MULTICULTURALISME: Menuju Pendidikan Berbasis Multikulturalisme

ARIPODRIPRVGIOUAB= Abkrmr ^bkòòdgk Fbvfguou Aripodriprv


Bòphv= Krvòk Jgugk

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¯ 6>77) _gygugk Gkgd Fgklug *_GF/ Gebj Mi+ Fgigo @bug Kh+ 22) Gpbrd Arkmobkl Dbe+ Fgoprvvgjagk) Fgk`g Gebj Pbib~hk(Cgdu+ $36 327 :>26<>> B!agoi= ygygugkXgkgdXfgklugNygjhh+eha fbdbvmgugag `bklgk Giogkuo Mrvkgiou Ok`b~bk`bk *GMO/ Dhpg Fgk`g Gebj Mi+ Gklug Kh+ 65) Fgphj Dbe+ Irbkl Fgpg) Fgk`g Gebj Pbib~hk(Cgdu+ $36 327 35<<>: Bagoi= ubdvbpgvogpNgmofgk`g+hvl

*b`+/ Jgugk) Krvòk!! ARIPODRIPRVGIOUAB= Abkrmr ^bkòòdgk Fbvfguou Aripodriprv(Krvòk Jgugk z $ 7:> j+ 70 ea z 6> ea oufk= >>>>>>>> Jgd eo~pg òiok`rklo Rk`gkl!rk`gkl+

Uga~ri `gk ouo òvgkegkl `bklgk jrvrc Ireo`g hibj Djgovri Ragao+

DGPG ^BKLGKPGV

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aripodriprvgio uab

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7

Gi!Wrvgk `gk ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi

72

Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga

Fr`GyG

57

Okpbvkgiouguo Koigo!koigo Aripodriprvgi

02

^b|gvougk Koigo!Koigo Fr`gyg Ihdgi

22

^bafbigmgvgk Koigo Dbfbvglgagk

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Abahposguo Fbigmgv Uou|g

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Aripodriprvgi ò Ubdhigj

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Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd

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aripodriprvgio uab

Aripodriprvgiouab= abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

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aripodriprvgi

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6

O Gi!Wrvgk `gk ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi

`gk koigo!koigo `bahdvguo *`bahevgpohk *`bahevgpohk sgirbu/ ygkl ò~bvirdgk `giga fbvglga gdposopgu uhuogi+

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5

jgi g~g~rk+ Rkldg~gk oko abkllgafgvdgk fgj|g Ouiga ugklgp abkljgvlgo aripodriprvgi dgvbkg Ouiga g`gigj glgag ygkl `bklgk pblgu abklgdro ~bvfb`ggk ubpog~ okòso`r rkprd jo`r~ fbvugag `gk ugiokl abkljhvagpo ugpr ugag igok+ Giigj

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abkeo~pgdgk

agkruog

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fbvagega!

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opr

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aguygvgdgp!aguygvgdgp

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0


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@giga gygp oko) Gi!Wrv‟gk abkblgudgk dhkub~ dbagkruogggk rkosbvugi Ouiga ygkl abklgmgvdgk fgj|g ragp agkruog ~g`g arigkyg g`gigj ugpr+ ^bvubiouojgk pbvmgò dgvbkg poafri fbvfglgo sbupb` okpbvbup aguokl!aguokl okpbvbup aguokl!aguokl dbiha~hd agkruog+ Aguokl!aguokl abvbdg abklg`gdgk ~bkgcuovgk ygkl fbvfb`g pbkpgkl urgpr jgdbdgp dbfbkgvgk abkrvrp dboklokgkkyg ubkòvo+ Abudo~rk gugi abvbdg g`gigj ugpr) ~hig jo`r~kyg abklgkrp jrdra pbkpgkl dbagmbardgk) gkpgvg igok dgvbkg Giigj abkbpg~dgk mgigk `gk ~b`hagk jo`r~ ygkl fbvfb`g rkprd fbvfglgo lhihklgk agkruog+ ^bvfb`ggk opr ubjgvrukyg po`gd abkmgò ~bkybfgf ~bvubiouojgk `gk ~bvarurjgk) abigokdgk ~gkldgi phigd fglo ~bvihafggk rkprd abigdrdgk fbvfglgo dbfgodgk+ Gi Wrv‟gk abkybfrpdgk= aripodriprvgio uab


2

’‣++ Rkprd pog~!pog~ agkruog ò gkpgvg dgar) Dgao fbvodgk mgigk `gk ~b`hagk jo`r~+ Ubdovgkyg Giigj abkljbk`gdo) kouegyg dgar òmgòdgkkyg ugpr ragp ugmg+ Pbpg~o Giigj jbk`gd abklrmo dgar pbvjg`g~ ~bafbvogkKyg db~g`gar) agdg fbvihafg!ihafgigj fbvfrgp dbfgodgk+ Jgkyg db~g`g Giigj!igj dbafgio dgar ubarg) igir òfbvopgjrdgk!Kyg db~g`gar g~g ygkl pbigj dgar ~bvubiouojdgk opr+‑ opr +‑

