic}kjbcig%) nlg ~k uk`guk~ng ciic ncpcnkqï agi pcuicbqg ak ugic}kjbcu~k njb i(kbqguijnwqj `kbg agi pgu~ghwkdgbqj agk pujpuk `kbk6 wbc puj~pgqqkc nlg ucnnjuac njdpgqgb}c puchdcqknc g njdpgqgb}c ugic}kjbcig ì pujpukc agiic hijqqjakacqqknc qgag~nc g ~k kagbqk`knc njb ki qgudkbg %njdpg ~qucqghknc% V2T6
$ i(c~pgqqj ~jnkjikbhwk~qknj V2T) nlg kagbqk`knc ic ncpcnkqï ak ~nghikgug ic cukgqï V2T) ~jpucqqwqqj ak ug caghwcqc ciic ~kqwc}kjbg V2T ci nwk kbqgubj ~k kbqgbajbj pgu~ghwkug k pujpuk `kbk6 $ i(c~pgqqj nwiqwucig V2T) nlg ukhwcuac ic ncpcnkqï ak kbqguchkug g pgu~ghwkug k pujpuk `kbk kb dcbkguc caghwcqc ciic %~ngbc% nwiqwucig ,2 Ggbqj+ kb nwk lc iwjhj ic njdwbknc}kjbg"
Kb qgudkbk hijqqjakacqqknk pkû ~pgnk`knk) ic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc kgbg cnswk~kqc bgi djdgb http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ ^ 5/14/2018
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nwk ij ~qwagbqg ukg~ng ca g~pigqcug ig cukg `wb}kjbk V2T cqqucgu~j hik cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T caghwcqk qgnbknlg akacqqknlg w~cqg pgu cnswk~kug ic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknlg ~jbj qwqqg swgiig ighcqg ci ~kdwic}kjbg) aciic aucddcqk}}c}kjbg V2T) ci ujigpic{ V2T) ciij ~ngbcukj V2T"
Ic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc lc wb uwjij g~~gb}kcig bgiic ciwqc}kjbg V2T agk uk~wiqcqk njb~ghwk wbj ~qwagbqg) ga k pcucdgquk w~cqk pgu ciwqcuic ~jbj i(g``kncnkc V2T puchdcqknc g i(cppujpukcqg}}c V2 ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc g nwiqwucig" ^pkaguhucd
I(kb~ghbcbqg kbaknc wbc pcujic nlg) ~nukqqc g ngunlkgqqcqc ci ngbquj ak wb `jhikj j agiic icchbc) nj~q ki ngbquj ak wbj ~pkaguhucd) wb akchucddc c `judc ak uchbj" Ic pukdc pcujic ucppug~gbqc ki njupj cukg (}cdpg( ~jbj agiig pcujig) wbkqg njb wbc ikbgc ciic pukdc) nlg ac g~~c gdguhjbj pgu c~~jnkc}k kagg6 nkc~nwbc agiig bwjg pcujig pwõ puj~ghwkug kb wbc wiqgukjug ~qukbhc ak pcujig jppwug nugcug c jiqc wbc bwjc nj~qgiic}kjbg ak pcujig nlg pcuqjbj ac g~~c cb}knlë aciic pcujic ec~g"
Swg~qc qgnbknc) bjqc cbnlg njdg niw~qgu ,nj~qgiic}kjbg+) kgbg w~cqc njdg ec~g pgu ki nugcqkg xukq pwõ puj`knwcdgbqg g~~gug w~cqc ~jpucqqwqqj bgiig ~nwjig pukdcukg pgu ~kiwppcug ki ig~~knj) jppwug b ciquk ikgiik ~njic~qknk bgiic `c~g kbk}kcig ak wbc njdpj~k}kjbg V2T" ^pkucig) pgunju~j c 2 Hucac}kjbg6 2 Hucddcqknc"
^pjbqcbgj) cppugbakdgbqj
^k ag`kbk~ng nj~é i(cnswk~k}kjbg agiic ikbhwc ~gnjbac V2T swcbaj ckgbg ci ak `wjuk ak wb ~k~qgdc ak k~quw}kjbg `judcig) swcik ic ~nwjic j nju~k ak swciwbswg ciquj qkpj" G( ki nc~j agiic ikbhwc cnswk~kqc a kddkhucqk pgu ki ~gdpikng `cqqj ak g~~gug c njbqcqqj njb k pcuicbqk ak dcaugikbhwc"
^g ~k njb~kaguc i(jppj~k}kjbg quc cppugbakdgbqj g cnswk~k}kjbg V2T) ~k qucqqc kb ugciqï ak %cnswk~k}kj ~pjbqcbgc" ^qcakj) Kpjqg~k agiij
Ic ~qchg l{pjqlg~k~ ak cwqjuk njdg Jeigu djak`knc kb pcuqg hik c~~wbqk agiic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T ak Fuc~lgb g agiig kdpj~qc}kjbk bgwujikbhwk~qknlg ec~cqg ~wk njbngqqk ak ekdjacikqï V2T g akug}kjbcikqïV2T"
^gnjbaj swg~qc kpjqg~k i(c}kjbg agii(gdk~`guj ag~quj agi ngugiij ì agqgudkbcbqg ~jij bgiij ~qcakj kb http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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agii(cnswk~k}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) dgbqug dcbj c dcbj nlg i(kb~ghbcdgbqj pujngag ki ~wj uwjij ugngag" ^ncu~cdgbqg cnngqqcqc kb hijqqjakacqqknc) swg~qc kpjqg~k lc qwqqckc uk~njbquj ~pgukdgbqcig ~jpucqqwq bgiic nwuc agiig c`c~kg V2T"
G~k~qg wbc qgjukc) ki djaci `jnw~kbh V2T) nlg ukpujpjbg kb dcbkguc dgbj `juqg wbc cukcbqg agii(kpjq agiij ~qcakj" ^qg~wuc ak cppwbqk
G( wbc agiig cekikqï V2T njhbkqkg g ikbhwk~qknlg pkû kdpjuqcbqk pgu ij ~qwakj) ì pujpgagwqknc ci ukc~~w V2T) dc bgiig ~nwjig ì ak ~jikqj pjnj nwucqc"
^k lcbbj awg `judcqk ak swg~qc qgnbknc) ncucqqguk}}cqk aciic pug~gb}c j c~~gb}c ak wbc hwkac" Bgi nc agiic ~qg~wuc hwkacqc i(ciikgj qujc hkï wbj ~nlgdc= ~g ca g~gdpkj ki qg~qj ì wb(cwqjpug~gbqc}kjbg ughk~qucqc ~w bc~quj) i(ciikgj lc wb `cn~kdkig ak ncuqc ak kagbqkqï j wbc hukhikc ac njdpkicug6 ak ~jikqj qwqqckc) nk ~k uk`guk~ng c swg~qc cekikqï bgi ~wj `judcqj pkû ikeguj= ak `ujbqg ca wb kbpwq) i(ciikgj ag pugbagug cppwbqk g) c ak~qcb}c ak swcinlg hkjubj) agg nguncug ak uknj~quwkug ki njbqgbwqj agi qg~qj a pcuqgb}c"
Bgiic ~wc gu~kjbg hwkacqc ic ucnnjiqc ak cppwbqk ~k ec~c ~wi dgnncbk~dj ak ~ncbbkbh) nkjì ~wii(c~nj ~wiic igqqwuc dkucqg cii(kagbqk`knc}kjbg ak cinwbk agqqchik" Bgiic gu~kjbg ikeguc swg~qc qgnbknc kdpikn wb(cqqkkqï njhbkqkc nlg ì qkpknc cbnlg agii(cekikqï ak ukc~~wdgug= i(kbakkawc}kjbg agk bwnigk kb`jud `jbacdgbqcik ak wb qg~qj" _jknlë ki qg~qj aghik cppwbqk ì ag~qkbcqj ciic ~qg~~c pgu~jbc nlg ik ~qgbag ~k w~c wbc ikbhwc ~pg~~j njbqucqqc g agb~c ak ~kdejik huc`knk pgu~jbcik ,`ugnng) c~qguk~nlk) ~jqqjikbgcqwug) gnn"+" ^qkig ak cppugbakdgbqj 2 ^qucqghkc ~ Qcqqknc"
^qucbkguc) ikbhwc
I(chhgqqkj %~qucbkguj% kbaknc wbc ikbhwc nlg kgbg ~qwakcqc kb wbc }jbc kb nwk g~~c bjb ì bjudcid pug~gbqg) c ak``gugb}c agiic ikbhwc %~gnjbac% V2T nlg kbgng ì pug~gbqg" G( %~qucbkguj% i(kbhig~g ~qwa Kqcikc) dgbqug ì %~gnjbac ikbhwc% swcbaj ì ~qwakcqj kb Kbhlkiqguuc"
C ak``gugb}c agiic ikbhwc ~gnjbac) i(kbpwq ikbhwk~qknj kb ikbhwc ~qucbkguc ì `jubkqj ,akugqqcdgbqg j nj qgnbjijhkc akacqqknc V2T+ acii(kb~ghbcbqg g ak njb~ghwgb}c djiqg cqqkkqï akacqqknlg uk~nlkcbj ak quca `ci~k aci pwbqj ak k~qc puchdcqknj) pgunlë ~k agg w~cug wbc ikbhwc g~qucbgc quc awg pcuicbqk nlg kb http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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lcbbj wb(ciquc ikbhwc) ~pg~~j swgiic dcqgubc) kb njdwbg" ,2 Gqbknc) Ikbhwc+" ^qucqghkc ak cppugbakdgbqj 2 ^qucqghkc ~ Qcqqknc"
^qucqghkc ak njdpugb~kjbg 2 ^qucqghkc ~ Qcqqknc6 2 Jijakbcdknj) Djagiij"
^qucqghkc ~ Qcqqknc
Wbc ~qucqghkc ì wb njdpig~~j ak pkcbk a(c}kjbg njdpig~~k) nlg kbqghucbj akgu~k qkpk ak njbj~ngb}c cqqkcqk pgu njdpkgug wb njdpkqj6 wbc qcqqknc kbgng ì ic dg~~c kb pucqknc agiig jpguc}kjbk pugk~qg ~qucqghkc"
I(jppj~k}kjbg quc cqqkkqï ~qucqghknlg ga cqqkkqï qcqqknlg ì `jbacdgbqcig pgu ki djagiij jijakbcdknj Qkqjbg ,dc k qgudkbk gbhjbj w~cqk cbnlg ac Igjbq(g+" Ki hijqqjakacqqc kqcij$cdgukncbj Ak_kgquj lc nj~quwkqj ic ~wc qgjukc aghik ~ngbcuk V2T ak``gugb}kcbaj quc ij ~ngbcukj guj g pujpukj) nlg kbniwag wb ~nukpq V2T ga wbc ~gukg ak ~qucqghkg hgbgucik ak uk~jiw}kjbg agi pujeigdc) g ig qcqqknlg ikbhwk~qknlg nj ugcik}}cug ic ~qucqghkc agnk~c kb pugngagb}c"
Aciic p~knjikbhwk~qknc cdgukncbc ì hkwbqc ciic hijqqjakacqqknc ic `jbacdgbqcig ak``gugb}kc}kjbg quc a ~qucqghkg ak njdpugb~kjbg= ~ncbbkbh V2T g ~fkddkbh V2T"
Aciic p~knjakacqqknc) kbgng) hkwbhg ic bj}kjbg ak %~qucqghkc a(cppugbakdgbqj%) nlg kb ugciqï ì wb(cq ak pujeigd ~jikbh dc nlg) bgi hguhj ~njic~qknj kqcikcbj) ì ~pg~~j w~cqc njdg ~kbjbkdj ak %~qkig ak cppugbakdgbqj% ,swg~q(wiqkdj ~k uk`guk~ng kbgng ca wb djaj pgu~jbcig ak cnswk~kug g ~k~qgdcqk}}cu njbj~ngb}g bgiic pujpukc dgbqg g swkbak lc wb ~khbk`kncqj egb pkû c~qj ak %~qucqghkc a(cppugbakdg ^qucqghknc) Njdpgqgb}c
^gnjbaj cinwbk cwqjuk) ~pg~~j jukgbqcqk gu~j ic hijqqjakacqqknc qgag~nc) ì pj~~kekig kbakkawcug wbc %njdpgqgb}c ~qucqghknc%) nlg kbniwag ig ughjig ak juhcbk}}c}kjbg agi pujpukj qg~qj kb djaj ac uchhkwbhgug hik ~njpk pug`k~~k" _kû ak `ugswgbqg swg~qc njdpgqgb}c kgbg njb~kagucqc wbc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$ puchdcqknc V2T"
Quc ig qgnbknlg hijqqjakacqqknlg nlg pkû ~pgnk`kncdgbqg cnngbqwcbj ki uwjij agiic njdpgqgb}c ~qucqg n(ì ij ~ngbcukj V2T"
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^quwdgbqcig) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Lciikac{ swg~qc `wb}kjbg V2T ~k ugcik}}c swcbaj ic ikbhwc akkgbg ~quwdgbqj pgu ~jaak~`cug k pujpuk ek~jhbk ,ca g~gdpkj) ki ecdekbj nlg akng %icqqg%+" Bgiic puc~~k hijqqjakacqqknc ak g~~c kgbg kbhijecqc bgiic `wb}kjbg ughjicqkc V2T" ^quwqqwucik) G~gunk}k
Ukgbqucbj kb swg~qc ncqghjukc cb}kqwqqj k pcqqgub aukii~ agii(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qc V2T) dc cbnlg ci `judg ak g~gunk}k gicejucqg kb cdekqj ~kqwc}kjbcig V2T g bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2T"
K pcqqgub aukii~ njb~qcbj ak wbc ecqqgukc ak ~qkdjik ~ghwkqk ac wbj ~pc}kj wjqj kb nwk i(ciikgj agg ic uk~pj~qc) nlg kgbg pjk njb`gudcqc j njuugqqc6 ~g ~k w~c wb icejucqjukj V2T cwakj$cqqkj$njdpcucqk pj~~kekig ukc~njiqcug i(g~gunk}kj jqqgbgbaj wb pug}kj~j `ggaecnf " Ig gu~kjbk pkû njdwbkncqkg aghi
g~gunk}k ~quwqqwucik gkqcbj ak njbngbqucug i(cqqgb}kjbg ~w gigdgbqk dju`j~kbqcqqknk j ~w pcucakhdk ig g kbniwajbj kbgng cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T) ~pg~~j kb~gukqk kb dknuj~kqwc}kjbk"
^k pj~~jbj kdpj~qcug cbnlg agk hkjnlk ~wiic dcqukng ^qkdjij$2Uk~pj~qc) ca g~gdpkj nlkgagbaj chi ciikgk ak ~gpcucu~k kb ~swcaug j ak dgqqgu~k kb `kic c ~gnjbac ak wbc cukcekig= i(gqï) i(juc ak pcuqgb}c nc~c) i(cddjbqcug agiic dcbngqqc ~gqqkdcbcig) gnn"= jhbk ciikgj agg nlkgagug chik ciquk) bgi pukdj g~gdpkj) %swcbaj ~gk bcqj:% g njdpugbagug ig uk~pj~qg pgu pjqgu agnkagug kb nlg pj~qj agiic `kic ag kb~guku~k6 c ~wc jiqc ajuï ukpgqwqcdgbqg akug ic pujpukc acqc ak bc~nkqc) `k~~cbaj kb qci djaj swg~qj pcuqknjicug cqqj njdwbkncqkj"
Hik g~gunk}k ~quwqqwucik) ukpgqkqkk) ~pg~~j djbjqjbk) hjgubcqk aci ukqdj pug`k~~cqj agi bc~quj) pukk a cigb}c njdwbkncqkc) uk~wiqcbj `juqgdgbqg agdjqkcbqk"
^quwqqwucik~qknj) Cppujnnkj
Agqqj cbnlg %cwakj$jucig%) swg~qj cppujnnkj V2T agukc acii(C^Q_ V2T ak nwk ukpugbag i(kbqgug~~g pg akdgb~kjbg jucig agiic ikbhwc ,dc bjb pgu swgiic nwiqwucig+) ic dcqukng njdpjuqcdgbqk~qknc ,ic ikbh cppugbag njb ecqqgukg ak g~gunk}k ~quwqqwucik V2T+ g ic ikbhwk~qknc qc~~jbjdknc) nlg ukawng ic ikbhwc c ~gukg ak dknuj~quwqqwug) ~gb}c cinwb kbqgug~~g pgu ki njbqg~qj ~kqwc}kjbcig V2T"
C ak``gugb}c agii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T qwqqckc i(kbqgug~~g agii(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj bjb ì `jncik}}cqj ~wiic ikbhwc njdg kb~kgdg ak ughjig g ~quwqqwug) dc njdg ~quwdgbqj ak njdwbknc}kjbg"
I(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj nugõ bghik cbbk Nkbswcbqc$^g~~cbqc ig njbak}kjbk pgu ic pujhgqqc}kjbg a http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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agk pukbnkpcik ~quwdgbqk ak qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc V2T) ki icejucqjukj ikbhwk~qknj"
^whhg~qkg$Cnngigucqkg Igcubkbh cba Qgcnlkbh
Dgqjaj pujpj~qj ac ^nlw~qgu g Hukqqjb bghik cbbk Jqqcbqc kbqghucbaj ig kbaknc}kjbk agiic Qjqci _l{ Ug~pjb~g V2T) nlg ^whhg~qjijhkc V2+"cnngbqwc ic ugc}kjbg agi njupj kbqguj cb}knlë ,~jij+ ikbhwk~qknc) g ig kbaknc}kjbk
Ac swg~qk cppujnnk ki dgqjaj ^CIQ qucg ki uknju~j ciig qgnbknlg ak ukic~~cdgbqj) aciig `ig~~kjbk ciij ~qkucnnlkcu~k) ci uwjqcug hik jnnlk) bjbnlë i(w~j agiic dw~knc ~kc njdg `cqqjug ak qucbswkiikqï ~kc njd ~wppjuqj dbgdjbknj"
^pgnk`knj ak swg~qj dgqjaj ì i(w~j ak ncuqgiijbk ,pug~gbqk cbnlg bgiic ^whhg~qjijhkc 2 _j~qgu+ njbn ~gnjbaj ig qgnbknlg agiic pweeiknkqï) njb ~ijhcb) kddchkbk) g nj~é kc" ^whhg~qjijhkc) ~whhg~qjpgakc
Cppujnnkj ak dcqukng wdcbk~qknj$c``gqqkc dg~~j c pwbqj aci ewihcuj Ij}cbj bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc"
Ki pukbnkpkj ec~g ì swgiij agi %~whhgukdgbqj% nlg i(kb~ghbcbqg g``gqqwc ci huwppj ak ~qwagbqk ,~gawqk qcjij jcig) kb wbc ~qcb}c ack njijuk qgbwqk) njb pj~qgu hucddcqkncik ~wk dwuk) dw~knc ecujnnc ak ~jqqj`jbaj+) ic~nkcbaj nlg ~kcbj ijuj c agqqcug ki ukqdj agii(cppugbakdgbqj" K ~whhgukdgbqk ~jbj ak~ njb~k~qjbj ak qg~qk ac ighhgug g qucawuug) ak ~kqwc}kjbk ughk~qucqg ac c~njiqcug) ak dcqgukcik ac dgdju njb qgnbknlg ~pg~~j c``kbk ciij {jhc" , 2 ^whhg~qkg$Cnngigucqkg Igcubkbh cba Qgcnlkbh+" ^w~~kak cwakjk~kk 2 Qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc"
^{iicew~
Wb ~{iicew~ ì wb djagiij jpgucqkj V2T pcuqknjicug= ~k qucqqc kb`cqqk ak wb gigbnj agk njbqgbwqk) uk~wi wb pujng~~j ak cbcik~k agk ek~jhbk ~quwdgbqcik) ~gb}c pcuqknjicug cqqgb}kjbg ciig dgqg gawncqkg V2T"
Bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc ki _ujhgqqj Ikbhwg Djagubg*Pkg V2T agi Njb~khikj a(Gwujpc geeg ic `ju}c ak njkbjihgug cuk pcg~k gwujpgk egi qgbqcqkj ak ~wpgucug ic bj}kjbg ak %pujhucddc% V2T g ak``w~g ag ~{iicew~) agqqk %ikgiik ~jhikc%" Achik cbbk Jqqcbqc k ~{iicew~ ~jbj gbqucqk c `cu pcuqg ak wb djagiij http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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jpgucqkj pkû cdpkj g njdpig~~j) ki nwuuknjij V2T"
Ki njbngqqj ak ~{iicew~ ì pug~gbqg bgiic qucak}kjbg kqcikcbc ~jqqj `judc ak %njupw~%) cbnlg ~g judck s qgudkbg ,~pgnkg ci piwucig %njupjuc%+ kgbg w~cqc ac pjnlk~~kdk ~qwakj~k"
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W WGQ^I
G( ic ~khic ak Qlg Wbkgu~kq{ Qg~q j` Gbhik~l c~ c ^gnjba Icbhwchg) ic nguqk`knc}kjbg V2T agii(kbhig~ cukgqï cw~qucikcbc ,pgu i(kbhig~g eukqcbbknj 2 NCG) pgu swgiij cdgukncbj 2 Q^G+ Wdcbk~qknc) wdcbk~qknj c``gqqkc) Hijqqjakacqqknc
^jqqj i(kb`iwgb}c agii(wdcbg~kdj p~knjijhknj ak ~qwakj~k njdg Ciipjuq) Dc~ijx) @ujdd) Bwqqkb g c djiqk cppujnnk achik cbbk Jqqcbqc kb pjk lcbbj dg~~j ci ngbquj agii(cqqgb}kjbg i(kj wbknj ga kuukpgqke jhbk ciikgj) agiic ~wc pgu~jbcikqï njdg kbqguugic}kjbg akbcdknc quc %kj% g %djbaj%"
^wi pkcbj bgwuj$p~knjikbhwk~qknj g njhbkqkj) swg~qk cppujnnk ~jbj ncucqqguk}}cqk aci qgbqcqkj ak njkbjihgug ic pgu~jbc agii(ciikgj bgiic ~wc njdpigqg}}c `jncik}}cbaj bjb ~jij i(c~pgqqj uc}kjbcig cbnlg swgiik djqkc}kjbcik) ig ncucqqguk~qknlg agiic pgu~jbcikqï) ~jpucqqwqqj agiic njdpjbgbqg c``gqqk EkdjacikqïT"
Hik cppujnnk ncucqqguk}}cqk acii(chhgqqkj %wdcbk~qknj$c``gqqkk% ~jbj djiqj cqqgbqk ciic bj}kjbg ak % c``gqqkj%) nkjì wb dgnncbk~dj ak ak`g~c agiic pgu~jbcikqï nlg ~k %nlkwag% bgi djdgbqj kb nwk n(ì c kb nwk ~k uk~nlkc ak pguagug ic pujpukc ~qkdc j swgiic agk pujpuk njdpchbk ak ~nwjic V2 ^gnjba Icbhw Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{T"
^k ì cbnlg c``gudcqc i(kagc nlg ic akdgb~kjbg %jijakbcdknc% V2T ,nkjì i(cppugbakdgbqj njdg uk~wiq agii(c}kjbg njbhkwbqc ak qwqqg ig `cnjiqï agii(wjdj= gak ki pukbnkpkj ak ekdjacikqï) ~jpuc+ ~kc pj~~ke ~jij ~g n(ì wbc djqkc}kjbg %ghjakbcdknc%) kb nwk ì i(ghj nlg gbquc kb djqj g ~pkbhg i(ciikgj c gbqu njbqcqqj njb ic ugciqï ,ic ikbhwc) bgi bj~quj nc~j+ g c nguncug agiig ~qucqghkg pgu cnswk~kuic) pgu cnnjdjacuic quc ig njbj~ngb}c hkï g~k~qgbqk bgiic dgbqg) pgu w~cuic bgk njbqg~qk kb nwk i(ghj juuï kbqgugbkug g ~cuï djqkcqj c njdwbkncug ga g~pukdgu~k" Wbkqï akacqqknc
G( ki djagiij jpgucqkj V2T pkû ak``w~j bgii(cdekqj agk dgqjak akugqqk V2T g agii(cppujnnkj njdwbknc V2T) kb swcbqj i(ciquj djagiij ~pg~~j w~cqj pgu i(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) ic ig}kjbg V2T) lc njb`kbk quj uk~qugqqk pgu pjqgu ckwqcug i(ciikgj ca cnswk~kug wb njdpjuqcdgbqj njdwbkncqkj njuugqqj V2T) g``knc ga cppujpukcqj V2T"
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Kb swg~qk qgudkbk) ij ~njpj pukdcukj agii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug bgk nju~k ak ikgiij kbk} w~g) dgbqug dcbj c dcbj nlg ~k ccb}c bgii(cppuj`jbakdgbqj ic akdgb~kjbg agi w~chg akkgbg swcik`kncbqg" Swg~q(wiqkdc) nlg njkbnkag kb pcuqg njb ic njdpgqgb}c dgqcikbhwk~qknc V2T bjb ì qwqqc `kbg c ~g ~qg~~c ,qucbbg bgi nc~j agk ikbhwk~qk) nlg pj~~jbj ~qwakcug wbc ikbhwc pwu bjb kbqgbagbaj w http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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@ @ïqknc) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij agiig `wb}kjbk V2T ak Mcfje~jb ~k ag`kbk~ng `ïqknj ,aci icqkbj `cqgju + i(w~j agiic ikbhwc ~njpj ak qgbgu cpguqj g `wb}kjbcbqg ki ncbcig quc hik kbqguijnwqjuk" Ca g~gdpkj) ì %`cqknj% g bjb nguq kbakncqjug ak njb~gb~j ki njbqkbwj ukpgug %~é"" ~é"""% awucbqg wbc qgig`jbcqc) nlg kbaknc ~jicdgbqg nl c~njiqcbaj"
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Jhhk ic `k~~c}kjbg ckgbg kbgng kb dcbkguc pkû kbakugqqc) cqqucgu~j qgnbknlg nlg pwu ec~cbaj~k ~w dcqukng njdpjuqcdgbqk~qknc ,~qkdjij$uk~pj~qc+ jhikjbj g~~gug agk njdpkqk V2T pkwqqj~qj nlg aghik g~gunk}k V2T" Ca g~gdpkj) pgu `k~~cug ki guej %pkcngug%) nlg kb kqcikcbj ~k nj~quwk~ng kb dcbkguc kbak ak``gugb}c ak ckdgu g ak ijg) ~k juhcbk}}c wb ~jbachhkj ,%swcig ncbqcbqg ak pkcng ak pkû:%+ quc hik c kb djaj nlg ~k ceekc ic `k~~c}kjbg cqqucgu~j ic ukpgqk}kjbg agiic ~quwqqwuc) dc bjb bgng~~cukcdgbqg njbqg~qj pukj ak ~khbk`kncqj njdg kb wb g~gunk}kj ~quwqqwucig V2T" @iwgbn{ 2 ^njuugjig}}c"
@jbacdgbqcig) Pjncejicukj 2 Ak}kjbcukj ~ jncejicukj"
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^pg~~j kgbg njb`w~c njb ic %`jbjijhkc% j %`jbgdknc%) nlg ~qwakc ki uwjij agk cuk ~wjbk bgi ~k~qgd wbc acqc ikbhwc" I(guujug ì cbnlg ajwqj ci `cqqj nlg ig qgnbknlg nlg ukhwcuacbj ic njdpgqgb}c `jbjijhknc V2T gbhjbj ~pg~~j nlkcdcqg ak %njuug}kjbg `jbgqknc%" @jbjijhknc) Njdpgqgb}c
G( wbc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc V2T g) kb ~gb~j pkû cdpkj) agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T" Ic akdgb~kjbg `jbjijhknc ukhwcuac ic ncpcnkqï ak uknjbj~ngug g ugcik}}cug k `jbgd nwug kbqjbcqkg ak wbc ikbhwc) g ak hg~qkug c~pgqqk pcucikbhwk~qknk swcik ki qjbj agiic jng g ic gijnk gijswkj"
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Njb~kagucqj ac djiqk njdg i(cppujnnkj %qucak}kjbcig%) ì kbgng ugicqkcdgbqg ugngbqg) g~~gbaj njd gu~j ki ^gk$^gqqgngbqj) ajpj dkiigbbk ak kb~ghbcdgbqj njdwbkncqkj agiic ikbhwc) ga g~~gbaj ~qcqj cqqcnncqj `kb aciic `kbg agii(Jqqjngbqj ,2 Dgqjaj akugqqj+"
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C `kbg Ukbc~nkdgbqj ki icqkbj ~dgqqg ak g~~gug wbc ikbhwc a(w~j nj~qcbqg g kj c `kbk ak njdwbknc}k pgu nwk ki ~wj kb~ghbcdgbqj ~k quc~`judc bgiic pucqknc agiig ~quwqqwug dju`j~kbqcqqknlg g bgii(cnswk~k agi ig~~knj cqqucgu~j ic qucaw}kjbg" Swg~qj cppujnnkj) agqqj cbnlg hucddcqknj$qucawqqkj) ~k g~qgbag ack nkunjik kbqgiigqqwcik ,ajg ~k njb`khwuc njdg wb ugcakbh dgqlja V2T `kbcik}}cqj cii(cnnj~qcdgbqj ck nic~~knk+ ciic ejuhlg~kc) quc~`judcbaj~k kb pwuj `judcik~dj) kb wbc njbj~ngb}c nlg lc ki `kbg ak dj~qucug i(cppcuqgbgb}c ca nc~qc ~jnkcig pkwqqj~qj nlg ki pj~~g~~j ak wbc njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknj$nwiqwucig"
Cbnlg ig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug) nlg bgiic hucbag cuk~qjnuc}kc njbqkbwccbj ca g~~gug kb~ghbcqg njb wbc ~ ak dgqjaj akugqqj V2T ,ic ecdekbckc ~qucbkguc) g pjk ki pugngqqjug ~qucbkguj+) gbkcbj kb~ghbcqg njd icqkbj kb qwqqg ig ~nwjig agiic ejuhlg~kc= ~k pcuqkc aciic ag~nuk}kjbg agiic bjudc ikbhwk~qknc ,njbquc ki pukbnkpkj ak ekdjacikqï g akug}kjbcikqï V2T+) ~k pc~~cc ciic cppiknc}kjbg ak ughjig dju`j~kbqcqqknl dgdjuk}}c}kjbg ak ik~qg ig~~kncik) ciic qucaw}kjbg ak `uc~k nlg njbngbquccbj wb kbnugakekig bwdguj gnng}kjbk) ~gb}c agakncug bg~~wbc cqqgb}kjbg cii(jucikqï) g kbqgug~~cbaj~k cbnju dgbj agk ek~jhbk g djqkc}kjbg aghik ciikgk" @j~~kik}}c}kjbg
Ki qgudkbg ì pujpukj agiic ig~~knjhuc`kc) ajg ca g~gdpkj ag~nukg ig dgqc`jug `j~~kik}}cqg) w~cqg nkj ~gb}c nlg nk ~k ugbac njbqj nlg ~k qucqqc ak dgqc`jug ,%`j~~kik}}c}kjbg% g %ugbagug njbqj%) ca g~gdp ~jbj awg dgqc`jug `j~~kik}}cqg+" Ki qgudkbg ì ~qcqj ukpug~j kb hijqqjakacqqknc pgu kbakncug guujuk nlg gbhjbj ukpgqwqk nj~qcbqgdgbqg) pgu nwk i(guujug ~k `k~~c g akkgbg pcuqknjicudgbqg ak``knkig ac ~wpgu @ucbèck~ `jbacdgbqci 2 Ak}kjbcukj ~ Pjncejicukj"
