NOLI ME TANGERE PUBLISHED IN BERLIN (1887) -The bleak winter of 1886 in Berlin was Rizal’s darkest winter because no money arrived from Calamba and he was flat broke The diamond rin! which his sister" #aturnina" !ave him was in the $awnsho$ %t was memorable in the life of Rizal for two reasons (1) it was a painful episode for he was hungry, sick and despondent in a strange city (2) it brought him great joy after enduring so much sufferings, because his first novel, Noli Me angere angere came off the press in March, 1!!" •
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Harriet Beecher Stowe! U"c#e To$! %a&i" - ins$ired &r Rizal to $re$are a novel that would de$ict the miseries of his $eo$le under the lash of #$anish tyrants 'a"ar *+ 188,188,- in a reunion of 'ili$inos in the (aterno residence in )adrid" Rizal $ro$osed the writin!s of a novel about the (hili$$ines by a !rou$ of 'ili$inos Toward Toward the end of 188*" Rizal be!an writin! the novel in )adrid and finished about one-half of it +hen Rizal went to (aris" in 188," after com$letin! his studies in the Central niversity of )adrid" he continued writin! the novel" finishin! one half of the second half Rizal finished the last fourth of the novel in .ermany /e wrote the last few cha$ters of the 0oli in +ilhelmsfeld in $ril2une" 1886 %n Berlin durin! the winter days of 'ebruary" 1886" Rizal made the final revisions on the manuscri$t of the 0oli Ma-i$o .io#a.io#a- Rizal’s friend friend from Bulacan" Bulacan" arrived in Berlin at the hei!ht of Rizal Rizal des$ondency des$ondency and loaned him the needed funds to $ublish the novel3 !a/ior o0 No#i fter the Christmas season" Rizal $ut the finishin! touches on his novel To save $rintin! e4$enses" he deleted certain $assa!es in his manuscri$t" includin! a whole cha$ter5E#ia! cha$ter5E#ia! a"2 Sa#o$e3 4e&rar *1+ 18871887- the 0oli was finally finished and ready for $rintin! Ber#i"er Bch2rc5r Bch2rc5rei6Actio"6G ei6Actio"6Ge!!e#!cha0t e!!e#!cha0t-- a $rintin! sho$ which char!ed the lowest rate" that is" 77 $esos for "77 co$ies of the novel March *1+ 18871887- the 0oli )e Tan!ere came off the $ress March *+ 18871887- Rizal" in token of his a$$reciation and !ratitude" !ave 9iola the !alley $roofs of the 0oli carefully rolled around the $en that he used in writin! it and a com$limentary co$y" with the followin! inscri$tion: To $ 2ear 0rie"2+ Ma-i$o .io#a+ the 0ir!t to rea2 a"2 areciate $ wor59'o!e Ri:a#3 The title No#i Me Ta";ere is Ta";ere is a ;atin $hrase which means Toch Me Not3< %t Not3< %t is not ori!inally conceived by Rizal" for he admitted takin! it from the Bible Rizal Rizal"" writi writin! n! to 'eli4 'eli4 /idal!o /idal!o in 'renc 'rench h on )arch )arch ," 188<" 188<" said: said: =0oli =0oli )e Tan!ere" words taken from the .os$el of #t ;uke" si!nify =do not touch me> but Rizal made a mistake" it should be the .os$el of #t 2ohn ?Cha$ter 7 9erses 1 to 1<@ Rizal dedicated his 0oli )e Tan!ere to the Phi#ii"e!9To M 4ather#a"23 The cover of 0oli )e Tan!ere was desi!ned by Rizal %t is a ketch of e4$licit symbols woman’s head ato$ a )aria Clara bodice re$resents the nation and the women" women" victims victims of the social social cancer Ane of the causes of the the cancer is symbolized in the friar’s feet" outsized in relation to the woman’s head The other a!!ravati a!!ravatin! n! causes causes of o$$ression o$$ression and discriminatio discrimination n are shown in the !uard’s !uard’s helmet and the iron chains" the teacher’s whi$ and the alferez’s scour!e sli!ht cluster of bamboo stands at the backdro$3 these are the $eo$le" forever in the back!round of their own country’s history There There are a cross" a maze" flowers and thorny $lants" a flame3 these are indicative of the reli!ious $olicy" the misdirected ardor" the $eo$le stran!led as a result of these all The novel 0oli )e Tan!ere Tan!ere contains 6 cha$ters and an e$ilo!ue Dr< A"to"io Ma< Re;i2or Re;i2or - 'ili$ino $atriot and lawyer who had been e4iled due to his com$licity in the Cavite )utiny of 18<" read avidly the 0oli and was very much im$ressed by its author %HARA%TERS O4 NOLI The 0oli )e Tan!ere Tan!ere was a true story of the (hili$$ine conditions durin! the last decades of #$anish rule Maria %#ara-was %#ara-was ;eonor Rivera" althou!h in real life she became unfaithful and