@gvo db`rg gygp opr `g~gp òpgvod dbuoa~rigk fgj|g fbpg~g~rk ~bvfrgpgk agkruog ò frao oko) kgark jgdbdgp dbagkruoggk pbpg~ `gk po`gd gdgk fbvrfgj+ _gopr copvgjkyg ygkl jgkoc) ubfglgo |rmr` ~bvmgkmogk ~voahvògi *g}gio/ gkpgvg Prjgk `gk agkruog+ Vbu~hkuo gpgr poafgi fgiod agkruog ~g`g gmgvgk pbkpgkl dbagkruoggk rkosbvugi g`gigj dbigkmrpgk `gk bduouopbkuogiouab `gvo ~bvmgkmogk ~voahvògi `giga jo`r~ ò `rkog+ ^g`g ~vhubu okpbvgduo ygkl fbvigklurkl fgod ubegvg okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd pbvkygpg fgkygd abkoafridgk agugigj pbvubkòvo+ ^bvagugigjgk ygkl arkeri ò pbklgj dbjo`r~gk aba~rkygo igpgv fbigdgkl fbvgkbdg vglga+ Hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvdha~bpbk `giga fo`gklkyg) ubaougi ~bardg glgag) phdhj aguygvgdgp fgjdgk fovhdvguo ~babvokpgj pbigj fbvr~gyg `bklgk fbvfglgo egvg glgv pbveo~pg jgvahkouguo dbjo`r~gk fgod `giga pgpgvgk aodvh agr~rk agdvh abigiro ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk+ Pg~o) cgdpg ygkl pbvmgò ò aguygvgdgp pbvkygpg fbira uburgo `bklgk jgvg~gk+ Geg~ dgio pbvmgò lbubdgk dgvbkg ~bvfb`ggk ygkl abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

3


abklgdofgpdgk ~bvagugigjgk po`gd ar`gj òubibugodgk+ Fgkygd cgdphv ygkl abigpgvfbigdgklo ~bvagugigjgk arkeri db ~bvardggk) abkmgò dhkciod ygkl fbvargvg ~g`g ~bvfb`ggk okòso`r `gk dbiha~hd+ ^bkòòdgk g`gigj |gjgkg ~giokl pb~gp rkprd abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprvgiouab+ Abigiro ~bkòòdgk ygkl pbvokpblvguo `giga drvodrira) agdg ~bagjgagk aguygvgdgp pbvjg`g~ ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk abkmbiag abkmgò ~bvoigdr rkprd ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo dbvglgagk o`bkpopgu `giga dbvgkldg ~bkeo~pggk jgvahkouguo dbjo`r~gk+ Fbv`gugvdgk dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò) dbfbvg`ggk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi

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aripodriprvgi

g`gigj upvgpblo ~bkòòdgk ygkl òpbvg~dgk ~g`g ubarg mbkou agpg ~bigmgvgk `bklgk egvg abkllrkgdgk ~bvfb`ggk!~bvfb`ggk driprvgi ygkl g`g ~g`g òvo uou|g ub~bvpo ~bvfb`ggk bpkou) glgag) fgjgug) lbk`bv) digu uhuogi) vgu) dbaga~rgk) `gk rarv glgv ~vhubu ~v hubu fbigmgv abkmgò ibfoj bcbdpoc `gk ar`gj+ Jgi pbvubfrp ubdgiolru mrlg rkprd abigpoj `gk abafgklrk dgvgdpbv uou|g glgv pbvfogug fbvuodg~ `bahdvgpou) jragkou `gk ~irvgiou `giga iokldrklgkkyg+ Ubigkmrpkyg gdgk pbvfbkprd aguygvgdgp fgklug ygkl ibfoj fbvfr`gyg `bklgk fgkygd dbgkbdgvglgagk+ Dbfbvg`ggk `gk gugi ruri agkruog ygkl aripodriprvgi abkmgò dbdgyggk oiar ~bklbpgjrgk fglo ragp Ouiga rkprd òdgmo ibfoj abk`giga+ ^bvfb`ggk!~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g ò ubdopgv dbjo`r~gk agkruog pbigj pbvpriou `giga gi!Wrv‟gkri Dgvoa ubfglgoagkg covagk Giigj U\P= aripodriprvgio uab


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’Jgo agkruog) uburkllrjkyg dgao abkeo~pgdgk dgar `gvo ubhvgkl igdo!igdo `gk ubhvgkl ~bvba~rgk `gk abkmgòdgk dgar fbvfgklug―fgklug `gk fbvurdr!urdr ur~gyg dgar ugiokl dbkgi!abklbkgi+ Uburkllrjkyg hvgkl ygkl ~giokl ariog ò gkpgvg dgar ò uouo Giigj ogigj hvgkl ygkl ~giokl pgw|g ò gkpgvg dgar+ Uburkllrjkyg Giigj Agjg abklbpgjro iglo Agjg Abklbkgi+‑ *WU+ Abklbkgi+‑ *WU+ gi!Jrmrvgp) 0?= 75/+

