Napravi sam vetrogenerator
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Home » Analize » Magnetni vetrogeneratori
MAGNETNI VETROGENERA VETROGENERATORI TORI Objavljeno Sep 3, 2010 u Analize Analize,, Energija vetra
Autor: Aleksandar Radukin-Kosanović dipl. fizičar; član NVO ,,Kvantum“
Prognoze razvoja vetroenergetike su vrlo optimistične i ističu vetar kao veoma bitan energetski izvor u budućnosti. U suštini vetar je neiscrpan izvor energije, jer zavisi samo od meteor oloških oloških prilika (razlike pritisaka u slojevima atmosfere i na različitim područijima. Može se slobodno reći da energija kretanja vazdušnih masa višestruko prevazilazi
globalne potrebe za električnom energijom. Najbolje lokacije za postavljanje vetroparkova su obalska područija, na vrhovima planina, a podesno je napraviti vetroparkove i na moru (nedaleko od obale), a za Srbiju su prikazane idealne lokacije na slikama 1. i 2. Kako bi vetrogeneratori proizvodili ma ksimum električne energije, prema konstrukciji i upotrebljenom generatoru, potrebno je odrediti lokaciju gde je srednja brzina vetra optimalnih 25km/h. Procena je da bi se od energije vetra moglo proizvoditi električna energija kapaciteta od oko 1 300 MW, što je oko 1300 instaliranih vetrogeneratora srednje vrednosti snage od 1MW,što je ekvivalentno od 2300 GWhelektrične energije godišnje,
dok je ukupna potrošnja el. energije u Srbiji je oko 34milijardi kWhgodišnje, odnosno pri punom iskorićenju energije vet ra, ukupan udeo proizvodnje vetrogeneratora bi bio oko 6,75%.
Ipak, vetar će zbog svoje nepredvidive prirode imati ograničen i skromni udeo u ukupnoj proizvodnji električne energije, jer nekad veoma v elika brzina vetra dovodi do ošt ećenja vetrogeneratora i zato su znatni troškovi održavanja vetrogeneratora. TakoĎe je nepovoljan faktor upotrebe klasičnih vetrogeneratora na svet ptica. Na sajtu www.youtube.com postoje brojni snimci i animacije kako elisa vetrogeneratora udara pticu u letu. Ovaj problem, sa dobrim opravdanjem, ističu ornitolozi i zato se često pojavljuju na seminarima koji se odnose na OIE, naročito ukoliko su seminari vezani za energiju vetra i ističu opreznost pri projektima instaliranja vetrogeneratora. Sa pridržavanjem zakonskih regulativa EU o zaštiti ptica, u Srbiji su i zdvojena područija, ili koridori kojima proleću zaštićene retke vrste, na kojima nije dozvoljena gradnja vetrogeneratora, što dodatno smanjuje potencijal upotrebe energije vetra.
Prednosti upotrebe energije vetra kao OIE:
• Gotovo neograničen resurs • Nema emisije štetnih gasova • Zemljište oko vetrenjače se može iskoristiti • Vetroparkovi mogu biti turistička atrakcija • Snabdevanje el. energijom oblasti gde je teško instalirati elektrodistributivnu mrežu
Problemi i mane upotrebe ove vrste alternativnog izvora energije:
• Nepredvidivost strujanja vazdušnih masa (ruža vetrova se može menjati sa vr emenom)• Zemljišta koja su pogodna za vetroparkove mogu biti skupa• Velika brzina vetra pravi oštećenja delovima vetrenjače (osovinsko kidanje elise vetrenjače, najveći problem od navedenih) šteta koju može da proizvede brz vetar može biti velika • Uticaj na živi svet (elise moguštetiti živi svet ptica, zato treba izbegavati migratorne puteve ptica) • Uticaj na raspodelu TV signala u područiju • Buka koju prave elise (sta lan zvuk niskog intenziteta pri rotaciji elise)
Razvoj tehnologije vetrogeneratora je intenzivan u svim elementima i to daleko intenzivnije od svih drugih obnovljivih izvora energije. Razvoj se pre svega usmerava na
povećanju snage koju daju pojedini vetro agregati (vetrogeneratori), a danas su dostupni vetroagregati snage do 5MW (u pitanju su vetroagregati koji imaju veoma velik u dužinu elise¬preko 35m), a posle 2010. planira se razvoj vetroagregata koji imaju snagu oko 8MW.