@wb}kjbcig$bj}kjbcig) Dgqjaj 2 Bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig) Dgqjaj @wb}kjbg
Ic ikbhwc kgbg w~cqc pgu g~pigqcug agiig `wb}kjbk) nkjì njb wbj ~njpj puchdcqknj ak c}kjbg ~jnkcig ,akdgb~kjbg agqqc cbnlg %cigb}c% njdwbkncqkc g puchdcqknc+) ak g~pug~~kjbg pgu~jbcig ,%cigb}c g~pug~~kc+ g ak cwqj`judc}kjbg ,%cigb}c% dcqgqknc+"
Ack pukdk agi ~gnjij) njb Nc~~kugu) cqqucgu~j Xkqqhgb~qgkb) Mcfje~jb g ciquk) `kbj c Lciikac{) ~k ~jb cwqk cuk djagiik `wb}kjbcik" K awg djagiik pukbnkpcik ~jbj swgiik ak Mcfje~jb g ak Lciikac{"
Ki pukdj djagiij ,pukkighkcqj bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc+ ì ec~cqj ~wi djagiij dcqgd agii(kb`judc}kjbg g kbakkawc ~gk `wb}kjbk c ~gnjbac agii(gigdgbqj agiic njdwbknc}kjbg ~w nwk kgb http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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`jncik}}cqc i(cqqgb}kjbg) ~gnjbaj ig ~ghwgbqk njppkg= $ gdkqqgbqg= `wb}kjbg gdjqkc ,ciquk cwqjuk= g~pug~~kc+ $ ag~qkbcqcukj= `wb}kjbg njbcqkc ,ciquk cwqjuk= cppgiicqkc+ $ ncbcig= `wb}kjbg `ïqknc $ njakng= `wb}kjbg dgqcikbhwk~qknc $ cuhjdgbqj= `wb}kjbg ug`gugb}kcig $ `judc agi dg~~chhkj= `wb}kjbg pjgqknc"
Ig cukg `wb}kjbk) nlg kb wbc hijqqjakacqqknc gswkikeucqc ajugeeguj g~~gug ghwcidgbqg nwucqg) ~jbj
akgu~cdgbqg bgiic ~qjukc agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc= i(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T V2T6 ~ pukkighkcc icpukkighkcqg `wb}kjbg dgqcikbhwk~qknc) nlg kbgng gbkc quc~nwucqc kb wb cppujnnkj akugqqj i(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T quc~nwuc ic `wb}kjbg pjgqknc"
Ki djagiij ak Lciikac{ ~k ec~c ~wii(j~~guc}kjbg agiij ~kiwppj ikbhwk~qknj g kbakkawc ~gqqg `wb}kjb pj~~jbj g~~gug ~kbqgqk}}cqg ac eugk g~pug~~kjbk w~cqg pgu ugcik}}cuig= $ `wb}kjbg ~quwdgbqcig= %jhikj"""%) %acddk"""% $ `wb}kjbg kbqguc}kjbcig= %kj g qg%) %nkcj% $ `wb}kjbg ughjicqjukc= %`ck*`cnnkcdj"""%) %pjuqc iï"""% $ `wb}kjbg kb`judcqkc= %qk aknj nlg"""%) %""" ì `cqqj nj~é% $ `wb}kjbg gwuk~qknc= %pgunlë""":%) %njdg""":% $ `wb}kjbg pgu~jbcig= %dk ~gbqj"""% $ `wb}kjbg kddchkbcqkc= %`cnnkcdj `kbqc nlg"""%) %~wppjbkcdj nlg"""%"
I(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T ukdcbac awbswg akugqqcdgbqg ci djagiij ak Lciikac{) cbnlg ~g ic ~wc ugcik}}c}kjbg bgi dgqjaj bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2T wqkik}}c wb ciquj qkpj ak `wb}kjbg %njdwbkncqkc pgu nlkcug}}c pug`gukcdj nlkcdcug %cqqj njdwbkncqkj% V2T"
Bgiic hijqqjakacqqknc kqcikcbc ~k ~qc ak``jbagbaj wb djagiij nlg kbqghuc ig cbcik~k ak Mcfje~jb g Lci http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ @ 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
g kbakkawc ~gk `wb}kjbk nlg ~k ugcik}}cbj njb wb bwdguj ikdkqcqj ,g swkbak njbqujiicekig g pujhucddcekig+ ak cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T= $ `wb}kjbg pgu~jbcig= akug ki pujpukj bjdg) g~pukdgug ij ~qcqj `k~knj""" $ `wb}kjbg kbqgupgu~jbcig= ~ciwqcug) ukbhuc}kcug""" $ `wb}kjbg ughjicqkj$~quwdgbqcig= nlkgagug pgu cgug) juakbcug""" $ `wb}kjbg ug`gugb}kcig= nlkgagug g acug kb`judc}kjbk""" $ `wb}kjbg pjgqknj$kddchkbcqkc= w~cug ic ikbhwc pgu nugcug djbak ciqgubcqkk ,%n(guc wbc jiqc"""%+ ukdc) ~kdkikqwakbk) gnn" $ `wb}kjbg dgqcikbhwk~qknc= nlkgagug g acug ki ~khbk`kncqj ak wbc pcujic) ~pkghcug wbc ughjic) gnn" @wb}kjbg njdwbkncqkc 2 Cqqj njdwbkncqkj"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
A ACI@) AGI@
^khig njuuk~pjbagbqk c Akpijdg a(ëqwag gb icbhwg `ucbèck~g ,AG@I+ g c Akpijdg cppuj`jbak gb icb `ucbèck~g ,ACI@+= ~k qucqqc ak awg nguqk`knc}kjbk V2T w``knkcik ak ikbhwc `ucbng~g" AE^ ,icbhwchg qgcnlkbh+
Ic ~khic ~qc pgu Akugnq Eujcanc~q ^{~qgd) nkjì pgu quc~dk~~kjbg qgigk~kc kc ~cqgiikqg , 2 Qgnbjijh hijqqjakacqqknc+ Agawqqkj ~ Kbawqqkj
^k qucqqc ak wbc agiig aknjqjdkg `jbacdgbqcik agi akecqqkqj p~knj$pgachjhknj ak swg~qj ~gnjij) nlg l k~qj ki pujhug~~kj ceecbajbj ak cppujnnk agawqqkk njdg swgiij `judcik~qknj V2T c `cjug ak cppuj kbawqqkk"
Bgiic puc~~k hijqqjakacqqknc swg~qj pc~~chhkj ~k ì gkagb}kcqj bgi pc~~chhkj acii(kb~ghbcdgbqj g~pi
agiic hucddcqknc ciic uk`ig~~kjbg V2T ~wiic ikbhwc) acii(w~j ak ~nlgdk njdpkwqk c swgiij ak ~nlgdk cp V2T" Agic{ga juci pucnqkng
Dgqjajijhkc nlg puggag wbc bjqgjig ak~qcb}c qgdpjucig quc ki djdgbqj kb nwk wb qg~qj kgbg pug~gbqcqj pgu ic njdpugb~kjbg g ki djdgbqj kb nwk ~k nlkgag ak wqkik}}cug gigdgbqk pug~gbqk kb swgi Swg~qc puc~~k ~k `jbac ~wii(j~~guc}kjbg nlg ~kc bgii(cnswk~k}kjbg agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc ~kc bgii(cppugbakdgbqj ~pjbqcbgj V2T ak wbc ~gnjbac ikbhwc ~k ughk~quc wb pgukjaj ~kigb}kj~j V2T" _gu ckwqcug hik ciikgk c ~wpgucug ki pgukjaj ~k ~kigb}kj ~k pj~~jbj pujpjuug ic ukpgqk}kjbg ughug~~kc `judg ak aucddcqk}}c}kjbg V2T) nlg ukawnjbj ki `kiquj c``gqqkj V2T" Agbjqc}kjbg 2 Njbbjqc}kjbg ~ Agbjqc}kjbg
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Aëpc{~gdgbq
Wbc ikbhwc ~qucbkguc V2T) c ak``gugb}c agiic ikbhwc ~gnjbac V2T) ì cbnlg %g~qucbgc%) ijbqcbc acii(cde kb nwk kjbj swjqkakcbcdgbqg hik ciikgk" _gu gkqcug nlg i(g~qucbgkqï `k~knc ~k qucdwqk kb g~qucbgkqï p~knjijhknc g kb nujiij djqkc}kjbcig) acii(C^Q_ V2T kb pjk nk ~k ì pj~qk ki pujeigdc agi Aëpc{~gdg nkjì agiic bgng~~kqï ak ~qcnncug i(ciikgj aciic ~wc ugciqï ijncig bgi djdgbqj kb nwk ~qwakc wbc ikbhw ~qucbkguc"
Awucbqg i(C^Q_ g bgiig dkhikjuk ugcik}}c}kjbk agii(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V 2T ~k c``kacc ki aëpc{~gdgbq ci wb pcuicbqg bcqkj) nlg njb ic ~wc ~jic pug~gb}c cugeeg ajwqj njbak}kjbcug i(ciik cpukuij ciic ijbqcbc ugciqï agiic nwiqwuc ~qucbkguc"
Bghik cbbk ^g~~cbqc g ^gqqcbqc ki aëpc{~gdgbq `w kbgng qgbqcqj njb ic nugc}kjbg ak %cwig ak nkkiqï% ajgcbj acug ciij ~qwagbqg ic ~gb~c}kjbg ak g~~gug bgi pcg~g ~qucbkguj"
Jhhk ki pujng~~j ak aëpc{~gdgbq ì c``kacqj cii(w~j ak dc~~ dgakc ~gdpug pkû kbqgubc}kjbcik}}cqk6 kb pcuqknjicug) wb uwjij g~~gb}kcig kgbg ~jiqj aciic pj~~kekikqï ak pjuqcug ki pcg~g ~qucbkguj bgii(cwic a ikbhwg cqqucgu~j ic qgnbjijhkc akacqqknc V2T) ~jpucqqwqqj cqqucgu~j ic qgigk~kjbg kc ~cqgiikqg g ig kagjughk~quc}kjbk" AG^ 2 NGGIQ
Agqqcqj
Quc~nuk}kjbg ak wb qg~qj c~njiqcqj acii(kb~ghbcbqg j ac wb ughk~qucqjug"
Quc ig cukcbqk agi agqqcqj bjqkcdj ki agqqcqj$nij}g) kb nwk i(ciikgj agg ~nukgug ~jij ig pcujig dcbn kb wb qg~qj ,2 Nij}g+ g ic aknqj$njdp,j~kqkjb+ nlg) dcihucaj ki uk`gukdgbqj ciic njdpj~k}kjbg) ì wb `judc ak ukc~~wbqj hwkacqj j ak uk~nukqqwuc= i(ciikgj qujc ig pcuqk kbk}kcik agiig `uc~k g agg njdpigqc ~jqqj agqqcqwuc ,2 Njdpigqcdgbqj+"
C``kbnlë ki agqqcqj pujawnc cnswk~k}kjbg bgng~~cukjquc~`judcbj nlg bjb nugkwbc cb~kc= kb swg~qc puj~pgqqkc) i(cwqjnjuug}kjbg j ic njuug}kjbg kbnujnkcqcV2Tqucì njdpchbk pujc ciqukdgbqk cb~kjhgb wbc ~qkdjicbqg ~`kac pgu~jbcig" Ki agqqcqj cukc ak jhhgqqj c ~gnjbac agiig ikbhwg=
$ kb kqcikcbj) ~pchbjij j icqkbj) ikbhwg kb nwk ki pujeigdc juqjhuc`knj ì dkbkdj) ki agqqcqj ukhwcuac i njdpgqgb}c huc`gdknc6 http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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$ kb uw~~j j hugnj ki agqqcqj ~kiwppc cbnlg ic pcaujbcb}c ci`cegqknc6
$ kb `ucbng~g ki agqqcqj kdpiknc wbc bjqgjig cbcik~k dju`j~kbqcqqknc) kb swcbqj ig ag~kbgb}g agi dc~ agi `gddkbkig bjbnlë djiqg ag~kbgb}g guecik njdpckjbj ciij ~nukqqj dc bjb bgiic ikbhwc jucig6
$ kb kbhig~g ki agqqcqj ì wbc pujc pukdcukcdgbqg juqjhuc`knc) cbnlg ~g ~cpgu ak~qkbhwgug) ca g~gdpk piwucig j wbc qgu}c pgu~jbc qgudkbcbqk kb $~ ac wb hgbkqkj j wbc njbquc}kjbg ak k~ kb (~ pug~wppjbg wb(cbcik~k ~kbqcqqknc" Dcihucaj ic pgung}kjbg ak``w~c) ki agqqcqj uk~wiqc kbc``kacekig njdg qg~q" Agqqcqj$ak~ghbj) agqqcqj$_knc~~j
Ki agqqcqj$ak~ghbj ~k ugcik}}c %agqqcbaj% ig ncucqqguk~qknlg ak wb ak~ghbj nlg i(ciikgj agg g~ghwkug c dcbj nlg c~njiqc"
G( wb qgnbknc iwaknc nlg pwõ cbnlg g~~gug ~jiqc c njppkg g dgqqg b hkjnj ig bj}kjbk ak ~pc}kj ,%~jp %c ~kbk~quc%) gnn"+ g ki ig~~knj ugicqkj ci njbqg~qj V2T ~kqwc}kjbcig agiic ~ngbgqqc nlg kgbg %agqqcqc%) nwk uk~wiqc wqkig pgu ij ~kiwppj agiic njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig V2T" AKCI
Cnujbkdj w~cqj ac cinwbk ~qwakj~k kqcikcbk nlg ~khbk`knc Ak~pj~kqkj Kbbcqj ak Cnswk~k}kjbg Ikbhwk njuuk~pjbag ci ICA V2T ak Nljd~f{" Akcijhcug
Bgiic puc~~k akacqqknc) swg~qc cekikqï V2T ikbhwk~qknc kgbg ~pg~~j ag`kbkqc njdg ~cpgu %pcuicug% V2T) ~g kb ugciqï ì wb(cekikqï pkû njdpig~~c kb swcbqj kbqghuc ki ~cpgu njdpugbagug g ki ~cpgu pcuicug) pujawngbaj qg~qk nlg bjb ~jbj ic ~gdpikng hkw~qcppj~k}kjbg ak `c~k ak c~njiqj g ak pujaw}kjbk) dc l ughjig ak njgugb}c V2T g njg~kjbgV2T ~pg~~j pkû njdpig~~g ak swgiig agk qg~qk djbjijhknk= ki akcijhj kb`cqqk) ì ki uk~wiqcqj ak wbc bghj}kc}kjbg njbqkbwc ~kc ~wi pkcbj ~gdcbqknj ,k ~khbk`kncqk puchdcqknk j nlg ikbhwk~qknk+ ~kc ~w swgiij ikbhwk~qknj g) ~pg~~j) ~jnkjikbhwk~qknj"
K pujng~~k dgbqcik nlg ~jqqj~qcbbj ci ~cpgu akcijhcug ,g nlg swkbak cbbj ~kiwppcqk pgu uchhkwbhgu g qug ig dgqg V2T agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc+ ~jbj pukbnkpcidgbqg= $ ic ag`kbk}kjbg agk pujpuk ~njpk pukdcuk g ~gnjbacuk= ~wk pukdk bjb ~k qucb~khg) ~g ~k wjig nlg ic njdwbknc}kjbg ceekc g~kqj `gikng) dgbqug k ~gnjbak ~jbj jhhgqqj ak bghj}kc}kjbg6 http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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$ i(cbcik~k agi hgbgug ,ca g~gdpkj) %akcijhj k~ ï k~% jppwug %qgig`jbcqc%+ g agiig ~wg ughjig6 $ i(cbcik~k agiic ~kqwc}kjbg V2T ci nwk kbqgubj ~k cqqwc i(ggbqj V2T njdwbkncqkj6
$ ic ~ngiqc agiic %nlkcg% ,bgiic qgudkbjijhkc ak L{dg~+) nkjì agii(cqqghhkcdgbqj p~knjijhknj ac `cu quc~pcukug= ak~pjbkekikqï) cdknk}kc) kujbkc) cbqchjbk~dj) gnn"= ì wbc ~ngiqc nlg chk~ng ~pgnk`kncdgbqg njdpgqgb}g pcucikbhwk~qknc V2T) g|qucikbhwk~qknc V2T) ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc V2T g ig~~kncig V2T6
$ ic pujhgqqc}kjbg ak wb qg~qj cpguqj) ncucqqguk}}cqj nkjì ac wbc ~quwqqwuc nlg) cqqucgu~j ic bghj}kc} guuï ag`kbkbgaj~k bgi nju~j agiij ~ncdekj njdwbkncqkj) c ak``gugb}c ac swcbqj ckgbg bgiic pujhgqqc}kjbg ak wb qg~qj ~nukqqj ,ic %~ncigqqc%+"
Ajpj ig `c~k ~waagqqg) ~k pujngag ciic ugcik}}c}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) ncucqqguk}}cqc ac wbc njg~kjbg qg~qw ac wbc njuugqqg}}c dju`j~kbqcqqknc c~~ck dkbjuk ak swcbqj bjb cgbhc bgk qg~qk ~nukqqk6 bgi akcijhj) kb`cqqk) i(g``kncnkc V2T puchdcqknc g i(cppujpukcqg}}c V2T ~jnkj$nwiqwucig ~jbj pkû ukigcbqk agiic njuu V2T"
Ic ncpcnkqï ak akcijhcug ì g~~gb}kcig bgii(cdekqj agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T g kgbg ~kiwppcq ig djiqg qgnbknlg ak ~kdwic}kjbg nlg uchhuwppkcdj bgk qgudkbk ujigpic{ V2T g ~ngbcukj V2T" ^pg~~j qwqqckc ~k ukdcbg bgii(cdekqj agiic ~fkii ,2 cekikqï+) nkjì agiic ugcik}}c}kjbg pwuc g ~gdpikng ak akci ~qcbacuak}}cqk) djiqj ec~cqk ~w ujwqkbg~ V2T g cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T pugjuakbcqk" G( kbgng bgng~~cukj nwuk cbnlg ic %cekikq{% ,2 cekikqï+ njhbkqkc) nkjì pjuqcug hik ciikgk c uk`igqqgug ~wk pujng~~k gigbncqk
Akcijhj c ncqgbc
Wb ciikgj ,j i(kb~ghbcbqg+ kbk}kc wb akcijhj ,ca g~gdpkj= %Swcbqk cbbk lck:%+ ga wb ~wj njdpchbj uk~pjbag g pjk ukicbnkc ic ajdcbac ca wb ciquj ,%33 cbbk" G qw:%+ g nj~é kc" Swg~qc qgnbknc pwõ g~~ kdpj~qcqc njdg hkjnj c ~swcaug) kb nwk c jhbk uk~pj~qc guucqc j ukqcuacqc wb ciikgj kgbg gikdkbcqj Swg~qc qgnbknc ì cacqqc ca g~gunkqcug g `k~~cug cinwbk cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T bjbnlë ig ~quwqqwug hucddcqkncik njb nwk swg~qg ~k ugcik}}cbj" Akcijhj cpguqj
^k qucqqc ak wbc `judc g~qugdc ak njdpigqcdgbqj V2T ak wb qg~qj akcijhcqj= ~jbj pug~gbqcqg ~jij ig e ak wb pgu~jbchhkj g i(ciikgj agg kb~gukug swgiig agii(ciquj pgu~jbchhkj) qgbgbaj njbqj agiic njgugb hijecig agi qg~qj g agiic njg~kjbg njb ig ecqqwqg pugngagbqk g ~ghwgbqk" Swg~qc qgnbknc dgqqg kb hkjnj ig njdpgqgb}g ikbhwk~qknlg g ~kiwppc pcuqknjicudgbqg ig njdpgqgb} http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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qg~qwcig V2T g puchdcqknc V2T" Akcijhj ekikbhwg) pjikhijqqc
^k qucqqc ak wbc puc~~k ~gdpug pkû ak``w~c quc pgu~jbg nlg pcuicbj ikbhwc bjqg c qwqqk k pcuqgnkpcbqk ci ~ncdekj njdwbkncqkj= nkc~nwbj w~c ic pujpukc ikbhwc) bgiic nguqg}}c nlg hik ciquk ij njdpugbajbj"
Bghik cbbk Bjcbqc lc njdkbnkcqj ca c``gudcu~k wbc qgbagb}c) ~j~qgbwqc acii(Wbkjbg Gwujpgc) c ~q k djak pgu quc~`judcug swg~qc puc~~k kb wb cuqknjicqj pujhgqqj hijqqjakacqqknj) ~jpucqqwqqj quc pcuicb ikbhwg knkbg quc ijuj ,njdg swgiig ujdcb}g ci ~wa g swgiig ~ncbakbcg ci bjua+" Aknlkcucqkc ~ pujngawucig) Njbj~ngb}c
I(gbnknijpgakc V2T) nkjì ig njbj~ngb}g agi djbaj ak wbc pgu~jbc) ì juhcbk}}cqc bgiic dgbqg ~gnjba djacikqï cbnjuc icuhcdgbqg khbjqg" Wbc agiig kpjqg~k pkû cnngqqcqg ì ic aknjqjdkc quc njbj~ngb}g aknlkcucqkg) njdpj~qg ak wb(wbknc pujpj~k}kjbg ,%ki hlkcnnkj ì `ugaaj%) %ki hlkcnnkj ì `cqqj a(cnswc ~k cppugbajbj k~jicqcdgbqg g ~k ~k~qgdcbj pjk kb ~nlgdk V2T) g njbj~ngb}g pujngawucik) ec~cqg ~wi dgnncbk~dj %~g""" ciijuc"""% ,%~g dgqqk hlkcnnkj kb wb xlk~f{) ~k ukb`ug~nc dc ~k cbbcnswc%+) nlg ~k cppugbajbj kb ~kqwc}kjbg g ~k juhcbk}}cbj kb ~nukpq~ V2T" @c~nk ak pujngawug nj~qkqwk~njbj ig ~qucqgh Bgiic ikbhwc) ic akdgb~kjbg dju`jijhknc ì nj~qkqwkqc ac aknlkcuc}kjbk) swgiic ~kbqcqqknj$qg~qwcig ac pujngawug" Aknqj$njdp,j~kqkjb+ 2 Agqqcqj"
Akhij~~kc 2 Ekikbhwk~dj"
Akugqqj) Dgqjaj
Dcihucaj ki bjdg ~k uk`guk~nc c wb dgqjaj) ~k qucqqc kb ugciqï ak wb cppujnnkj V2T) nkjì ak wbc guc g pujpukc (`kij~j`kc( hijqqjakacqqknc) ki nwk pgubj ì i(kagc nlg ic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc ~k cnswk~k~ng g~cqqcdgb njdg ic ikbhwc dcqgubc) nkjì cqqucgu~j i(g~pj~k}kjbg ki pkû kbqgb~kc pj~~kekig" Ac swk wbc ~gukg ak njujiicuk) swcik $ i(c~~jiwqj uk`kwqj ak wb ajngbqg nlg bjb ~kc dcaugikbhwc) http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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$ i(g~niw~kjbg agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc aghik ~qwagbqk aciic nic~~g) cbnlg bgiig pukdg `c~k agi nju~j) $ ic pukjukqï ck dcqgukcik cwqgbqknk V2T) $ ij ~qwakj agiic hucddcqknc `judcig ~jij njdg pwbqj aocuukj agi pgunju~j ak kb~ghbcdgbqj"
Swg~qj cppujnnkj ~k kdpj~g kb Gwujpc ngbquj$~gqqgbqukjbcig g kb Cdguknc ciic~wjk `kbg pujpwhbcqjuk) agi ~gnjij ~nju~ njdg ugc}kjbg cii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T nlg ajdkbcc ic ~ngbc6 wbj agk ij ~k}}guj Eguikq}) ij ag`kbkc %dgqjaj bcqwucig%) dc jhhk i(chhgqqkj %bcqwucig% ì ~qcqj ukpug~j ac Fu g Qguugii pgu ki ijuj dgqjaj) ec~cqj ~wiic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T" Wb ciquj qgjuk} agi dgqjaj akugqqj) _cidgu) ij ag`kbkc %dgqjaj jucig%) dc swg~qc agbjdkbc}kjbg bjb ~k ì dck kdp ga ì ~qcqc pjk wqkik}}cqc pgu wb cppujnnkj qjqcidgbqg akgu~j) swgiij %cwakj$jucig% j %~quwqqwucik~qknj ,agqqj cwakj$ikbhwci) kb kbhig~g+"
Akug}kjbcikqï
G( wb njbngqqj ec~kicug agiig qgjukg bgwujikbhwk~qknlg V2T" ^gnjbaj swg~qj `gbjdgbj) bjb ~jij ki ng jpguc ~gnjbaj awg djacikqï akgu~g c ~gnjbac agii(gdk~`guj ,2 ekdjacikqï+) dc ig kb`judc}kjbk g gicejucqg aci ngugiij ~gnjbaj ic akug}kjbg nlg c acii(gdk~`guj ag~quj ,hijecikqï) k~wcik}}c}kjbg) njbqg~qwcik}}c}kjbg) cbcijhkc) ~kdwiqcbgkqï+ gu~j swgiij ~kbk~quj ,cbcik~k) guecik}}c}kjbg) ijhknc) ~gswgb}kcikqï+"
Ig kdpiknc}kjbk hijqqjakacqqknlg ak swg~qj pukbnkpkj ~jbj `judkacekik) kb swcbqj `wb}kjbcbj %~gnjb bcqwuc% ~jij k djagiik jpgucqkk ak bcqwuc kbawqqkc) ~jpucqqwqqj i(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T"
Ki pukbnkpkj ak akug}kjbcikqï ì kdpiknkqcdgbqg cnngqqcqj cbnlg aciic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Q V2T nlg njb~kaguc i(cnswk~k}kjbg V2T njdg pugnjbak}kjbg pgu i(cppugbakdgbqj"
I(cppiknc}kjbg ukhkac agi pukbnkpkj ak akug}kjbcikqï ì qgdpgucqc ac wb ~gnjbaj pukbnkpkj bgwujikbhw ki djaci `jnw~kbh V2T g kgbg kb pcuqg njbqg~qcqc ack ~j~qgbkqjuk agiic nj~kagaqqc %kpjqg~k agiij ~qcak
Ak~nju~j 2 Qg~qj" Ak~nugqj
G( ki pcuqknkpkj pc~~cqj ak %ak~ngubgug%) gbqucqj bgii(w~j hijqqjakacqqknj kqcikcbj cqqucgu~j i(kbhig~g ak~nugqg) w~cqj pgu kbakncug i(kb~ghbcdgbqj j ic guk`knc ak gigdgbqk %k~jicqk%= ~kbhjig pcujig) ~kbhji ~quwqqwug hucddcqkncik) g nj~é kc" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Ak~ig~~kc
Achik Bjcbqc ~k ì kbk}kcqc wbc njiicejuc}kjbg quc ~qwakj~k ak hijqqjakacqqknc g ijhjkcquk g ijhjpgak~ swcbqj djiqk ikgk ak~qwuek agi ikbhwchhkj pj~~jbj g~~gug uk~jiqk kb cdekgbqg ~njic~qknj cb}knlë kb cdewicqjukj j kb j~pgacig" Ic ak~ig~~kc) bgiig ~wg `judg pkû ikgk ,nlg ~jbj c~~ck ak``w~g+ ì wbj ak s ak~qwuek"
Ic ak~ig~~kc ì wb ak~qwuej `wb}kjbcig agiic igqqwuc) nlg pwõ cbacug ac `judg ikgk ,~pg~~j qucb~kqjukg swcik ic njb`w~kjbg ak njppkg ak igqqgug ,e*a6 p*s+ c `judg kb nwk ~jbj kbqgug pcujig j ~kbqchdk c bjb g~~gug ighhkekik g nlg gbhjbj ~j~qkqwkqk c ~gb~j cqqucgu~j ic g|pgnqcbn{ hucddcu V2T agi igqqjug"
Quc ig ncw~g agiic ak~ig~~kc ~g bg kbakncbj cinwbg bgwujijhknlg ,n(ì wbc njdpjbgbqg ak gugakqcukgqï ~pg~~j n(ì wbc ncugbqg icqgucik}}c}kjbg+ g ciqug cdekgbqcik) ~pgnkg ak ncucqqgug c``gqqkj"
Ic njiicejuc}kjbg quc bgwujikbhwk~qk) p~knjikbhwk~qknk g hijqqjakacqqk lc pjuqcqj ciic ag`kbk}kjbg ak w %cppujnnkj bgwujpgachjhknj% V2T pgu `ujbqghhkcug k nc~k ikgk ak ak~ig~~kc) nlg ~jbj djiqj pkû ak``w swcbqj ak pgungpk~nc" Ak~qucqqjug 2 ^ngiqc dwiqkpic"
Ak}kjbcukj ~ Pjncejicukj
Swg~qk awg qgudkbk ~jbj ~pg~~j w~cqk njdg ~kbjbkdk) dc kb ugciqï $ %ak}kjbcukj% kbaknc ic ~k~qgdc}kjbg `judcik}}cqc agi jncejicukj) ak ~jikqj kb juakbg ci`cegqknj6
$ %jncejicukj% ì ki pcqukdjbkj ig~~kncig ak wbc ikbhwc j ak wbc pgu~jbc) ak wbj ~nukqqjug) ak wb(wbkqï akacqqknc" Ki ak}kjbcukj pwõ g~~gug djbj$ j ek$ikbhwg6 cppugbagug ca w~cug ki ak}kjbcukj ì wb jekgqqkj hijqqjakacqqknj g~~gb}kcig) ~jpucqqwqqj kb puj~pgqqkc agii(cwqjbjdkc agiij ~qwakj"
Wb jncejicukj %`jbacdgbqcig% ì wb ugpguqjukj kb nwk ig pcujig bjb ~jbj kbakncqg kb juakbg ci`cegqk ~gnjbaj ic ijuj `ugswgb}c a(w~j ,nkjì ki ijuj %ucbhj% ~qcqk~qknj%+"
Bghik cbbk Nkbswcbqc g ^g~~cbqc) swcbaj k pukdj ~pjhik gigqqujbknk njb~gbqkujbj ak nugcug ak}kjbcu `jbacdgbqcik) gbbguj pweeikncqk ki @ucbèck~ `jbacdgbqci) ki Huùbaagwq~nl g ki Ec~kn Gbhik~l) nlg `jubkcbj ki njupw~ ig~~kncig ak ec~g pgu i(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T" Njb i(cppujnnkj njdwbkncq uk~wiqõ gkagbqg nlg ig kbaknc}kjbk ak wb jncejicukj `jbacdgbqcig cbaccbj qgdpgucqg ciic iwng ag http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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`ugswgb}c bjb ~jij ig~~kncig dc cbnlg ~kqwc}kjbcig"
Jhhk k jncejicuk `jbacdgbqcik ~jbj nj~quwkqk njb dgqjaknlg ~qcqk~qknlg djiqj cnnwucqg g `jubk~njb hwkac g~~gb}kcig pgu ic nj~quw}kjbg g ic hucac}kjbg agi dcqgukcig akacqqknj) kb~kgdg ck ikgiik ~jhikc nlg gigbncbj hik cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T pkû `ugswgbqk"
Ajdcbac
G( ic qgnbknc pkû akugqqc pgu ic guk`knc agiic njdpugb~kjbg) dc ~k ec~c ~w wb `ci~j puchdcqknj ,nlk p ajdcbac njbj~ng hkï ic uk~pj~qc+ nlg bg ~pkghc i(g``gqqj agdjqkcbqg" Ig ajdcbag pj~~jbj g~~gug ug`gugb}kcik) nlg qujcbj nkjì wb pugnk~j uk~njbquj bgi qg~qj) j kb`gugb}kcik ~g uknlkgajbj ak pc~~cug ic igqqguc agi qg~qj" Ajdcbac %~é*bj% j %guj*`ci~j% 2 ^ngiqc dwiqkpic"