Drvgklkyg ~bagjgagk `gk ~bkbvg~gk ubegvg ~vgdpou covagk Giigj U\P opr abkybfgfdgk hvgkl Ouiga pbvmbfgd `giga jgi!jgi abvrlodgk+ Jgi pbvubfrp abkmgò ~bkybfgf pbvmgòkyg dhkciod ygkl po`gd ~bvkgj fbvjbkpo+ Agdgkyg) dhkub~ ~bòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~bvir ubegvg pbvru!abkbvru rkprd òuga~godgk db~g`g aguygvgdgp abigiro fbvfglgo chvra gpgr abòg+ Jgi pbvubfrp fbvprmrgk glgv prafrj `giga òvo ubpog~ hvgkl dbug`gvgk jo`r~ `giga ugpr fgklug ygkl aba~rkygo dbvglgagk fr`gyg) ubjokllg gdjovkyg foug ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk+ Kgark) aripodriprvgiouab `giga ~bklbvpogk ygkl ibfoj uburgo `gk òpbvoag rkprd dbfrprjgk dhkpba~hvbv g`gigj fgj|g hvgkl!hvgkl `gvo fbvfglgo dbfr`gyggk ubegvg ~bvagkbk `g~gp jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk ugpr `bklgk ygkl igok+ Fgkygd sbvuo aripodriprvgiouab

abkbdgkdgk

~bkpoklkyg

fbigmgv

pbkpgkl

dbfr`gyggk!dbfr`gyggk igok) abkehfg abagjgao abvbdg ubegvg ~bkrj `gk ba~gpod+ Aripodriprvgiouab mrlg abkloa~iodguodgk urgpr dbjgvrugk rkprd abklg~vbuoguo dbfr`gyggk!dbfr`gyggk igok+ Aripodriprvgiouab arkeri dg~gk `gk òagkg~rk dbpodg abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

:


~bv`glgklgk `gk dgra ògu~hvg ygkl jo`r~ `gvokyg abkmgò ~bkpokl) `gk oko abkljbk`gdo ugiokl g`g~pguo ubjokllg ubarg dbiha~hd aba~bvhibj dbagmrgk `gvo ~bvprdgvgk ygkl uocgpkyg agpbvogi `gk agkrcgdprvgi agr~rk driprvgi fbvr~g lglgugk! lglgugk `gvo fbvfglgo ~bkmrvr `rkog+ Dgvbdpbvoupod ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi opr abio~rpo prmrj dha~hkbk ygopr fbigmgv jo`r~ `giga ~bvfb`ggk) abafgklrk polg gu~bd arprgi *ugiokl ~bvegyg) ~bklbvpogk) `gk abkljgvlgo/) pbvfrdg `giga fbvcodov) g~vbuoguo `gk okpbv`b~bk`bkuo) ubvpg vbuhiruo dhkciod `gk vbdhkuoioguo kovdbdbvgugk+ @gvo fbfbvg~g dgvgdpbvoupod opr) òchvariguodgk `bklgk gygp!gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ubfglgo `gioi) fgj|g dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi pbvkygpg ubigvgu `bklgk gmgvgk Ouiga `giga abklgprv pgpgkgk jo`r~ agkruog ò ardg frao oko) pbvrpgag `giga dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk+

7+ Fbigmgv Jo`r~ `giga ^bvfb`ggk+ ^bkòòdgk ubigag oko ibfoj òhvobkpguodgk ~g`g polg ~oigv) ygopr abkgafgj ~bklbpgjrgk) ~bafbdgigk dbpbvga~oigk jo`r~ *iocb udoii/) `gk abkbdgkdgk egvg abkmgò hvgkl uburgo dbvgkldg fbvcodov ~bubvpg òòd+ Vbgiopgukyg `giga dbjo`r~gk ygkl pbvru fbvdbafgkl) dbpolg ~oigv pbvubfrp drvgkl fbvjguoi abkmg|gf dhkòuo aguygvgdgp ygkl ubagdok abkllihfgi+ Agdgkyg) ò~bvirdgk ugpr ~oigv upvgpblou ygopr fbigmgv ugiokl abkljgvlgo gdgk ~bvfb`ggk) ubjokllg gdgk pbvfgklrk vbiguo gkpgvg ~bvuhkgi `gk okpvg ~bvuhkgi+ @giga pbvaokhihlo Ouiga) vbgiopgu gdgk ~bvfb`ggk pgd `g~gp ò~rkldovo iglo) uburgo W+U+ Gi!Jrmrvgp) 0? =75 ygkl abkbdgkdgk aripodriprvgio uab