Jedan od novih načina proizvodnje energije pomoću energije vetra je konstrukcija prikazana na slikama ispod. U pitanju je nova forma vetrogeneratora -magnetni vetrogeneratori, ili Mag-Lev Vetrogeneratori. Koncept je nastao 1934. godine, kada je naučnik Herman Kemper izumeo magnetnu levita ciju, koja se danas koristi u mnogim
poljima tehnologije, a najpoznatija je po magnetnim (MagLev) vozovima, ili Trans Rapid koncept koji zajednički razvijaju Sime ns i ThissenKrup od ranih sedamdesetih godina prošlog veka . Konstrukcija je bazirana na upotr ebi vetrogeneratora koji ima vertikalnu osu rotora, gde rotor čine posebno oblikovana krila o koje udara vetar. Rotor je oslo njen magnetnim poljima u odnosu na donji deo magnetnog vetrogeneratora, tako da nema trenja. Spreg magnetnih polja iznad i i spod ro tora drže rotor u položaju ravnoteže, kako ne bi došlo do
dodira rotora sa statičnim delom ureĎaja. Boljom konstrukcijom magnetnih polja moguće je ostvariti da rotor čine samo krila k oja se okreću oko centralnog statičnog tornja, bez osovine, čime se dodatno smanjuje masa rotora. Upotreba magnetnih polja smanjuje se trenje i povećava efikanost ureĎaja, a elektromagnetnom indukci jom usled rotacije rotora se indukuje elektromotorna sila u st atičnom delu. Rotor vetrogeneratora se okreće uz pomoć l inearnog sinhronog motora (LSM) i ovaj ureĎaj kontroliše brzinu okretanja.
Slika 3. MagLev vetrogenerator model sa dvojnim rotorom koji se okreću suprotno jedan od drugog Vetrogeneratori sa vertikalnom osom su daleko manje efikasni od vetrogeneratora sa horizontalnom osom, zato što prilikom duvanja vetra i sa okretanjem rotora, polovina ,,ose”
vetrogeneratora ide ka vetru i s tvara otpor, odnosno usporava brzinu rotiranja. U slučaju magnetnog vetrogeneratora prilikom okretanja krila rotora, vetar duva u zadnji deo krila koje tek treba da doĎe u položaj u kojem vetar počne da udara u prednji deo krila. Tako da vetar zapravo usporava rotaciju krila rotora sve do trenutka dok ne počne da udara u prednji deo krila, što drastično smanjuje stepen korisnog dejstva i smanjuje kol ičinu indukovane struje. Mogućnost delimičnog prevazilaženja ovog problema je da se vetar spoljnim graničnicima usmeri ka samo jednoj strani vetrogeneratora, tako da krila rotora budu već usmerena tako da vetar udar a u njihov prednji deo i da se uvede sistem rotiranja krila rotora po svojoj vertikalnoj osi kako bi se smanjio otpor krila dok ne doĎu u položaj da vetar udara u njihov samo prednji deo. Ovo podrazumeva da magnetni vetrogenerator bude zatvoren osim u delu u koji ulazi i izlazi vazdušna masa. Jedan od načina na koji se može povećati efikasnost je upotreba konstrukcije prikazan na slikama 3. i 4.