married an n!lishman I&arra a"2 E#ia!E#ia! - re$resented Rizal himself Ta!io-the Ta!io -the $hiloso$her was Rizal’s elder brother (aciano Pa2re Sa#/i-was Sa#/i-was identified by Rizalists as (adre ntonio (iernaviea" (iernaviea" the hated u!ustinian friar in Cavite who was killed by the $atriots durin! the Revolution %aita" Tia;o-was Tia;o-was Ca$tain /ilario #unico of #an 0icolas Do=a .ictori"a.ictori"a - was &oDa !ustina )edel Ba!i#io a"2 %ri!i"%ri!i" - were the Crisostomo brothers of /a!onoy Pa2re Da$a!oDa$a!o- ty$ical of a domineerin! friar durin! the days of Rizal" who was arro!ant" immoral and anti-'ili$ino RI>ALS GRAND TOUR O4 EUROPE ?ITH .IOLA (1887) Ma 11+ 18871887- Rizal and 9iola left Berlin by train Dre!2e"6 one of the best cities in .ermany Pro$ethe! Bo"2-$aintin! Bo"2 -$aintin! wherein Rizal was dee$ly im$ressed Te!che" ("ow Deci"+ %:echo!#o/a5ia)%:echo!#o/a5ia) - ne4t sto$over after leavin! &resedn LEITMERIT> At 1@$ o0 Ma 1+ 18871887- the train" with Rizal and 9iola on board" arrived at the railroad station of ;eitmeritz" Bohemia -for the first time" the two !reat scholars5Rizal and Blumentritt5met in $erson Pro0e!!or B#$e"trittB#$e"tritt - a kind-hearted" old ustrian $rofessor
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Ma 1 to Ma 1C+ 1887- Rizal and 9iola stayed in ;eitmeritz Br;o$a!ter - town mayor Tori!t! %#& o0 Leit$erit: -which Blumentritt was the secretary3 Rizal s$oke e4tem$oraneously in fluent .ermany to the officers and members Dr< %ar#o! %:ee#a5- renowned scientist of uro$e Pro0e!!or Ro&ert #t!cha5- an eminent naturalist Ma 1C+ 1887 at @, AM- Rizal and 9iola left ;eitmeritz by train PRAGUE Dr< ?i##5o$$- $rofessor of natural history in the niversity of (ra!ue ccordin! to 9iola+ "othi"; o0 i$orta"ce hae"e23 in this city .IENNA Ma *+ 1887- Rizal and 9iola arrived in the beautiful city of 9ienna" ca$ital of ustria-/un!ary 9ienna was truly the Fee" o0 Da"&e3 because of its beautiful buildin!s" reli!ious ima!es" hauntin! waltzes and maestic charm Nor0e"ta#!- one of the !reatest ustrian novelists was favorably im$ressed by Rizal" and years later he s$oke hi!hly of Rizal" who!e ;e"i! he !o $ch a2$ire2<3 Hote# Metroo#e- where Rizal and 9iola stayed %n 9ienna" Rizal received his lost diamond stick$in DANUBIAN .OAGE TO LINT> Ma *,+ 1887- Rizal and 9iola left 9ienna on a river boat to see the beautiful si!hts of the &anube River Rizal $articularly noticed that the $assen!ers on the river boat were usin! $a$er na$kins durin! the meals" which was a novelty to him 9iola" commented that the $a$er na$kins were $ore h;ie"ic a"2 eco"o$ica# tha" c#oth "a5i"!3 4ROM LINT> TO RHEIN4ALL M"ich- where Rizal and 9iola soourned for a short time to savor the famous )unich beer" re$uted to be the best in .ermany Nre$&er;- one of the oldest cities of .ermany The %athe2ra# o0 U#$- the lar!est and tallest cathedral in all .ermany 'rom lm" they went to #tutt!art" Baden and then Rheinfall ?Cascade of the Rhine@ t Rheinfall" they saw the waterfall" the $o!t &eati0# water0a## o0 Eroe3 %ROSSING THE 4RONTIER TO S?IT>ERLAND '"e * to + 1887- stayed at #chaffhausen" #witzerland GENE.A This #wiss city is one of the most beautiful cities in uro$e" visited by world tourists every year '"e 1+ 1887- Rizal treated 9iola to a blow-out %t was his 6 th birthday Rizal and 9iola s$ent fifteen deli!htful days in .eneva '"e *+ 1887- 9iola and Rizal $arted ways59iola returned to Barcelona while Rizal continued the tour to %taly E-o!itio" o0 the Phi#ii"e! i" Ma2ri2+ Sai" - Rizal was outra!ed by this de!radation of his fellow countrymen the %!orots of 0orthern ;uzon RI>AL IN ITAL '"e *7+ 1887- Rizal reached Rome" the Eter"a# %it> and also called the %it o0 the %ae!ar!3 Rizal was thrilled by the si!hts and memories of the ternal City &escribin! to Blumentritt" the ;ra"2er that wa! Ro$e3" he wrote on 2une <" 188< '"e *+ 1887- the 'east &ay of #t (eter and #t (aul" Rizal visited for the first time the 9atican" the %it o0 the Poe!3 and the ca$ital of Christendom very ni!ht" after si!htseein! the whole day" Rizal returned to his hotel" very tired I a$ tire2 a! a 2o;+3 he wrote to Blumentritt" &t I wi## !