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fgj|g Giigj U\P abkeo~pgdgk agkruog ygkl pbvòvo `gvo fbvfglgo mbkou dbigaok) urdr) fgklug) `gk okpbv~vbpguo fbvfb`g!fb`g `bklgk ` bklgk prmrgk iopg‟gvgcr ― rkprd ugiokl abklbkgi+

6+ Abafgklrk Polg Gu~bd Arprgi+ Dbpolg jgi opr ygopr abafgklrk ugiokl ~bvegyg *arprgi pvrup/) abagjgao ugiokl ~bklbvpogk *arprgi rk`bvupgkòkl/) `gk abkmrkmrkl uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo *arprgi vbu~bep/+ Dbpolg jgi pbvubfrp ubfglgo dhkubdrbkuo ihlou gdgk dbagmbardgk `gk dbjblbahkodgk) agdg ò~bvirdgk ~bkòòdgk fbvhvobkpguo db~g`g dbfbvugaggk `gk ~bkgkgagk uodg~ phibvgk) `bahdvgpou) ubvpg dbubpgvggk jgd+ Oa~ibabkpguo abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk òarigo `gvo uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkljhvagpo `bklgk pbpg~ abkmrkmrkl pokllo vgug ~bvugprgk `gk ~bvugr`gvggk+ Jgi pbvubfrp `giga Ouiga ig}oa òubfrp pgugarj *phibvgkuo/+ Fgkygd gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkbdgkdgk pbkpgkl ~bkpoklkyg ugiokl ~bvegyg) ~bklbvpogk) `gk abkljgvlgo abkljgvl go hvgkl igok+ @o gkpgvgkyg gygp ygkl abklgkmrvdgk rkprd abkmgrjo uocgp fbvfrvrd ugkldg `gk abkegvo dbugigjgk hvgkl igok ub~bvpo pbv`g~gp `giga W+U+ gi!Jrmrvgp) gi!Jrmrvg p) 0?= 76 ygopr ’Jgo ’Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) mgrjoigj dbfgkygdgk `gvo ~vgugkldg) uburkllrjkyg ubfglogk ~vgugkldg opr g`gigj `hug `gk mgklgkigj dgar abkegvo!egvo dbugigjgk hvgkl igok `gk mgklgkigj ubfgjglogk dgar abkllrkmokl ubfgjglogk ygkl igok+‑ igok +‑ Po`gd ar`gj abkmgprjdgk shkou `gk abklb`b~gkdgk digvocodguo *pgfgyyrk/ pbvagdprf `giga W+U+ gi!Jrmrvgp) 0?= 3 ygdko abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

7>


’Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) modg `gpgkl db~g`gar hvgkl cguod abafg|g urgpr fbvopg) agdg ~bvodugigj `bklgk pbiopo glgv dgar po`gd abkoa~gdgk urgpr aruofgj db~g`g urgpr dgra pgk~g abklbpgjro dbg`ggkkyg ygkl abkybfgfdgk dgar abkybugi gpgu ~bvfrgpgkar opr+‑ opr+‑ Po`gd abagdugdgk dbjbk`gd db~g`g hvgkl igok) WU+ gi! Fgwgvgj *7/= 623 ygkl fbvfrkyo= ’Po`gd ’Po`gd g`g ~gduggk rkprd *abagurdo/ glgag *Ouiga/4 uburkllrjkyg pbigj mbigu mgigk ygkl fbkgv `gvo~g`g mgigk ygkl ugigj+‑ ugigj +‑

5+ Dbpbvfrdggk `giga Fbv~odov+ ^bkòòdgk

ubyhlygkyg

abafbvodgk

~bklbpgjrgk

fgvr

pbkpgkl fglgoagkg fbvcodov `gk fbvpok`gd) fgjdgk abklg`h~uo `gk fbvg`g~pguo pbvjg`g~ driprv fgvr ygkl fbvfb`g) igir òvbu~hku `bklgk codovgk pbvfrdg `gk pgd pbvdbugk bdudiruoc+ ^bubvpg òòd ò`hvhkl rkprd abklbafgkldgk dbaga~rgk fbvcodov ubjokllg po`gd pbvdbdgkl `giga fbvcodov+ ^bkljgvlggk gi!Wrv‟gk fglo abvbdg ygkl aba~bvlrkgdgk gdgi) foug òmgòdgk frdpo vb~vbubkpgpoc fgj|g dhkub~ gmgvgk Ouiga ugklgp vbu~hkuoc pbvjg`g~ dhkub~ fbvcodov+ Ugigj ugprkyg gygp ygkl abkbvgkldgk fbpg~g pokllokyg `bvgmgp hvgkl ygkl fbvoiar ygopr W+U+ gi!Armggòiigj) 2:= 77 ygopr ’Jgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk) g~gfoig òdgpgdgk db~g`gar= ’Fbvig~gkl!ig~gkligj