Slika 4. Procenjen način st rujanjafluida u vetrogeneratoru prikazan na slici 3. Početna brzina vetra 7m/s Kada se ispitaju modeli ovih vetrogeneratora i kada se odredi najpovoljniji model za neko područije, biće potrebno izršiti modeliranje prinosa električne energije za mode l
magnetnih vetrogeneratora. Ono što je povoljno kod ovakvih tipova vetrogeneratora je konstrukcija, jer daje mogućnost postavl jan ja mreže na spoljne ,,rudere” –spoljne graničnike koje vrše usmeravanje vazdušne mase u vetrogenerator, kako bi se sprečio ulazak ptica do rotora. Postoji mogućnost ispitivanja dejstva prisutnih magnetnih polja u magnetnom vetrogeneratoru na ptice. Neki nalazi t vrde da intenzivno magnetno polje odbija ptice, ali su ti nalazi po mnogim ekolozima i ornitolozima diskutabilni. Prema odnosu
cene izvoĎenja radova i očekivane snage ureĎaja, magnetni vetrogeneratori imaju povoljniji odnos od klasičnih vetrogeneratora, jer je za klasične vetrogeneratore potrebno konstruisati stub držač visine preko 30m za vetrogenerator prosečne snage 1MW, što čini veliki udeo izvoĎenih radova. Za model predstavljen na slici 3. je izraĎen model strujanja vazduha (slika 4.), gde se pr ema ovako ostvarenom modelu mogu izračunati prinosi energije. Osnovni parametri su:
Model: Magnetni Mag-Lev vetrogenerator; model sa dvojnim rotorom koji rotiraju u kontra smeru jedan u odnosu na drugi, krila rotora se rotiraju po svojoj vertikalnoj osi kako bi
smanjili otpor pri okretanju u zoni gde vetar ne udara u prednji deo.
Broj krila na jednom rotoru 6
Brzina strujanja vetra na slici 4. je 7m/s;
prečnik jednog od rotora je 18.5m;
Srednja brzina rotacije
Udarna površina koju pokriva rotor 2880m2;
Visina samog rotora 16m;
težina rotora 32t svaki;
ukupna visina vetrogeneratora 24m
dužina središnjeg dela 73.5m
ukupna težina vetrogeneratora 18000t, mogućnost rotiranja ureĎaja prema vetru
očekivana maksimalna snaga 8.5MW
očekivana godišnja proizvodnja el energije 7.44GWh,instalirano u okolini Vršca.
R (rad/s) je 3.14;
**ovakva konfiguracija ureĎaja zamenjuje blizu 4.5 klasičnih vetrogeneratora** Magnetni vetrogeneratori su novo polje razvoja OIE energije vetra, koje će biti vrlo aktuelno u skoroj budućnosti. Ova vrsta vetrogeneratora radi što veće produktivnosti zahtevaju kolosalne veličine, stoga je neophodno vrlo pažljivo i spitati svaki negativan uticaj na ži votnu sredinu. Nakon utvrĎivanja negativnih posledica primen e potrebno je doneti zakone, npr. u domenu prostornog planiranja, o načinu upotrebe ove vrste vetrogeneratora. Razmatranja zahtevaju izradu preciznih modela strujanja fluida prema konfiguraciji ureĎaja, što odreĎuje njegovu produktivnos t, tako da je mehanika fluida jedna od primarnih naučnih disciplina zadužena za razvoj ove oblasti. Upotreba magnetnih polja -magnetne levitacije radi smanjenja trenja i povećanja efikasnosti ureĎaja je moguća i u slučaju klasičnih vetrogeneratora sa horizontalnom osom. Nekoli ko firmi u SAD, Japanu i u Kini zamenjuje vetrogeneratore sa horizontalnom osom sa novim koji primenjuju magnetnu
levitaciju i preliminarni podaci beleže povećanje stepena korisnosti za 15 do 20% i procenjena cena održavanja vetrogenerator a je smanjenja za 25%, što je ostvareno gotovo poništavanjem trenja osovine koja drži elise klasičnim vetrogeneratorima.
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3 KOMENTARA
1.
solarna energija / 07/09/2010 Odlican clanak ali smatram da je potrebno narodu vise pribliziti pogodnosti i neophodnost prakticnog koriscenja energija vetra i solarne energije. Ekoloska svest je jos uvek na
zabrinjavajuce niskom nivou na nasim prostorima… Potrebno je da se svi potrudimo da se to promeni… Reply
2.