#ee a! a Go23 fter a week of wonderful soourn in Rome" Rizal $re$ared to return to the (hili$$ines /e had already written to his father that he was comin! home 4IRST HOME%OMING (188761888) -Because of the $ublication of the 0oli )e Tan!ere and the u$roar it caused amon! the friars" Rizal was warned by (aciano ?his brother@" #ilvestre baldo ?his brother-in-law@" Chen!oy ?2ose ) Cecilio@ and other friends not to return home -Rizal was determined to return to the (hili$$ines for the followin! reasons: (1) to operate on his mother#s eyes (2) to serve his people who had long been oppressed by $panish tyrants (%) to find out for himself how Noli and his other writings were affecting &ilipinos and $paniards in the 'hilippines and () to inuire why *eonor +ivera remained silent '# *+ 1887- Rizal wrote to his father" announcin! his homecomin!" o" the 1th o0 '#+ I !ha## e$&ar5 0or or co"tr+ !o that 0ro$ the 1 th to the th o0 A;!t+ we !ha## !ee each other3
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DELIGHT4UL TRIP TO MANILA -Rizal left Rome by train for )arseilles" a 'rench $ort" which he reached without misha$ '# + 1887-Rizal boarded the steamer &emnah" the same streamer which brou!ht him to uro$e , years a!o '# + 1887-at #ai!on" Rizal transferred to another steamer" /ai$hon!" which was )anila-bounded
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A;!t *+ 1887- the steamer left #ai!on for )anila ARRI.AL IN MANILA A;!t + 1887- the moon was full and Rizal sle$t soundly the whole ni!ht The calm sea" illuminated by the silvery moonli!ht" was a ma!nificent si!ht to him 0ear midni!ht of u!ust ," 188<" the /ai$hon! arrived in )anila HAPP HOME%OMING A;!t 8+ 1887- Rizal returned to Calamba %n Calamba" Rizal established a medical clinic /is first $atient was his mother" who was almost blind Rizal" who came to be called Doctor U#i$a"3 because he came from .ermany" treated their ailments and soon he acEuired a lucrative medical $ractice Rizal o$ened a !ymnasium for youn! folks" where he introduced uro$ean s$orts Rizal suffered one failure durin! his si4 months of soourn in Calamba5his failure to see ;eonor Rivera STORM O.ER THE NOLI Go/er"or Ge"era# E$i#io Terrero (18861888)-reEuestin! Rizal to come to )alacaFan! (alace Do" 'o!e Ta/ie# 2e A"2ra2e-a youn! #$anish lieutenant assi!ned by .overnor .eneral Terrero to $osed as body!uard of Rizal M!;r< Pe2ro Pao (a Do$i"ica")- sent a co$y of 0oli to 4ather Rector Gre;orio Echa/arria of the niversity of #to Tomas for e4amination by a committee of the faculty The re$ort of the faculty members of niversity of #anto Tomas stated that the 0oli was heretica#+ i$io!+ a"2 !ca"2a#o! i" the re#i;io! or2er a"2 a"ti6atriotic+ !&/er!i/e o0 ic or2er+ i"rio! to the ;o/er"$e"t o0 Sai" a"2 it! 0"ctio" i" the Phi#ii"e I!#a"2! i" the o#itica# or2er3 Per$a"e"t %o$$i!!io" o0 %e"!or!hi-a committee com$osed of $riest and laymen 4r< Sa#/a2or 4o"t- u!ustinian cura of Tondo" head of the committee -found the novel to contain subversive ideas a!ainst the Church and #$ain" and recommended that the i$ortatio"+ rero2ctio"+ a"2 circ#atio" o0 thi! er"icio! &oo5 i" the i!#a"2! &e a&!o#te# rohi&ite2<3 4r< 'o!e Ro2ri;e:- u!ustinian $riest" $ublished a series of ei!ht $am$hlets under the !eneral headin! %e!tio"e! 2e S$o I"tere! (Fe!tio"! o0 Sre$e I"tere!t) to blast the 0oli and other anti-#$anish writin!s .ice"te Barra"te!- #$anish academician of )adrid" who formerly criticized the 0oli in an article $ublished in La E!aa Mo2er"a (a "ew!aer o0 Ma2ri2) in 2anuary" 18G7 +hat marred Rizal’s ha$$y days in Calamba with ;t ndrade were (1) the death of his older sister, limpia, and (2) the groundless tales circulated by his enemies that he was -a .erman spy, an agent of /ismarck, a 'rotestant, a Mason, a witch, a soul beyond salvation, etc0 Re/< .ice"te Garcia-a 'ili$ino Catholic $riest-scholar" a theolo!ian of the )anila Cathedral and a Ta!alo! translator of the famous %mitation of Christ by Thomas Hem$is -writin! under the $enname '!to De!i2erio Ma;a#a";" wrote a defense of the 0oli which was $ublished in #in!a$ore as an a$$endi4 to a $am$hlet dated 2uly 18" 1888" he blasted the ar!uments of 'r Rodri!uez Rizal" himself defended his novel a!ainst Barrantes’ attack" in a letter written in Brussels" Bel!ium in 'ebruary 1887 4ARE?ELL TO %ALAMBA The friars asked .overnor .eneral Terrero to de$ort him" but latter refused because there was no valid char!e a!ainst Rizal in court Rizal was com$elled to leave Calamba for two