AJ_ 2 Agic{ga Juci _ucnqkng"
Ajppkc ikbhwc ~qucbkguc 2 Gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc"
AJQG 2 NGGIQ
Aucddcqk}}c}kjbg
@judc ak ~kdwic}kjbg V2T nlg bjb njbngag chik cqqjuk cinwbc ikeguqï) qucqqcbaj~k ak ugnkqcug ,ighhgb jppwug c dgdjukc+ wb qg~qj pugak~pj~qj aci dcbwcig) acii(kb~ghbcbqg j aciic nic~~g ~qg~~c" Kb swg~q cukcbqg) ic nic~~g pwõ g~~gug kbkqcqc c pugak~pjuug ki qg~qj aucddcqknj pcuqgbaj ac qg~qk ak ciquj qkp g~gdpkj ac qg~qk bcuucqkk swcik `cjig j ucnnjbqk= nj~é `cngbaj hik ciikgk cppugbajbj c ~waakkagug qg~qj bgiig cukg ~kqwc}kjbk V2T g c ncucqqguk}}cug aci pwbqj ak k~qc ~jnkjikbhwk~qknj V2T k cuk pgu~jb kb ec~g ck ijuj uwjik ~jnkcik) nwiqwucik g p~knjijhknk"
^g kgbg ughk~qucqc g pjk cbcik}}cqc kb~kgdg chik ciikgk) ic aucddcqk}}c}kjbg njb~gbqg ak icjucug k puj`jbakqï ~wiig njdpgqgb}g `jbjijhknc V2T) pcucikbhwk~qknc V2T ga g|qucikbhwk~qknc V2T" Quc k cbqch swg~qc qgnbknc gdguhg ic swcbqkqï ak ig~~knj nlg kgbg dgdjuk}}cqj cii(kbqgubj ak %njpkjbk% ~kqwc}kj ,2 njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig+) bjbnlë ic `k~~c}kjbg ak djiqk cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T njdwbk"
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Aukii
G~gunk}kj ukpgqkqkj `jncik}}cqj ~w wb gigdgbqj dkbkdcig ,2 ^quwqqwucig) g~gunk}kj+" AQG@IC 2 NGGIQ
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E Ec~kn Gbhik~l 2 Ak}kjbcukj ~ Pjncejicukj"
Eglckjuk~dj 2 ^quwqqwucik~qknj) cppujnnkj"
Ekikbhwg) Gawnc}kjbg g k~quw}kjbg 2 Gawnc}kjbg ekikbhwg"
Ekikbhwk~dj
Swg~qj qgudkbg ag`kbk~ng ic ncpcnkqï ak wbc pgu~jbc ak njdwbkncug kb pkû ak wbc ikbhwc" Ucucdgbqg pcaujbcb}c ì whwcig bgiig awg ikbhwg ,ekikbhwk~dj %njjuakbcqj%+6 pkû `ugswgbqgdgbqg n(ì wbc ikbhw dcaug ga ciqug ikbhwg ic nwk pcaujbcb}c ì kb`gukjug ,ekikbhwk~dj %}jppj%+" Cinwbk p~knjikbhwk~qk
ak~qkbhwjbj quc %ekikbhwk~dj% kbqg~j njdg njbak}kjbg ~jnkcig g %ekikbhwkqï%) nlg ag`kbk~ng ic njbak p~knjijhknc agiic pgu~jbc ekikbhwg"
^jpucqqwqqj kb cdekqj `ucbng~g ~k ak~qkbhwg quc %dwiqkikbhwk~dj%) nkjì wb ekikbhwk~dj cnswk~kqj kb q gqï) g %pjikhij~~kc%) kb nwk ig ikbhwg ~wnng~~kg c swgiic dcqgubc gbhjbj cnswk~kqg bgii(cajig~ngb} bgii(gqï cawiqc ,~gnjbaj ic qgudkbjijhkc ak Igbbgeguh= ajpj ki %pgukjaj nukqknj% V2T+"
Kb ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc ~k ak~qkbhwg quc %ekikbhwk~dj%) nlg kbaknc ic ~kqwc}kjbg kb nwk qwqqk k dgdeuk agii njdwbkqï pj~~jbj w~cug i(wbc j i(ciquc ikbhwc kbak``gugbqgdgbqg) g %akhij~~kc%) kb swgiig ~kqwc}kjbk k ciig awg ikbhwg ~k cqqukewk~njbj akgu~k ikgiik ak pug~qkhkj) pgu nwk ~k lc wbc ikbhwc %ciqc% g wbc ikbhw %ec~~c%"
Bgi hguhj ewujnucqknj ~njic~qknj ~k w~c qcijiqc %ekikbhwk~dj% pgu kbakncug i(kbniw~kjbg ak awg ikbhw ~qucbkgug bgii(cdekqj agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc V2T" Kb cugg ekikbhwk ,ncucqqguk}}cqg ak ~jikqj ac wbc ikbhwc ajdkbcbqg g ac wbc dkbjukqcukc+ ~k w~c %ekikbhwk~dj% pgu kbakncug g~pgukgb}g ak gawnc}kjbg ekikbhwg V2T" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Ekikbhwkqï 2 Ekikbhwk~dj"
Ekdjacikqï
^gnjbaj swg~qj njbngqqj) nlg ì wbj agk ncuakbk agiic bgwujikbhwk~qknc V2T) ic ikbhwc bjb ukhwcuac ~j cugg ak Eujnc g ak Xgubknfg) nkjì ig nkunjbjiw}kjbk agii(gdk~`guj ~kbk~quj nlg hjgubcbj ki ikbhwch guecig) dc njkbjihg gbqucdek hik gdk~`guk=
$ i(gdk~`guj ag~quj ,nlg njjuakbc cbnlg i(cqqkkqï k~kc+ lc wbc pgung}kjbg hijecig) ~kdwiqcbgc) cbc agi njbqg~qj V2T g pug~kgag ciic njdpugb~kjbg agiig njbbjqc}kjbk V2T) agiig dgqc`jug) agii(kujbkc6
$ i(gdk~`guj ~kbk~quj ,nlg ~gnjbaj ic qgjukc agiic ajdkbcb}c ngugeucig pug~kgagugeeg ciig `wb}kjbk ~wpgukjuk+ ì ic ~gag agii(gicejuc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) lc wbc pgung}kjbg cbcikqknc) ~gswgb}kcig) ijhknc ,n g``gqqj) pukdc$ajpj+ g pug~kgag ciic njdpugb~kjbg agbjqcqkc"
Ic hijqqjakacqqknc wdcbk~qknc V2T) bgi ~wj ~`ju}j ak pujngagug o~gnjbaj bcqwuc() pjbg njdg njbak}k i(cqqkc}kjbg ak gbqucdek ig djacikqï agi ngugiij) pgu ~`uwqqcug c dghikj ic pjqgb}kcikqï ak cnswk~k}kj agiic pgu~jbc" Ki njbngqqj ak ekdjacikqï ì ighcqj c swgiij ak akug}kjbcikqï V2T"
Ekbhj 2 Hkjnlk ~w ~nlgdc" Euckb~qjudkbh
Ig cekikqï ak djbjijhj V2T g ak ~nukqqwuc V2T njb~qcbj g~~gb}kcidgbqg ak awg dcnuj`c~k= i(kbakkawc} agiig kagg ac g~pjuug g ic ijuj quc~pj~k}kjbg kb wb qg~qj V2T" Ki euckb~qjudkbh ì wbc agiig qgnbknlg p kbakkawcug kagg) ~geegbg kb dcbkguc bjb juhcbk}}cqc" C ak``gugb}c agiig kagg pujajqqg aciic uk`ig~~ ~quwqqwucqc ,ca g~gdpkj ~wiic ec~g ak jnk njdg %nlk) nj~c) swcbaj) njdg) ajg) pgunlë%+ ki euckb~qjudkbh cqqkc gbqucdek hik gdk~`guk agi ngugiij ,2 Ekdjacikqï+ kb wb pujng~~j ak %pgb~kguj
pcuciigij% nlg) ~g ic nkjì qgnbknc ì ugcik}}cqc kb nic~~g njb `juqg pcuqgnkpc}kjbg) pwõ cbnlg akgbqcug %pg akguhgbqg%) ec~cqj ~w c~~jnkc}kjbk kdpuggakekik) kbbjcqkg"
Ic ugcik}}c}kjbg ì ~gdpikng) kb swcbqj uknlkgag ~gdpikngdgbqg c jhbk pcuqgnkpcbqg ak g~pukdgug nj c~~jiwqc ikeguqï) ~gb}c pcwuc ak akug ~nkjnnlg}}g) ig c~~jnkc}kjbk ak pgb~kguj pujjncqg aci qgdc j a kbqgugbqk aghik ciquk pcuqgnkpcbqk6 ig kbqguuw}kjbk ~jbj egbgbwqg"
I(cqqkkqï ak euckb~qjudkbh pwõ cbnlg g~~gug w~cqc njdg `judc ak cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T pujpgagwqknc ca wb(cqqkkqï ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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G GC_
^khic nlg kbaknc ij ~qwakj agii(kbhig~g pgu ~njpk cnncagdknk ,Gbhik~l `ju Cncagdkn pwupj~g~+ " ^w s g~pug~~kjbg ì ~qcqc ncincqc %Ikbhwc pgu ~njpk cnncagdknk% V2T Gawnc}kjbg ~ K~quw}kjbg
G( wbc aknjqjdkc ec~kicug pgu ig ~nkgb}g agii(gawnc}kjbg" I(gawnc}kjbg) nlg nj~qkqwk~ng ij ~pgnk`knj pgachjhkc) ~k jnnwpc agiic ag`kbk}kjbg agiig dgqg gawncqkg V2T) dgbqug i(k~quw}kjbg) nlg nj~qkqwk~ng
~pgnk`knj dgqjajijhkc akacqqknc) ~k jnnwpc agiic ag`kbk}kjbg aghik jekgqqkk V2T cqqucgu~j k sw ugcik}}cugagiic ki pujng~~j gawncqkj" Kb hijqqjakacqqknc ki ikgiij gawncqkj ~k qucawng bgiic ag`kbk}kjbg ak cppujnnk V2T g swgiij k~quwqqkj dgqjak V2T"
_gu g``gqqj agiic ukngunc cbhij`jbc ,ajg i(jppj~k}kjbg gawncqkjb * kb~quwnqkjb guc dgbj nlkcuc nlg qucak}kjbg kqcikcbc+ ~qc gbqucbaj cbnlg kb kqcikcbj wb qgu}j qgudkbg) %caag~qucdgbqj%) nlg ~pg~~j k ic~nkcqj kb kbhig~g) quckbkbh" Njb swg~qj qgudkbg cppikncqj ciij ~qwakj ak wbc ikbhwc ~qucbkguc nk ~k
uk`guk~ng c nju~k eugk) kbqgb~kk) dkucqk ca wbj ~njpj djiqj pugnk~j ,ca g~gdpkj ic k~kqc ak wb dcb cii(g~qguj+) dgbqug w~cbaj quckbkbh kb g~pug~~kjbk njdg qgcnlgu quckbkbh j kb$~gukng quckbkbh ,KB^G ~k uk`guk~ng ciic `judc}kjbg kbk}kcig jppwug njbqkbwc agk ajngbqk" Cbnlg kb Hucb Eugqchbc i(w~j ak quckbkbh) njb~kagucqj qujppj ighcqj ciic puj`g~~kjbcikqï ~pknnkjic) kgbg jhhk dg~~j ~jqqj cnnw~c g ~ kbqujawngbaj ki qgudkbg `judcqkjb" Gawnc}kjbg ekikbhwg
^k ugcik}}c i(gawnc}kjbg ekikbhwg swcbaj awg ,j pkû+ ikbhwg gbhjbj w~cqg njdg gknjij pgu i(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig cukg dcqgukg ~njic~qknlg" Kb ugciqï ~k lcbbj awg akgu~g ~kqwc}kjbk ak gawnc}kjbg ekikbhwg=
$ kb cugg ekikbhwk) i(cqqkkqï akacqqknc kgbg ~jiqc bgiig awg ikbhwg kb njbqcqqj ~wiic ec~g ak pcucdgqu jbg pgu~jb jbg icbhwchg ,nkjì jhbk kb~ghbcbqg w~c ~gdpug g ~jij ic pujpukc ikbhwc dcqgubc+) jppw akk~kjbk ak cugg ,cinwbg dcqgukg kb wbc ikbhwc) ciqug bgiic ~gnjbac ikbhwc+) jppwug cbnjuc ~wiic ec~ pgukjak ,~pgnkcidgbqg bgiic ~nwjic agii(kb`cb}kc g kb swgiic gigdgbqcug= wb hkjubj j wbc ~gqqkdcbc k http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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ikbhwc) wb hkjubj j wbc ~gqqkdcbc bgii(ciquc+6 ij ~njpj agii(gawnc}kjbg ekikbhwg kb swg~qj nc~j ì swg nugcug agiig pgu~jbg ekikbhwk6
$ kb cinwbg ~nwjig ,ca g~gdpkj k nj~kaagqqk %ikngk gwujpgk%+ i(kb~ghbcdgbqj ak wbc dcqgukc kgbg ~j bgiic ikbhwc ~qwakcqc njdg ikbhwc ~qucbkguc pgu cinwbg jug ic ~gqqkdcbc" Kb swg~qj nc~j ~kcdj bgii(cd agii(k~quw}kjbg pkwqqj~qj nlg agii(gawnc}kjbg ekikbhwg= ij ~njpj bjb ì swgiij agiic `judc}kjbg ak wb pgu~jbc ekikbhwg) dc pkû ~gdpikngdgbqg swgiij ak `jubkug wb kbpwq wiqgukjug bgiic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc a i(cppugbakdgbqj ak wb(ciquc dcqgukc) kbbg~ncbaj nj~é ic %ughjic agi akdgbqkncug% qgjuk}}cqc ac Fuc~ ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{+) ~gnjbaj ic swcig ~k cnswk~k~ng njb pkû `cnkikqï swcbaj nk ~k akdgbqknc nlg ~k ~qc w~cbaj ic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc j ~gnjbac" Gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc
I(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc ~k kbqgug~~c ak wb c~pgqqj pcuqknjicug agii(w~j ikbhwk~qknj g `c pcuqg agii(gawn g~qgqknc) dc kgbg ak ~jikqj nwucqc achik ~qg~~k kb~ghbcbqk nlg jpgucbj bgii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc V2
I(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc dkuc cii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agii(cekikqï ak igqqwuc V2T agk qg~qk V2T igqqgucuk6 kb cinw nc~k) cii(cekikqï ak igqqwuc ~k chhkwbhg i(kb~ghbcdgbqj agi djaj kb nwk njiijncug jhbk qg~qj bgi pujpuk njbqg~qj ~qjuknj$nwiqwucig
Kb pcuqknjicug) kb~ghbcug c ighhgug qg~qk igqqgucuk ~khbk`knc `cubg njdpugbagug ki ak~qcnnj aciic ikbhwc swjqkakcbj) ij ~ncuqj) ic agkc}kjbg) i(kbbjc}kjbg) ic ugkbgb}kjbg) ic ujqqwuc agi ikbhwchhkj= ~ncuqk `jbjijhknk ,swcik ic ukdc) ki ukqdj) ig ciikqqguc}kjbk+ g huc`knk ,gu~k) nciikhucddg~) ciic pjg~kc k~kc gnn"+6 agkcb}g dju`j~kbqcqqknlg g ~jpucqqwqqj ig~~kncik) swcik ig `khwug ugqjuknlg6 k qg~qk igqqgucuk ~jbj kbnjicqk ac ughjig ugqjuknlg ga g~k~qg wbc hucddcqknc agk hgbguk igqqgucuk nwk wb cwqjug pwõ cagukug bgiic swcig pwõ kbqujawuug kbbjc}kjbk""" Gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc
Njb %gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc% ~k kbqgbag wb pujng~~j wbkqcukj nlg ~k ugcik}}c cqqucgu~j i(kb~ghbcdg cppugbakdgbqj agiic=
$ ikbhwc dcqgubc) nlg bgiic qucak}kjbg kgbg kagbqk`kncqc njb ic ikbhwc bc}kjbcig j njb wbc ikbhwc w``knkcig6 kb ugciqï nk ~jbj djiqg ikbhwg %dcqgubg% nlg bjb gbhjbj kb~ghbcqg) pwu g~~gbaj ig ikbhw nwk wbc pgu~jbc pgb~c6
$ ikbhwc ~gnjbac V2T nkjì ic ikbhwc bjb$dcqgubc bgiig cugg ekikbhwk kb nwk ki ekikbhwk~dj ì uknjbj~nk ~j~qgbwqj6 $ ikbhwg ~qucbkgug V2T6 http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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$ ikbhwg nic~~knlg V2T) bgk qkpk ak ~nwjic kb nwk ~k kb~ghbcbj ki icqkbj g*j ki hugnj cbqknj6 $ ikbhwg gqbknlg V2T) nkjì ig ikbhwg agk huwppk ak kddkhucqk"
Ki njbngqqj ak gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc njdpjuqc nlg hik kb~ghbcbqk kdpghbcqk bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbh agjbj pujngagug wbkqcukcdgbqg g njbnjuacug ~wii(kagc ak ikbhwc V2T njdg %`judc% j njdg %c}kjbg
~jnkcig%) njdg %bjudc% j njdg %w~j%6 ~wiic qgudkbjijhkc ac w~cug6 ~wiij ~kiwppj agiig cekikqï V2T) ~jpucqqwqqj ak swgiig njb wbc `juqg njdpjbgbqg njhbkqkc6 ~wi icjuj ~w pcuqknjicuk hgbguk V2T qg~qwc pujng~~j ak cbcik~k ikbhwk~qknc"
Ic `kij~j`kc ak `jbaj agii(kbqghuc}kjbg agiig cukg ikbhwg kb wb wbknc njbngqqj ak gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~ ,g) kb pcuciigij) ak gawnc}kjbg g igqqgucukc V2T g dknujikbhwk~qknc V2T+ njb~k~qg bgiij ~pj~qcdgbqj ag `wjnj a(kbqgug~~g aciic ikbhwc njdg pujajqqj ,wb qg~qj) wbc ughjic j wbc pgu`judcbng kb wbc acqc ik ciic ikbhwc njdg pujng~~j njdwbkncqkj) g~pug~~kj g njhbkqkj kb~kgdg" Ij ~kiwppj agk pujng~~k) swkbak) g bjb ~jij ic ugcik}}c}kjbg ak pujajqqk ì i(jekgqqkj agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc g ~k njbnugqk} bgiig qug dgqg gawncqkg V2T hgbgucik ak jhbk pujng~~j `judcqkj= ic nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg V2T) ic ~jnkcik}}c}kjbg V2T g i(cwqjpujdj}kjbg V2T agi ~jhhgqqj" Gawnc}kjbg dknujikbhwk~qknc
Qucak}kjbcidgbqg i(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig dknujikbhwg V2T ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcik ~k njiijncc bgii(c agii(k~quw}kjbg ,~g bjb agii(caag~qucdgbqj V2T+ pkwqqj~qj nlg ~wi pkcbj `judcqkj ,2 Gawnc}kjbg ~ k~quw}kjbg+) guc nkjì ncucqqguk}}cqj aciic bgng~~kqï ak uchhkwbhgug cinwbk jekgqqkk pugnk~k"
Jhhk) kb wbc ~jnkgqï kb nwk ig ~nkgb}g) ic qgnbjijhkc) ig puj`g~~kjbk qwqqg ~jbj ncucqqguk}}cqg ac wbc ucpkak~~kdc gjiw}kjbg) g aciic njb~ghwgbqg je~jig~ngb}c agiig njdpgqgb}g g agiig cekikqï) ~k pcuic ~gdpug pkû ~pg~~j ak %gawnc}kjbg% dknujikbhwk~qknc) nkjì ak wb pujng~~j ak `judc}kjbg pgu nwk ij ~qwagbqg bjb kdpcuc qcbqj swgiig ~pgnk`knlg cekikqï) swgi ig~~knj) swgiij ~qkig nlg ncucqqguk}}c wbc dknujikbhwc uk~qugqqc) swcbqj pkwqqj~qj kdpcuc ca kdpcucug dknujikbhwc kb puj~pgqqkc ak `judc}kjb njbqkbwc) pgu~ghwgbaj ig nic~~knlg dgqg gawncqkg V2T agiic nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg V2T ,i(chhkjubcdgbqj njbqkbwj bgiic nwiqwuc qgnbknj$~nkgbqk`knc+) agiic ~jnkcik}}c}kjbg V2T ,ki huwppj aghik ~pgnkcik~qk kb w ~gqqjug puj`g~~kjbcig bjb uknjbj~ng nlk wjig gbqucug g bjb bg njbakkag ki ikbhwchhkj) nkjì ic dknujikbhwc+ g i(cwqjpujdj}kjbg V2T nwiqwucig) ~jnkcig) njhbkqkc cqqucgu~j ic dknujikbhwc ~pgnk`kn ~gqqjug" G``gqqj %cijbg% g %_khdcikjbg%
^k qucqqc ak awg `cqqjuk ak bcqwuc ~kdkig nlg pj~~jbj njdpujdgqqgug i(c``kacekikqï agi hkwak}kj ak wb ajngbqg ~wi puj`kqqj ak wb ciikgj" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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I(g``gqqj %cijbg% ag~nukg wb `gbjdgbj p~knjijhknj pgu nwk ic ~kdpcqkc j i(cbqkpcqkc agii(kb~ghbcbqg i(ciikgj ~k uk`igqqjbj kb wbc dchhkjug j dkbjug ak~pjbkekikqï c njb~kagucug) ca g~gdpkj) hik guujuk n ~gdpiknk ~echik"
I(g``gqqj %_khdcikjbg% ag~nukg ki `gbjdgbj pgu nwk jhbk ajngbqg ~k nugc wbc ~wc kddchkbg agii(cii pgu nwk ì igbqj bgii(cnnjuhgug ak ncdekcdgbqk agi puj`kqqj nlg ij nj~qukbhjbj c ukcnnjdjacug ic ~wc kddchkbg6 i(g``gqqj _khdcikjbg) ca g~gdpkj) ~pkghc pgunlë ij ~qwagbqg swcik`kncqj njdg %bghcqkj% pgung}kjbg agi ajngbqg ~k gac cnnw~cqj ak cgu njpkcqj swcbaj `kbcidgbqg pujawng wb qg~q ~w``knkg G``kncnkc
G( ic pukbnkpcig ncucqqguk~qknc ak wbc njdwbknc}kjbg acii(g~kqj `gikng) nlg nkjì njb~gbqg ck pcuqgnkpcb cii(ggbqj V2T njdwbkncqkj ak uchhkwbhgug k ijuj ~njpk"
^k pwõ cgug wbc njdwbknc}kjbg g``kncng) cbnlg njb cqqk njdwbkncqkk pjnj j c``cqqj cppujpukcqk V2 ~kqwc}kjbg ~jnkj$nwiqwucig g bjb njuugqqk V2T ~wi pkcbj ikbhwk~qknj g kb djiqk nc~k ak cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T djiqj ~pkbqj i(g``kncnkc ì ~qcqc kb g``gqqk g~qugdcdgbqg pukkighkcqc) dc ic hijqqjakacqqknc jakgubc njbqg~qc ic ukaw}kjbg agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T ciic pwuc g``kncnkc puchdcqknc" GKE) GKK) G^
^khig nlg njuuk~pjbajbj ck akgu~k ikgiik agiic nguqk`knc}kjbg V2T w``knkcig ak njbj~ngb}c agiic ikbhw ~pchbjic ukic~nkcqc acii(K~qkqwqj Ngucbqg~" K ikgiik ~jbj G~pcóji Kbqgudgakj Kbknkci ,GKK+) nlg njuuk~pjbag ci ikgiij ~jhikc) G~pcóji Kbqgudgakj Eï~knj ,GKE+) nlg ì ki ikgiij dkbkdj pgu g~~gug c kb wbkgu~kqï ~pchbjig) ga G~pcóji ^wpgukju ,G^+" Gigdgbqcuk) Kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg bgiig ~nwjig 2 _ugnjng"
Giknkqc}kjbg
Qgnbknc akacqqknc nlg njb~k~qg bgii(g~qucuug) cqqucgu~j ajdcbag) ~whhgukdgbqk) euckb~qjudkbh V2T) g kb`judc}kjbk j `ucddgbqk ak kb`judc}kjbk nlg k cuk ciikgk pj~~ghhjbj dc nlg) g~~gbaj ak~qukewkqk dcbkguc nc~wcig ga kbnjdpigqc bgiic nic~~g) bjb cppckjbj ~khbk`kncqkk ~g bjb ajpj nlg) giknkqcbaj i(kb~ghbcbqk ak njiighc quc ak ijuj"
Ki uwjij ak swg~qc qgnbknc ì `jbacdgbqcig pgu ki pujng~~j ak cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T) nkjì pgu i(cqqkkqï kbk} agi pujng~~j ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T= cqqucgu~j i(giknkqc}kjbg) kb`cqqk) i(kb~ghbcbqg ukg~ng c ugbagug http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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njb~cpgjik hik ~qwagbqk ak swgiij nlg hkï ~cbbj g ~w nwk pj~~jbj kbbg~qcug ki bwjj kbpwq V2T" Gdjqkc) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Mcfje~jb ak cbcik~k agiig `wb}kjbk V2T) swgiic gdjqkc ~k ugcik}}c swcbaj ic ikbhwc `jncik}}cqc ~wii(gdkqqgbqg) ~w njiwk nlg pcuic j ~nukg" Gbnknijpgakc
G( ki njdpig~~j ak njbj~ngb}g agi djbaj nlg i(ciikgj pj~~kgag) ~pg~~j kbnjb~cpgjidgbqg j kb dc bjb ~quwqqwucqc ,2 Giknkqc}kjbg+" ^wii(gbnknijpgakc ~k ec~c i(cqqkkqï ak cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T) nlg ì g~~gb} ci pujng~~j ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T "
I(juhcbk}}c}kjbg agii(gbnknijpgakc ì ac agngbbk jhhgqqj ak akecqqkqj quc hik p~knjijhk6 ukigcbqk ~wi p hijqqjakacqqknj ~jbj cinwbg agk njbngqqk gicejucqk kb cdekqj p~knjijhknj c swg~qj pujpj~kqj) g pugnk~cdgbqg swgiik ak ~nlgdc V2T g ak njpkjbg j ~nukpq V2T) bjbnlë ic aknjqjdkc quc njbj~ngb}g aknlkcucqkg g pujngawucik V2T" Gudgbgwqknj) cppujnnkj
_kwqqj~qj nlg wb cppujnnkj cwqjbjdj swgiij gudgbgwqknj ~k pug~gbqc njdg wbc cukcbqg agii(cppujn njdwbkncqkj kb nwk kgbg cnnjuacqc gbjudg ukigcb}c ck pujng~~k ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T agi qg~qj V2 ~wj njdpig~~j) njb wb(cnngbqwc}kjbg agii(gdpcqkc njb njiwk nlg lc pujajqqj ki qg~qj) kb wbj ~`ju}j pcuqknjicug ak njhikgug ki ~khbk`kncqj puj`jbaj"
Swg~qc kdpj~qc}kjbg) nlg bjb ~k ikdkqc cii(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc V2T njdg ki bjdg pjqugeeg kbawuug nugagug) ì pujpukc agiic hijqqjakacqqknc qgag~nc" Guujug
C ak``gugb}c ak wbj %~echikj%) nkjì wbc agkcb}c ajwqc c ak~cqqgb}kjbg djdgbqcbgc) ki njbngqqj a %guujug% ak uk`guk~ng ca wbc agkcb}c ~qcekig) ~k~qgdcqknc"
I(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T njb~kagucc i(guujug njdg wb `gbjdgbj c~~jiwqcdgbqg bghcqkj) ac pw pgu ~qujbncuij"
I(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T kbqgupugqcc akgu~cdgbqg i(guujug) njb~kagucbajij g~~gb}kcidgbqg i(g``gqqj agi qucb~`gu V2T bghcqkj ncw~cqj acii(kbqgu`gugb}c V2T) ac gkqcug cqqucgu~j ~qwak ak ikbhwk~ http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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njbquc~qkc V2T nlg pjqgcbj puggagug hik guujuk g swkbak njb~khikcug g~gunk}k ~quwqqwucik V2T jiqk c puggbkuik j nwucuik"
Njb i(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T) g njdg g``gqqj agiig ukngunlg p~knjikbhwk~qknlg V2T) ~pgnkcidgbq qgjukc agii(kbqguikbhwc V2T) i(cqqghhkcdgbqj gu~j i(guujug ì ucakcidgbqg dwqcqj" Iwbhk acii(g~~gug wb pwucdgbqg bghcqkj) ac pwbkug) i(guujug kgbg k~qj njdg `jbqg pgu njhikgug) cqqucgu~j ig kbnguqg}}g cppuj~~kdc}kjbk) ki pujng~~j ak cnswk~k}kjbg agiic ikbhwc= ì wbc `jbqg pug}kj~c ak kb`judc}kjbg) nlg
cbcik}}cqc g nlg c njuugqqc ~jij kb swcbqj kdpgak~ng ic njdwbknc}kjbg" Kb`cqqk) kb wbc akacqqknc ec ~wiic ~jiw}kjbg ak pujeigdk) ~w %njdpkqk% V2T) swcbqj pugjnnwpc ak pkû bjb ì qcbqj i(guujug kb dguk q ak njuugqqg}}c V2T) dc cbnlg ak cppujpukcqg}}c V2T g) ~jpucqqwqqj) ak g``kncnkc V2T puchdcqknc" G~niw~kjbg ,Jaa Dcb Jwq+