`giga

agmbiou‑)

agdg

ig~gkldgkigj)

kouegyg Giigj gdgk abafbvo dbig~gklgk rkprdar+ @gk g~gfoig òdgpgdgk= ’Fbvòvoigj dgar) agdg fbvòvoigj) kouegyg Giigj gdgk abkokllodgk hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl fbvoagk ò gkpgvgar `gk hvgkl! aripodriprvgio uab


77

hvgkl ygkl òfbvo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk fbfbvg~g `bvgmgp+ @gk Giigj Agjg Abklbpgjro g~g ygkl dgar dbvmgdgk+‑ dbvmgdgk +‑ Gygp ygkl abkmbigudgk Ouiga po`gd abklbkgi dbmrar`gk `gk `hlagpouab) òmbigudgk `giga W+U+ gi!Fgwgvgj *7/=7<> ygkl fbvfrkyo= ’@gk g~gfoig òdgpgdgk db~g`g abvbdg= ’Odrpoigj g~g ygkl pbigj òprvrkdgk Giigj)‑ abvbdg abkmg|gf= ’*Po`gd/) pbpg~o dgao jgkyg abklodrpo g~g ygkl pbigj dgao `g~gpo `gvo *~bvfrgpgk/ kbkbd ahygkl dgao‑+ ’*G~gdgj abvbdg gdgk abklodrpo mrlg/) |gigr~rk kbkbd ahygkl abvbdg opr po`gd abklbpgjro urgpr g~g ~rk) `gk po`gd abk`g~gp ~bprkmrd8 ‑+ ‑+

0+ G~vbuoguo `gk Okpbv`b~bk`bkuo+ Dgvgdpbvoupod

oko

abklb`b~gkdgk

pgpgkgk

uhuogi

ygkl

egvb *~b`rio/) òagkg ubarg gkllhpg aguygvgdgp `g~gp ugiokl abkrkmrddgk g~vbuoguo `gk ababiojgvg vbiguo) dbpbvodgpgk) dhjbuo) `gk dbpbvdgopgk uhuogi ygkl vbdgp) dgvbkg fglgoagkg~rk mrlg agkruog po`gd foug urvsosb pgk~g odgpgk uhuogi ygkl òkgaou+ Dhkub~ ub~bvpo oko fgkygd pbvagdprf `giga gi!Wrv‟gk+ Ugigj ugprkyg pbv`g~gp `giga W+U+ gi!Ago`gj) 2= 6 ygkl abkbvgkldgk fbpg~g ~bkpoklkyg ~vokuo~ phihkl abkhihkl `giga dbfgmodgk) ababiojgvg uhio`gvopgu `gk odgpgk uhuogi *pgd|g/) `gk abkljok`gvo abkljok`gv o phihkl abkhihkl `giga dbmgjgpgk+ ’@gk ’@gk phihkl!abkhihkligj dgar `giga *abklbvmgdgk/ dbfgmodgk `gk pgd|g) `gk mgklgk phihkl! abkhihkl `giga fbvfrgp `hug `gk ~bigkllgvgk+ @gk fbvpgd|gigj dgar db~g`g Giigj) uburkllrjkyg Giigj gagp fbvgp uodug!Kyg +‑ Gygp pbvubfrp abklouygvgpdgk fgj|g phihkl abkhihkl `g~gp abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

76


abklgkpgvdgk agkruog) fgod ubfglgo okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd) db~g`g ubfrgj pgpgkgk aguygvgdgp ygkl dhdhj `giga fokldgo ~bvugprgk `gk dbfbvugaggk `giga dbfgodgk) dbmrmrvgk `gk dbpggpgk+

2+ Vbuhiruo Dhkciod `gk Vbdhkuoioguo+ Dhkciod `giga fbvfglgo jgi jgvru òjok`gvo+ ^bkòòdgk jgvru abarkluodgk òvo ubfglgo ugpr egvg `giga vbuhiruo dhkciod+ G`g~rk vbuhiruo dhkciod fbira erdr~ pgk~g vbdhkuoioguo) ygdko r~gyg

~bv`gagogk

abigiro

~bklga~rkgk

gpgr

abaggcdgk

*chvlosbkbuu/+ ^bafbvogk ga~rk gpgr aggc `giga vbdhkuoioguo g`gigj pok`gdgk pb~gp `giga uoprguo dhkciod dharkgi+ @giga gmgvgk Ouiga) ubirvrj ragp agkruog jgvru abklb`b~gkdgk ~bv`gagogk) eokpg `gago `gk vgug gagk fglo ubirvrj agdjird+ Gi!Wrv‟gk Gi! Wrv‟gk ubegvg pblgu abklgkmrvdgk rkprd abafbvo aggc) abafoafokl db gvgj dbub~gdgpgk `gago `bklgk egvg aruyg|gvgj) `r`rd ugpr abmg `bklgk ~vokuo~ dguoj ugygkl+ Jgi pbvubfrp pbv`g~gp `giga W+U+ guy!Uyrrvg) 06= 0> ygkl fbvfrkyo ’@gk ’ @gk fgigugk urgpr dbmgjgpgk g`gigj dbmgjgpgk ygkl ubvr~g) agdg Fgvgkluog~g abaggcdgk `gk fbvfrgp fgod agdg ~gjgigkyg gpgu *pgkllrklgk/ Giigj+ Uburkllrjkyg @og po`gd abkyrdgo hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl igioa +‑ G~gfoig

pbvmgò

~bvubiouojgk)