reasons: (1) his presence in alamba was jeopardi3ing the safety and happiness of his family and friends (2) he could fight better his enemies and serve his country#s cause with greater efficacy by writing in foreign countries #hortly before Rizal left Calamba in 1888" his friend from ;i$a reEuested him to write a $oem in commemoration of the town’s elevation to a villa ?city@ by virtue of the Becerra ;aw of 1888 Hi$"o A# Tra&ao (H$" to La&or) - a $oem written by Rizal dedicated to the industrious folks of ;i$a IN HONGONG AND MA%AO (1888) -/ounded by $owerful enemies" Rizal was forced to leave his country for a second time in 'ebruary 1888 /e was then a full-!rown man of < years of a!e" a $racticin! $hysician" and a reco!nized man-of-letters
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THE TRIP TO HONGONG 4e&rar + 1888-Rizal left )anila for /on! Hon! on board the Iafiro 4e&rar 7+ 1888- Iafiro made a brief sto$over at moy Rizal did not !et off his shi$ at moy for three reasons: (1) he was not feeling well (2) it was raining hard (%) he heard that the city was dirty 4e&rar 8+ 1888- Rizal arrived in /on! Hon! .ictoria Hote#- Rizal stayed while in /on! Hon! /e was welcomed by 'ili$ino residents" includin! 2ose )aria Basa" Balbino )auricio" and )anuel Jriarte ?son of 'rancisco Jriarte ?son of 'rancisco Jriarte" alcalde mayor of ;a !una@ 'o!e Sai": 2e .ara"2a- a #$aniard" who was a former secretary of .overnor .eneral Terrero" shadowed Rizal’s movement in /on! Hon! -it is believed that he was commissioned by the #$anish authorities to s$y on Rizal Ho"; o";3+ wrote Rizal to Blumentritt on 'ebruary 16" 1888" i! a !$a##+ &t /er c#ea" cit<3 .ISIT TO MA%AO -)acao is a (ortu!uese colony near /on! Hon!
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-ccordin! to Rizal" the city of Macao i! !$a##+ #ow+ a"2 ;#oo$< There are many unks" sam$ans" but few steamers %t looks sad and is almost dead 4e&rar 18+ 1888- Rizal" accom$anied by Basa" boarded the ferry steamer" Hiu-Hian! for )acao Do" 'a" 4ra"ci!co Lecaro!- fili$ino !entleman married to a (ortu!uese lady -Rizal and Basa stayed at his home while in )acao 4e&rar 18+ 1888- Rizal witnessed a Catholic $ossession" in which the devotees were dressed in blue and $ur$le dresses and were carryin! unli!hted candles 4e&rar *+ 1888- Rizal and Basa returned to /on! Hon!" a!ain on board the ferry steamer Hiu Hian! DEPARTURE 4ROM HONG ONG 4e&rar **+ 1888- Rizal left /on! Hon! on board the Aceanic" an merican steamer" his destination was 2a$an Rizal’s cabin mate was a British (rotestant missionary who called Rizal a ;oo2 $a"3 ROMANTI% INTERLUDE IN 'APAN (1888) -Ane of the ha$$iest interludes in the life of Rizal was his soourn in the ;and of the Cherry Blossoms for one month and a half ?'ebruary 8-$ril 1" 1888@
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4e&rar *8+ 1888- early in the mornin! of Tuesday" Rizal arrived in Jokohama /e re!istered at the .rand /otel To5o Hote#- Rizal stayed here from )arch to )arch < Rizal wrote to (rofessor Blumentritt: To5o i! $ore e-e"!i/e the" Pari!< The wa##! are &i#t i" cc#oea" $a""er< The !treet! are #ar;e a"2 wi2e<3 'a" Pere: %a&a##ero-secretary of the #$anish ;e!ation" who visited Rizal at his hotel who latter invited him to live at the #$anish ;e!ation Rizal acce$ted the invitation for two reasons: (1) he could economi3e his living e4penses by staying at the legation (2) he had nothing to hide from the prying eyes of the $panish authorities March 7+ 1888- Rizal checked out of Tokyo /otel and lived at the #$anish ;e!ation Rizal was favorably im$ressed by 2a$an The thin!s which favorably im$ressed Rizal in 2a$an were: (1) the beauty of the country5its flowers, mountains, streams and scenic panoramas, (2) the cleanliness, politeness, and industry of the 6apanese people (%)the picturesue dress and simple charm of the 6apanese women () there were very few thieves in 6apan so that the houses remained open day and night, and in hotel room one could safely leave money on the table (7) beggars were rarely seen in the city, streets, unlike in Manila and other cities Ric5!haw!