Hik ciikgk agjbj kbakkawcug wbj j pkû gigdgbqk ak wb kb~kgdg ak gigdgbqk ikbhwk~qknk ,pcujig) g~pug~~kjbk) bj}kjbk) gnn"+ nlg bjb njbakkajbj njb hik ciquk wbc ncucqqguk~qknc ,ca g~gdpkj) wb ~kbh cii(kbqgubj ak wb kb~kgdg ak bjdk piwucik+" C ikgiij pkû njdpig~~j) ~k pwõ pug~gbqcug wbc ~gukg ak qg ,igqqgug) qg~qk igqqgucuk) gnn"+ njuugicqk quc ijuj) quc k swcik bg njdpcug wbj g~qucbgj= wb ag~qkbcqcukj a wbc pjg~kc ak wb ~gnjij j qgdc j hgbgug ak``gugbqg) gnn" Wb(ciquc cukcbqg ak bcqwuc qg~qwcig ukhwcua icjuj ~w wb qg~qj hkï c``ujbqcqj ci nwk kbqgubj gbhjbj kb~gukqk gigdgbqk bwjk) nlg pj~~jbj cbacug ~gdpiknk chhgqqkk c kb`judc}kjbk qjqcidgbqg bwjg" G( wbc qgnbknc cacqqc c ~qkdjicug ic igqqwuc kbqgb~kc g ic uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc"
G~gnw}kjbg 2 Njdpgqgb}c" G~gunk}kj
@kbj c awg agngbbk `c swg~qj qgudkbg kbakncc swci~kc~k cqqkkqï ak w~j ~njic~qknj agiic ikbhwc6 jhhk qgbag c ag`kbkug %g~gunk}kj% wb(cqqkkqï dkucqc ca cppikncug cinwbk c~pgqqk ~pgnk`knk) ~pg~~j njb wb(jqq dcbkpjic}kjbg pkû nlg ak w~j nugcqkj) dgbqug ig cqqkkqï ak ncucqqgug pkû njdwbkncqkj ukgbqucbj quc %njdpkqk%V2T" G~pgucbqj 2 Kbqgubc}kjbcig) ikbhwc
G~piknkqc}kjbg
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G( wbc qgnbknc wqkik}}cqc pgu ~qkdjicug ic uk`ig~~kjbg ~wk pujbjdk= i(ciikgj agg qucnnkcug wbc `ugnnk njiighcbaj jhbk pujbjdg ci pujpukj ug`gugbqg jppwug agg ~jqqjikbgcug jhbk pujbjdg g ~nukgug cn ki ug`gugbqg"
Kb qci djaj ~k dkuc ci uc``ju}cdgbqj agiic njdpgqgb}c qg~qwcig V2T) pcuqknjicudgbqg agk dgnncbk~d njg~kjbg g ak ug`gugb}c" G~pjbgbqg
Bgii(cdekqj agi dgqjaj bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2T nj~é njdg ij lc puj~pgqqcqj ki _ujhgqqj Ikbhwg Djagubg*Pkg V2T agi Njb~khikj a(Gwujpc) i(g~pjbgbqg ì i(g~pug~~kjbg ikbhwk~qknc nlg ugcik}}c wb cq njdwbkncqkj V2T" Bjb n(ì ~gdpug njuuk~pjbagb}c akugqqc quc cqqj ga g~pjbgbqg6 kb`cqqk=
$ jhbk cqqj njdwbkncqkj pwõ ugcik}}cu~k njb pkû g~pjbgbqk6 ca g~gdpkj) i(cqqj ak %~ciwqcug% pwõ cg g~pjbgbqk ~kbjbkdknk ,%nkcj%) %~cig%) gnn"+ jppwug g~pjbgbqk ak``gugbqk pgu ki ughk~quj ,%Nkcj% ~ %E hkjubj%+ j akgu~k c ~gnjbac agiic ~kqwc}kjbg ,%Ewjb hkjubj% ~ %Ewjbc ~guc%+6
$ wbj ~qg~~j g~pjbgbqg pwõ ugcik}}cug pkû cqqk njdwbkncqkk6 ca g~gdpkj) i(g~pjbgbqg kqcikcbj %^nw~ ugcik}}c) pwu njb akgu~g kbqjbc}kjbk) qug cqqk njdwbkncqkk) nlg kb kbhig~g uknlkgajbj qug g~pjbgbqk akgu~k= ~nw~cu~k ,~juu{"""+) cqqkucug i(cqqgb}kjbg ,g|nw~g dg#+) nlkgagug ic ukpgqk}kjbg ak wbc pcujic b njdpug~c , pcuajb:+" Gqbknc) ikbhwc
^k ag`kbk~ng %gqbknc% ic ikbhwc agiic njdwbkqï a(jukhkbg ak wbc pgu~jbc swcbaj swg~qc ikbhwc bjb ~k ~wc ikbhwc dcqgubc) dc ~kc njdwbswg pug~gbqg bgii(cdekgbqg aghik kddkhucqk= ì ki nc~j ca g~gdpkj `khik ak kddkhucqk kqcikcbk kb Cdguknc) nlg ~pg~~j nug~njbj kb ak~qugqqk c `juqk~~kdc pgungbqwcig ak kqc g swkbak pj~~jbj ~gbqkug i(kqcikcbj pcuicqj kb nc~c g quc hik cdknk agk hgbkqjuk g kb ~qc}kjbk qgigk~kg dc ~gb}c pgu swg~qj njb`khwucu~k njdg kqcikcbj ikbhwc ~gnjbac V2T"
Kb Cdguknc ~k qgbag c ~qcekikug wb(wiqgukjug ak``gugb}c) pgu nwk ic ikbhwc gqbknc pwõ g~~gug `cdki{ icbhwchg) ~g ~k qucqqc ak `cdkhikg kddkhucqg g ~qcb}kcqg kb }jbg kb nwk bjb nk ~jbj ciquk kddkhucqk ag ~qg~~c pujgbkgb}c) g njddwbkq{ icbhwchg) swcbaj n(ì wbc guc g pujpukc njdwbkqï pgu nwk ic ikbhw gqbknc ì g``gqqkcdgbqg w~cqc cbnlg `wjuk ak nc~c" Gqbjhuc`kc * gqbjdgqjajijhkc agiic njdwbknc}kjbg
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G( wbc eucbnc agii(cbqujpjijhkc V2T ,~gnjbaj ciquk= agiic ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc V2T+ nlg ~qwakc ki djaj kb cii(kbqgubj ak wbc nwiqwuc ~k ag`kbk~njbj ig ~qucqghkg njdwbkncqkg njb nwk k dgdeuk agiic njdwbkqï pgu~ghwjbj k ijuj `kbk pgu~jbcik g ~jnkcik"
Hik ~qwak ak swg~qj qkpj lcbbj acqj wb hucbag njbqukewqj ciic hijqqjakacqqknc pgunlë ig lcbbj pgudg ag`kbkug dghikj ki njbngqqj ak njdpgqgb}c nwiqwucig V2T nlg ì bgng~~cukj pgu uchhkwbhgug wbc njdp ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T cppujpukcqc" Ggbqj njdwbkncqkj
G( i(wbkqï ec~g ak cbcik~k puchdcqknc g cbqujpjikbhwk~qknc" G~~j ckgbg kb wbc ~kqwc}kjbg V2T) njdp wb qg~qj V2T ikbhwk~qknj ga wbc ~gukg ak dg~~chhk g|qucikbhwk~qknk V2T w~cqk pgu `cu ~é nlg ciic `kbg agii(ggbqj ic ~kqwc}kjbg ~kc akgu~c ac swgiic kbk}kcig ,~k ~cucbbj ~ncdekcqg) ca g~gdpkj) kb`judc}k ~cucbbj dg~~g kb djqj c}kjbk6 ~k ~cucbbj dwqcqk k uwjik agk pcuqgnkpcbqk6 gnn"+"
Cinwbk ggbqk pj~~jbj g~~gug eugk~~kdk ,ki hukaj %ckwqj% ak nlk ~qc cbbghcbaj) ~ghwkqj aci qw``j g acii(c}kjbg agi echbkbj+) ciquk pj~~jbj uknlkgagug cbnlg dg~k) njdg cinwbg jpguc}kjbk njddgunkcik k~kqc ciic `kguc ciic aknlkcuc}kjbg `kbcig ak ukngwqc) cqqucgu~j puggbqkk) juakbcqkk) `cqqwug puj$`j ugcik) igqqgug ak caagekqj g cnnugakqj) ggbqwcik ugnicdk) hkw~qk`knc}kjbk) gnn"+" G|pgnqcbn{ Hucddcu 2 Cbqknkpc}kjbg"
G|qucikbhwk~qknc) Njdpgqgb}c
_ugbagbaj ig dj~~g aci njbngqqj nljd~fkcbj ak njdpgqgb}c V2T g aciic ~wc cnng}kjbg ciicuhcqc ak njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc V2T) hik ~qwakj~k ak ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc g puchdcikbhwk~qknc lcbbj ag`kbkqj ic bj ak %njdpgqgb}c g|qucikbhwk~qknc%" G~~c kbniwag k njaknk bjb guecik nlg ~k cnnjdpchbcbj c swgiij ~jqqjikbgcbajij j djak`kncbajij= ic njdpgqgb}c nkbg~knc V2T) swgiic puj~~gdknc V2T g swgiic jhhgq V2T"
Cinwbk ~qwakj~k njiijncbj quc k njaknk g|qucikbhwk~qknk cbnlg ic akdgb~kjbg pcucikbhwk~qknc V2T) nkjì ak jng ic gijnkqï agii(gijswkj) dc kb hijqqjakacqqknc swg~qc kgbg ~pg~~j njb~kagucqc njdg wbc pc agiic njdpgqgb}c `jbjijhknc V2T"
Ic njdpgqgb}c g|qucikbhwk~qknc ì g~~gb}kcig ck `kbk ak wb cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj6 pgu g~~gug kb~ghb g~~c uknlkgag i(w~j ak dcqgukcik cwqgbqknk V2T cwakjk~kk V2T"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
_ _cuc`uc~k
Ic pcuc`uc~k ~k ugcik}}c pujawngbaj wb qg~qj nlg lc ij ~qg~~j ~khbk`kncqj g wbc ~quwqqwuc pcuciigic c s ak wb qg~qj ak pcuqgb}c) ac nwk ~k ak``gugb}kc ~wi pkcbj ig~~kncig g dju`j~kbqcqqknj6 kbjiqug ì g~niw~j k ak~nju~j akugqqj) cbnlg ~g ki qg~qj ak pcuqgb}c ì wb akcijhj"
Ic pcuc`uc~k ~kiwppc ic njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig V2T kb swcbqj uknlkgag i(w~j ak ~kbjbkdk) ak kpgujbkdk ,%`kjuk% kb ~j~qkqw}kjbg ak %uj~g) kjig g nknicdkbk%+) ak kpjbkdk) ak ijnw}kjbk kakjdcqknlg6 kbjiqug g~ uknlkgag i(g~piknkqc}kjbg agk uk`gukdgbqk pujbjdkbcik) agiig dgqc`jug) agiig dgqjbkdkg) gnn" Bgii(gikdkbc}kjbg agi ak~nju~j akugqqj) cbnlg i(c~pgqqj ~kbqcqqknj kgbg g~gunkqcqj" _cucikbhwk~qknc) Njdpgqgb}c
Njb~k~qg bgiic ncpcnkqï ak wb njuugqqj w~j agi qjbj ak jng g agiic gijnkqï ak gijswkj"
Kb ugciqï pkû nlg ak wbc njdpgqgb}c cwqjbjdc ~k pwõ `ju~g pcuicug ak wbc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpg `jbjijhknc V2T" _cucqg~qj
G( ic ~gukg ak kb`judc}kjbk nlg cnnjdpchbcbj wb qg~qj ~nukqqj ,`jqjhuc`kg) qkqjik) akac~ncikg) gnn"+ j pj~~jbj agawuug aci ic{jwq huc`knj ,ca g~gdpkj) ~njpukug ~g ~k qucqqc ak wb(kbqguk~qc) ak wbc pjg~kc) igqqguc) gnn"+"
Ki pcucqg~qj ì `jbacdgbqcig pgu ckwqcug c ag`kbkug ki njbqg~qj V2T g pgu ~jihgug cqqkkqï ak cbqknkpc}k V2T" _cuicug
_cuicug ì wbc agiig swcqquj cekikqï V2T ikbhwk~qknlg" ^k qguucbbj akk~g) kb swg~qc ~gag) awg cekikqï nlg ~pg~~j gbhjbj njb`w~g bgiic puc~~k akacqqknc=
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
$ pcuicug kb wb djbjijhj V2T) nlg ì wbc cekikqï pukdcukc) kb~kgdg c c~njiqcug) ighhgug g ~nukgug6 $ pcuicug kb wb akcijhj V2T) nlg ì wb(cekikqï kbqghucqc" _cujic nlkcg
_ukdc ak pug~gbqcug wb qg~qj kb ikbhwc ~qucbkguc j nic~~knc pgu wbc cqqkkqï ak njdpugb~kjbg ì bgng~~ `jubkug cii(ciikgj) bgiic ~wc ikbhwc dcqgubc j cqqucgu~j ak~ghbk) dkdknc) gnn") cinwbk njbngqqk j cin pcujig %nlkcg%) ~gb}c ig swcik bjb ì pj~~kekig njdpugbagug ki qg~qj bgiic ~wc hijecikqï" Ca g~gdpkj Ekcbncbgg bjb ì njdpugb~kekig ~g bjb ~k njbj~ng ic pcujic %bcbj%"
^pg~~j ~k njb`jbajbj ig pcujig %nlkcg% njb ig pcujig nlg) pkû ~gdpikngdgbqg) ~jbj ukqgbwqg ak``kn acii(kb~ghbcbqg" _cujig 2 Icbhwg ~ _cujig" _cqqgub aukii 2 ^quwqqwucik) g~gunk}k"
_gu`judcbng 2 Njdpgqgb}c ~ G~gnw}kjbg
_gu`judcqkc) Njdpgqgb}c
Dcihucaj ki swcik`kncqjug %pgu`judcqkc%) bjb ~k ukdcbac ciic qgjukc aghik cqqk ikbhwk~qknk ,ajg ~k qgjuk}}cbj hik %cqqk pgu`jdcqkk%+ dc ciic ikbhwk~qknc puchdcqknc V2T ,V2T ^jnkj$puchdcqknc) njdpgq _gukjaj nukqknj
Bghik cbbk ^g~~cbqc Igbbgeguh lc kbakkawcqj) quc k `jbacdgbqk ekjijhknk agi ikbhwchhkj) ic ncucqqg agqqc %pic~qknkqï% V2T" G~~c ì pcuqknjicudgbqg cqqkc awucbqg k pukdk cbbk agiic kqc ak wbc pgu~jbc) p ughugakug ~gb~kekidgbqg ajpj ic pweguqï) gqï kb nwk ~k njbniwag ki %pgukjaj nukqknj% pgu i(cnswk~k}kjb ikbhwk~qknc" ^w swg~qg ec~k ~k ~jbj ~j~qgbwqj djiqg agiig pujpj~qg ak kb~ghbcdgbqj pugnjng V2T agii ikbhwg ~qucbkgug g ~k ~jbj ~pkghcqg cinwbg agiig ak``knjiqï agii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg ca cawiqk ,2 cbauchjhkc+"
Ugngbqgdgbqg cinwbk ~qwakj~k lcbbj dg~~j kb ak~nw~~kjbg ki njbngqqj ak %pgukjaj nukqknj%) ~j~qgbgb ~k qucqqgugeeg pkû nlg ak wbc ncucqqguk~qknc bgwujikbhwk~qknc ~k qucqqc ak wbc njbak}kjbg c``gqqkc ga http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
cdekgbqcig ,qwqqk ~k nwucbj ak kb~ghbcug ci ecdekbj g swg~qk ì p~knjijhkncdgbqg ak~pj~qj ca cppugb ~jpucqqwqqj ~g i(cppugbakdgbqj njkbnkag njb ki hkjnj+" Kb ciqug pcujig) ig pjqgb}kcikqï ak cppugbakdg bjb gbhjbj dgbj) dc ~jbj ukajqqg aci dwqcqj uwjij ~jnkcig ga c``gqqkj nlg ~k uknjpug ajpj ic pw
Bgiig bgwuj~nkgb}g i(cnng}kjbg ak %pgukjaj nukqknj% ì ighhgudgbqg akgu~c= ~k qucqqc agi pgukjaj ,~gd ijncik}}cqj bgiic `c~g ak dc~~kdc pic~qknkqï V2T) nkjì i(kb`cb}kc+ kb nwk ì pj~~kekig ~kiwppcug ki ikbhw cbnlg ~g nk ~jbj ~qcqk agk acbbk ck ngbquk ikbhwk~qknk) ukswcik`kncbaj ciqug cugg agi ngugiij pgu ~jihg `wb}kjbk bjb pkû ak~pjbkekik c ~ghwkqj agk acbbk" _gukjaj ~kigb}kj~j
^kc bgii(cnswk~k}kjbg agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc ~kc bgii(cppugbakdgbqj ~pjbqcbgj V2T ak wbc ikbhwc ~gnjb ì bjqcqj nlg n(ì wb pgukjaj kb nwk ic pgu~jbc) pwu cgbaj nlkcucdgbqg cnswk~kqj wb acqj gigdgbqj) b w~c"
^k ~jbj acqg cukg kbqgupugqc}kjbk) quc nwk i(kpjqg~k nlg ~k cnswk~k~ncbj) g swkbak ~k w~kbj) ~jij ~k~qgd njdpigqk ,ca g~gdpkj) bjb ~k cnswk~kugeeg %egiij% ~gb}c ki ~wj cbqjbkdj %euwqqj%= ~jij c ~k~qgdc njdpigqcqj ic njppkc ak pcujig pc~~gugeeg aciic dgdjukc c eugg qgudkbg c swgiic ~qcekig g guugee w~cqc+"
Bgii(cppugbakdgbqj agiig ikbhwg) ki pgukjaj ~kigb}kj~j ì ~pg~~j ighcqj cbnlg ciic pcwuc ak `cug euwqq `khwug) ciic ~gb~c}kjbg ak kb~knwug}}c" _gu jkcug c swg~qk pujeigdk) nlg kb~guk~njbj wb `juqg `kiquj c``gqqkj V2T ì ~gdpug pkû ~pg~~j dg~~c kb cqqj ic agic{ga juci pucnqkng V2T" _gu~jbcig) `wb}kjbg
^k ugcik}}c swg~qc `wb}kjbg V2T swcbaj ic ikbhwc kgbg w~cqc pgu njdwbkncug acqk ugicqkk c nlk pcuic cqqk njdwbkncqkk nlg ic ugcik}}cbj ~jbj swgiik kb nwk ki pcuicbqg ~k pug~gbqc) akng ic pujpukc gqï) i(kbakuk}}j) ic puj`g~~kjbg6 jppwug ag~nukg k pujpukj ~qcqj `k~knj) k ~gbqkdgbqk) k hw~qk) g nj~é kc"
Swg~qc `wb}kjbg uknlkgag wbc `juqg cqqgb}kjbg ciic njbbjqc}kjbg V2T jiqug nlg ciic ~gdpikng agbjqc} _GQ 2 NCG) NGKEQ) NGKN) N_G) @NG) _GQ
_knc~~j) Agqqcqj 2 Agqqcqj$ak~ghbj"
_kahkbk}}c}kjbg http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Wbc cukgqï pkahkb ak wbc ikbhwc ì swgiic ikbhwc `juqgdgbqg ~gdpik`kncqc qcbqj ac uk~wiqcug ~pg~~j kbnjdpugb~kekig c wb dcaugikbhwc" Ij ~njpj ì swgiij ak g~qugdk}}cug ig ncucqqguk~qknlg ak wbc ikbhw `ucbnc V2T) cgbaj njdg wbknj pcucdgquj i(g``kncnkc puchdcqknc V2T"
Kb hijqqjakacqqknc) ~jpucqqwqqj bghik cbbk Jqqcbqc) i(kpjqg~k agii(kbqguikbhwc V2T lc ukpug~j ki njbngqqj %pkahkbk}}c}kjbg%) ukigcbaj njdg kb wb cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T wb nguqj ikgiij ak kdpgu`g}kj
njbbcqwucqj) icaajg i(k~qcb}c njdwbkncqkc pugcig ~wii(cnnwucqg}}c ki pujng~~j cnswk~k}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc ~cugeeg kb ugciqï ki pc~~chhkj ac wb pkahkb ,kb`judcig" nwk bjbSwkbak ~k lcbbj guujuk ac a ~cb}kjbcug dc ~jij agkcb}g ac %nwucug%+ ca wbc ikbhwc `ucbnc) pgu hkwbhgug iwbhj i(c~~g agii(kbqgu c wbc pcaujbcb}c ~gdpug pkû knkbc c swgiic ak wbc dcaugikbhwc" _ic~qknkqï
Kb bgwujikbhwk~qknc V2T ic pic~qknkqï kbaknc ic ncpcnkqï agiig ngiiwig bgwujbknlg agi ngugiij ak ncde
ijuj `wb}kjbg j ak cppugbagug bwjg `wb}kjbk" Ki njbngqqj ak pic~qknkqï ì ~qcqj pj~qj ac Igbbgeguh ciic ec~g agiic ~wc qgjukc agi pgukjaj nukqknj V2T jiqc wqkik}}cqj njdg `jbacdgbqj pgu hkw~qk`kncug i(kb~ghbcdgbqj pugnjng V2T agiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug _jg~kc ,@k~~c}kjbg agi ig~~knj+
Dcihucaj gbhc w~wcidgbqg ukqgbwqc wbc qgnbknc ak `k~~c}kjbg agi ig~~knj) ic %_jg~kc% pujpj~qc ac Djiiknc bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc ~gug cbnlg pgu uk`igqqgug ~wi ig~~knj) ~pgnkg ~wiic njbbjqc}kjbg V2T"
Swg~qc qgnbknc ~k ugcik}}c nlkgagbaj chik ciikgk ak icjucug kb huwppgqqk g nugcug wbc %pjg~kc% ~w wb acqj) w~cbaj wb ~j~qcbqkj bgi pukdj gu~j) awg chhgqqkk bgi ~gnjbaj) qug guek bgi qgu}j6 pjk ~k chhkwbhg wb swcuqj gu~j ikeguj g ki swkbqj) nlg nlkwag) ukpugbag ki ~j~qcbqkj kbk}kcig j ki ~wj cbqjb
Swcbaj k huwppk lcbbj njbniw~j) ~k nugc ic ~kbqg~k ciic icchbc= qwqqk hik chhgqqkk pujpj~qk ack huwp agjbj g~~gug ukajqqk c awg) qwqqk k guek c qug6 kb qci djaj ~k ak~nwqg ~wiic njbbjqc}kjbg) ~wiic `ju}c gjncqkc agi ig~~knj" Dc kb qci djaj ~k uc``ju}c cbnlg ic njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig V2T icjucbaj ~w nc ~gdcbqknk egb pugnk~k) nlg `cnkikqcbj ic `k~~c}kjbg" _jgqknc) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Mcfje~jb swg~qc `wb}kjbg V2T kbaknc i(w~j agiic ikbhwc `jncik}}cqj ~wi dg~~chhkj ~qg ~wiic ~wc swcikqï `judcig= ì ic ikbhwc agiic igqqgucqwuc) agk hkjnlk ak pcujig) agiic pweeiknkqï" G( swkb aghik ~pgnk`knk jekgqqkk agii(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
_jikhij~~kc 2 Ekikbhwk~dj
_jikqknc ikbhwk~qknc
G~k~qjbj awg akgu~g cnng}kjbk ak swg~qj njbngqqj= wbc `juqg) pgu nwk ic pjikqknc ikbhwk~qknc ì wbj ag
~pgnk`knk ncdpk ak ~qwakj agiic hijqqjakacqqknc) wb(ciquc pkû ~`wdcqc nlg j~~guc njdg ic hijqqjakacq ~kc wbc agiig njdpjbgbqk bghik ~qwak nlg pjuqcbj ciic ag`kbk}kjbg agiic pjikqknc ikbhwk~qknc ak wbc ~j
Ci ak iï agiig awg cbhjicqwug) ki njbngqqj ukdcbg cdekhwj g bgng~~kqc ak wiqgukjuk pugnk~c}kjbk) kb sw ~k cuqknjic kb cidgbj qug ikgiik= $ ikgiij pgu~jbcig) pgu swcbqj ukhwcuac ki hucaj ak uk~pgqqj agiic ikbhwc agi ~kbhjij kbakkawj kb wb njbqg~qj ~jnkcig nlg kbniwag cbnlg ciqug ikbhwg bgi pujpukj ugpguqjukj6 $ ikgiij pjikqknj) ugicqkj ci ucppjuqj quc ig ikbhwg bgiig ~jnkgqï piwukikbhwk6 $ ikgiij ~njic~qknj) ugicqkj ci %pcbkgug% ak ikbhwg pujpj~qg ga ck ugicqkk pujhucddk" _j~qgu
Qcegiijbg cppg~j ciic pcugqg j ca cppj~kqk ~j~qghbk , `ikp pj~qgu + w~cqj pgu= $ ~kbqgqk}}cug c~pgqqk hucddcqkncik= ì i(w~j nlg ~g bg `c ~jpucqqwqqj bgiic ~whhg~qjpgakc V2T 6
$ nugcug wb ak}kjbcukj k~wcig= ~jbj ig qkpknlg gawqg c jij a(wnngiij ak nkqqï) dguncqk) ~qc}kjbk) gnn i(kbaknc}kjbg agi ig~~knj6
$ pug~gbqcug qgdk ak nwiqwuc g nkkiqï ~qucbkguc= ki pj~qgu ì cnnjdpchbcqj kb swg~qj nc~j ac wbc nc~~g cwakj nlg bg ag~nukg ki njbqgbwqj g ~gug njdg qucnnkc pgu hwkacug pjk ic ag~nuk}kjbg ac pcuqg agh ~qwagbqk" _uchdcqknc) Njdpgqgb}c 2 ^jnkj$puchdcqknc) Njdpgqgb}c
_uchdcqknc) Ikbhwk~qknc
^k qucqqc ak wbc agiig ~nkgb}g agi ikbhwchhkj) ì ~qcqc `judcik}}cqc kb cugc qgag~nc bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc ~k pujpjbg ak ~qwakcug ic ikbhwc njdg c}kjbg ~jnkcig njbqucppjbgbaj~k kb swg~qj ciic ikbhwk~qknc http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
~quwqqwucig g c swgiic nljd~fkcbc nlg ~k kbqgug~~cbj aghik c~pgqqk `judcik agiic ikbhwc" Ic puchdcikbhwk~qknc) njdg ì cbnlg agqqc swg~qc ~nkgb}c) lc cwqj hucbag ~wnng~~j bgii(cugc cbhij~c~~jbg g ac ié ì gbqucqc kb hijqqjakacqqknc) pjbgbaj~k ciic ec~g ,~jpucqqwqqj njb ki njbngqqj ak ikbhwk~qknj% V2T) ~w nwk ì ~qcqj ncincqj swgiij ak %cqqj njdwbkncqkj% V2T+ agi dgqjaj bj}kjbcig$ `wb}kjbcig V2T+"
Cinwbk cwqjuk lcbbj kpjqk}}cqj wbc %njdpgqgb}c puchdcqknc% ,agqqc cbnlg pgu`judcqkc+6 ck `kbk hijqqjakacqqknk) qwqqckc) cb}knlë pjuug njdg jekgqqkj ic ~gdpikng njdpgqgb}c puchdcqknc) ~k ughk~q qgbagb}c c kbqghucuic ic ncpcnkqï ak ucppjuqcu~k cppujpukcqcdgbqg ciic ~kqwc}kjbg ~jnkcig ,c~pgqqj ~jnkjikbhwk~qknj+) pgu nwk ~k pcuic ak wbc %njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc% V2T" _ugnjng) Kb~ghbcdgbqj
G( wbc bj}kjbg djiqj chc) ki nwk w~j ncdekc ac cwqjug ca cwqjug g c ~gnjbac agiic ~kqwc}kjbg" Kb hgbgucig pj~~kcdj akug nlg p~knjijhk) p~knjakacqqk g p~knjikbhwk~qk qgbajbj c ag`kbkug %pugnjng% i(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug kb gqï pug~njicug) ak ~jikqj ciic ~nwjic dcqgubc ~g bjb pukdc) d k hijqqjakacqqk g k qg~qk ak pjikqknc ~njic~qknc g ikbhwk~qknc ~k uk`guk~njbj cii(kb~ghbcdgbqj bgiig ~nwjig gigdgbqcuk"
Kb qwqqk k nc~k) njdwbswg) i(kb~ghbcdgbqj pugnjng ukdcbac ciic bj}kjbg ak pic~qknkqï V2T g ak pgukjaj nukqknj V2T" _ujng~~ ~{iicew~ 2 Juakbg bcqwucig"
_ujng~~k cwqjdcqknk ~ njbqujiicqk
I(jppj~k}kjbg ukhwcuac k pujng~~k g ig ~qucqghkg dgbqcik nlg dgqqkcdj kb cqqj pgu i(g~gnw}kjbg V2 Njdpgqgb}cT ikbhwk~qknc"
K pujng~~k cwqjdcqknk bjb uknlkgajbj cqqgb}kjbg) bjb ~jbj ikdkqcqk aciig ncpcnkqï agiic dgdjukc c e qgudkbg) ~jbj gijnk pgu nwk ki ikgiij ak njb~cpgjig}}c ì ikdkqcqj) ~jbj iwbhlk ac cnswk~kug g bjb pj~~jbj g~~gug cppug~k V2 Cnswk~k}kjbg ~ cppugbakdgbqjT" K pujng~~k njbqujiicqk) nlg uknlkgajbj cqqgb}kjbg g cqqkcbj ic dgdjukc c eugg qgudkbg) ~jbj igbqk) pj~~jbj g~~gug cppug~k kb eugg qgdpj dc ~njdpckjbj ~g bjb gbhjbj g~gunkqcqk c ~w``knkgb}c ac cwqjdcqk}}cu~k"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
_ujhgqqc}kjbg ak qg~qk
^k qucqqc ak wb pujng~~j g~~gb}kcig pgu ij ~kiwppj agiig cekikqï pujawqqkg ,2 djbjijhcug6 2 akcijhc ~nukgug+ kbqg~g njdg cekikq{) nkjì njdg pujng~~k njhbkqkk ,2 cekikqï+ g bjb ~jij njdg ~fkii) nkjì ic ugcik}}c}kjbg ak wb qg~qj swk g juc" _ujhgqqcug wb qg~qj ~khbk`knc= $ ag`kbkug k pujpuk ~njpk pukdcuk g ~gnjbacuk ,~jij ~w swg~qk wiqkdk ~k pwõ ~ngbagug c njdpujdg~~k ukigcbqk+6 $ cbcik}}cug ic ~kqwc}kjbg V2T ci nwk kbqgubj ~k cqqwc i(ggbqj V2T njdwbkncqkj6 $ uknlkcdcug ig ughjig pujpukg agi hgbgug V2T njdwbkncqkj nlg ~k ì ~ngiqj6
$kujbkc) ~nghikgug ic %nlkcg%) nkjì agii(cqqghhkcdgbqj p~knjijhknj ac `cu quc~pcukug= ak~pjbkekikqï) cdknk}kc cbqchjbk~dj) gnn"6
$ pujhgqqc}kjbg agi qg~qj) nlg pwõ g~~gug cpguqj ciic bghj}kc}kjbg quc kbqguijnwqjuk) jppwug nlkw~j) n ic %~ncigqqc% ak wb qg~qj ~nukqqj"
Ajpj ig `c~k ~waagqqg) ~k pujngaguï ciic ugcik}}c}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) nlg bgiic puc~~k akacqqknc kgbg ~p njb~kagucqc pugpjbagucbqg uk~pgqqj c swgiic ak pujhgqqc}kjbg) dgbqug ì ~gnjbacukc ck `kbk gawncqkk) agii(cwqjpujdj}kjbg V2T" _ujhgqqj Ikbhwg Djagubg*Pkg
Ic ajppkc agbjdkbc}kjbg agukc aciig qkqjic}kjbk kbhig~g , Djagub Icbhwchg+ g `ucbng~g , Icbhwg~ Pkcbqg~+ agi pukbnkpcig pujhgqqj ikbhwk~qknj agi Njb~khikj a(Gwujpc ,gbqg nwiqwucig njb ~gag c ^quc dc akgu~j acii(Wbkjbg Gwujpgc pgu ~njpk g pgu bwdguj ak dgdeuk+" Ki pujhgqqj dkucc c nugcug wb %pc~~cpjuqj ikbhwk~qknj% nlg cqqg~qc~~g ki pj~~g~~j ak wb %ikgiij ~jhikc% ak wbc ikbhwc) nkjì ak wbc pcaujbcb}c qcig ac njb~gbqkug ca wb cawiqj ak ~jpuckgug bgi pcg~g ~qucbkguj dc cbnlg ak g~pigqc pukbnkpcik `wb}kjbk V2T"
Bgi 3;87 gbbg ugcik}}cqj ki pukdj ikgiij ~jhikc) Qlg Qlug~ljia Iggi) juhcbk}}cqj kb wbc ik~qc ak %`wb}kjbk njdwbkncqkg% ,2 cqqj njdwbkncqkj+ g ak %bj}kjbk% V2T) acbaj `judc ci dgqjaj bj}kjbc `wb}kjbcig V2T" Kb nguqj ~gb~j) wb ikgiij ~jhikc njuuk~pjbag ca wb jncejicukj `jbacdgbqcig ,2 Ak}kjbcukj ~ jncejicukj+ cgbqg pgu jhhgqqj hik cqqk njdwbkncqkk cb}knlë k ~kbhjik igddk"