Saša / 07/02/2011 Ja sam baš iz Vršca i zainteresovan sam za jedan takav projekat ali to ja još uvek skupa investicija za naše uslove ali voleo bi da znem cene takvih uredjaja ali i onih manjih za napajanja od 12/24 v za vikendice. Reply
3.
Prljava energija / 14/04/2011 Članak je odličan, ali osim uticaja na ptice, ne navode se uticaji na ružu vetra i na količinu padavina. A da ne pričam to št o neće biti pravilne i pravedne raspodele svih pogodnosti korišćenja prirodnih dobara, gde će koristi kao i uvek imati mali broj ljudi, a eventualne posledice trpeti veliki broj ljudi koji ne koristi prednosti… Inače, nepostojanje ekološke svesti i savesti je posledica prethodno rečenog. Reply
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Wind Energy Inherit the wind (or at least the energy it produces).
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Page 1 of 3
Wind Generator
From MAKE Magazine This project first appeared on the pages of MAKE magazine. With a motor and some piping, it’s easy to enjoy free energy forever.
Author : Abe Connally
Time required: A couple weekends
Difficulty: Moderate
10
x 15
x9
There are no limits to what you can do with wind power. It’s abundant, clean, cheap, and easy to harness. W e designed this Chispito Wind Generator (that’s Spanish for “little spark”) for fast and easy construction. Most of the tools and materials you need to build it can be found in your local hardware shop or junk pile. We recommend that you search your local dump or junk yards for the pieces required. Or, if you live in a city, search http://www.freecycle.org for salvaged parts, and see if you can install one on your roof. We believe that anyone can be in control of where his or her electricity comes from, and there i s nothing more rewarding and empowering than making a wind-powered generator from scrap materials. R emember: puro yonke (pure junk) is best! Sections
Overview
Cut the blades.
Cut the tail.
Attach the 3 blades.
Assemble the generator.
Plant the tower base.
Erect and stay the tower.
Wire and mount the generator.
Tools
Ammeter
Compass
Crescent wrench
Drill , with drill bits
Flathead screwdriver
Jigsaw
Level
Marker
Metal punch or awl
Pipe wrench
Protractor
Ropes
Shovel
Tape
Tape measure
Thread-tapping set
Vise and/or clamp
Wheelbarrow
Wire strippers
Relevant Parts
Treadmill motor , 260 volts DC, 5 amps, with a 6" threaded flywheel
Bridge rectifier , 30-50A, with center hole mount
Copper wire , #8 or larger, red and black, both stranded Enough length for both a red and black piece to run from the top of the tower, down through length of pole, to batteries. We recommend at least #8 wire, but if your tower will be sited a long distance away from your batteries, you may need a heavier gauge.
Relevant Parts (continued)
Spade connectors (4) , for wires for bridge rectifier
Heat-shrink tubing or electrical tape
Battery bank We recommend deep-cycle lead-acid storage batteries, and a total battery bank capacity of at least 200 amp-hours.
Regulator or charge controller
Fuse
PVC pipe (2' length) , 8", Schedule 80 If PVC is UV-resistant, you will not need to paint it.
Bolts (6) , 1/4 " #20, 3/4" long
Washers (9) , #20
Lock washers (6)
Hose clamp
Sheet metal
Mounting screws (9) , with lock washers
Metal tubing (36") , 1" square or 1" angle iron
Floor flange pipe fitting , 2"
Pipe nipple , 2" at least 4" long, steel
Mounting screw (2)
Hose clamps (2) , #72
Steel pipe , 10'-30' length of 1-1/2", threaded at both ends
Pipe nipple (2) , 2' x 1 ", steel
Pipe nipple , 6" x 1 ", steel
Pipe elbows (2) , 1/4", 90°, steel 2
Pipe T , 1/2”, steel
Quick-mix concrete (3-Feb) , 10 lb. bags
Sheet metal screws (4) , 3/4" #10
Guy wire , galvanized steel with a working load of 200 pounds
U-bolt , 1/2”
Stakes (4)
Turnbuckles (4)
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EditStep
1 — Overview
Here is an illustration listing all the components of the wind generator that we'll be building.