-$o$ular mode of trans$ortation drawn by men that Rizal did not like in 2a$an Ari# 1+ 1888-Rizal left 2a$an and boarded the Bel!ic" an n!lish steamer" at Jokohama" bound for the nited #tates Tetcho Sehiro- a fi!htin! 2a$anese ournalist" novelist and cham$ion of human ri!hts" who was forced by the 2a$anese !overnment to leave the country -$assen!er which Rizal befriended on board the Bel!ic Ari# 1 to Dece$&er 1+ 1888- ei!ht months of intimate acEuaintanceshi$ of Rizal and Tetcho Dece$&er 1+ 1888- after a last warm handshake and biddin! each other =!oodbye>" Rizal and Tetcho $arted ways5never to meet a!ain RI>ALS .ISIT TO THE UNITED STATES (1888) Ari# *8+ 1888- the steamer Bel!ic" with Rizal on board" docked at #an 'rancisco on #aturday mornin! Ma ,+ 1888- 'riday afternoon" the day Rizal was $ermitted to !o ashore Pa#ace Hote#- Rizal re!istered here which was then considered a first-class hotel in the city Rizal stayed in #an 'rancisco for two days5)ay * to 6" 1888 Ma C+ 1888-#unday" *:7()" Rizal left #an 'rancisco for Aakland Ma 1+ 1888-#unday mornin!" Rizal reached 0ew Jork" thus endin! his tri$ across the merican continent Rizal stayed three days in this city" which he called the &i; tow"<3 Ma 1C+ 1888- Rizal left 0ew Jork for ;iver$ool on board the City of Rome ccordin! to Rizal" this steamer was the !eco"2 #ar;e!t !hi i" the wor#2+ the #ar;e!t &ei"; the Great Ea!ter"3 Rizal had !ood and bad im$ressions of the nited #tates The !ood im$ressions were (1) the material progress of the country as shown in the great cities, huge farms, flourishing industries and busy factories (2) the drive and energy of the 8merican people (%) the natural beauty of the land () the high standard of living (7) the opportunities for better life offered to poor immigrants Ane bad im$ression Rizal had of merica was the lack of racial eEuality: A$erica i! the #a"2 ar e-ce##e"ce o0 0ree2o$ &t o"# 0or the white!3 RI>AL IN LONDON (18886188) -fter visitin! the nited #tates" Rizal lived in ;ondon from )ay" 1888 to )arch" 188G for three reasons: (1) to improve his knowledge of the 9nglish language (2) to study and annotate Morga#s $ucesos de las :slas &ilipinas, a rare copy of which he heard to be available in the /ritish Museum (%) *ondon was a safe place for him to carry on his fight against $panish tyranny
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TRIP A%ROSS THE ATLANTI% The trans-tlantic voya!e of Rizal from 0ew Jork to ;iver$ool was a $leasant one Rizal entertained the merican and uro$ean $assen!ers with his marvelous skills with the yo-yo as an offensive wea$on Joyo-is a small wooden disc attached to a strin! from the fin!er Ma *,+ 1888-Rizal arrived at ;iver$ool" n!land A2e#hi Hote#-Rizal s$end the ni!ht here while stayin! for one day in this $ort city
ccordin! to Rizal" Li/eroo# i! a &i; a"2 &eati0# cit a"2 it! ce#e&rate2 ort i! worth o0 it! ;reat 0a$e< The e"tra"ce i! $a;"i0ice"t a"2 the c!to$ho!e i! Jite ;oo2<3 LI4E IN LONDON Ma *+ 1888- a day after dockin! at ;iver$ool" Rizal went to ;ondon Rizal stayed as !uest at the home o0 Dr< A"to"io Ma< Re;i2or " an e4ile of 18< and a $racticin! lawyer in ;ondon By the end of )ay" Rizal found a modest boardin! $lace at 0o < Chalcot Crescent" (rimrose /ill Dr< Rei"ho#2 Ro:t- librarian of the )inistry of 'orei!n ffairs and an authority on )alayan lan!ua!es and customs -/e was im$ressed by Rizal’s learnin! and character and he !ladly recommended him to the authorities of the British )useum /e called Ri:a# a ear# o0 a $a"3 ("a er#a 2e ho$&re) Both !ood and bad news from home reached Rizal in ;ondon Af the bad news" were the injustices committed by the $panish authorities on the &ilipino people and the +i3al &amily The !reatest achievement of Rizal in ;ondon was the a""otati"; o0 Mor;a! &oo5+ Sce!o! 2e #a! I!#a! 4i#ii"a! (Hi!torica# E/e"t! o0 the Phi#ii"e I!#a"2!) " which was $ublished in )e4ico" 167G Sete$&er 1888- Rizal visited (aris for a week in order to search for more historical materials in the BibliotheEue 0ationale Rizal was entertained in this !ay 'rench metro$olis by 2uan ;una and his wife ?(as (ardo de Tavera@" who $roudly showed him their little son ndres ?nickname ;ulin!@ Dece$&er 11+ 1888-Rizal went to #$ain" visitin! )adrid and Barcelona Rizal met" for the first time" )arcelo / del (ilar and )ariano (once" two titans of the (ro$a!anda )ovement Dece$&er *,+ 1888-Rizal returned to ;ondon and s$ent Christmas and 0ew Jear’s &ay with the Becketts Rizal sent as Christmas !ift to Blumentritt a bust of m$erador u!ustus and a bust of 2ulius Caesar to another friend" &r Carlos Cze$elak ?(olish scholar@ The Li0e a"2 A2/e"tre! o0 .a#e"ti"e .o-+ the .e"tri#oJi!t -a Christmas !ift from Rizal’s landlady" )rs Beckett