^jbj ~qcqk ugcik}}cqk k ikgiik ~jhikc agiig pukbnkpcik ikbhwg gwujpgg ,swgiij pgu i(kqcikcbj ì agi 3;<5+) jhbk jnnc~kjbg i(kdpkcbqj njbngqqwcig g swgiij ugcik}}cqkj ~jbj ~qcqk ak``gugbqk) pgu nwk ki _ujhgqqj http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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djagubg*kg bjb lc cwqj wbc `ju}c qgjuknc qcig ac wbk`judcug ic hijqqjakacqqknc gwujpgc" _ujhucddc
G( wbj agk djagiik jpgucqkk V2T nlg ~k pj~~jbj w~cug pgu kbakncug k `kbk g k njbqgbwqk ak wb nju~j ak gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc"
Bgiic qucak}kjbg kqcikcbc ~k qucqqcc ak wbc ~juqc ak dcbk`g~qj) nlg kbawhkcc djiqj ~wiig `kbcikqï g p pc~~cc ca wbc ucpkac g ~jddcukc kbaknc}kjbg agk njbqgbwqk g agiig dgqjajijhkg ak kb~ghbcdgbqj g guk`knc" Bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc swg~qj djagiij ì gbqucqj kb nuk~k) ~j~qkqwkqj ac `judg g~qucbgg ciic quca kqcikcbc ,bjb c nc~j njupw~) nwuuknwiwd) ~{iicew~ ~jbj pcujig nlg) pwu icqkbg) nk ~jbj hkwbqg acii(kbh _wu njbqkbwcbaj c nlkcdcu~k %pujhucddk%) swgiik pujpj~qk jhhk kb Kqcikc ~jbj agk nwuuknjik V2T j) ci agk ~{iicew~ V2T"
_ujmgq Icbhwg~ Pkcbqg~ 2 _ujhgqqj ikbhwg djagubg*kg"
_ujbwbnkc 2 @jbjijhknc) Njdpgqgb}c"
_~knjakacqqknc
G( wbc agiig ~nkgb}g agii(gawnc}kjbg6 g~~c ag`kbk~ng ic bcqwuc agk dcqgdk V2T) nkjì agiig wbkqï dkbkd cppugbakdgbqj) g pujhgqqc agk djagiik qgjuknk ,ca g~gdpkj) ki djagiij jijakbcdknj 2+ g jpgucqkk , g~gdpkj) ic ig}kjbg V2T j i(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T+ nlg njb~gbqjbj ak kb~ghbcug uk~pgqqcbaj ig k~qcb}g p~knjijhknlg aghik ciikgk ,dc cbnlg njb ic ijuj gqï) ak``gugb}kcbaj ca g~gdpkj i(kb~ghbcdgbqj c ecdekbk) cajig~ngbqk) cawiqk+" _~knjikbhwk~qknc
G~k~qjbj awg cnng}kjbk `jbacdgbqcik ak swg~qj qgudkbg" Ic pukdc ukhwcuac kb `wb}kjbcdgbqj agiic dgbqg kb ugic}kjbg cii(cqqkkqï ikbhwk~qknc g pugnk~cdgbqg pujng~~k ak njak`knc}kjbg agk ~khbk`kë~ kb ~khbk`kcbq~ V2T g ak agnjak`knc}kjbg kb ~gb~j jppj~qj) njb pujng~~k kbqgudgak) swcik ki ugpgukdgbqj j i(kddchc}}kbcdgbqj agiig pcujig bgiic dgdjukc) ic ~quwqqwuc}kjbg ~kbqcqqknc) i(caghwcdgbqj ciic ~kqwc}kjbg njdwbkncqkc) i(w~j agiic ukajbacb}c g agi `ggaecnf) gnn"
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Ic ~gnjbac cnng}kjbg) ~pg~~j nlkcdcqc %p~knjikbhwk~qknc cppikncqc%) ukhwcuac i(cnswk~k}kjbg agiig ik dcqgubg ,qcijiqc ~k pcuic kb swg~qj nc~j ak %p~knjikbhwk~qknc gjiwqkc%+ g ak swgiig ~gnjbag) ~qucbk gqbknlg g nic~~knlg V2T" Ic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T ì wb g~gdpkj ak swg~qj qkpj"
Ic p~knjikbhwk~qknc ì ~pg~~j cnnjppkcqc ciic bgwujikbhwk~qknc V2T= njb wb(kddchkbg pj~~kcdj akug n swg~q(wiqkdc ~k jnnwpc agi lcuaxcug ,~pgnkg ak awg nkunjbjiw}kjbk agqqg %cugc ak Eujnc% g %cugc ak Xgubknfg%) swgiig nlg hg~qknjbj ic ikbhwc+ dgbqug ic p~knjikbhwk~qknc ~k jnnwpc agii(k~qciic}kjbg g a `wb}kjbcdgbqj agi ~j`qxcug) nkjì ic ikbhwc"
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F FA^ 2 ]AC@"
I I3) I5""" Ib
^khig wqkik}}cqg pgu kbakncug ic pukdc ikbhwc) ic ~gnjbac) g nj~é kc" ^k qucqqc ak g~pgakgbqk njdjak a dc djiqj cdekhwk= ic %I3% kb`cqqk ì ic ikbhwc dcqgubc) dc ~pg~~j pwõ g~~gug wb akcigqqj dgbqug nlk ~khic kbqgbag ic ikbhwc bc}kjbcig6 %I5% akkgbg pjk cbnjuc pkû cdekhwj) bjb ~jij pgunlë djiqg ugci ~jbj pkû j dgbj g~piknkqcdgbqg ekikbhwk ,kb Kqcikc ki akcigqqj ì njdpug~j pucqkncdgbqg ac qwqqk) g sw %I5%+) pgu nwk ic ikbhwc ~qucbkguc ~cugeeg %I>%""" dc kb djiqg ~nwjig ~k ~qwakcbj awg j pkû ikbhwg) djagubg g nic~~knlg) g swkbak nkc~nwbc ~cugeeg %I>%"
_gu wbc dchhkjug nlkcug}}c swg~qg ~khig) nlg gbhjbj judck w~cqg ac pjnlk ~qwakj~k) pj~~jbj g~~g djak`kncqg kb IB pgu ic ikbhwc bc}kjbcig) I^3) I^5) I^> gnn" pgu ig cukg ikbhwg ~qucbkgug ~qwakcqg) IN3 g IN5 pgu icqkbj g hugnj bgiig ~nwjig nic~~knlg" Icejucqjukj ikbhwk~qknj 2 Qgnbjijhkc akacqqknc"
ICA) IC^^
ICA , Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Agkng+ ì ki djaj kb nwk Nljd~f{ lc agbjdkbcqj ki dgnncbk~dj kbbc cnswk~k}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) ncucqqguk~qknc pujpukc agi ljdj ijswgb~"
Njb~kagucbaj ki dgnncbk~dj agi ICA kb nlkcg ak p~knjijhkc gjiwqkc Euwbgu ukqkgbg nlg g~~j ~kc kb~w``knkgbqg c ~pkghcug i(cnswk~k}kjbg ~g bjb ~k njb~kaguc cbnlg ki IC^^) nkjì ki Icbhwchg Cnswk~k ^wppjuq ^{~qgd) nj~qkqwkqj acii(ckwqj nlg ki ecdekbj ukngg ac pcuqg aghik cawiqk g ak ciquk ecdekbk p hucbak" Bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj) ki pukbnkpcig uwjij agi ajngbqg ~cugeeg swgiij ak hg~qkug ki IC nj~qkqwkqj aciic ~wc c}kjbg akacqqknc g acii(w~j nlg ghik `c agk ~w~~kak) agk dcqgukcik cuk) gnn"
Fuc~lgb lc ukpug~j i(kpjqg~k agi ICA g lc gicejucqj wbc ~gukg ak kpjqg~k nlg ~pkghcbj njdg g~~j g http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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cqqkcqj g) swkbak) njdg pujngagug ca wb kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg ~gnjbaj wb cppujnnkj %bcqwuci ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{+" Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Agkng 2 ICA) IC^^"
Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb ^wppjuq ^{~qgd 2 ICA) IC^^" Icbhwg ~ _cujig
G( wbc agiig aknjqjdkg kbakkawcqg ac ^cw~~wug) ki pcaug agiic ikbhwk~qknc djagubc" Ic icbhwg ì i(kb ~k~qgdc ikbhwk~qknj ,dcqgukcik g ughjig ak njdekbc}kjbg6 2 njakng+ c ak~pj~k}kjbg ak wbc njdwbkqï6 pcujig ì i(w~j kbakkawcig nlg nkc~nwbc pgu~jbc `c agiic icbhwg"
Ic ukigcb}c hijqqjakacqqknc ak swg~qc jp}kjbg ì `jbacdgbqcig= cinwbk cppujnnk) njdg swgiij `judc V2T g swgiij ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T pugbajbj ic icbhwg njdg pwbqj ak pcuqgb}c) dgbqug i(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T dwjg aciic pcujig pgu qgbagug cii(cnswk~k}kjbg ak wbc ~g}kjbg kc kc pkû njdpi agiic icbhwg nlg pgu ciquj bjb ì dck pkgbcdgbqg njbj~nkwqc ca cinwb pcuicbqg bcqkj g nlg ~k djak` jhbk hkjubj" IC^^ 2 ICA) IC^^"
Ig~~kncig) Cppujnnkj
_ujpj~qj ac Igxk~ bgk pukdk cbbk Bjcbqc) i(cppujnnkj ig~~kncig aï jng c djiqc ukngunc nlg) pwu njbkbqc agiic ~qucac kbqucpug~c bghik cbbk ^g~~cbqc swcbaj ~k ceecbajbcujbj i(cppujnnkj `judcik~q V2T g swgiij ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T) bjb guc pkgbcdgbqg ~jaak~`cqqc njb ic ~qucac ~ghbcqc aci dgqjaj bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2T ) nlg uknjbj~ng ciic puchdcqknc V2T ic ngbqucikqï agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncq
I(cppujnnkj ig~~kncig cqqukewk~ng kbgng wb uwjij ngbqucig ciic akdgb~kjbg ~gdcbqknc) ~pgnkcidgbqg ig~~knj) g pujpjbg wb w~j kbqgb~kj ak dcqgukcig ac njdpugbagug pgu cuuknnlkug ki jncejicukj) bgiic njbk}kjbg nlg bgiic njdwbknc}kjbg njbqk ak pkû cgu ~quwdgbqk pgu njdwbkncug njbngqqk) ~khbk`kncq pkwqqj~qj nlg pgu ~quwqqwucug njuugqqcdgbqg pcujig) `uc~k) qg~qk" Bgiic puc~~k) kbaknc}kjbk ak swg~qj cppujnnkj gbhjbj ~gdpug pkû cnnjiqg bgiig `c~k kbk}kcik agii(cppugbakdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Ig~~knj) Njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig
Swg~qc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T kbniwag ki njdpig~~j ak ughjig nlg hjgub ~ngiqc agiig pcujig) ic ijuj hgbguc}kjbg cqqucgu~j c``k~~k) ic ijuj ciwqc}kjbg kb qgudkbk ak njbbjqc} V2T) ic ak~qkb}kjbg quc ki ~khbk`kncqj ga ki cijug ak wbc pcujic bgi ~wj w~j njbqg~qwcik}}cqj ,2 ^khbk` ~ cijug+"
Wbj agk hucbak pujeigdk hijqqjakacqqknk ì swgiij agiic dgdjuk}}c}kjbg) pukdc) g agi ugnwpguj) pjk) ig~~knj" G~~j bjb kgbg dgdjuk}}cqj kb gigdgbqk ~gpcucqk) dc ~gnjbaj ~nlgdk V2T swcik k nj~kaagqq %ncdpk ~gdcbqknk% ,eijnnlk ak pcujig nlg njbngubjbj) ca g~gdpkj) ig akdgb~kjbk) k njijuk) gnn"+ j cii(kbqgubj ak %njpkjbk% ~kqwc}kjbcik ,2 ^nukpq+) nkjì agiic ~gukg ak cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T nlg pj~~kcd puggagug kb ~kqwc}kjbk swcik %ci ecu%) %kb wb ncdpj ak ncinkj%) gnn"6 kbjiqug ic dgdjuk}}c}kjbg c pgu ~k~qgdk nlkw~k ,%hucbag$pknnjij%) ca g~gdpkj) pkû qwqqk k hucak kbqgudgak) k ~kbjbkdk nlg ~k kbniw gnn"+" _guqcbqj) i(cnswk~k}kjbg agiic njdpgqgb}c ig~~kncig bjb pwõ g~~gug cqqwcqc pgu ik~qg) dc ~jij n cqqkkqï ~kqwc}kjbcik}}cqg ,aciig aucddcqk}}c}kjbk V2T ~quwqqwucqg chik ~ngbcuk V2T pkû njdpig~~k+) j n qgnbknlg njdg ic pjg~kc V2T) ki agqqcqj$ak~ghbj V2T) g nj~é kc"
Bghik cbbk Bjcbqc ~k ì bjqcqj ki ukqjubj ak cinwbk ~gqqjuk agiic ukngunc hijqqjakacqqknc cii(kbqgug~~g p akdgb~kjbg ig~~kncig bgii(cnswk~k}kjbg ak wbc ikbhwc ,2 Ig~~kncig) Cppujnnkj+" Ig~~knwiqwuc
Swg~qj qgudkbg) pujpj~qj ac Hcik~~jb g akgbwqj njdwbg kb @ucbnkc njdg ig|knwiqwug) ag~nukg ki
pcuqknjicug ~khbk`kncqj agiig jpgucnlg agi~knjbqg~qj agi djdgbqj" qucqqc ak wbccijug ncukncchhkwbqj nwiqwucigcinjbakk~c ~jij ack pcujig pcuicbqkcabcqkk qujcbjnwiqwucig kb swgi djdgbqj c k bgiic nwiqwuc ak swgi pjpjij&be~p= ca g~gdpkj) %njdpchbk ak dgugbag% ì wbc `uc~g kbbjnwc pgu wb kqcikcbj nlg bjb ceekc ~ghwkqj ig kngbag agi %dj~quj ak @kugb}g% c dgqï aghik cbbk Bjcbqc) dc nl w~cqc kb swghik cbbk uk`gugbaj~k ci Ncpj agiij ^qcqj ì ~qcqj njbacbbcqj pgu kikpgbakj c ncw~c agi ~w ~khbk`kncqj ig~~knwiqwucig"
Ic pug~gb}c agiic ig~~knwiqwuc) g ki ~wj uwjij njdg j~qcnjij ciic njdwbknc}kjbg quc bcqkk g bjb bcq njb~khikc i(w~j ak ajnwdgbqk cwqgbqknk) kagj) `kid) gnn" bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug c ~qwagbqk ccb}cqk" Igqqwuc
Cekikqï V2T pukdcukc) judck pug~gbqg k qwqqk k nwuuknjik ,cbnlg ~g kb dcbkguc kbakugqqc g bjb cppuj`jb bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj pugnjng V2T+) ec~cqc ~wi pujng~~j g ~wiig qgnbknlg ak njdpugb~kjbg V2T"
Ic igqqwuc pwõ g~~gug g~qgb~kc) dkucbqg nkjì ~jij ciic njdpugb~kjbg hijecig ,2 ^fkddkbh+ agi qg~qj http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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cii(kbakkawc}kjbg ak cinwbg kb`judc}kjbk pugnk~g ,2 ^ncbbkbh+) jppwug pwõ g~~gug kbqgb~kc) swcba cbcik}}cbj ig ncucqqguk~qknlg `judcik j njbngqqwcik ak wb qg~qj V2T" Igqqwuc) dgqjaj agiic 2 Ugcakbh Dgqlja
Ig}kjbg
G( wb djagiij jpgucqkj V2T quc k pkû ak``w~k" ^k ec~c ~wiic ignqkj) nlg ì qkpknc agii(gawnc}kjbg ugikhkj ~cnguajqg ighhg wb qg~qj ~cnuj pcungiik}}cqj kb eugk `ucddgbqk g ij njddgbqc6 k `gagik c~njiqcbj kb ~kigb}kj) njdpkgbaj wb cqqj ak `gag bgi `cqqj nlg ciic `kbg agi nju~j cucbbj ic k~kjbg hijecig agi q
Bgiic hijqqjakacqqknc `judcik~qknc V2T swg~qj djagiij cgc wbc hkw~qk`knc}kjbg= ic hucddcqknc guc %qg~qj ~cnuj%) i(kb~ghbcbqg bg guc i(kbqgupugqg cwqjuk}}cqj g) ig}kjbg ajpj ig}kjbg) agnikbc}kjbg ajpj agnikbc}kjbg) ~k uchhkwbhgc ic k~kjbg hijecig agiic ikbhwc) kbqg~c njdg njdpig~~j ak ughjig g ech ak igddk"
Njb i(cgbqj agk cuk dgqjak akugqqk V2T g njb i(c``gudcu~k agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T ic ig}kj ~dg~~j ak qujcug hkw~qk`knc}kjbg= ic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T kbqguugic wbc hucbag piwucikqï ak njdpjbgbqk nlg ì kdpj~~kekig pcungiik}}cug kb ig}kjbk6 kbjiqug i(kb~ghbcbqg bjb ~k ~gbqg pkû ,bë ij pgungpk~njbj pkû hik ciikgk+ njdg wb o~cnguajqg( cwqjuk}}cqj c ~pkghcug ic ikbhwc) qcig ì i(kbqugnnkj cukgqï V2T nlg g~~c pug~gbqc) qcig ì ic njdpig~~kqï agiic njdwbknc}kjbg" Ak njb~ghwgb}c ic ig}kjbg pkû kb hucaj ak uk~pjbagug ciig bgng~~kqï agk bwjk cppujnnk g ~gdpug pkû ~pg~~j awbswg ~k cajqqc ki djagiij agii(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T) nlg ucnnlkwag ci ~wj kbqgubj pkû ig}kjbk ak akgu~c bcqwuc" Ikbhwc `ucbnc
Qgudkbg icqkbj nlg kbaknc wbc ikbhwc w~cqc pgu njb~gbqkug hik ~ncdek kbqgubc}kjbcik" Ki icqkbj bgi dgakjgj) i(kbhig~g jhhk ~jbj awg g~gdpk ak ikbhwc `ucbnc"
^geegbg bgiic ikbhwc `ucbnc ~kc cnngqqcqc wbc nguqc ~gdpik`knc}kjbg ak ig~~knj g dju`j~kbqc~~k g bjb uknlkgac wbc ewjbc pcaujbcb}c `jbjijhknc) ic ikbhwc `ucbnc ukdcbg njdwbswg wbc ikbhwc egb pkû ~quwqqwucqc agi pkahkb V2T" ^pg~~j ~k w~c guujbgcdgbqg %ikbhwc kbqgubc}kjbcig% V2T njdg ~kbjbkdj ak %ikbhwc `ucbnc%" Ikbhwc pgu ~njpk cnncagdknk
G~pug~~kjbg ncincqc ~w Gbhik~l `ju Cncagdkn _wupj~g~) nlg kbaknc ij ~qwakj ak wbc ikbhwc ac pcuqg http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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$ ~qwagbqk njkbjiqk bgk pujhgqqk ak ~ncdekj kbqgubwbkgu~kqcukj j nlg ~qwakcbj kb wb(wbkgu~kqï ~qucb kb qci nc~j) jiqug ciic dknujikbhwc ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcig V2T pujpukc agii(cdekqj ak ~qwak) ~k qucqqc ~kiwppcug cinwbg cekikqï njdg swgiic ak c~njiqj) ~qg~wuc ak cppwbqk) ak ugic}kjbk) ak ~chhk ak `kbg nj
$ ~qwakj~k nlg ighhjbj `ugswgbqgdgbqg g qcijiqc agjbj ~nukgug qg~qk ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcik g nl swkbak agjbj njbj~ngug ig ughjig ugqjuknlg ak swg~qj hgbgug V2T bgiig cukg ikbhwg" ^g wb ajngbqg
kb~ghbcugcnncagdknc% cii(g~qguj) icbgiic ikbhwc pgu ~njpk cnncagdknk kbniwag cbnlg wbchgbgug uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic `juqgdgbqg bcqwuc agiica %ig}kjbg nwiqwuc ~qucbkguc) kb swcbqj ~k qucqqc ak wb nlg cukc ~k~qgdc c ~k~qgdc" Ikbhwc ~ Ikbhwchhkj
Wb ikbhwchhkj ì wb kb~kgdg ak ~ghbk g ak ughjig ak njdekbc}kjbg quc ~ghbk= n(ì ki ikbhwchhkj agk `kj ~ghbcigqknc ~qucacig) gnn"
Ic ikbhwc ì ki ikbhwchhkj guecig g) jnnc~kjbcidgbqg) quc~nukqqj+) swgiij nkjì k nwk ~khbk`kcbq~ V2T ~j njdpj~qk ak `jbgdk nlg) uchhuwppcqk) nugcbj pcujig"
Quc ig ncucqqguk~qknlg swcik`kncbqk ak wbc ikbhwc n(ì swgiic nlg Dcuqkbgq nlkcdc %ajppkc cuqknjic}kjb jhbk pcujic pwõ g~~gug cuqknjicqc) ~waakk~c awg jiqg) ic pukdc jqqgbgbaj wb %ig~~gdc% nlg pjuqc ki ~khbk`kncqj ig~~kncig ,qucak}kjbcidgbqg nlkcdcqj oucakng(+ g wb %dju`gdc% nlg chhkwbhg ki ~khbk`knc hucddcqkncig ,%ì ~kc ic qucak}kjbcig %ag~kbgb}c% ~kc) ca g~gdpkj) i(ciqgubcb}c VgkT * Vw=T nlg kbaknc k qgdpj kb qcfg * qj jppwug ki dju`gdc kbqjbcqkj nlg ~k cqqwc kb kqcikcbj pgu kbakncug ic `judc kbqguujhcqkc+6 dju`gdk g~~gug ~waakk~k wbc ~gnjbac jiqc kbakkawcbaj k ijuj %`jbgdk%) nkjì ig~~gdk ig wbkqï gdkbkdg ~wipj~~jbj pkcbj `jbjijhknj" Wb(ciquc ncucqqguk~qknc pujpukc agiic ikbhwc) nlg ic kagbqk`knc uk~pgqqj ck ikbhwchhk) ì ic ~wc ncpcnkqï dgqcikbhwk~qknc uk`ig~~kc) nkjì ic pj~~kekikqï ak w~cug ic ikbhwc pgu pcuicug agiic ikbhwc ~qg~~c" Ikbhwchhk ~gqqjukcik*~pgnkcik,~qknk+ 2 Dknujikbhwc ,~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcig+"
Ikbhwk~qknc
Ic ikbhwk~qknc ì ic ~nkgb}c nlg ~qwakc ic ikbhwc kb swcbqj qcig g ig cukg ikbhwg bcqwucik"
Bghik wiqkdk cbbk ~k pug`guk~ng pcuicug ak %~nkgb}g agi ikbhwchhkj%) bj}kjbg$jdeugiij nlg kbniwag ic ikbhwk~qknc ,kbqg~c njdg qgjukc agiic ikbhwc+) ic `kij~j`kc agi ikbhwchhkj) ic ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc V2T) ic ikbhwk~qknc puchdcqknc V2T) swgiic njdpwqc}kjbcig g swgiic qg~qwcig V2T) i(gqbjikbhwk~qknc g) ~gnjbaj cinwbk) cbnlg ic p~knjikbhwk~qknc V2T) ak~nkpikbc nlg ciquk ~qwakj~k kbniwajbj bgii(cdekqj pkû pujpukcd http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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p~knjijhknj"
C ~gnjbac agi ~wj ~pgnk`knj) ic ikbhwk~qknc pwõ g~~gug akcnujbknc) agakncqc nkjì ciic ~qjukc agiic ikbh ~kbnujbknc"
Ukigcbqg ~wi pkcbj hijqqjakacqqknj ì ki njbqukewqj agiic ikbhwk~qknc njbquc~qkc) nlg ngunc ak pugakug i(jnnjuugb}c ak guujuk cqqucgu~j ki njb`ujbqj quc ig awg ikbhwg" Jhhk swg~qc cnng}kjbg `juqg agi njbquc~qkk~dj) nlg ukdcbac ci bjdg ak Ujeguq Icaj g chik cbbk Nkbswcbqc$^g~~cbqc) kgbg njbqg~q pgunlë kb ugciqï bjb ì pj~~kekig njb`ujbqcug ~kbhjik gigdgbqk agi ~k~qgdc ikbhwk~qknj) egb~é k awg ~k~ Dc kb qci djaj ~k hkwbhg ca wbc %njdpcuc}kjbg%) nlg pwõ j``ukug pug}kj~g kbaknc}kjbk dc nlg bjb ic pugqg~c ak pugakug njb cnnwucqg}}c ig %}jbg a(jdeuc% ,nkjì ~quwqqwug nlg njdpckjbj kb wbc ikbhwc kb wb(ciquc) nugcbaj nj~é ak``knjiqï+ g ig kbqgu`gugb}g V2T"
Njdg ~k gag) ic ikbhwk~qknc k ~gb~j qucak}kjbcig ì pgu nj~é akug g~pij~c nugcbaj wbc ~gukg ak ~nkgb}g cwqjbjdg j ak njb`kbg6 wb c~pgqqj pcuqknjicug ak swg~qc nj~qgiic}kjbg ì ic ikbhwk~qknc cppikncqc V2T) kbniwagc bgi ~wj cdekqj cbnlg ic hijqqjakacqqknc `kbj chik cbbk ^g~~cbqc) swcbaj swg~q(wiqkdc ~nkg ug~c cwqjbjdc c~~wdgbaj) cnncbqj ciic njdpjbgbqg ikbhwk~qknc) swgiig cbqujpjijhknc) p~knjijhkc g pgachjhknc ,2 hijqqjakacqqknc+" Ikbhwk~qknc) Njdpgqgb}c
_ugbagbaj ig dj~~g aci njbngqqj ak njdpgqgb}c V2T ,nlg jukhkbcukcdgbqg Nljd~f{ cppikncc cb}k ciic ~kbqc~~k+ ic ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc aghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc lc w~cqj %njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc% pgu kbakncug akdgb~kjbg ~pgnk`kncdgbqg ikbhwk~qknc agiic %njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc% V2T) g pugnk~cdgbqg ig njdpgqgb}g `jbjijhknc) huc`gdknc) dju`j~kbqcqqknc g ig~~kncig"
Bghik cbbk Jqqcbqc) ~jpucqqwqqj kb cdekqj hijqqjakacqqknj) ~k ì kbniw~c bgiic njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc c ic akdgb~kjbg qg~qwcig V2T"
Djiqk aghik cppujnnk nlg lcbbj ajdkbcqj aci ^gqqgngbqj c swg~qj ~gnjij) ca gnng}kjbg agi dgqjaj V2T g ak swgiij njdwbkncqkj V2T) pjbgcbj ic njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc njdg dgqc agii(kb~ghbcdgbq jhhk swg~qc kdpj~qc}kjbg pcug ag`kbkqkcdgbqg qucdjbqcqc" Ikgiij ~jhikc 2 _ujhgqqj ikbhwg djagubg"
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Ic ~khic ~qc pgu Icbhwchg `ju ^pgnk`kn ,j) kb cinwbk cwqjuk) ^pgnkci+ _wupj~g~6 2 Dknujikbhwg ~nkgb puj`g~~kjbcik " http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Iwaknc) Cqqkkqï 2 Iwaknc) Hijqqjakacqqknc""
Iwaknc) Hijqqjakacqqknc
Qucak}kjbcidgbqg pugnjng V2Thkjnlk agiig ikbhwg) wb cqqghhkcdgbqj iwaknj pgu~ghwkqj c qwqqk k ighcqc ikgiik)cii(kb~ghbcdgbqj bjb ~jij cqqucgu~j i(w~j ak akacqqknkjhhk ,hcdg~) kb kbhig~g+) dc pkwqqj cqqucgu~j wb kdpkcbqj hkjnj~j ,njb uk`gukdgbqj cii(kbhig~g pic{+) wb(cqdj~`guc ukic~~cqc) ki uknju~j c qgnbknlg ak ~kdwic}kjbg) nlg kb qgag~nj) kb kbhig~g g kb `ucbng~g kbniwajbj wb uk`gukdgbqj akugqqj ci iwaknkqï , Ujigpic{) Mgw ag uñig) Ujigb~pkgig+"
Ic iwaknkqï ì g~~gb}kcig pgu pjqgu ugcik}}cug akcijhlk g ~kdwic}kjbk) pgunlë ~jij cii(kbqgubj ak wb cqqghhkcdgbqj ak hkjnj ~k pj~~jbj djqkcug awg pgu~jbg agiic ~qg~~c ikbhwc) nlg kjbj bgiij ~qg~~ swcuqkgug g `ugswgbqcbj ic ~qg~~c nic~~g) ca kbqguchkug `cqknj~cdgbqg quc ijuj kb wbc ikbhwc ~qucbkguc"
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B Bcqwucig) Cppujnnkj 2 Akugqqj) Dgqjaj6 2 ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{"
Bcqwucig) Dgqjaj
Dcihucaj ki bjdg) ~k qucqqc kb ugciqï ak wb cppujnnkjV2T) nkjì ak wbc `kij~j`kc hijqqjakacqqknc ki nwk c ì= wbc ikbhwc ~gnjbac j ~qucbkguc pwõ g~~gug cppug~c ~ghwgbaj ij ~qg~~j kqkbgucukj nlg ~k ì pgunju~j i(cnswk~k}kjbg agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc"
Ki qucqqj ncucqqguk}}cbqg agi dgqjaj bcqwucig ì acqj acii(w~j g~niw~kj agiic ikbhwc nlg ~k ~qc ~qwakcb acii(c~~gb}c ak wbc `judcik}}c}kjbg g~piknkqc agiig cukg hucddcqknlg) aciic `juqg cqqgb}kjbg ciic akdgb~kjbg `jbjijhknc) aciic pug~gb}c ak kb~ghbcbqk ak dcaugikbhwc" Bgwujikbhwk~qknc
G( ic ~nkgb}c nlg ~qwakc ic bcqwuc ga ki `wb}kjbcdgbqj agi ngugiij kb juakbg ciic ikbhwc"
Swcbqj ci ucppjuqj quc bgwuj$ g p~knjikbhwk~qknc ~k pwõ akug) njb wb(kddchkbg) nlg ic pukdc ~k jnnw lcuaxcug ,~pgnkg ak awg nkunjbjiw}kjbk agqqg %cugc ak Eujnc% g %cugc ak Xgubknfg%) nkjì swgiig nl hg~qknjij ic ikbhwc+ dgbqug ic p~knjikbhwk~qknc ~k jnnwpc agii(k~qciic}kjbg g agi `wb}kjbcdgbqj agi ~j`qxcug) nkjì ic ikbhwc"