For the motor, you may use any other simple, permanent-magnet DC motor that returns at least 1V for every 25 rpm and can handle upwards of 10 amps. Our treadmill motor is
rated at 5A, no load, and we’ve found that the coils can withstand 15A going through them without heating up.
EditStep
2 — Cut the blades.
Place the 24” length of PVC pipe and square tubing (or other straight edge) side by side on a flat surface. Push the pipe tight against the tubing and mark the li ne along the length of the tube. This is Line A.
Starting from Line A, draw parallel lines at 75-degree intervals along the length of the pipe. You should have a total of five lines on your pipe as shown in figure. Note that one
strip will have an arc width of only 60 degrees. That’s OK.
Use a jigsaw to cut along the lines, splitting the tube into five strips. Four will be wider than the fifth (60°) strip. Set the 60° strip aside for now.
EditStep
3
Place the four 75° strips concave-side-down. For each one, make a mark 20% of the width of the strip from one corner along the diagonally opposite side as shown.
Mark a diagonal line between the two marks you just made on each piece, and use the jigsaw to cut along these lines. You should wind up with eight identically shaped trapezoidal blades. You can trim a ninth blade out of the 60° strip left over. You now have enough blades for three generators, or plenty of spares for one generator.
EditStep
4
Now you are going to cut one corner from each blade.
First, measure the width of the blade (if you are using an 8” diameter PVC pipe as your stock, it should be about 5.75” wide). Call this value W.
Then make a mark along the diagonal edge of the blade, a distance of W/2 from the wide end (3” is good enough if you are using 8” PVC).
Make another mark on the wide end of the blade at 15% of W from the long straight edge (1” with 8” PVC).
Connect these two marks and cut along the line. Removing this corner prevents the blades from interfering with each other’s w ind.
The blades should look like the ones shown in the figure. Pick the t hree best ones of the batch.
EditStep
5 — Cut the tail.
You can make the tail any shape you want, as long as the end result is stiff rather than floppy. The exact dimensions of the tail are not important, but you’ll want to use about one square foot of lightweight material, preferably metal.
Using the 5/32” drill bit, drill two or three holes, spaced evenly, in the f ront end of the tail.
Then place the tail on one end of the square tubing, noting that it will attach to what will become either the right or left side of the tubing, as the generator sits upright.
Mark the tubing through the tail holes.
Drill holes in the square tubing at the marks you just made.
Attach the tail to the tube with sheet metal screws. (Or you can do this later, so it doesn’t get in the way.)
EditStep
6 — Attach the 3 blades.
For each blade, mark two holes along the long, right-angle side of the blade (as opposed to the long diagonal side), at the wide end, next to the cut-off corner. The first hole
should be 2” from the long side and “ from the end, and the second hole should be 2” from the straight edge and 1“ from the end.
Using the 1/4“ drill bit, drill these six holes f or the three blades.
EditStep
7
Detach the hub from the motor shaft. With our motor, we removed t he hub by holding the end of the shaft firmly with pliers and turning the hub clockwise. This hub unscrews clockwise, counter to the usual direction, which is why the blades turn counterclockwise.
Using a compass and protractor, make a template of th e hub on a piece of paper. Then mark three holes, each of which is 2 3/8” from the center of the circle, 120 degrees apart, equidistant from each other.
Place this template over the hub and use a metal punch or awl to punch a st arter hole through the paper and onto the hub at each hole.
Drill the holes with the 7/32" drill bit, then tap them with the 1/4“ tap.
EditStep
8
Attach the blades to the hub using 1/4“ bolts, running them through the holes closest to the ends of the blades. At this point, the three outer holes on the hub have not been drilled.