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RI>AL BE%OMES LEADER O4 4ILIPINOS IN EUROPE A!ociacio" La So#i2ari2a2 (So#i2ari2a2 A!!ociatio") - a $atriotic society" which coo$erate in the crusade fro reforms" was inau!urated on &ecember 1" 1888" with the followin! officers: .alicano $acible ?$resident@3 .raciano ;o$ez 2aena ?vice-$resident@3 )anuel #anta )aria ?secretary@3 )ariano (once ?treasurer@ and 2ose )a (an!aniban ?accountant@ By unanimous vote of all members" Rizal was chosen honorary $resident 'a"ar *8+ 188- Rizal wrote a letter addressed to the members of the sociacion ;a #olidaridad
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RI>AL AND THE LA SOLIDARIDAD NE?SPAPER 4e&rar 1+ 188- .raciano ;o$ez 2aena founded the $atriotic news$a$er called ;a #olidaridad in Barcelona La So#i2a2ri2a2-fortni!htly $eriodical which served as the or!an of the (ro$a!anda )ovement %ts aims were as follows: (1) to work peacefully for political and social reforms (2) to portray the deplorable conditions of the 'hilippines so that $pain may remedy them (%) to oppose the evil forces of reaction and medievalism () to advocate liberal ideas and progress (7) to champion the legitimate aspirations of the &ilipino people to life, democracy and happiness Lo! A;ric#tore! 4i#ii"o! (The 4i#ii"o 4ar$er!) - Rizal’s first article which a$$eared in ;a #olidaridad which is $ublished on )arch ," 188G" si4 days after he left ;ondon for (aris
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ARTI%LES PUBLISHED IN LA SOLIDARIDAD -Rizal wrote articles for ;a #olidaridad in defense of his o$$ressed $eo$le and to $oint out the evils of #$anish rule in the (hili$$ines 1
= ;a &efensa> ?To ;a &efensa@" $ril 7" 188G- this was a re$ly to an anti-'ili$ino writin! of a #$anish author (atricio de la scosura which was $ublished by ;a &efensa on )arch 7" 188G =;a 9erdad (ara Todos> ?The Truth 'or ll@" )ay 1" 188G- Rizal’s defense a!ainst the #$anish char!es that the native local officials were i!norant and de$raved =9icente Barrantes’ Teatro Ta!alo>" 2une 1," 188G- in this article" Rizal e4$oses Barrabtes’ i!norance on the Ta!alo! theatrical art * =na (rofanacion> ? (rofanation@" 2uly 1" 188G- a bitter attack a !ainst the friars for denyin! Christian burial to )ariano /erbosa in Calamba because he was a brother-in-law of Rizal /erbosa" husband of lucia died of cholera on )ay " 188G , =9erdades 0uevas> ?0ew Truths@" 2uly 1" 188G- a re$ly to 9icente Belloc #anchez’ letter $ublished in ;a (atria" )adrid news$a$er" on 2uly *" 188G" which asserted that the !rantin! of reforms in the (hili$$ines would ruin the =$eaceful and maternal rule> of the friars 6 =Crueldad> ?Cruelty@" u!ust 1," 188G- a brilliant defense of Blumentritt from the scutrillous attack of his enemies < =&iferencias’ ?&ifferences@" #e$tember 1," 188G- a re$ly to a biased article entitled =Ald Truths> $ublished in ;a (atria on u!ust 1*" 188G" which ridiculed those 'ili$inos who asked for reforms 8 =%nconseEuencias> ?%nconseEuences@" 0ovember 7" 188G- a defense of ntonio ;una a!ainst the attack of (ablo )ir &eas in the Barcelona news$a$er l (uieblo #oberano G =;lanto y Risas> ?Tears and ;au!hter@" 0ovember 7" 188G- a denunciation of #$anish racial $reudice a!ainst brown 'ili$inos 17 =%n!ratitudes> ?%n!ratitude@" 2anuary 1," 18G7- a re$ly to .overnor .eneral 9aleriano +eyler who" while visitin! Calamba" told the $eo$le that they =should not allow themselves to be deceived by the vain $romises of their un!rateful sons> • •
#imultaneous with Rizal retirement from the (ro$a!anda )ovement" Rizal ceased writin! articles for ;a #olidaridad A;!t 7+ 181- )/ del (ilar wrote to Rizal be!!in! for!iveness for any resentment and reEuestin! Rizal to resume writin! for the ;a #olidaridad