Ouiga

abkg|gvdgk

mgirv

~bv`gagogk abigiro ògihl rkprd abkeg~go arcgdgp `bklgk po`gd abafb`gdgk vgu) |gvkg driop) bpkod) dbfr`gyggk `gk fgjdgk glgag+ Dbug`gvgk pbvjg`g~ dbjo`r~gk aripodriprvgi ~g`g gdjovkyg gdgk abkmbiag abkmgò urgpr dbugprgk jgvahkou ygkl abafbvodgk ehvgd ~bvugaggk `giga u~ovop `gk abkpgi+ Rkprd abvbgiouguodgk aripodriprvgio uab


75

prmrgk ariog opr ygopr ~bv`gagogk `gk ~bvugr`gvggk gfgò ò gkpgvg hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl ~g`g vbgiopgukyg abagkl abaoiodo glgag `gk oagk fbvfb`g) ~bvirigj dovgkyg g`g dbfbvgkogk rkprd abklgmgd ~ojgd!~ojgd fbvdha~bkpbk abigdrdgk ~bvrfgjgk ò fo`gkl ~bkòòdgk) pbvrpgag abigiro drvodrirakyg ygkl fbvfguou dbgkbdgvglgagk+ ^gvgòlag ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `gk r~gyg!r~gyg rkprd abkbvg~dgkkyg ò Ok`hkbuog Ok`hkbuog doko abk`g~gp abk`g~gp ~bvjgpogk ubvoru dgvbkg vbibsgkuo `gk rvlbkuokyg ygkl pokllo+ ^bklbafgklgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi opr òjgvg~dgk `g~gp ab|rmr`dgk aguygvgdgp aripodriprvgi) aripodriprvg i) ygopr urgpr aguygvgdgp agmbard `gvo igpgv fbigdgkl bpkou) fr`gyg) glgag `gk ubfglgokyg) kgark aba~rkygo pbdg` `gk eopg!eopg ygkl ugag `giga abafgklrk fgklug `gk kblgvg+ @gvo

rvgogk

ò

gpgu)

abkmgò

mbigu

fglo

dopg

fbpg~g

dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg abvr~gdgk dbkouegyggk `giga jo`r~+ Dbjo`r~gk ygkl pbkgkl `gk `gago ò gkpgvg fbvagega ~bvfb`ggk `giga fbvaguygvgdgp ~bvir òuhuogiouguodgk glgv fbkgv!fbkgv pbv|rmr`) ugigj ugprkyg abigiro ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g okpokyg pgd fbvpbkpgklgk `bklgk gmgvgk Ouiga+ Dbgkbdgvglgagk mrupvr abkmgò dbdgyggk okpbibdprgi rkprd òdgmo) ubfglgoagkg fbfbvg~g gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkmbigudgk jgi opr+ Abigiro ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òjgvg~dgk ubpog~ okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd foug abkbvoag `gk abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk) jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk ubegvg `gago `gk pbkgkl abudo fgkygd ~bvfb`ggk) ubjokllg gdgk pbvfbkprd ubfrgj kblgvg `gk fgklug ygkl `gago `gk ubmgjpbvg+TQ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga Ouagoi Lrvr UAGK 7 Ubrkr``hk) Gebj Rpgvg

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g `gugvkyg po`gd fbvpbkpgklgk `bklgk uygvogp Ouiga+ Dbgkbdgvglgagk ygkl g`g mrupvr abkmgò dbdgyggk okpbibdprgi rkprd òdgmo) ubfglgoagkg fbfbvg~g gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkmbigudgk jgi pbvubfrp+ @bklgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi) òjgvg~dgk ubpog~ okòso`r okòs o`r gpgr dbiha~hd abkbvoag `gk abkljgvlgo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk) jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk `bklgk `gago `gk pbkgkl+ Ubjokllg pbvfbkprd ubfrgj kblgvg `gk fgklug ygkl `gago `gk ubmgjpbvg+