Ig kbaknc}kjbk agiic bgwujikbhwk~qknc ~jbj akgbwqg wbc pcuqg g~~gb}kcig agiic hijqqjakacqqknc wdcb V2T) nkjì ak swghik cppujnnk nlg nguncbj ak jpgucug ~gnjbaj bcqwuc) qgbgbaj kb njb~kaguc}kjbg ig ncucqqguk~qknlg ,bgwujijhknlg) kb swg~qj nc~j+ agiic pgu~jbc nlg cppugbag"
Quc k njbngqqk bgwujikbhwk~qknk `jbacdgbqcik pgu ic hijqqjakacqqknc jakgubc uknjuakcdj k pukbnkpk ak ekdjacikqï V2T) ak akug}kjbcikqï V2T g ak djaci `jnw~kbh V2T) nlg ~jbj njdwbswg cppikncekik c qwqqg ak~nkpikbg g nlg ~qcbbj ciic ec~g ak kdpkcbqk p~knjakacqqknk ec~cqk ~wii(kbqguc}kjbg pkgbc agk awg gdk agqqk njb qgudkbg kbhig~g bgwujikbhwk~qkn pujhucddkbh" Bgwujpgachjhknj) cppujnnkj
Ic njiicejuc}kjbg quc bgwujikbhwk~qk) p~knjikbhwk~qknk g hijqqjakacqqk lc pjuqcqj c wb %cppujnnkj http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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bgwujpgachjhknj% pgu `ujbqghhkcug k nc~k ikgk ak c`c~kc V2T g ak~ig~~kc V2T) nlg ~jbj djiqj pkû ak``w swcbqj ak pgungpk~nc ,~jpucqqwqqj ic ak~ig~~kc) nlg ~pg~~j bjb ì akchbj~qkncqc g kgbg ~ncdekcqc pgu ~ncu~j kdpghbj ak ~qwakj j ncugbqg cqqkqwakbg+"
Ki pukbnkpkj ec~g agii(cppujnnkj bgwuj$pgachjhknj ì swgiij agiic njdpigdgbqcukqï gdk~`guknc ,2 ekdjacikqï6 2 akug}kjbcikqï+) cnncbqj c swgiik agii(c``gqqkkqï ,2 `kiquj c``gqqkj6 2 jijakbcdknj+) agii ~gb~jukcikqï g agiic dc~~kdc cukgqï ~gdkjqknc agk dg~~chhk pujpj~qk chik ciikgk c`c~knk j ak~ig~~knk ~gdkjqknj$qucb~c}kjbcig+" Bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig) Dgqjaj
G( wbc ugcik}}c}kjbg agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T nlg ~k ì kdpj~qc c ~ghwkqj agi _ujhgqqj Ikbhw Djagubg V2T bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc" I(jhhgqqj ac kb~ghbcug bjb kgbg pkû kbakkawcqj kb qgudkbk ak %ughjig hucddcqkncik% njdg bgii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T j bgiic cwqjdcqk}}c}kjbg ak ~quwqqwug dkbkdg njdg bgii(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T) dc kb cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T g kb bj}kjbk V2T"
Ig cekikqï jucik lcbbj wbc bgqqc pukjukqï ~w swgiig ~nukqqg) ic njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T ucppu ki pukbnkpcig `winuj ak cqqgb}kjbg) dc ig kbaknc}kjbk dgqjajijhknlg ~w njdg ~kiwppcug ig cekikqï g n `cu cnswk~kug ig njdpgqgb}g ~jbj djiqj hgbguknlg6 kuuk~jiqj ukdcbg ~jpucqqwqqj ki bjaj agiig `judg a cnswk~k}kjbg) agi uwjij agk pujng~~k cwqjdcqknk V2T) agi djagiij p~knjpgachjhknj ak uk`gukdgbqj"
Bghik cbbk Jqqcbqc$Bjcbqc i(kdpkcbqj bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig ~k ì kbbg~qcqj ~wiic qucak}kjbg agiig wb akacqqknlg agi dgqjaj ~kqwc}kjbcig V2T nugcbaj wb dgqjaj kbqghucqj) njb ~gdpug dchhkju ~wppjuqj qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc V2T" Bj}kjbg
I(w~j nlg ~k `c ak swg~qj qgudkbg kb hijqqjakacqqknc ukdcbac c Xkifkb~ nlg) ciic `kbg aghik cbbk ^g~~ bgii(cdekqj agi _ujhgqqj Ikbhwg Djagubg V2T) ag`kbé wb bjqkjbci$`wbnqkjbci ~{iicew~" Kb g``gqqk Xki bjb ag`kbk~ng dck ig %bj}kjbk%) dc nlkcdc njb swg~qj bjdg qwqqg swgiig ncqghjukg njbngqqwcik nlg b ~jbj %`wb}kjbk% ,2 Cqqk njdwbkncqkk+= ncqghjukg njbngqqwcik gug g pujpukg ,swcbqkqï) qgdpj) ~pc}kj gnn"+) ncqghjukg hucddcqknj$~gdcbqknlg ,njdpcuc}kjbg) kbqguujhc}kjbg) bghc}kjbg) gnn"+) g hucbak ncqghjukg ig~~kncik) kb swcinlg djaj ag~nukkekik njdg ncdpk ig~~kncik ,k nkek) ki g~qkcukj) gnn"+"
I(kpjqg~k ak `jbaj agi dgqjaj bj}kjbcig$`wb}kjbcig V2T ì nlg ig %bj}kjbk% bjb cbbj pug~gbqcqg ~gn wbc puj~pgqqkc pwucdgbqg `judcig ,hik chhgqqkk njdpcucqkk) hik cguek ak qgdpj+) dc cbbj ~gd ukpjuqcqg ci ijuj cijug ~gdcbqknj) ci `cqqj nlg guecik}}cbj agk njbngqqk) nj~é njdg ig %`wb}kjbk% ,b qgudkbk ak Xkifkb~+ guecik}}cbj aghik ~njpk puchdcqknk" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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J Jekgqqkj ,akacqqknj+
Ki qgudkbg) ~pg~~j dc bjb bgng~~cukcdgbqg cnnjdpchbcqj cii(chhgqqkj) kbaknc ij ~njpj ak wb pugnk djdgbqj k~quwqqkj ,wbc ig}kjbg V2T) wb(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T+"
Hik jekgqqkk ~jbj gigbncekik bgk nwuuknjik V2T g ~jbj akugqqcdgbqg guk`kncekik njb jpguc}kjbk ak guk V2T) c ak``gugb}c ak swcbqj ckgbg pgu ig dgqg gawncqkg V2T" Jhhgqqwcig) njdpgqgb}c
Ukpugbagbaj ki njbngqqj nljd~fkcbj ak njdpgqgb}c V2T) hik ~qwak ~wiic njdwbknc}kjbg njbajqqk kb ~jnkj$ g puchdcikbhwk~qknj bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc g Jqqcbqc lcbbj gkagb}kcqj wbc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc nlg ukhwcuac ig ughjig a(w~j aghik
$ jhhgqqk kbaj~~cqk ~wi njupj= cb}kqwqqj ki g~qkcukj ,Ujicba Ecuqlg~ lc ~nukqqj wb ~chhkj ~wiig ughjig %g~qgdknc%) bjdg nlg ghik cqqukewk~ng ciic ~nkgb}c nlg ~qwakc ic njdpgqgb}c bgii(w~j agk g~qkqk+) n
cuqknjic kb ughk~quk `judcik kb`judcik ga ìkhjgubcqj agii(cnnj~qcdgbqj ak ncpk g njij hik jhhgqqk pjuqcqk ~wi njupjg nk ~jbj cbnlg hkjkgiik ,~kaciic pgb~k~kbqc~~k ciic njdpig~~kqï agiig ughjig a(w~j agii(jugnnlkbj dc~nlkig+) ig ~pkiig nlg kbakncbj i(cppcuqgbgb}c c niwe pug~qkhkj~k) k njijuk qkpknk agi njiighg) hik cbgiik nlg kb ^g}kc kbakncbj ic puj`g~~kjbg) g nj~é kc6
$ jhhgqqk pug~gbqk bgii(cdekgbqg= ~k qucqqc g~~gb}kcidgbqg aghik ~qcqw~ ~{deji~) aciig pjiqujbg ak akg ciqg}}c kb wbj ~qwakj ciig dcnnlkbg c}kgbacik c ak~pj~k}kjbg agk `wb}kjbcuk ak ucbhj) g nj~é kc"
Ic njdpgqgb}c jhhgqqwcig ì g~~gb}kcig c ikgiij ak nju~k ccb}cqk) ~pgnkg pgu puj`g~~kjbk~qk ga cawiq
swcik`knc njdg wbc njdpjbgbqg ncucqqguk}}cbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c nwiqwucig" K dcqgukcik jqqkdcik pgu ~kiwppj agiic njdpgqgb}c jhhgqqwcig ~jbj hik cwakjk~kk V2T cwqgbqknk V2T" Jijakbcdknj) Djagiij
^k qucqqc ak wbj agk pukbnkpcik djagiik p~knjakacqqknk nlg ukgbqucbj bgii(cdekqj agiic ,hijqqj+akacqqknc http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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wdcbk~qknj$c``gqqkc V2T"
Gicejucqj ac U" Qkqjbg) swg~qj djagiij ag~nukg i(cppugbakdgbqj njdg wb pujng~~j hjgubcqj acii bgiic ~wc qjqcikqï) nlg agnkag kb swcbqj djqkcqj ak pujngagug ca wb njbqcqqj njb ic ugciqï ac cppugb ,ikgiij qcqqknj+ g pjk dwjg ca wbc uk`ig~~kjbg g ~k~qgdcqk}}c}kjbg ,ikgiij ~qucqghknj+ ak nkõ njb nw kbqguchkqj ,2 ^qucqghkc ~ qcqqknc+" J_Q
^khic nlg ~qc pgu Juci _uj`knkgbn{ Qg~q ) nkjì wbc `judc ak nguqk`knc}kjbg agiig pcaujbcb}c ikbhwk~qk jucig djiqj ak``w~c bghik ^qcqk Wbkqk g njbajqqc njb qgnbknlg ~j`k~qkncqg) nlg kbniwajbj ic ughk~quc}k cwakj g kagj agiig kbqguc}kjbk" Jucig) Dgqjaj 2 Akugqqj) dgqjaj"
Juakbg bcqwucig
^k qucqqc ak wbc bj}kjbg gdpkukncdgbqg bjqc pgu nlk kb~ghbc wbc ikbhwc ,~k kbk}kc aci pug~gbqg g bjb pc~~cqj) acii(c``gudcqkj g bjb aci bghcqkj) acii(chhgqqkj ak hucaj ec~g g bjb aci njdpcucqkj) gn
Fuc~lgb pjbg swg~qc bj}kjbg quc ig kpjqg~k `jbacdgbqcik pgu ic ~wc ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Q V2T= nlkcdcbaj %k% i(kbpwq nlg ì hkï ~qcqj cnswk~kqj) ~g ~k `jubk~ng cii(ciikgj ic bj}kjbg %k>%) nlg bgii(juakbg bcqwucig ~k njiijnc qug pc~~k ccbqk uk~pgqqj c %k%) g~~c acuï njdg uk~wiqcqj ~jij cppugbakd bjb cnswk~k}kjbg V2T) g guuï ukqgbwqc ~jij bgiic dgdjukc c dgakj qgudkbg6 ~g bgk hkjubk ~wnng~~kk >% gbhjbj pug~gbqcqk cii(ciikgj cbnlg %k3% g %k5% ga g~~k gbhjbj cnswk~kqk) ciijuc cwqjdcqknc ki ICA V2T cnswk~kuï cbnlg %k>%6 ~g k awg cbgiik dcbncbqk bjb gbhjbj `jubkqk) kbgng) ajpj wb pj qgdpj %k>% ~cuï pguawqj"
Dgbqug ~k lcbbj ~cukcqg %dcppg p~knjikbhwk~qknlg% nlg qucnnkcbj i(juakbg bcqwucig ak cnswk~k}kjbg ikbhwc dcqgubc) pgu ig ikbhwg cppug~g kb gqï ~wnng~~kc i(juakbg bcqwucig ì cbnjuc ugicqkcdgbqg pjn bjqj" Hik ~qwakj~k nlg ~k jnnwpcbj ak swg~qg ukngunlg ~pg~~j w~cbj i(g~pug~~kjbg _ujng~~ ~{iicew~ p kbakncug ki ijuj cdekqj ak ukngunc"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
U Ucbfkbh
Ki qgudkbg kbhig~g njb nwk ì bjqc swg~qc qgnbknc ~qc pgu %cqqukew}kjbg ak ucbhj) njiijnc}kjbg kb wbc ~wnng~~kjbg hgucunlknc%" Acqc wbc ~gukg ak `uc~k ,hkwak}k nukqknk) c``gudc}kjbk ak pukbnkpkj) gnn"+ j ak pcujig ,chhgqqkk swcik`kncqkk) ~j~qcbqkk nlg kbakncbj ~gbqkdgbqk) gnn"+ ugicqkg ca wb qg~qj nlg ~k ~q cbcik}}cbaj) hik ciikgk agjbj kbakncug swcig `uc~g j pcujic ì ic pkû cacqqc pgu ag~nukgug j njddg swgi qg~qj) swcig ic ~gnjbac) ic qgu}c) gnn" Ki ucbfkbh pjuqc hik ciikgk c njdpkgug awg jpguc}kjbk akgu~g= ac wb icqj cbcik}}cug ki qg~qj kb ec~g
pcucdgquk acqk) acii(ciquj ig pujpukg ~ngiqg njb swgiig ak ciquk g hkw~qk`kncuig" qcbqj ki pujajqqj ,ic ~ngiqcnjb`ujbqcug g``gqqkcdgbqg jpgucqc+ swcbqj pkwqqj~qj ki pujng~~j ak ~ngiqc"Bjb kbqgug~ Ugcakbh dgqlja
Dcihucaj ki bjdg) bjb ì wb dgqjaj V2T egb~é wb cppujnnkj V2T) njb wbc `kij~j`kc ak `jbaj ak dcquk njdwbkncqkc V2T) cbnlg ~g ig njbak}kjbk ~qjuknlg agi djdgbqj kb nwk `kjué ,i(k~jic}kjbk~dj cdgukn awucbqg ki gbqgbbkj quc ig awg hwguug djbakcik+ ukawngc ic njdwbknc}kjbg kbqgubc}kjbcig ciij ~ncd
dgqlja ucppug~gbqc ic cukcbqg ~nukq ak ~nukqqkakugqqjV2T) pkwqqj~qj nlg pgu~jbg" Kbkbgng wb nguqj ~gb~j) ki ugcakbhjucig" dgqjaj nlgakpukkighkcc ic njdwbknc}kjbg
Quc k ncuakbk agi ugcakbh dgqlja n(guc ij ~kiwppj agiig ~qucqghkg V2T ak igqqwuc pkwqqj~qj nlg ij ~`ju} njhikgug jhbk ~kbhjij qg~qj bgiic ~wc njdpigqg}}c&be~p= ~ncbbkbh V2T g ij ~fkddkbh V2T gucbj ak ` ~kiwppcqg cbnlg ~g bjb gucbj cbnjuc ~qcqg ag`kbkqg kb ~gag qgjuknc" Ic hucddcqknc guc ak qkpj kbawq cb}knlë agawqqkj V2T"
Achik cbbk Jqqcbqc kb pjk ~jbj ~gdpug pkû `ugswgbqgdgbqg juhcbk}}cqk nju~k ak ~jic igqqwuc) ~jpucqqw bgii(cdekqj agiig dknujikbhwg V2T ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcik"
Ugcikc
Jhhgqqk g ciquk dcqgukcik cwqgbqknk V2T w~cqk bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ak wbc ikbhwc ~qucbkguc"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Ugnwpguj
Swg~qj qgudkbg ag~nukg wb(cqqkkqï nlg kbniwag akgu~g cukcbqk) aci %ukb`ju}j% ci %ukpc~~j%) aci ugn %ak``w~j% c swgiij %kbqgb~kj%%" Ij ~njpj ak swg~qg cqqkkqï ì njdwbg= jkcug ca wbc ak`gqqj~c j kb~w``knkgbqg cnswk~k}kjbg agk njbqgbwqk ikbhwk~qknk"
Bgi nc~j agi ukb`ju}j ~k qucqqc ak wbc qgucpkc kddgakcqc) ugicqkc c icnwbg egb pugnk~g kbakkawcqg bg nju~j agii(wbkqï akacqqknc kb nwk ~jbj ~qcqg pujpj~qj j kb swgiig kddgakcqcdgbqg ~wnng~~kg= i(kb~gh ~c swcig ì ki pujeigdc g) njb g~gunk}k g ~pkghc}kjbk ~wppigdgbqcuk) ukb`ju}c ic njdpgqgb}c agii(ciikg
Swcbaj kbgng nk ~k qujc ak `ujbqg c icnwbg kdpugnk~g) pgu nwk bjb ì swg~qj j swgii(cuhjdgbqj nlg dci cnswk~kqj) dc ì i(kbqguj pujng~~j ak cnswk~k}kjbg ca g~~gug njdpujdg~~j) ~k agg uknjuugug ca w ukpc~~j) ~g ~k ukqkgbg nlg ki ak`gqqj akpgbac acii(cgu dci ~ghwkqj ki pgunju~j pujpj~qj acii(kb~ghbcbq nic~~g) jppwug ca wb ugnwpguj ~g bjb ~k ~c swcbaj g pgunlë ~k ì kbngppcqj ki dgnncbk~dj ak cnswk~ Kb swg~qj nc~j ki ugnwpguj pwõ g~~gug %ak``w~j%) nkjì c``kcbncu~k ciic bjudcig cqqkkqï akacqqknc ,`cug k~nukqqj g~gunk}k `cqqj jucidgbqg kb nic~~g) ighhgug kbpwq ~wppigdgbqcug) gnn"+ jppwug %kbqgb~kj% njbngbqucqj ~w cinwbk c~pgqqk hucddcqkncik nlg njdwbswg ~jbj ~pg~~j }jbg nukqknlg pgu ij ~qwagbqg pujeigdk" Ug`gugb}kcig) @wb}kjbg
G( ic `wb}kjbg V2T g~pigqcqc aciic ikbhwc swcbaj kgbg ag~nukqqc pgu ag~nukgug ki djbaj j uk`gukug g
^k ugcik}}c kb cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T swcik nlkgagug g acug kb`judc}kjbk) ~nukgug wbc ugic}kjbg) g nj~ G( ic `wb}kjbg pujpukc agiic dknujikbhwc V2T ga cnngbqwc ic agbjqc}kjbg V2T c ~ncpkqj agiic njbbjqc Ughk~quj 2 ^jnkjikbhwk~qknc"
Ughjicqkc) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Lciikac{ swg~qc `wb}kjbg V2T ukdcbac cii(w~j agiic ikbhwc pgu ughjicug ki njdpjuqcd aghik ciquk= ì awbswg wbc agiig pukbnkpcik njdpjbgbqk puchdcqknlg V2T agiic ikbhwc g `khwuc quc ig pu bgiij ~kiwppj agi ikbhwchhkj) bjbnlë quc ig pukbnkpcik `wb}kjbk ac ~kiwppcug kb wb cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T" ^pg~~j kgbg wbkqc ca wb(ciquc `wb}kjbg lciikac{cbc) swgiic ~quwdgbqcig V2T) hgbg wbc `wb}kjbg %ughjicqkj$~quwdgbqcig%"
Swciwbswg ~kc ki ~wj bjdg) g~~c ~k ugcik}}c njb cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T swcik acug g uknggug k~quw}kjb juakbk) njb~khik6 k hgbguk njdwbkncqkk V2T pkû qkpknk ~jbj ig k~quw}kjbk a(w~j) ig ighhk) hik ck~k) g nj
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Ugick~
^gnjbaj ki djagiij ak Ecuqlg~ ki ugick~ ì wbc agiig awg djacikqï ak ucnnjuaj quc i(gigdgbqj guecig swgiij knjbknj kb wb dg~~chhkj cwajk~kj V2T"
Kb ec~g c swg~qj dgnncbk~dj) ic ikbhwc ì g~~gb}kcig pgunlë i(kddchkbg ceekc ~khbk`kncqj) g swg~qc c
jiqc ì g~~gb}kcig pgu njdpugbagug ki qg~qj" G( ki dgnncbk~dj ec~g agk dg~~chhk `kidcqk" K dcqgukcik w~cqk kb hijqqjakacqqknc ~jbj kbwqkik ~g ki ugick~ bjb ì caghwcqj ci ikgiij ak njbj~ngb}c agii(ciikgj , Cbnuchg+" Ugicqkk~dj nwiqwucig 2 Nwiqwuc"
Ukc~~wbqj
Acqj wb qg~qj jucig j ~nukqqj ak pcuqgb}c) i(ciikgj agg pujawuug wb qg~qj jucig j ~nukqqj ukpugbagbaj bwnigk g~~gb}kcik g ik ak~pjbgbajik kb ~gswgb}c qgdpjucig) ncw~cig) gnn" Ki ukc~~wbqj pwõ g~~gug ak akdgb~kjbg ikeguc j pug`k~~cqc"
Swg~qc cekikqï V2T jpguc c ikgiij njhbkqkj pukdc cbnjuc nlg ikbhwk~qknj= uknlkgag ic njdpugb~kjbg bwnigk kb`judcqkk) ic ijuj hgucunlk}}c}kjbg) ic ~ngiqc agiig kb`judc}kjbk g swgiic agi qkpj ak ~gswgb w~cug) ic ~qg~wuc ak wb qg~qj ak ~jikqj pukj ak ak~nju~j akugqqj"
Ic ~gukg ak jpguc}kjbk nlg ceekcdj ~jddcukcdgbqg ag~nukqqj ~pkghc pgu swcig uchkjbg ki ukc~~wbqj njb~kagucug wbc agiig cekikqï pkû njdpig~~g g) ciij ~qg~~j qgdpj) wbc agiig qgnbknlg pkû g``kncnk bgi njkbjihgug ic hijecikqï agk pujng~~k njhbkqkj$ikbhwk~qknk" Uknjpkcqwuc
Ic uknjpkcqwuc ì bjqc cbnlg njdg %cwqjagqqcqj%= bjb ~k njpkc dgnncbkncdgbqg) dc ~k ighhg wb ~kbqc wbc `uc~g pgu pjk ak uk~nukguij) guk`kncbaj ic njuugqqg}}c agiic uknjpkcqwuc pukdc ak dwjgug ciic `u ~wnng~~kc"
Swg~qc pujngawuc njbngbquc i(cqqgb}kjbg ~wii(juqjhuc`kc) uk~pgqqcbaj k ukqdk kbakkawcik ,ncucqqguk~qkn pug~gbqg bgi agqqcqj+ g njb~gbqgbaj i(cwqjnjuug}kjbg g i(cwqjciwqc}kjbg" Kb ugciqï ic uknjpkcqwuc njd cbnlg ic njdpugb~kjbg njdpigqc agi qg~qj g ~gug ca gkagb}kcug cii(ciikgj ggbqwcik icnwbg bgiic njdpugb~kjbg ~qg~~c"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Ukgdpkdgbqj ak ~pc}k wjqk
I(ciikgj ukngg wb qg~qj j wbc ~wnng~~kjbg ak `uc~k kb nwk dcbncbj cinwbg pcujig) nlg agjbj g~~gu kb~gukqg6 ig pcujig bjb ~jbj ~ngiqg nc~wcidgbqg dc kb ec~g ca wb pugnk~j ~njpj akacqqknj= bj}kjbk a ~pc}kj) `judg guecik) gnn" C ~gnjbac agi qkpj ak pcujig gikdkbcqg ~k pwõ icjucug ~whik c~pgqqk ig~~k dju`j~kbqcqqknk) bj}kjbcik) `wb}kjbcik) gnn" agiic ikbhwc" Uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc
I(cqqkkqï ak uk`ig~~kjbg gag njdg ~jhhgqqj i(ciikgj g njdg jhhgqqj i(kbqguj njdpig~~j agiic njdpg njdwbkncqkc V2T) g ~k ak``gugb}c awbswg puj`jbacdgbqg acii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiic hucddcqknc) nlg njdg ~jhhgqqj i(kb~ghbcbqg g njdg jhhgqqj pkû `ugswgbqg ic dju`j~kbqc~~k g ig ughjig qg~qwcik ,~k quc agiic qkpknc puj~pgqqkc agii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T+" Ic njbqucppj~k}kjbg quc uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikb kb~ghbcdgbqj agiic hucddcqknc ukdcbac awbswg ciic aknjqjdkc %agawqqkj ~ kbawqqkj% V2T
Ic uk`ig~~kjbg agiic ikbhwc) nlg pjuqc ic hucddcqknc %kdpiknkqc% c akgbkug %g~piknkqc%) nj~qkqwk~ng w agiig cqqkkqï ncuakbg nlg ic ~nwjic pwõ pucqkncug pgu njbqukewkug cii(cwqjpujdj}kjbg V2T kb swcbaj ukb`ju}c pujng~~k njhbkqkk" G( kb`cqqk ij ~qwagbqg nlg) hwkacqj acii(kb~ghbcbqg) agg nugcug agiig ucppug~gbqc}kjbk dgbqcik agi `wb}kjbcdgbqj agiic ikbhwc ucppug~gbqc}kjbk nlg kb nic~~g pugbajbj i `judc ak ~nlgdk cpguqk V2T ac ukgdpkug uk`igqqgbaj) cb}knlë aghik ~nlgdk njdpkwqk agiic qucak}kjbg `judcik~qknc V2T" Ciqug qgnbknlg pgu ic uk`ig~~kjbg ~jbj swgiig ak bcqwuc kb~kgdk~qknc V2T) ic ~gukc}kjb dgbqug pgu ckwqcug i(ciikgj c akgbkug njb~cpgjig agk pujpuk pujng~~k ~k pwõ uknjuugug ci qlkbf cijw pujqjnji V2T"
_ujpj~qj bghik cbbk ^gqqcbqc kb Kqcikc) ki njbngqqj ak uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc ì juc ci ngbquj agii(kbqgu hijqqjakacqqk ak cugc cbhij~c~~jbg g `ucbng~g agi djkdgbqj ak %Icbhwchg Cxcugbg~~% j %Ëgki cw icbhchg%) ga ì ciic ec~g agii(cppujnnkj agiic njb~cpgjig}}c puchdcqknc V2T" Ukb`ju}j 2 Ugnwpguj"
Ukpc~~j 2 Ugnwpguj"
Ukpgqk}kjbg ughug~~kc
I(ciikgj c~njiqc g ukpgqg wbc `uc~g nlg ì ~qcqc ~pg}}cqc bgk ~wjk ~kbqchdk) k swcik gbhjbj pujpj~qk pcuqkug acii(wiqkdj uknj~quwgbaj) ~qkdjij ajpj ~qkdjij) i(kbqguc `uc~g ,g~gdpkj= %njb dg:%) %ci nkbgd dg:%) %kgbk ci nkbgdc njb dg:%+"
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Ic ukpgqk}kjbg ughug~~kc ~gug c `k~~cug ig nwug kbqjbcqkg" ^g ~k nlkgag~~g ic ukpgqk}kjbg ak wbc `uc njdpigqc i(kbqjbc}kjbg guugeeg ak``knkidgbqg njiqc acii(ciikgj6 ~g kbgng ~k ~ghdgbqc~~g ic `uc~g g pujpjbg~~guj k ~kbqchdk aci pukdj kb pjk) ca jhbk bwjc chhkwbqc i(kbqjbc}kjbg ncdekgugeeg6 ukpgq kbgng c ukquj~j) ic nwuc kbqjbcqkc ukdcbg nj~qcbqg" Ukpgqk}kjbg ~ghdgbqcqc
Swg~qc qgnbknc njb~k~qg bgiic ukpgqk}kjbg) kbakkawcig j njucig) agiig ecqqwqg ak wb qg~qj) ~ghdgbqcqg ~gnjbaj huwppk ajqcqk ak ~gb~j" ^k qucqqc ak wbc agiig qgnbknlg `jbacdgbqcik pgu pc~~cug acii(c~njiqc pcuicug $ cbnlg ~g bwiic k ì ak nugcqkj) pgu nwk bjb ~k pwõ pcuicug ak (pujaw}kjbg( jucig"
I(cppujnnkj wdcbk~qknj$c``gqqkj lc dg~~j kb iwng ki `cqqj nlg ~pg~~j wbc uknlkg~qc pugnjng ak pujaw jucig pjuqc ca wbj ~qcqj ak cb~kc nlg bjb `cjuk~ng i(cnswk~k}kjbg V2T" Ic ukpgqk}kjbg ~ghdgbqcqc) ~jpucqqwqqj ~jiqc njucidgbqg) pgudgqqg ak kbk}kcug c pcuicug ~gb}c cinwb uk~nlkj= pgu swg~qc uchkjbg ki `cqqj nlg nkc~nwbj ì hkwakng ak ~g ~qg~~j) ic ukpgqk}kjbg djqkc hik ~qwagbqk g uk~wiqc egb cnngqqc ,2 Agic{ga Juci _ucnqkng+" Ujigpic{) ujig$dcfkbh) ujig$qcfkbh"
^k qucqqc ak wb njbqkbwwd ak cqqkkqï nlg dwjg ac wbc ~kdwic}kjbg qjqcidgbqg hwkacqc ,2 aucddcqk}}c}kjbg+) akkgbg ujig$qcfkbh) kb nwk ~k lc wb njbqukewqj ikdkqcqj ca cinwbk gigdgbqk) dwj gu~j ki ujig$dcfkbh) kb nwk ic nugcqkkqï ì pug~gbqg kb dcbkguc pkû agnk~c) pgu hkwbhgug `kbj ci ujigp kb nwk ~k nj~quwk~ng wb akcijhj ~wiic ec~g ak wbc ~kqwc}kjbg) ic~nkcbaj ciig njppkg j ck huwppk ic ~ngi agiig ~qucqghkg) agiic akdgb~kjbg agiic pgu`judcbng) ak cinwbk gigdgbqk njbqg~qwcik" Agi ujigpic{ `c cbnlg wb cukcbqg agqqc %~ngbcukj% V2T"
^k qucqqc ak wb njdpig~~j ~kdwicqkg ak qgnbknlg dkucbqk ca g~gunkqcug i(cekikqï ak akcijhcug V2T g ic njdpjbgbqg ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc ,ak nwk njdwbswg gbhjbj cqqk cbnlg qwqqg ig ciqug njdpjbgbqk+"
Ki ujigpic{ pwõ g~~gug wqkik}}cqj cbnlg bgii(cdekqj agii(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc g ~qjuknc) ugcik}}cbaj c g~gdpkj ak~nw~~kjbk quc pgu~jbchhk agiic ~qjukc agiic igqqgucqwuc j (kbqguk~qg kdpj~~kekik( quc wb ciikg ca g~gdpkj) Igjpcuak" Ujwqkbg
Kb ikbhwk~qknc puchdcqknc V2T ~k ak~qkbhwg quc %cqqk ikbhwk~qknk% V2T nlg lcbbj wbc ugcig `ju}c puchdc nlg pujawnjbj nkjì wb g~kqj ~jnkcig) g %ujwqkbg~%) nkjì cqqk nlg kb ugciqï ~jbj ~qgugjqkpk g bjb chhkw bwiic= ~ciwqk puggakekik ,bjb swgiik nlg ~gujbj c ak~qkbhwgug quc ucppjuqj `judcig ga kb`judcig+) http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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ajdcbag agi qkpj %njdg ~qck%) njbhgak) gnn" Wb g~gdpkj qkpknj ì i(w~j kbhig~g ak qlcbf {jw jppwug pigc~g qjqcidgbqg ~njiighcqk acii(cqqj ak %ukbhuc}kcug% " ^gnjbaj cinwbk ~qwakj~k) ig cqqkkqï ak ujigpic{ V2T ajugeeguj kbakncug chik ciikgk ~jij k guk cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T nlg acbbj ~gb~j ciij ~ncdekj njdwbkncqkj) ic~nkcbaj cii(kbgbqkc aghik cqqjuk i(g~gnw}kjbg agiig ujwqkbg~"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