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Rizal sto$$ed writin! for ;a #olidaridad" it was because of several reasons: (1) +i3al need to work on his book (2) ;e wanted other &ilipinos to work also (%) +i3al considered it very important to the party that there be unity in the work () Marcelo ;0 del 'ilar is already at the top and +i3al also have his own ideas, it is better to leave del 'ilar alone to direct the policy ?RITINGS IN LONDON +hile busy in research studies at the British )useum" Rizal received news on 'ray Rodri!uez’ unabated attack on his 0oli La .i!io" 2e# 4ra Ro2ri;e: (The .i!io" o0 4ra Ro2ri;e:) -$am$hlet wrote by Rizal which $ublished in Barcelona under his nom-de-$lume Di$a! A#a"; in order to defense his novel -%n ;a 9ision del 'ray Rodri!uez" Rizal demonstrated two thin!s: (1) his profound knowledge of religion (2) his biting satire Letter to the o"; ?o$e" o0 Ma#o#o! - a famous letter wrote by Rizal on 'ebruary " 188G in Ta!alo! -this letter is to $raise the youn! ladies of )alolos for their coura!e to establish a school where they could learn #$anish" des$ite the o$$osition of 'r 'eli$e .arcia" a #$anish $arish $riest of )alolos The main $oints of this letter were: (1) a &ilipino mother should teach her children love of .od, fatherland, and mankind (2) the &ilipino mother should be glad, like the $partan mother, to offer her sons in the defense of the fatherland (%) a &ilipino woman should know how to preserve her dignity and honor () a &ilipino woman should educate herself, aside from retaining her good racial virtues (7) &aith is not merely reciting long prayers and wearing religious pictures, but rather it is living the real hristian way, with good morals and good manners Dr Rei"ho#2 Ro!t" editor of Trubner’s Record" a ournal devoted to sian studies" reEuest Rizal to contribute some articles %n res$onse to his reEuest" the latter $re$ared two articles 5(1) $pecimens of agal &olklore, which published in the journal in May, 1!!< (2) wo 9astern &ables, published in 6une, 1!!< March 1+ 188- Rizal bade !oodbye to the kind Beckett 'amily and left ;ondon for (aris RI>ALS SE%OND SO'OURN IN PARIS AND THE UNI.ERSAL EKPOSITION IN 188 -%n )arch" 188G" it was e4tremely difficult for a visitor to find livin! Euarters in (aris
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.a#e"ti" .e"tra- a friend of Rizal where he lived50o *, Rue )aubeu!e" where he $olished his annotated edition of )or!a’s book Rizal used most of his time in the readin! room of the BibliotheEue 0ationale ?0ational ;ibrary@ checkin! u$ his historical annotations on )or!a’s book Rizal was a !ood friend of the three (ardo de Taveras5&r Trinidad / (ardo de Tavera" a $hysician by vocation and $hilolo!ist by avocation" &r 'eli4 (ardo de Tavera" also $hysician by vocation and an artist and scul$tor by avocation" and (az (ardo de Tavera" wife of 2uan ;una '" e *,+ 188- a baby !irl was born to 2uan ;una and (az (ardo de Tavera" she was their second child /er ba$tismal !odfather was Rizal" who chose her name =)aria de la (az" Blanca" ;aureana" /ermene!ilda 2uana ;una y (ardo de Tavera> Ma C+ 188- o$enin! of niversal 4$osition of (aris The !reatest attraction of this e4$osition was the iffel Tower" G8* feet hi!h" which was built by le4ander iffel" celebrated 'rench en!ineer IDLAT %LUB March 1+ 188-the same day when he arrived in (aris from ;ondon" Rizal or!anized his $aisanos ?com$atriots@ into a society called Hidlat Club i2#at %#&-$urely a social society of a tem$orary nature -founded by Rizal sim$ly to brin! to!ether youn! 'ili$inos in the 'rench ca$ital so that they could enoy their soourn in the city durin! the duration of the niversal 4$osition INDIOS BRA.OS Rizal was enchanted by the di!nified and $roud bearin! of the merican %ndians in a Buffalo Bull show I"2io! Bra/o! (Bra/e I"2ia"!)- re$laced the e$hemeral Hidlat Club -its members $led!ed to e4cel in intellectual and $hysical $rowess in order to win the admiration of the forei!ners -$ractised with !reat enthusiasm the use of the sword and $istol and Rizal tau!ht them udo" an sian art of selfdefense" that he learned in 2a$an R