Next » Page 1 of 3
Comments Guide Freecycle.org Jennifer , Mar 30 2011 which wepsite all details available for windmill generator coil Inba, Oct 15 2012 question: how many kW hour where produced with this generator? Bruno, Aug 16 2011 KWh would be determined by the size of your battery bank, and the motor you put on the end of the stick. Jeff Cebula, May 4 2012 Quick question, dont know anything about this stuff so what I see is that the generator produces DC but the rectifier is supposed to turn AC to DC,, does the rectifier work backwards producing AC from DC? If the motor is 260 Volts DC what does the rectifier do? Thanks much Maurice Rojas, May 8 2012 The motor is by its nature AC, if you have a dc motor, the motor incorporates diodes inside the motor. a bridge rectifier is 4 diodes, arranged in a way to maximize the ac to dc. a diode is a one way gate, preventing electricity going in the wrong direction. placing dc on a diode backwards will block dc from traveling though it. Dan M, Aug 11 2012 If it is a DC motor then the commutator and brushes will cause the coils to spit out DC. I'm not sure why you would need a br idge rectifier if it is a true DC motor. Perhaps this is actually a brushless DC motor which would put out 3 phase AC when it spins. That would need to be rectified. Given that there are only two wires coming out of the motor in the picture, I would suggest that it i s not a brushless DC motor. Basically the rectifier is just unnecessarily dropping the voltage that is coming from the motor by about 1.4 volts. I
would suggest that you don't need it. Easy test, hook the motor leads up to a voltmeter set to test for DC voltages and spin the rotor. If it shows a voltage then it is DC. If not or if the needle wiggles back and forth then you have AC. Saleem Banatwala, Nov 5 2012 Thinking a bit more about this now, you would want a single diode on one of t he lines coming off of the motor to avoid the ba ttery discharging through the motor when the wind stops. This wouldn't be a bridge rectifier though. It would be a single diode. Saleem Banatwala, Nov 5 2012 Although the plans are great for a broad overview. I am finding the lack of specific information to be frustrating for me. I did get the serial # off the Bridge rectifier (pic) to figure out which one I should be getting and I started to use the wiring example they have in the picture for wiring it up but it seems they switched the wires in the pictures,there is no further information on the Charge controller, regulator or even if they are a must. These items can be quite costly and making the project disappointing. jessie foster , Sep 7 2012 any bridge rectifier with the specs should work. You basically want one that can handle 30 amps. Charge controllers are a must, but for a wind system, it is better to have a diversion load controller, that dumps the extra power into a dump load, like a water heater. For more info on this, check out our website : http://www.velacreations.com/food/food-w... Abe Connally, Sep 28 2012 i wish somone would respond ^ i am still liking this... :( jessie foster , Sep 27 2012 I spent about 6 months in two locales trying t o find 8 inch pvc - only available from plumbing wholesalers for $150 per 10 foot section. Used 6 inch pvc and a heat gun to spread it to an 8 inch curve. Step 4 says the width at the base should be 5.75 inches. This doesn't make mathematical sense. A 60 degree arc of an 8 inch d iameter circle would be 4.1 inches. Are you sure this measurement is accurate? brumere, Nov 18 2012 I have a question. Could you not hook several car alternators to a exercise bike. The recumbent style. And I do mean several, and several bikes. And run it into a dc/ac converter from the parts store. Throw in a battery charger and some batteries for storage? Discharged Marine , Nov 20 2012 Okay, I'm giving up on Make. They cannot respond to reality -- too busy spinning new yarns I guess. Mathematics is precise and this project if it ever existed, was in another universe brumere, Dec 25 2012 The 60 degree section is discarded in step 3 (unless you're going for a ninth blade as a spare or something). The pieces in u se (and referred to by step 4) are the 75 degree pieces. 75 degrees of an 8 inch diameter circle is 5.23 inches. Not quite 5.75 inches, right? Remember that PVC pipe is nominally sized on the basis of inner diameter, and actual size depends on the schedule, composition, etc. All these factors could easily account for t he .5 inch difference between the 5.23 that pure math based on nominal values arrives at and the measurement W that is given. Yes, mathematics is precise, but only if applied in a precise way. You didn't apply it correctly to the project instructions or with anything close to full knowledge of what "8 inch PVC" means. Trevor , Dec 27 2012
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