G+

^bk`gjrirgk

Dbvglgagk

dbfr`gyggk

hibj

aguygvgdgp

ig}oa

òubfrp

aripodriprvgi+ Ok`hkbuog g`gigj ugigj ugpr kblgvg aripodriprvgi pbvfbugv ò `rkog) òpokmgr `gvo dhkòuo uhuoh!driprvgi agr~rk lbhlvgcou ygkl fblopr fbvglga `gk irgu+ 7 \oigygjkyg irgu pbvòvo `gvo vofrgk ~rigr) dbvglgagk fr`gyg) urdr) vgu `gk glgag g`gigj dbdgyggk pgd pbvkoigo ygkl òaoiodo fgklug oko+ Dopgf ureo gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl òprvrkdgk db~g`g Kgfo Arjgaag` 7

Gokri_gw Gokri _gwok) ok) ^bkòòdgk ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi4 Evhuu!Eriprvgi Rk`bvupgkòkl rkprd @bahdvguo `gk Dbgòigk)ebp+db!7*_hlygdgvpg=ôigvAbòg)6>>2/)jia+0+ Dbgòigk )ebp+db!7*_hlygdgvpg=ôigvAbòg)6>>2/)jia+0+

72

O Aripodriprvgi `giga ^bvu~bdpoc Ouiga

73

UG\+ g`gigj igk`gugk ~hdhd glgag Ouiga `giga ubarg uouo dbjo`r~gk ragpkyg+ Gi!Wrv‟gk abafbvodgk jrmmgj `gk frdpo ~bkmbigugk pbkpgkl ~vokuo~!~vokuo~ Ouiga ygkl abkmgò okpougvo `gd|gj+6 @bklgk vb`gduo ygkl mbigu `gk gdrvgp) abafbvo ~bprkmrd ~g`g hvgkl Ouiga pbkpgkl dbdrguggk Giigj) glgv agkruog abkmgò aguygvgdgp ygkl o`bgi ò `rkog+ Ouiga g`gigj glgag rkosbvugi ygkl abkmrkmrkl pokllo koigo! koigo dbagkruoggk) ~bvugaggk jgd `gk abklgdro dbvglgagk igpgv fbigdgkl fr`gyg `gk dbagmbardgk+ Aripodriprvgi) abkrvrp Ouiga) g`gigj gprvgk Prjgk *urkkgpriigj *urkkgpriigj// ygkl po`gd gdgk fbvrfgj) mrlg po`gd arkldok òig|gk gpgr òokldgvo+ Ubpog~ hvgkl gdgk abkljg`g~o dbagmbardgk ò agkg~rk `gk `giga jgi g~g~rk+ 5 Rkldg~gk oko abkllgafgvdgk fgj|g Ouiga ugklgp abkljgvlgo aripodriprvgi dgvbkg Ouiga g`gigj glgag ygkl `bklgk pblgu abklgdro ~bvfb`ggk ubpog~ okòso`r rkprd jo`r~ fbvugag `gk ugiokl abkljhvagpo ugpr `bklgk ygkl igokkyg+

F+

Igpgv Fbigdgkl Agugigj+

Giigj U\P+ abkeo~pgdgk agkruog `bklgk fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk ur~gyg foug ugiokl fbvokpbvgduo rkprd abklbkgi gkpgvg ugpr `bklgk ygkl igokkyg+ ^bvfb`ggk fgklug `gk urdr pbkpr gdgk abigjovdgk fbvagega fr`gyg ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp+ 6

Ujgyy Ujg yyrv rv Vgj gjag agk) k) Uovgj Kgfg|oygj) pb pbvm vm+ + Dg Dgpj pjr rv Ur Urjg jgv` vò) o) eb ebp+ p+ db db!5 !5> > *Mgdgvpg=^rupgdgGi!Dgrpugv)6>>?/)jia+757+ 5

Ark`}ob Ark`} obv v Ur Ur~g ~gvp vpg) g) Ouigaoe Aripoeriprvgi B`regpohk= Ubfrgj Vbbduo gpgu ^bkòòdgk Glgag Ouiga ò Ok`hkbuog)ebp+db!7*Mgdgvpg=Gi!Ljg}gioEbkpbv)6>>:/) Ok`hkbuog )ebp+db!7*Mgdgvpg=Gi!Ljg}gioEbkpbv)6>>:/) jia+2+ aripodriprvgio uab

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Ouagoi O

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Ouagoi O

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Ouagoi O

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63

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phihkl!abkhihkligj

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`giga

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Vb`gduo gygp pbvubfrp abklouygvgpdgk fgj|g phihkl!abkhihkl ygkl `g~gp abklgkpgvdgk agkruog) fgod ubfglgo okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd) db~g`g pgpgkgk aguygvgdgp ygkl dhdhj `giga fokldgo ~bvugprgk `gk dbfbvugaggk g`gigj phihkl abkhihkl `giga jgi dbfgodgk) dbmrmrvgk `gk dbpggpgk+ 67