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%t must be noted that Rizal was ins$ired by a famous book entitled )a4 /avelaar ?1867@ written by )ultatuli ?$seudonym of & &ekker" &utch author@ ANNOTATED EDITION O4 MORGA PUBLISHED Rizal’s outstandin! achievement in (aris was the $ublication in 18G7 of his annotated edition of )or!a’s #ucesos" which he wrote in the British )useum %t was $rinted by .arnier 'reres The $rolo!ue was written by (rofessor Blumentritt u$on the reEuest of Rizal Rizal dedicated his new edition of )or!a to the 'ili$ino $eo$le so that they would know of their !lorious $ast The title $a!e of Rizal’s annotated edition of )or!a reads: =(aris" ;iberia de .arnier /ermanos" 18G7> The Phi#ii"e! ?ithi" a %e"tr -article written by Rizal which he e4$ressed his views on the #$anish colonization in the (hili$$ines and $redicted with amazin! accuracy the tra!ic end of #$ain’s soverei!nty in sia The I"2o#e"ce o0 the 4i#ii"o! - other essay of Rizal is also a $resti!ious work of historical scholarshi$ %t is an able defense of the alle!ed indolence of the 'ili$inos -Rizal made a critical study of the causes why his $eo$le did not work hard durin! the #$anish re!ime /is main thesis was that the 'ili$inos are not by nature indolent I"ter"atio"a# A!!ociatio" o0 4i#ii"o#o;i!t!-association $ro$osed by Rizal to establish takin! advanta!e of world attention which was then focused at the niversal 4$osition in 188G in (aris and have its inau!ural convention in the 'rench ca$ital Proect 0or 4i#ii"o %o##e;e i" Ho"; o"; - another ma!nificent $roect of Rizal in (aris which also fizzled out was his $lan to establish a modern colle!e in /on! Hon! Por Te#e0o"o-another satirical work as a re$ly to another slanderer" 4r< Sa#/a2or 4o"t" who masterminded the bannin! of his 0oli" in the fall of 188G -it was $ublished in booklet form in Barcelona" 188G" this satirical $am$hlet under the authorshi$ of Di$a! A#a";3 is a witty satire which ridicules 'ather 'ont #hortly after 0ew Jear" Rizal made a brief visit to ;ondon %t may be due to two reasons: (1) to check up his annotated edition of Morga#s $ucesos with the original copy in the /ritish Museum (2) to see .ertrude /eckett for the last time IN BELGIAN BRUSSELS (18) -'a"ar *8+ 18- Rizal left (aris for Brussels" ca$ital of Bel!ium -Two reasons im$elled Rizal to leave (aris" namely (1) the cost of living in 'aris was very high because of the =niversal 94position (2) the gay social life of the city hampered his literary works, especially the writing of his second novel, 9l &ilibusterismo
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LI4E IN BRUSSELS Rizal was accom$anied by 2ose lbert when he moved to Brussels They lived in a modest boardin! house on 8 Rue (hili$$e Cham$a!ne" which was run by two 2acoby sisters ?#uzanne and )arie@ ;ater lbert" left the city and was re$laced by 2ose leandro" an en!ineerin! student Rizal was the first to advocate the 'ili$inization of its ortho!ra$hy So&re #a Ne/a Orto;ra0ia 2e #a Le";a Ta;a#a (The New Ortho;rah o0 the Ta;a#o; La";a;e) -was $ublished in ;a #olidaridad on $ril 1," 18G7 -in this article" he laid down the rules of the new Ta!alo! ortho!ra$hy and with modesty and sincerity" he !ave credit for the ado$tion of this new ortho!ra$hy to &r Trinidad / (ardo de Tavera" author of the celebrated work l #anscrito en la ;en!ua Ta!ala ?#anskrit in the ta!alo! ;an!ua!e@ which was $ublished in (aris" 188* KK =% $ut this on record"> wrote Rizal" =so that when the history of this ortho!ra$hy is traced" which is already bein! ado$ted by the enli!htened Ta!alists" that what is Caesar’s be !iven to Caesar This innovation is due solely to &r (ardo de Tavera’s studies on Ta!alismo % was one of its zealous $ro$a!andists>KK ;etters from home which Rizal received in Brussels worried him (1) the alamba agrarian trouble was getting worse (2) the >ominican rder filed a suit in court to dispossess the +i3al family of their lands in alamba %n his moment of des$air" Rizal had bad dreams durin! the ni!hts in Brussels when he was restless because he was always thinkin! of his unha$$y family in Calamba Rizal feared that he would not live lon! /e was not afraid to die" but he wanted to finish his second novel before he went to his !rave %n the face of the sufferin!s which afflicted his family" Rizal $lanned to !o home /e could not stay in Brussels writin! a book while his $arents" relatives" and friends in the distant (hili$$ines were $ersecuted '# *+ 18- another letter to (once written at Brussels by Rizal" he announced that he was leavin! Brussels at the be!innin! of the followin! month and would arrive in )adrid about the rd or *th ?u!ust@ To $ M!e3 (A Mi)- 18G7" Rizal wrote this $athetic $oem" it was a!ainst a back!round of mental an!uish in Brussels" durin! those sad days when he was worried by family disasters