D Dcbkpjic}kjbg
Uchhuwppkcdj swk qwqqg swgiig cqqkkqï nlg ~k cpujbj) ca g~gdpkj) njb ic njb~ghbc %Pjihgug ci"""% j %^j~qkqwkug ic `judc """ njb """%) g nj~é kc" ^jbj cqqkkqï ncucqqguk}}cqg aci `cqqj ak jpgucug ci ikgiij ~quwqqwug ak ~wpgu`knkg g ci ak `wjuk ak wbj ~njpj njdwbkncqkj= ic ikbhwc kgbg k~qc ~jij kb swcbqj kbakpgbagbqgdgbqg aciic cigb}c puchdcqknc g aciic njdpjbgbqg ~jnkj$nwiqwucig"
Swg~qg qgnbknlg jpgucbj ak ~jikqj ~wii(c~pgqqj dju`j~kbqcqqknj g ~jbj kbaweekcdgbqg djiqj pugnk~g bgii(kbakkawcug wb c~pgqqj hucddcqkncig g bgi `jncik}}cug i(cqqgb}kjbg agii(ciikgj ~w swgiij ~pgnk`k pwbqj" ^k qucqqc qwqqckc ak qgnbknlg nlg chk~njbj ~wi pkcbj agk pujajqqk ~gb}c cqqkcug pujng~~k puj`j _ukg ak `kbcikqï njdwbkncqkg g ak kbqgug~~g ~jnkj$nwiqwucig) ig qgnbknlg dcbkpjicqkg uk~wiqcbj agdjqkcbqk" Dcqnlkbh 2 Cnnjppkcdgbqj"
Dcqgdc
G( i(wbkqï dkbkdc ak cppugbakdgbqj6 kb cinwbk nc~k wb dcqgdc pwõ njuuk~pjbagug c wb jeekgqkj V2T akacqqknj) dc pkû ~pg~~j) ~jpucqqwqqj kb wb cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj) nkc~nwb jekgqqkj njdpugbag p dcqgdk= swg~qc akk~kjbg ì g~~gb}kcig kb qgudkbk ak pujhucddc}kjbg akacqqknc) kb swcbqj jhbk juc a ig}kjbg agg cgug wb bwdguj cnngqqcekig ak dcqgdk) gkqcbaj ~kc ki ~jucnncuknj ~kc ic agdjqkc}k ajwqc ciic ijuj c~~gb}c"
Qcijiqc ~k kbakkawcbj cbnlg agk %dcnujdcqgdk%= ~jbj qcik) ca g~gdpkj) ig cukg `c~k agii(wbkqï aka V2T " Dcqgubc) Ikbhwc
G( ic ikbhwc kb nwk wbc pgu~jbc pgb~c quc ~ë g ~ë ga kb nwk ~k g~pukdg kb dcbkguc bjb njbqujiicqc kb c ~kqwc}kjbk) swcik ca g~gdpkj djdgbqk ak kuc j ak pguknjij" Cinwbg pgu~jbg ekikbhwk V2T pj~~jbj hkw c pgb~cug kb pkû ak wbc ikbhwc) kb ugic}kjbg ciic ~kqwc}kjbg V2T kb nwk ~k qujcbj) dc ukdcbg swc~k ~g wbc ikbhwc ajdkbcbqg"
Kb Kqcikc ikbhwc %dcqgubc% ~khbk`knc swc~k ~gdpug ikbhwc %bc}kjbcig% ,cbnlg ~g djiqk pj~~jbj cgug http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ D 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
akcigqqj njdg pukdc ikbhwc+) kb njbqucppj~k}kjbg c ikbhwc %~qucbkguc% V2T6 cii(g~qguj) ikbhwc %dcqgub ~khbk`knc ikbhwc bc}kjbcig pgu k pcuicbqk nug~nkwqk kb swgiic bc}kjbg) g ikbhwc %gqbknc% V2T pgu hik kddkhucqk" ,2 I3) I5""" Ib+" Dcqgqknc) Njdpgqgb}c 2 Hijqqjdcqgqknc) Njdpgqgb}c"
Dgqcnjdpgqgb}c
Ki qgudkbg kbaknc ic ncpcnkqï ak ~pkghcu~k ig uchkjbk agiig ~ngiqg g``gqqwcqg kb ec~g ciic njdpgqgb}c V2
Ic uk`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc V2T qgbag c pujawuug dgqcnjdpgqgb}c) bj}kjbg nlg ukdcbac ci w~chg V2T Xkaajx~jb g ci djkdgbqj ak Icbhwchg cxcugbg~~ V2T" Dgqcikbhwk~qknc) Njdpgqgb}c
Ncpcnkqï ak ag~nukgug k dgnncbk~dk ak `wb}kjbcdgbqj agiic ikbhwc" G( wb c~pgqqj agiic dgqcnjdpg V2T g ukdcbac ci w~chg V2T ak Xkaajx~jb g ci djkdgbqj ak Icbhwchg cxcugbg~~ V2T"
Ic njdpgqgb}c dgqcikbhwk~qknc ukgbquc bgiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T g ~k ugcik}}c kb cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T swcik nlkgagug g akug njdg ~k akng wbc pcujic j njdg ~k nlkcdc wb jhhgqqj kb ikbh ~qucbkguc) nlkgagug ak ukpgqgug) nlkgagug wbc ~pkghc}kjbg ig~~kncig6 bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg ic njdpgqgb}c dgqcikbhwk~qknc ì g~~gb}kcig pgu `cnkikqcug ki njdpkqj g uknlkgag i(w~j ak wbc qgudkbjijh ~pgnkcik~qknc ,%bjdg%) %chhgqqkj%) %~jhhgqqj%) gnn"+" Dgqcikbhwk~qknc) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Mcfje~jb swg~qc `wb}kjbg V2T ~k ugcik}}c swcbaj ic ikbhwc kgbg wqkik}}cqc pgu ag~nu ki `wb}kjbcdgbqj agiic ikbhwc ~qg~~c V2 Dgqcikbhwk~qknc) njdpgqgb}cT" Dgqg gawncqkg
Ig %dgqg% ~jbj ig `kbcikqï wiqkdg agii(gawnc}kjbg) dgbqug hik %jekgqqkk% V2T ij ~jbj agii(k~quw}kjbg" Ig dgqg ucppug~gbqcbj agi pujng~~k nlg ~k ugcik}}cbj bgi iwbhj pgukjaj g bjb ~jbj guk`kncekik kb dcbkguc akugqqc"
Ig dgqg agii(gawnc}kjbg hgbgucig) ak nwk i(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc `c pcuqg) ~jbj ic nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg V http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
~jnkcik}}c}kjbg V2T g i(cwqjpujdj}kjbg V2T" ^pgnk`knlg agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknlg ~jbj kbgng ig hijqqjakacqqknlg V2T" Dgqg hijqqjakacqqknlg
Cinwbk ~qwakj~k ak~qkbhwjbj quc dgqg gawncqkg V2T hgbgucik) nlg agjbj g~~gug pgu~ghwkqg cbnlg acii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) g swg~qg dgqg nlg ~jbj kbgng ~pgnk`knlg agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc"
Ig dgqg hijqqjakacqqknlg ~jbj= ij ~kiwppj agiig cekikqï V2T ikbhwk~qknlg6 ki uc``ju}cdgbqj ,kb ikbhwc dcqgubc+ g ij ~kiwppj ,bgiig ciqug ikbhwg+ agiig njdpgqgb}c ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T j `wb}kjbcig6 ki uc``ju}cdgbqj j ij ~kiwppj agiig hucddcqknlg V2T" Dgqjaj
G( ic ugcik}}c}kjbg ak wb cppujnnkj V2T kb qgudkbk ak pujngawug akacqqknlg g ak djagiik jpgucqkk V2T
Wb dgqjaj bjb ì %ewjbj% j %~echikcqj%) %gnnlkj% j %djagubj%) ì ~gdpikngdgbqg njgugbqg j kbnj njb ig pugdg~~g agii(cppujnnkj nlg g~~j kbqgbag dgqqgug k pucqknc" Dknuj$njb`gugb}c 2 Djbjijhj) _cuicug kb"
Dknujikbhwc ,~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcig+
Swg~qj qgudkbg ag`kbk~ng ic cukgqï ak ikbhwc w~cqc quc ~pgnkcik~qk ak wb acqj ~gqqjug ~nkgbqk`knj j puj`g~~kjbcig njb wb awpikng ~njpj=
$ jqqgbgug ki dc~~kdj ak nlkcug}}c ,ca g~gdpkj) ~j~qkqwgbaj ic %pcujic njb ki qgudkbg V2T6 ukawngbaj agk pujbjdk g agiic ~wejuakbc}kjbg) nlg pj~~jbj nugcug cdekhwkqï6 pug`gugbaj ig nj~quw}kjbk pc~~k nlg dgqqjbj pukdc ki %qgdc%) nkõ ak nwk ~k pcuic) g pjk ki %ugdc%) nkõ nlg ~k pugaknc+6
$ pgudgqqgug c nlk ic w~c cppujpukcqcdgbqg V2T ak g~~gug kagbqk`kncqj njdg dgdeuj agi huwppj ~nkgb puj`g~~kjbcig nlg njbakkag ic dknujikbhwc g ki ~wj ~qkig ,ca g~gdpkj) ~k gac i(cnngbqwc}kjbg agii(kdpgu~jbcig) ic pug`gugb}c pgu ki qgudkbg ~pgnk`knj cbnlg icaajg ic pcujic njdwbg pjqugeeg e wbc pcuqknjicug ~quwqqwuc}kjbg agi qg~qj kb %pcuchuc`k njbngqqwcik%) g nj~é kc+"
Uk~pgqqj ciic ikbhwc ak w~j swjqkakcbj) ig dknujikbhwg ~jbj ~pg~~j ncucqqguk}}cqg acii(kbqguc}kjbg nj huc`knk) ~kdejik) `judwig) g nj~é kc= kb`cqqk ic dknujikbhwc kdpiknc ~ngiqg pcuqknjicuk kb qwqqg ig hucddcqknlg nlg nj~qkqwk~njbj ic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T" _gu swg~qj ki qgudkbg %dknujikbhw http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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kgbg ukqgbwqj ac cinwbk ~qwakj~k pug`gukekig uk~pgqqj c g~pug~~kjbk njdg %Ikbhwc pgu ~njpk ~pgnkcik% ,acii(kbhig~g Icbhwchg~ `ju ^pgnk`kn*^pgnkci _wupj~g~) ~pg~~j ceeugkcqj I^_+) nlg pukki i(c~pgqqj puchdcqknj) j njdg %ikbhwchhk ~gqqjukcik% j %~pgnkcik~qknk% nlg uk~wiqcbj qujppj chlk) g ~jpucqqwqqj bjb ak~qkbhwjbj quc wbc dknujikbhwc ,w~cqc pgu nlkcug}}c+ ac wb hguhj ,w~cqj pgu g~niwa bjb kbk}kcqk+"
Djaci `jnw~kbh
G( wb dgnncbk~dj bgwujikbhwk~qknj V2T nlg kbqghuc kb pcuqg ki pukbnkpkj ak akug}kjbcikqï V2T= ~g ì gu i(cnswk~k}kjbg pujngag aciic djacikqï ag~quc c swgiic ~kbk~quc agi `wb}kjbcdgbqj agi ngugiij) ì ciqug guj) ~gnjbaj ki djaci `jnw~kbh) nlg awucbqg i(cppugbakdgbqj ì bgng~~cukj `jncik}}cug ic djacikqï ~kbk~quc) pgu acug i(jppjuqwbkqï cii(gdk~`guj ~kbk~quj ak uk~quwqqwucug) aci pwbqj ak k~qc bgwujikbhwk~qk pujpukg njbj~ngb}g" Swg~qc qgjukc) nlg qujc uk~njbquj bgiic puc~~k hijqqjakacqqknc ak``w~c) ukpugbag kb dcbkguc kbakugqqc i(kpjqg~k agiij ~qcakj V2T g ~j~qkgbg ig pj~k}kjbk ak nlk njb~kaguc ic aknjqjdkc quc cnswk~k}kjbg ga cppugbakdgbqj V2T njdg wbc ~gswgb}c pkwqqj~qj nlg njdg wb(jppj~k}kjbg" Djagiij nwiqwucig
G( i(wbkqï ak ec~g agii(cbcik~k nwiqwucig"
^jbj djagiik nwiqwucik) ca g~gdpkj) i(juhcbk}}c}kjbg agk pc~qk bgiic hkjubcqc) k ucppjuqk hgbkqjuk$`kh i(juhcbk}}c}kjbg ~njic~qknc) g nj~é kc"
Cinwbk djagiik nwiqwucik ~jbj kbniw~k quc hik jekgqqkk V2T ak jhbk wbkqï akacqqknc V2T" ,2 Cbqujpjijhk nwiqwucig6 2 Nwiqwuc+" Djagiij jpgucqkj
_jknlë ic hijqqjakacqqknc V2T ì wbc ~nkgb}c qgjuknj$pucqknc) jnnjuujbj agk djagiik jpgucqkk nlg pgudgqqcbj ak qucawuug kb c}kjbg i(cppujnnkj V2T g ki dgqjaj V2T" K djagiik jpgucqkk ukhwcuacbj ki onj~c( g ki onjdg( agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc" _gu ic ag`kbk}kjbg agii(jhhgqqj ~k lcbbj djagiik jpgucqkk swcik $ ki pujhucddc V2T) nlg ì wb dcbk`g~qj hijqqjakacqqknj6 http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Bj}kjbcukj ak Hijqqjakacqqknc $ D 5/14/2018
Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
$ k cuk qkpk ak ~{iicew~ V2T) nkjì ik~qg ak njbqgbwqk) ak jekgqqkk dkbkdk6
$ ki nwuuknjij V2T) nlg kbakkawc wb puj`kij `judcqkj) kbaknc ig dgqg V2T hgbgucik g `jubk~ng k njbqgb ~pgnk`knk"
Swcbqj ci djaj ak ugcik}}cug ki pujhucddc) ki ~{iicew~ j ki nwuuknjij) k djagiik gugakqcqk aciic qucak} akacqqknc ~jbj qug) pkû wb swcuqj djagiij nlg kgbg ag`kbgbaj~k kb swg~qk cbbk6 ~k lcbbj=
$ ki djagiij dckgwqknj) kb nwk ki dcg~quj ckwqc pc}kgbqgdgbqg i(ciikgj c ~njpukug ic ugciqï ~qwakcqc ,~ pgb~k c ^jnucqg nlg pc~~ghhkc ~jqqj k pjuqknk ak Cqgbg j ciic ecdekbckc ~qucbkguc agk pukbnkpk ukbc~nkdgbqcik+6 $ ic ig}kjbg V2T) ec~cqc ~wi djagiij agii(k~quw}kjbg ugikhkj~c6 $ i(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T) nlg gag i(cppugbakdgbqj njdg cqqkkqï ak pujeigd ~jikbh6
$ i(cwqjcppugbakdgbqj V2T) wbc jiqc njb~kagucqc i(wiqkdc uk~ju~c ak nlk bjb pjqgc pgudgqqgu~k wb(k~quw}kjbg `judcig) jhhk ~gdpug pkû `ugswgbqg ~kc pgu ki dwqcqj ukqdj agiic kqc ~kc pgu ig pj~~kek j``guqg aciic dwiqkdgakcikqï V2T g aciig qgnbjijhkg agii(kb~ghbcdgbqj c ak~qcb}c" Djagub Icbhwchg _ujmgnq 2 _ujhgqqj ikbhwg djagubg*kg
Djbkqju
Bgiic qgudkbjijhkc agiic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T ak Fuc~lgb) ki %djbkqju%) ì ic `wb}kjbg ak njbqujiij nlg i(cppugbakdgbqj g~gunkqc ~wiic ikbhwc pujajqqc aciic njdpgqgb}c cnswk~kq Cnswk~k}kjbg ~ Cppugbakdgbqj+) pukdc nlg g~~c gbhc g``gqqkcdgbqg cuqknjicqc achik juhcbk `jbc awucbqg i(cuqknjic}kjbg ~g ki %djbkqjuchhkj% bj ì ~qcqj ~w``knkgbqg pukdc" Djbjijhj) _cuicug kb
Swg~qc cekikqï ~pg~~j kbakncqc ~gdpikngdgbqg njdg %pcuicug% V2T ì pug~gbqg bgiic qucak}kjbg akacqqk kqcikcbc ~jqqj `judc ak kbqguujhc}kjbg j ak g~cdg jucig= i(kb~ghbcbqg ~k ikdkqc ak ~jikqj c ~qcekikug ki q ~k c~pgqqc wb djbjijhj acii(ciikgj" ^k pukkighkc awbswg i(g~gnw}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc cb}knlë i(ciqugqqcb ukigcbqg `c~g ak pujhgqqc}kjbg V2T agi qg~qj"
Njdg qgnbknc hijqqjakacqqknc) ki djbjijhj ì wbc ,eugg+ pujaw}kjbg jucig ~w wb qgdc pugngagbqgd c~~ghbcqj) kb djaj nlg i(ciikgj ceekc pjqwqj cppuj`jbakug k njbqgbwqk g nlg ki pujeigdc agi (nj~c( a bjb kbqgu`guk~nc ~wii(cqqgb}kjbg ci (njdg( kgbg g~pug~~j) nkjì ~wii(c~pgqqj ikbhwk~qknj" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Wbc cukcbqg ak swg~qc qgnbknc ,`jbacdgbqcig pgu ki njbqukewqj nlg aï ciic nug~nkqc njhbkqkc+) ì swg djbjijhj ~w qucnnkc) kb nwk i(ciikgj g``gqqwc ic ~wc dknuj$njb`gugb}c ,njdg kgbg nlkcdcqc bgiic qucak}kjbg cbhij~c~~jbg+ ~w wbc (~ncigqqc( j) njdg ~k w~c akug quc hik kb~ghbcbqk nlg w~cbj hik cppj~k pujhucddk ak njdpwqgu) ~w wbc jwqikbg"
Dju`j~kbqc~~k) njdpgqgb}c dju`j~kbqcqqknc
Kb ikbhwk~qknc ~k ak~qkbhwjbj %dju`jijhkc%) ij ~qwakj agiig `judg hucddcqkncik ,k %dju`gdk% nlg) ch ck %ig~~gdk% `judcbj ig ~kbhjig pcujig&be~p= ag~kbgb}g guecik) bwdguj) hgbgug) gnn"+ g ic %~kbqc~ nkjì ic eucbnc agiic ikbhwk~qknc nlg ~qwakc k dgnncbk~dk ak njdekbc}kjbg quc ig pcujig ~kc kb bwnigk dkbkdk ,k %~kbqchdk%+ ~kc kb pujpj~k}kjbk g `uc~k V2 Ikbhwc ~ ikbhwchhkT"
Bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc ,g kb swgiij qucak}kjbcig agiig ikbhwg nic~~knlg+ ic ak~qkb}kj njb~gucqc) dgbqug pgu ig ikbhwg ~qucbkgug ~k ì kdpj~qc kb swg~qk agngbbk ic bj}kjbg ak %dju`j~kbqc~
nlg wbk`knc k awg pkcbk cidgbj `kbj ci ikgiij ak ~qwagbqk kbqgudgakj$ciqk ki pc~~chhkj ci ikgiij %cc kgbg ~pg~~j kagbqk`kncqj njb ki uchhkwbhkdgbqj pkgbj agiic pcaujbcb}c dju`j~kbqcqqknc g ic `jncik}}c}kjbg ~wiic ~kbqc~~k" Djqkc}kjbg
G( wbc bj}kjbg ec~g agiic p~knjakacqqknc V2T&be~p= ~gb}c djqkc}kjbg bjb n(ì cnswk~k}kjbg g) ~pg~ bgppwug cppugbakdgbqj V2T"
Bgii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc ~k kagbqk`kncbj awg akgu~k qkpk ak djqkc}kjbg) wbc nlg Hcuabgu g Icde ag`kbk~njbj %kbqghucqkc%) pujpukc agiij ~qwakj agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc V2T g ak swgiic ~gnjbac V2T pgun ukdcbac ciic jijbqï ak kbqghucu~k kb wb huwppj) ga wbc pkû ~gdpikngdgbqg %~quwdgbqcig%) qkpknc ag ikbhwg ~qucbkgug V2T ac w~cug njdg dg}}j ak njbqcqqj bghik kbnjbquk njb ~qucbkguk j bgiig k~kqg cii(g~ Dwiqkikbhwk~dj 2 Ekikbhwk~dj
Dwiqkdgakcikqï ~ dwiqkdjacikqï
^geegbg ~kcbj ~pg~~j njb`w~k) swg~qk awg njbngqqk ~k uk`guk~njbj c qg~qk ak bcqwuc akgu~c" Wb qg~qj dwiqkdjacig c``kcbnc) hkw~qcppjbg qg~qk ~nukqqk) jucik) k~kk) knjbknk) gnn" dgbqug wb qg~qj dwiqkdga kbqghuc ig cukg djacikqï nugcbaj wb qg~qj bwjj) ugqqj aci dgnncbk~dj ak ugick~ V2T) pgu nwk jhbk dgakwd ukdcbac chik ciquk pgu akgbkug ~khbk`kncqkj) bjb ~gdpikngdgbqg pgu `jubkug g~gdpik`knc}kj ~wppigdgbqk kb`judcqkk" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
H HA^ 2 ]AC@
Hgbgug njdwbkncqkj
Jhbk qg~qj V2T ~k ugcik}}c cii(kbqgubj ak `judg pug$~quwqqwucqg) agqqg %hgbguk%) ki nwk uwjij ì `jbacdgb bgi `cnkikqcug ~kc ic pujaw}kjbg ,~pgnkg ic `c~g ak pujhgqqc}kjbg V2T+ ~kc ic njdpugb~kjbg ,~pgnkg ic ` cbqknkpc}kjbg V2T+= ~cpgbaj kb`cqqk nlg kb wbc acqc nwiqwuc wbc ecu}giigqqc ,j wbc njb`gugb}c) j wbc igqqguc) j swciwbswg ciquj hgbgug+ ì ~quwqqwucqc kb wb acqj djaj) ~kc i(cwqjug agi qg~qj ~kc ki ~wj `uwkq ~jbj `cnkikqcqk"
Wbc hucddcqknc agk hgbguk ì cbnjuc kb gicejuc}kjbg) dc k pjnlk ~qwak nlg ~k lcbbj kbakncbj wbc hu cukgqï puj`jbac bgiic ~quwqqwuc}kjbg agk hgbguk bgiig cukg nwiqwug) pgu nwk ~wi pkcbj akacqqknj ì jppjuqwbj pjuqcug hik ~qwagbqk ca wbc uk`ig~~kjbg g~piknkqc ~wiig ak``gugb}g quc k hgbguk kb ikbhwc dcq ,nlg) pujpukj pgunlë bjqk) qgbajbj ca g~~gug c~~wbqk pgu wbkgu~cik+ g swgiik bgiig ikbhwg nlg ~k ~qcbb ~qwakcbaj"
Ic bj}kjbg ak %hgbgug% bjb c njb`w~c njb swgiic ak %qkpj% ,2 Qg~qj+) nlg ~k uk`guk~ng ciic bcqwuc puj`jbac) njbngqqwcig) agi qg~qj nlg kgbg pujajqqj" G~k~qjbj pjnlk qkpk ,ac nkbswg c jqqj) ~gnjbaj i qkpjijhkg nic~~knlg+) dgbqug k hgbguk ~jbj agnkbg g agnkbg= ca g~gdpkj) ki qkpj %qg~qj igqqgucukj% ~k ug kb agnkbg ak hgbguk g ~jqqjhgbguk igqqgucuk) nkc~nwbj njb ~wg ughjig ~pgnk`knlg) akgu~g ac nwiqwuc c n Hijecikqï
Bgiic ~quwqqwuc agii(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T ic `c~g agiic hijecikqï ì swgiic nlg) ajpj wb(kbqujaw}kjbg djqkc}kjbcig) pug~gbqc cii(ciikgj ki qg~qj ak pcuqgb}c) swgiij nlg pugnk~c ki qgdc agii(wbkqï g nlg ucnnlkwag ewjbc pcuqg agii(kbqcfg pugk~qj ,2 Kbpwq ~ Kbqcfg+" Ki qg~qj ì ak ~jikqj jucig g akcijhcqj b `c~k kbk}kcik agii(cppugbakdgbqj ~njic~qknj) dc bgiig `c~k ccb}cqg pwõ g~~gug nj~qkqwkqj cbnlg ac dcqgukcig ~nukqqj) g njb i(w~j ~cpkgbqg agiic qgnbjijhkc V2T pwõ cbnlg g~~gug dwiqkdjacig= ca g~gdp pug~gbqc}kjbg agiic ~qg~~c bjqk}kc kb akgu~k hgbguk V2T= njdwbkncqj ucakj`jbknj) ~guk}kj kb wb qgighkjubcig) ak~pcnnkj a(chgb}kc) cuqknjik ak hkjubcik ak akgu~c qgbagb}c" Kb nc~j ak kbpwq njdpig~~ bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig dknujikbhwg V2T ~nkgbqk`knj$puj`g~~kjbcik g agiic igqqgucqwuc ,2 Gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc+ ic `c~g ak cnnj~qcdgbqj hijecig ì ak ~jikqj ukpgqwqc pkû jiqg) wbc pgu jhbk qg~qj nlg njdp njdpig~~j ak dcqgukcik kbk}kcik agii(wbkqï akacqqknc"
Ncucqqguk~qknc ak swg~qc `c~g ì ic ~wc kbawqqkkqï) ki `cqqj ak ukjihgu~k ciic djacikqï %ag~quc% agi ngu Ekdjacikqï+) ak puggagug wbc njdpugb~kjbg g~qgb~kc V2T pukdc ak pujngagug ciig cqqkkqï ak cbcik~ http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Hijqqjakac~~k ~ hijqqjakacqqknc 2 Hijqqjakacqqknc
Hijqqjakacqqknc
G( ic ~nkgb}c agii(gawnc}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc V2T g) cidgbj pgu hik c~pgqqk cqqkbgbqk i(w~j agiic ikbhwc) ~k kbqgug~~c cbnlg agii(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc V2T g dknujikbhwk~qknc V2T"
_gu agngbbk ì ~qcqc kagbqk`kncqc njb ic ikbhwk~qknc V2T cppikncqc) nkjì njb ic ~gdpikng quc~pj~k}kjbg b dcqgukcik akacqqknk g bgii(cqqkkqï ak nic~~g agiig kbaknc}kjbk nlg pujgbkcbj aciic ikbhwk~qknc qgjuknc i(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj cppikncc cii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ic hucddcqknc ag~nukqqkc ,g bgk nc~k pkû g~qugd qucawngc kb hucddcqknc bjudcqkc+ ec~cqc ~wi djagiij agiic Hucddckug Uck~jbbëg ag _juq Uj{c i(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T cppikncc cii(kb~ghbcdgbqj ic ikbhwk~qknc qc~~jbjdknc cdgukncbc6 cin ugcik}}c}kjbk agii(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T ~jbj dgug cppiknc}kjbk agiic puchdcikbhwk~qknc V2T g ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc V2T" Kb ciquk nc~k ic hijqqjakacqqknc ì ~qcqc kbqg~c njdg cppiknc}kjbg ak dgqjaknlg qkp agiic p~knjijhkc ,2 Nikbknk) cppujnnk g dgqjak+"
Swg~qc qgbagb}c ì ~qcqc ~jqqjpj~qc ca wbc nukqknc gpk~qgdjijhknc `jbacdgbqcig bghik cbbk ^g~~cbqc jekgqqcqj nlg ic ikbhwk~qknc ì wbc ~nkgb}c `kbcik}}cqc ciic njbj~ngb}c) njdg ic ekjijhkc j ic nlkdknc dgbqug ic hijqqjakacqqknc ì `kbcik}}cqc ciic ~jiw}kjbg ak wb pujeigdc ,i(cnswk~k}kjbg agiic ikbhwc+) n dgaknkbc) nlg wjig uk~jigug pujeigdk ak bcqwuc ekjijhknc cqqucgu~j `cudcnk ak bcqwuc nlkdknc"
Njdg ì ki dgaknj nlg agnkag swcik kdpiknc}kjbk qucuug) pgu uk~jigug k ~wjk pujeigdk) aciic ekjijhkc aciic nlkdknc) nj~é ì ki hijqqjakacqqc nlg agnkag swcik kdpiknc}kjbk qucuug aciig ~nkgb}c agi ikbhwchh acii(cbqujpjijhkc) aciig ~nkgb}g p~knjijhknlg) aciig qgjukg pgachjhknlg"
Ic hijqqjakacqqknc awbswg ~k njb`khwuc njdg wbc ~nkgb}c pucqknc ga kbqguak~nkpikbcug) ighcqc ciig ~nk qgjuknlg ak uk`gukdgbqj ac wb dgnncbk~dj ak kdpiknc}kjbg g bjb ak dgnncbknc cppiknc}kjbg"
Cii(kbqgubj agiic ukngunc hijqqjakacqqknc ~k kbakkawcbj wbc njdpjbgbqg qgjuknc ,dkucbqg c njbj~ngu dgnncbk~dj agii(cnswk~k}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc) ci `kbg ak agukcubg aghik cppujnnk V2T+ ga wbc njdpjbgb
jpgucqkc) ~pg~~j agqqc %hijqqjakac~~k%) nlg pjuqc ciic ag`kbk}kjbg ak dgqjak V2T g ciic ~gig}kjbg agi qgnbknlg V2T g agiig qgnbjijhkg V2T caghwcqg" Swg~qc njbng}kjbg agiic hijqqjakacqqknc) nlg ì pujpukc agii(Kqcikc) ~qc ak``jbagbaj~k kb Gwujpc) g kb kbhig~g cinwbk cwqjuk w~cbj hkï ki qgudkbg gawncqkjbci ikbhwk~qkn~ ci pj~qj ak Cppikga ikbhwk~qkn~" Hijqqjdcqgqknc) njdpgqgb}c
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Swg~qj ì ki qgudkbg nic~~knj pgu kbakncug njbngqqk swcik %cwqjbjdkc agii(cppugbakdgbqj% jppwug %kdpcucug ca kdpcucug%) ncincqk ~w g~pug~~kjbk kbhig~k"
Ic njdpgqgb}c hijqqjdcqgqknc pgudgqqg cii(ciikgj awg jpguc}kjbk) wbc ~kbnujbknc cqqucgu~j ki dgnncbk~dj agi qucb~`gu V2T) pgu nwk wqkik}}c pgu wbc ak~nkpikbc njbj~ngb}g j cekikqï ak cnswk~k}kjb lc `cqqj pujpukg kb ciqug ak~nkpikbg) g wbc akcnujbknc) pgu nwk ki `cqqj ak cgu ~qwakcqj wbc ikbhwc kb~g puj~ghwkug pgu qwqqc ic kqc ~kc bgi pgu`g}kjbcdgbqj ak swgiic ikbhwc ~kc bgii(cnswk~k}kjbg pkû chgj ciqug ikbhwg" ,2 Dcqgdc+" Hijqqjqgnbjijhkc 2 Qgnbjijhkc hijqqjakacqqknc"
Huca,w+c}kjbg
^k qucqqc ak wbj agk pukbnépk ec~g agiic hucddcqknc pgachjhknc V2T) agiic hijqqjakacqqknc wdcbk~qknj c``gqqkc V2T g agiic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T"
Dgbqug bgk ~gnjik kb nwk ajdkbcc wb(cnng}kjbg ag~nukqqkc g*j bjudcqkc agiic hucddcqknc k dcqgu cppugbagug gbkcbj pug~gbqcqk cii(ciikgj ~gnjbaj wbc ~wnng~~kjbg ~pg~~j ec~cqc ~w qucak}kjbk gdp g ~wiig %pcuqk agi ak~nju~j%) jhhk ~k pug~gbqcbj cb}kqwqqj ig `judg nlg) pgu ic ijuj `ugswgb}c j pgu ic ncpcnkqï ak hgbgucug njdwbknc}kjbg) uk~wiqcbj pkû pujawqqkg6 agnk~c ic ~wnng~~kjbg agiig pukbnkpcik %ughjig% ,kbqg~g njdg dgnncbk~dk ak `wb}kjbcdgbqj agiic ikbhwc) bjb njdg bjudg ac cppikncug pc~~kcdgbqg+) ~k kbakkawcbj kb nkc~nwbc ak g~~g agk bwnigk `juqk ac pug~gbqcug pgu pukdk) pgu pjk kbqghucuik kb ~ghwkqj njb i(cbcik~k agiig pgnwikcukqï) agiig gnng}kjbk) gnn") ~gnjbaj wb pgunju~j c ~pku
C swg~qc huca,w+c}kjbg ikbhwk~qknc g puchdcqknc ~k c``kcbnc wbc huca,w+c}kjbg ighcqc ciic djqkc}kj ,wbc ughjic nlg njb~gbqg ak ugcik}}cug cqqk njdwbkncqkk p~knjijhkncdgbqg ukigcbqg pgu i(ciikgj kg cbqknkpcqc) cbnlg ~g ic ~wc wqkikqï hijecig ì dkbjug ak ciqug ughjig+ g ciic akdgb~kjbg p~knjakacqqknc g~gdpkj) bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj pugnjng gbhjbj cbqknkpcqg ughjig nlg njb~gbqjbj wbc hijqqjakacqqknc V2T j wbc Qjqci pl{~knci ug~pjb~g V2T+"
Kb`kbg) ic huca,w+c}kjbg ì g~~gb}kcig bgiic puj~pgqqkc agiic ^gnjbac Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ Fuc~lgb) ajg ukdcbac cii(kpjqg~k agii(juakbg bcqwucig V2T ak cnswk~k}kjbg" Huc`gdknc) Njdpgqgb}c
G( wbc njdpjbgbqg agiic njdpgqgb}c ikbhwk~qknc V2T g ukhwcuac ic ncpcnkqï juqjhuc`knc ak ~nukqqwuc"
_ujeigdk ak juakbg huc`gdknj gdguhjbj bgiij ~qwakj ak qwqqg ig ikbhwg) dc k pcuqknjicug kb swgiig nl w~cbj ci`cegqk akgu~k ac swgiij icqkbj jppwug kagjhucddk" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Hucddcqknc
Wbc hucddcqknc ì wb ~k~qgdc ak ughjig) kbqg~g njdg dgnncbk~dk ak `wb}kjbcdgbqj ak wbc ikbhwc" Qucak}kjbcidgbqg %hucddcqknc%) ci ~kbhjicug) njdpugbagc i(kbqguj njdpig~~j ak ughjig ak wbc ikbh dgbqug jhhk ~k pug`guk~ng w~cug %hucddcqknlg% ci piwucig) pugnk~cbaj ak jiqc kb jiqc i(cdekqj= hucddcqknc `jbjijhknc) huc`gdknc) qg~qwcig) ~jnkjikbhwk~qknc) g nj~é kc pgu qwqqg ig njdpjbgbqk nlg nj~qkqwk~njbj ic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc V2T" Ic pcaujbcb}c agiig ughjig ak wbc hucddcqknc kgbg nlkcdcqc %njdpgqgb}c% V2T"
Bgi ^gqqg$Jqqjngbqj kb pjk ic hijqqjakacqqknc pukkighkc ic hucddcqknc ag~nukqqkc) quc~`judcqc kb hucddcqknc pug~nukqqkc= kb swg~qj ~gb~j ic hijqqjakacqqknc ì %ikbhwk~qknc cppikncqc% V2T cii(kb~ghbcd Hkï aciic `kbg agi ~gnjij aknkcbbjg~kdj) qwqqckc) ~k `c ~qucac ki njbngqqj ak %hucddcqknc pgachjhk ~njpj agiic hucddcqknc bjb ì pkû ~jij swgiij ak kbakkawcug k dgnncbk~dk ak `wb}kjbcdgbqj agiic
~qwakcqc) dc ac cbnlg swgiij ak ak kdpjuqcb}c) ak kbakkawcug pgu nkc~nwbc ughjic bwnigj `juqg pug~gbqcug pguhucawcuik pukdj g kb pjkjuakbg wbc ~gukg ak njdpigqcdgbqk ,gnng}kjbk) pgnwikcukqï) gnn"+w kb~ghbcug kb ~ghwkqj) qjubcbaj ~wiig ~kbhjig ughjig kb wb pgunju~j c ~pkucig" Hucddcqknj$qucawqqkj) Cppujnnkj 2 @judcik~qknj"
Hukhikc
Swg~qc qgnbknc ~k ec~c ~wiic (hukhikc( ak pj~~kekikqï j``guqg acii(kbnujnkj ak awg cukcekik) wbc ak~pj~qc juakbcqg ga wbc ~wiig c~nk~~g ak wb pkcbj ncuqg~kcbj"
G~~c ì ukqgbwqc ak ~jikqj cacqqc pgu hwkacug$guk`kncug ~jij ic njdpugb~kjbg ak acqk ug`gugb}kcik) dc pug~qc kb ugciqï cbnlg c icjucug ~wiic njdpugb~kjbg puj`jbac= ~k pgb~k) ca g~gdpkj) ca wbj ~nlgdc ukpjuqc bgiic njijbbc juk}}jbqcig k bjdk agk pgu~jbchhk ak wb ucnnjbqj j ak wb ujdcb}j g bgiic njij guqkncig wbc ik~qc ak pj~~kekik ~njpk bjb aknlkcucqk pgu ig ijuj c}kjbk= chik ciikgk i(g~gnw}kjbg uknlkg pwõ pcugug dkbkdc ,~ghbcug nujngqqg bgiic nc~giic hkw~qc+ dc nkõ nlg ~k nlkgag ì kb ugciqï wbc cbcik cppuj`jbakqc kb qgudkbk kb`gugb}kcik" Huùbaagwq~nl 2 Ak}kjbcukj ~ Pjncejicukj"
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Lgukqchg pujhucd
I(g~pug~~kjbg ì pujpukc agii(cdekqj ncbcag~g kb nwk) bghik cbbk ^g~~cbqc$Jqqcbqc) ~k ~jbj k~qkqwkqk nj ~pgnkcik ak ikbhwc gqbknc V2T) qgbwqk `wjuk acii(jucukj ~njic~qknj" Jhhk pugcig i(g~pug~~kjbg njddwbkq{ icbhwchg g ~k ngunc ak ukpjuqcug i(kb~ghbcdgbqj bgii(cdekqj agii(cqqkkqï ~njic~qknc"
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K K3 2 Kbpwq njdpugb~kekig6 2 Juakbg Bcqwucig6 2 ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{"
Knjbc hucddcqkncig
^k qucqqc ak ucppug~gbqc}kjbk knjbknlg ak ~quwqqwug ikbhwk~qknlg) wqkik}}cqg ~jpucqqwqqj pgu gkagb}kcug huc`kncdgbqg ig bj}kjbk ak ~pc}kj g qgdpj"
Ic nj~kaagqqc %ikbgc agi qgdpj% ì wb g~gdpkj ak knjbc hucddcqkncig= ~w wbc ikbgc ~k kbaknc wb pwbq
njuuk~pjbag ca %cag~~j%) g pjkiwbhj ak ak~qukewk~njbj ig bj}kjbk qgdpj ugicqkg ci pc~~cqj g ci,acii(c~~ `wqwuj" nugcug wb ~k~qgdc ncuqg~kcbj= i(c~~g guqkncig ~k kbaknc)akca g~gdpkj) i(c~pgqqj guecig djdgbqcbgkqï) nlg njkbnkag njb ic ikbgc juk}}jbqcig) cii(c~~jiwqc awucqc) njiijncqc kb ciqj+) ~k pwõ njdkbnkcug c ak~qukewkug ki ~k~qgdc guecig ~gnjbaj qgdpj g c~pgqqj) ugcik}}cbaj wb(kddchkbg nlg qcig ~k~qgdc kb dcbkguc djiqj wqkig pgu ~qwagbqk kbqgudgak g ccb}cqk" Wb(ciquc njdwbg knjbc ak ~pc}kj ì) ca g~gdpkj) wb ukswcauj njb wb pwbqj ~jpuc j ~jqqj) c ag~quc j ~kbk~quc) agbquj g `wjuk g nj~é kc) pgu kbakncug ig bj}kjbk ak ~pc}kj" Ig knjbg hucddcqkncik ~jbj ~gdpug pkû w~cqg kb ikbhwk~qknc njdpcucqkc V2T g bgii(cbcik~k qg~qwcig" KI^^G ,Kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig Ikbhwg ^qucbkgug bgiic ^nwjic Gigdgbqcug+ 2 _ugnjng"
Kddchkbcqkc) @wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Lciikac{ V2T swg~qc `wb}kjbg ~k ugcik}}c swcbaj ic ikbhwc kgbg w~cqc pgu nugcug dj ciqgubcqkk uk~pgqqj c swgiij ugcig"
Kb hijqqjakacqqknc g~~c kgbg ak bjudc wbkqc ciic `wb}kjbg pjgqknc ak Mcfje~jb kb wb njdpig~~j nlkc %`wb}kjbg pjgqknj$kddchkbcqkc% nlg ukdcbac g~~gb}kcidgbqg ck qg~qk igqqgucuk" Kdpujdpqw 2 Qucaw}kjbg ~kdwiqcbgc"
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Kbnc~quj agiig ecqqwqg ak wb akcijhj
Swg~qc `judc ak kbnc~quj ~k pug~gbqc ~gnjbaj swcqquj cukcbqk) ncucqqguk}}cqg ac wb hucaj nug~ngbqg ak``knjiqï"
Ak bjudc ~k lc wb akcijhj ig nwk ecqqwqg ~jbj quc~nukqqg kb juakbg nc~wcig g ucnnjiqg kb huwppk ~gpcuc jhbk pgu~jbchhkj" Kb wbc gu~kjbg pkû ~gdpikng) ig ecqqwqg ak wb pgu~jbchhkj ~jbj hkï acqg kb juakbg njuugqqj"
Kb wbc gu~kjbg pkû njdpig~~c) qwqqg ig ecqqwqg ~jbj kb juakbg nc~wcig) ~gb}c g~~gug c~nukqqg ck ~kbhj pcuqgnkpcbqk"
Kb`kbg ì pj~~kekig cgug ig ecqqwqg ak wb pgu~jbchhkj hkï ~qcdpcqg bgiic ~wnng~~kjbg njuugqqc) dgbqu swgiig agi ~gnjbaj pgu~jbchhkj gbhjbj `cqqg c~njiqcug ~gnjbaj wb juakbg nc~wcig= hik ciikgk agj kbakncug ki bwdguj njuuk~pjbagbqg ciic ecqqwqc bgi pwbqj njuugqqj agi akcijhj jppwug agjbj quc~nuk ~jqqj agqqcqwuc"
Swg~qc qgnbknc ì djiqj wqkig pgu uc``ju}cug ic njdpgqgb}c qg~qwcig V2T g swgiic ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2 Kbnc~quj ak `wdgqqk
^k pj~~jbj ugcik}}cug pkû cukcbqk ak swg~qc qgnbknc akacqqknc"
Kb wb pukdj nc~j) ig khbgqqg gbhjbj pug~gbqcqg bgii(juakbg njuugqqj g ig ecqqwqg gbhjbj acqg kb j nc~wcig kb ncing6 i(ciikgj agg ukpjuqcug bgi `wdgqqj ki bwdguj njuuk~pjbagbqg ca jhbk ecqqwqc j nji ecqqwqc g khbgqqc njb wbc `ugnnkc"
Kb wbc ~gnjbac gu~kjbg) ig khbgqqg ,kbniw~g ig ecqqwqg+ ~jbj ukqchikcqg g pj~qg kb juakbg nc~wcig" J khbgqqc ì njbquc~~ghbcqc ac wb bwdguj" I(ciikgj agg kbakncug ic ~wnng~~kjbg njuugqqc agiig khbg
Wbc qgu}cjppwug gu~kjbg) c~~ck njdpig~~c) pug~gb}c kb juakbg nc~wcig ~kc ig khbgqqg ~kc ig ecqqwqg) acciig njie njb ikbgg cnnjppkcbaj ig igqqgug nlg kbakncbj ig khbgqqg ck bwdguk nlg njuuk~pjbajbj ,%C7%) %N1%) gnn"+" Swg~qc qgnbknc ì jqqkdc pgu uc``ju}cug ic njdpgqgb}c qg~qwcig V2T g swgiic ~jnkj$puchdcqknc V2T" Kbnc~quj ak pcuchuc`k
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G( wbc qgnbknc akacqqknc kb ec~g ciic swcig ~k pug~gbqc njdg wb qg~qj ~nukqqj) w~wcidgbqg kb puj~c) k n pcuchuc`k ~jbj ak~pj~qk kb juakbg nc~wcig6 i(ciikgj agg bwdgucug k cuk pcuchuc`k kb juakbg ak ~wnng
Swg~qc qgnbknc ì ~pgnk`knc pgu icjucug ~kc ~wiic njgugb}c qg~qwcig ~kc ~whik kbakncqjuk dgqcnjdwbkn ,%kb pukdj iwjhj%) %kbjiqug%) %kb`kbg%) gnn"+"
Kbnc~quj ak pcujig g ak ~pg}}jbk ak `uc~g
Bgii(kbnc~quj ak pcujig gbhjbj pug~gbqcqg ig pcujig ak wbc `uc~g ak~pj~qg kb juakbg nc~wcig6 i(ciikg agg uknjpkcuig kb juakbg hkw~qj" Bgii(kbnc~quj ak ~pg}}jbk ak `uc~g qujkcdj wbc njijbbc c ~kbk~quc n ~g}kjbk kbk}kcik ak cukg `uc~k ga wbc njijbbc c ag~quc njb ig ~g}kjbk njbniw~kg) ak~pj~qg kb juakbg nc~wcig" Hik ciikgk wbk~njbj hik ~pg}}jbk ak jhbk `uc~g qucnnkcbaj agiig `ugnng) pgu nwk ic ~jddkbk~quc}kjbg uk~wiqc ucpkac" ^g ~k wqkik}}cbj `uc~k ~kdkik) nlg ~k ak``gugb}kcbj ~jij pgu wb agqqch dju`j~kbqcqqknj ,ca g~gdpkj) wb ~jhhgqqj dc~nlkig kb wbc `uc~g ga wbj `gddkbkig kb wb(ciquc) nlg ukdcbacbj c awg pcuqknkpk pc~~cqk akgu~cdgbqg cnnjuacqk+) swg~qc cukcbqg pwõ uk~wiqcug ceec~qcb}c njdpig~~c"
Swg~qk kbnc~quk) pgu swcbqj ~wpgu`knkcidgbqg ak``gugbqk) ~gujbj ca wbj ~qg~~j ~njpj= ij ~kiwppj ag njdpgqgb}c dju`j~kbqcqqknc V2T njb ki ~wppjuqj ak wbc ec~g ~gdcbqknc nlg `jubk~ng ki ~khbk`kncqj hi agiic `uc~g" Kbnc~quj ak qg~qk
^gnjbaj swg~qc qgnbknc akacqqknc ~k pug~gbqcbj cii(ciikgj agk qg~qk cwqjbjdk dc njuugicqk quc ak ijuj pwõ g~~guij wbj ~ncdekj ak njuuk~pjbagb}c jppwug wbc ighhg) ic bjqk`knc agiic ~wc njbqucgb}kjbg ~jiignkqj ak pchcdgbqj) i(cqqg~qcqj ak cgbwqj pchcdgbqj) gnn" Hik ciikgk agjbj kbakncug ic njuug ~wnng~~kjbg quc k cuk qg~qk"
Ic njdpugb~kjbg agiic ~wnng~~kjbg ijhknc g*j qgdpjucig ì ic nlkcg pgu swg~qc qgnbknc) nlg dgqqg k djqj i(kbqguj pujng~~j ak njdpugb~kjbg qg~qwcig c ikgiij ak ggbqj njdwbkncqkj V2T) bjb ~jij ak ~ qg~qj" Kbniw~kjbg
Swg~qc qgnbknc akacqqknc) `kbcik}}cqc ciic ui`ig~~kjbg ~wiic ikbhwc) nlkgag chik ciikgk ak ~waakkagug w huwppj ak gigdgbqk acqk ciic ukb`w~c kb huwppk ncucqqguk}}cqk ac wb qucqqj pcuqknjicug ,kb kb~kgdk~qknc jpguc}kjbg ì agqqc %kbniw~kjbg%+" Ca g~gdpkj) ~k pj~~jbj acug ciic ukb`w~c bjdk) chhgqqkk g guek) ci ~kbhjicug ciquk ci piwucig= hik ciikgk pj~~jbj nugcug qug kb~kgdk ec~cqk ~wiic `wb}kjbg dju`j~kbqcqqk (pcuqk agi ak~nju~j(+ jppwug awg kb~kgdk ec~cqk ~wi bwdguj6 kb swg~q(wiqkdj nc~j) ~g ~k lcbbj cbnlg a http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
njiigqqkk) ~cuï bgng~~cukj ~waakkagug wiqgukjudgbqg ki huwppj %^kbhjicug% quc ~kbhjicuk cwqgbqknk g ~kbhjicuk dju`jijhknk ,%hgbqg%) %hughhg%+"
I(kbniw~kjbg pwõ cgbkug icjucbaj ~w swciwbswg hucddcqknc V2T agiic njdpgqgb}c njdwbkncqkc g~~gug qjqcidgbqg ikeguc ,hik ciikgk kbakkawcbj hik kb~kgdk nlg jhikjbj+) pugjuakbcqc ,kb ugciqï hi gigdgbqk cppcuqgbhjbj ca cinwbk kb~kgdk egb pugnk~k+ jppwug hwkacqc) swcbaj i(kb~ghbcbqg kbaknc ig ncqghjukg ac wqkik}}cug pgu ukjuakbcug ki dcqgukcig" Kbnwiqwuc}kjbg 2 Nwiqwuk}}c}kjbg"
Kbakkawc}kjbg agiig agkcb}g 2 Ncnnkc cii(guujug"
Kbawqqkj 2 Agawqqkj ~ kbawqqkj"
Kb`gugb}c ~ Ug`gugb}c
^k qucqqc ak awg dgnncbk~dk nlg njb~gbqjbj ak kbakkawcug ki ~khbk`kncqj kb wb qg~qj) ak wbc `uc~g) ak pcujic= ~g ki ~khbk`kncqj ì g~piknkqcdgbqg g~pug~~j aci qg~qj ki dgnncbk~dj cqqkcqj ì swgiij ug`gugb} ~g kbgng ì bgng~~cukj cbacug jiqug ki qg~qj g ~njpukug pug~wppj~k}kjbk j kdpiknc}kjbk nk qujkcdj ak c kb`gugb}c" Ca g~gdpkj) i(gbwbnkcqj %Hkjcbbc ì ~jugiic ak Dcukj% lc wb ~khbk`kncqj ug`gugb}kcig a pcugbqgic6 dc ~k pj~~jbj kb`gukug cbnlg ciqug kb`judc}kjbk) ca g~gdpkj nlg lcbbj k hgbkqjuk kb njd nlg akkagucbbj i(gugakqï) nlg k ijuj `khik ~cucbbj nwhkbk) gnn"
Ic aknjqjdkc ì `jbacdgbqcig kb hijqqjakacqqknc pgu ig cqqkkqï ak njdpugb~kjbg= kb`cqqk ki pgunju~j d aciic njdpugb~kjbg ug`gugb}kcig c swgiic kb`gugb}kcig) g swkbak ig ajdcbag) ig ~ngiqg dwiqkpig) gnn" pug~gbqcqg kb swg~qc ~wnng~~kjbg g bjb kb dcbkguc nc~wcig" Kb`judcqkjb hcp
G( wbc bj}kjbg g~~gb}kcig pgu i(cppujnnkj njdwbkncqkj V2T= ic pug~gb}c ak wb kb`judcqkjb hcp) ak w wjqj ak kb`judc}kjbg quc hik ~qwagbqk nlg agjbj kbqguchkug) njb~gbqg ak ak~qkbhwgug quc g~gunk}k pwucdgbqg ~njic~qknk g cqqkkqï ugcidgbqg njdwbkncqkg ,ig wbknlg nlg pjuqcbj cii(cnswk~k}kjbg V2T+ Kbpwq njdpugb~kekig
Ic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T ak Fuc~lgb c``gudc nlg ic ikbhwc kgbg cnswk~kqc http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
g~pjbgbaj i(ciikgj ca wb kbpwq) pwunlë swg~qj ~kc ug~j njdpugb~kekig ,n`u" ic `wb}kjbg IC^^ ak Eu 2 ICA) IC^^+ g ~k ~kqwk bgiic njuugqqc pj~k}kjbg iwbhj i(c~~g agii(juakbg bcqwucig V2T ak cnswk~k}kjb nkjì kddgakcqcdgbqg ajpj i(kbpwq nlg `kbj c swgi djdgbqj ì ~qcqj cnswk~kqj" I(kbpwq pwõ g~~gug ju ~nukqqj j cwakjk~kj= i(wbknc nj~c ukigcbqg ì ki `cqqj nlg ki ICA agii(ciikgj gbhc pj~qj kb hucaj a njdpugbaguij"
Kbpwq ~ Kbqcfg
%Kbpwq% ,qgudkbg agukcqj aciic ^gnjba Icbhwchg Cnswk~kqkjb Qlgju{ V2T+ kbaknc swcbqj kgbg j``g ug~j njdpugb~kekig cii(ciikgj) %kbqcfg% swgiic pcuqg agii(kbpwq nlg i(ciikgj ajugeeg cgu cnswk~kqj `kbg ak wb(wbkqï akacqqknc V2T"
Qucak}kjbcidgbqg) ~jpucqqwqqj bgii(kb~ghbcdgbqj agiig ikbhwg c ecdekbk c pukbnkpkcbqk) ~k qgbagc c njkbnkagug kbpwq g kbqcfg) dgbqug jhhk nk ~jbj cppujnnk) swcik swgiij ig~~kncig V2T nlg puggajbj w djiqj dchhkjug agii(kbqcfg cqqg~j" Kb^gQ
^khic nlg ~qc pgu Kb$^gukng Quckbkbh g nlg kgbg ~pg~~j w~cqc cbnlg kb kqcikcbj pgu %`judc}kjbg kb ~guk}kj% aghik kb~ghbcbqk" Ki njbngqqj ak quckbkbh) qwqqckc) kgbg jhhk ~gdpug pkû uk`kwqcqj c `cjug %`judc}kjbg% ,2 Gawnc}kjbg ~ k~quw}kjbg+
Kbqcfg 2 Kbpwq ~ Kbqcfg Kbqgb}kjbg njdwbkncqkc 2 Cqqj njdwbkncqkj"
Kbqgu`gugb}c
G( ki uk~wiqcqj agi qucb~`gu bghcqkj j pj~kqkj g~gnkqcqj aciic ikbhwc dcqgubc ,g aciig ciqug ikbhwg hkï cnswk~kqg+ ~wii(kbqguikbhwc V2T agiic ikbhwc nlg ~k ~qc ~qwakcbaj" I(kbqgu`gugb}c pwõ cbnlg g~~gug aj nj~kaagqqj %qucb~`gu a(kb~ghbcdgbqj%) nkjì ciic puc~~k akacqqknc ~ghwkqc"
Qucak}kjbcidgbqg ~k njb~kaguc ~jij ki qucb~`gu V2T bghcqkj) pgu nwk k ~k~qgdk ikbhwk~qknk hkï bjqk pujjncbj guujuk bgiic ikbhwc nlg ~k ~qc cnswk~gbaj= ca g~gdpkj) i(kbhig~g nlg w~c pgjpig) g nlg dc ki qgag~nj g w~c njuugqqcdgbqg igwqg) qgbaguï pgu g``gqqj agii(kbqgu`gugb}c c nj~quwkug i(kqcikcbj %hgbqg ki guej piwucig"
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
Jhhk) kbgng) ~k qgbag cbnlg c cijuk}}cug i(kbqgu`gugb}c pj~kqkc= ca g~gdpkj) ki gbgqj nlg pcuic cb akcigqqj pwõ `cu pgubj ~wi `cqqj nlg kb qcig ikbhwc ki guej kqcikcbj %ajgug% kgbg ugcik}}cqj njb %c kb`kbkqj% g swkbak pwõ cnswk~kug `cnkidgbqg %lcg qj kb`kbkqj% kb kbhig~g" Kbqguikbhwc
G( wb njbqkbwwd ak ~k~qgdk ikbhwk~qknk pujk~juk) pgu~jbcik) pcu}kcik nlg ~k nugcbj bgiic dgbqg ak nl cppugbag wbc ikbhwc ~gnjbac) ~qucbkguc j nic~~knc"
^k qucqqc ak njdpgqgb}g ncucqqguk}}cqg acii(kbqgu`gugb}c V2T agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc) nlg qwqqckc ~k ukaw pujhug~~kcdgbqg"
Hik guujuk ak wb ciikgj V2 Cbcik~k aghik guujukT uk~wiqcbj wqkik pgu ~njpukug ~g ic ~wc kbqguikbhwc njkbn njb swgiic pugk~qc c swgiij ~qcakj agiij ~qwakj ak wbc ikbhwc" ^gnjbaj cinwbg qgjukg) dgbqug ic pcaujbcb}c ikbhwk~qknc ì pujpukc agiic ikbhwc dcqgubc ga gqbknc V2T) bgiij ~qwakj ak ikbhwg ~gnjbag) ~qucbkgug g nic~~knlg V2T bjb ~k pwõ cgug ciquj uk~wiqcqj nlg wb(kbqguikbhwc) pgu swcbqj ak jqqkdc swc Kbqgubc}kjbcig) ikbhwc
Swg~qc g~pug~~kjbg lc awg ~khbk`kncqk= wbj ak``w~j bgi ikbhwchhkj njdwbg) pgu nwk ~k uk`guk~ng cii(kb ,kb ugciqï ~k qucqqc pkwqqj~qj ak wbc ikbhwc `ucbnc 2+ g i(ciquj $ qkpknj aghik ~qwak ak pjikqknc ikbhwk~qknc nwk ag`kbk~ng i(g~pgucbqj"
Bghik wiqkdk cbbk cbnlg ig c~~jnkc}kjbk ak g~pgucbqk~qk lcbbj `cqqc pujpukc i(g~pug~~kjbg %ikbhwc kbqgubc}kjbcig% pgu ag`kbkug i(g~pgucbqj) pujpjbgbajic ~jpucqqwqqj njdg ikbhwc ak ~guk}kj bghik ~nc kbqgubc}kjbcik) pkwqqj~qj nlg njdg ~j~qkqwqj agiig ikbhwg bcqwucik bgiic kqc swjqkakcbc" Kbqgupgu~jbcig) `wb}kjbg
Bgi djagiij ak Lciikac{ swg~qc `wb}kjbg V2T kbaknc i(w~j agiic ikbhwc `kbcik}}cqj ciij ~qcekikug) dcb j kbqguujdpgug wb ucppjuqj quc awg pgu~jbg" ^k ugcik}}c awbswg cqqucgu~j cqqk njdwbkncqkk V2T swc %~ciwqcug%) %njbhgacu~k%) %~nw~cu~k%) gnn" Bgk nwuuknjik hijqqjakacqqknk swg~qc `wb}kjbg kbniwag ak ~jikqj cbnlg ic `wb}kjbg %cppgiicqkc% j %njbcqkc% agi djagiij ak Mcfje~jb) swgiic nkjì jukgbqcqc ~wi ag~qkbcqcukj agiic njdwbknc}kjbg" Kbqgupugqcukcqj 2 Qucaw}kjbg ~kdwiqcbgc" http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
K_C
^khic nlg ~qc pgu Kbqgubcqkjbci _ljbgqkn Ciplcegq) nkjì ic ~gukg ak huc`gdk njbgb}kjbcik w~cqk pgu kbakncug ic pujbwbnkc agk `jbgdk ak qwqqg ig ikbhwg" Kb hijqqjakacqqknc ~k ì c iwbhj akecqqwqj ~g `j~~g ki nc~j ak kb~ghbcug i(K_C chik ~qwagbqk ,~jpucqqwqqj
kbhig~g+6 achik cbbk Jqqcbqc ic pug~gb}c agii(K_C bgk dcbwcik ~k ì ~pj~qcqc ack ikgiik kbk}kcik c swgii kbqgudgak) dgbqug pcug ~njdpcu~c aci bjguj agiig qgnbknlg pgu i(cbcik~k `jbjijhkc ic quc~nuk}kjbg a ~gnjbaj i(K_C jppwug knggu~c" Kpguqg~qj
C ak``gugb}c ak wb qg~qj V2T bjudcig) nlg ì ncucqqguk}}cqj aciic ~gswgb}kcikqï agiic `uwk}kjbg ,g~k~qg pukdc g wb ajpj) bjb ~k pwõ ighhgug ic njbniw~kjbg ~gb}c cgu igqqj i(kbk}kj+ wb kpguqg~qj ì ~quwqqwuc djaj ac pjqgu g~~gug `uwkqj kbk}kcbaj ac swci~kc~k pcuqg g ac ié %bckhcbaj% ,~gnjbaj ic dgqc`juc j cnswk~kqc+ bgi qg~qj cqqucgu~j k ukdcbak nlg ighcbj k %bjak%"
Ak ~jikqj ~k njiighc i(kagc ak kpguqg~qj c swgiic ak kpguqg~qj kb`judcqknj) dc kb ugciqï wb kpguqg~qj pwõ cbnlg g~~gug ncuqcngj ,njdg swg~qj bj}kjbcukj ~qcdpcqj ~w ncuqc njb k ukdcbak acqk aci ~ghbj %2%+ cbnlg ~g ki ~wppjuqj kb`judcqknj `cnkikqc djiqj ic bckhc}kjbg pgunlë ec~qc niknncug ~wi bjaj) nkjì pcujic gkagb}kcqc) g ic dcnnlkbc c kddgakcqcdgbqg ciic jng njuuk~pjbagbqg"
I(kagc ak kpguqg~qj ì `jbacdgbqcig pgunlë ic hucddcqknc V2T ak wbc ikbhwc) ~kc kb ~gb~j ~qugqqj ,%Dju`j~kbqc~~k%+ ~kc kb ~gb~j icqj ì wb hucbag kpguqg~qj) nlg kgbg kc njdpigqcqj ak bwjk gigdgb ,%ughjig%+ g ak bwjk njiighcdgbqk" Ciij ~qg~~j djaj) i(gawnc}kjbg igqqgucukc V2T g i(kb~ghbcdgbqj a nwiqwuc V2T ~qucbkguc qgbajbj c nugcug wb kpguqg~qj) ac njdpigqcug awucbqg qwqqc ic kqc pj~q$~njic~qkn _gu ic ~wc c~~jiwqc cacqqcekikqï c kbqgug~~k) ukqdk g ~qucqghkg ak ~qwakj akgu~g) ic `judc kpéguqg~qwcig akkgbg ~gdpug pkû swgiic ~ngiqc pgu k dcqgukcik akacqqknk) ~kc ~w ncuqc ~kc ~w ~wppjuqk kb`judcqknk"
Kpgu$cppugbakdgbqj
G( wb pukbnkpkj `jbacdgbqcig agii(cppujnnkj ~quwqqwucik~qknj V2T&be~p= ~gnjbaj Eijjd`kgia) i(cppugbakdgbqj ikbhwk~qknj ì jguigcubkbh) uk~wiqc nkjì aciic ukpgqk}kjbg ~juceejbacbqg agiij ~nlg %~qkdjij$uk~pj~qc$njb`gudc%" Kb gu~kjbk dgbj g~piknkqg ga g~qugdg swg~qj pukbnkpkj ~qc cbnlg ciic agii(cppujnnkj `judcik~qknj V2T) njb ig ~wg ~gswgb}g ak `uc~k ac qucawuug"
C swg~qc kagc ak cppugbakdgbqj ~k jppjbhjbj qwqqk hik ~qwakj~k nlg dgqqjbj kb pj~k}kjbg pugdkbgb http://slide pdf.c om/re a de r/full/noz iona r io-di-glottodida ttic a
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Noz iona r io di Glottodida ttic a - slide pdf.c om
~ncdekj ak ~khbk`kncqk) ic ugcik}}c}kjbg ak `wb}kjbk) ic njdwbknc}kjbg pgu swcbqj cuqg`cqqc) kb swcbq ukajqqc bgii(cdekqj agiic nic~~g) cb}knlë gb`cqk}}cug ij ~qwakj g i(g~gunkqc}kjbg ~wiic `judc ikbhwk~qkn K~quw}kjbg 2 Gawnc}kjbg ~ K~quw}kjbg"
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