2+ Dgvgdpbvoupod vbuhiruo dhkciod `gk vbdhkuoioguo+ Dhkciod `giga fbvfglgo jgi jgvru òjok`gvo) `gk ~bkòòdgk jgvru abarkluodgk òvo `giga vbuhiruo dhkciod+ G`g~rk vbuhiruo dhkciod fbira erdr~ pgk~g vbdhkuoioguo) ygdko r~gyg ~bv`gagogk abigiro ugvgkg ~bklga~rkgk gpgr abaggcdgk *chvlosbkbuu *chvlosbkbuu /+ /+ 6>

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67

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Ouagoi O

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gmgvgk

Ouiga)

ubirvrj

ragp

agkruog

jgvru

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Foig pbvmgò ~bvubiouojgk) agdg Ouiga abkg|gvdgk mgirv ~bv`gagogk abigiro ògihl rkprd abkeg~go arcgdgp+ Jgi oko po`gd abafb`gdgk vgu) |gvkg driop) bpkod) dbfr`gyggk `gk fgjdgk glgag+65 Dbug`gvgk pbvjg`g~ dbjo`r~gk ygkl aripodriprvgi ~g`g gdjovkyg gdgk abkmbiag abkmgò dbugprgk jgvahkou ygkl ygk l abafbvo ehvgd ~bvugaggk `giga u~ovop `gk abkpgi+ 60 Rkprd aba~bvhibj dbfbvjguoigk fglo pbvbgiouguokyg prmrgk ariog ygopr ~bv`gagogk `gk ~bvugr`gvggk gfgò ò gkpgvg hvgkl!hvgkl ygkl ~g`g vbgiopgukyg abagkl abaoiodo glgag `gk oagk fbvfb`g) ~bvirigj dovgkyg 66

@b~gvpbabkGlgagVb~rfiodOk`hkbuog) Gi!Wrv‟gk)jia+<:?+ Gi!Wrv‟gk)jia+<:?+

65

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6:


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B+

Dbuoa~rigk

@gvo ~g~gvgk ò gpgu) dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg g`gigj dbkouegyggk `giga jo`r~+ Dbjo`r~gk ygkl pbkgkl `gk `gago ò gkpgvg fbvagega ~bvfb`ggk `giga fbvaguygvgdgp ~bvir òuhuogiouguodgk glgv fbkgv!fbkgv pbv|rmr`) ugigj ugprkyg abigiro ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g `gugvkyg po`gd fbvpbkpgklgk `bklgk gmgvgk Ouiga) djrurukyg gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkmgò urafbv uygvogp Ouiga+ Dbgkbdgvglgagk ygkl g`g mrupvr abkmgò dbdgyggk okpbibdprgi rkprd òdgmo) ubfglgoagkg fbfbvg~g gygp gi!Wrv‟gk ygkl abkmbigudgk jgi pbvubfrp+ Abigiro ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òjgvg~dgk ubpog~ okòso`r gpgr dbiha~hd foug abkbvoag `gk abkljgvlgo ubpog~ ~bvfb`ggk) jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk `bklgk `gago `gk pbkgkl |gigr~rk fbvfb`g! aripodriprvgio uab

Ouagoi O

6?

fb`g o`bhihlo+ Ubjokllg pbvfbkprd ubfrgj kblgvg `gk fgklug ygkl `gago `gk ubmgjpbvg+TQ


Okpbvkgiouguo Koigo!koigo Aripodriprvgi Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG Lrvr Jhkhvbv AGK @gvruugiga Prkldh~) Gebj Fbugv

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56

O Okpbvkgiouguo Koigo!koigo Aripodriprvgi

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`gugv

aripodriprvgiouab

abklgdro

`gk

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Rvlbkuo Aripodriprvgi g`gigj urgpr ~gjga gpgr uoprguo dhkòuo aguygvgdgp ygkl pbvururk `gvo fgkygd dbfr`gyggk+ Abkrvrp Ioio|bvo *6>>2= aripodriprvgio uab

Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O

3:/) aripodriprvgiouab `rg

~bvfb`ggk

55

abvr~gdgk dhkub~ ygkl abkmbigudgk

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^bvpgag)

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òdgopdgk

`bklgk

~bkòòdgk)

aripodrdiprvgiouab

abvr~gdgk upvgpblo ~bkòòdgk ygkl abagkcggpdgk dbvglgagk igpgv fbigdgkl dbfr`gyggk uou|g ubfglgo ugigj ugpr dbdrgpgk rkprd abafbkprd uodg~ aripodriprvgi+ Jgi oko uburgo `bklgk Rk`gkl! Rk`gkl Uoupba ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi ~g`g Fgf 5 ^gugi 0 Gygp 7 fgj|g ~bkòòdgk òubibkllgvgdgk ubegvg `bahdvgpou `gk fbvdbgòigk ubvpg po`gd òudvoaokgpoc `bklgk abkmrkmrkl pokllo jgd guguo agkruog) koigo dbglgaggk) koigo driprvgi `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug+ R~gyg oko `g~gp ò|rmr`dgk abigiro ~bkòòdgk) dgvbkg ~bkòòdgkigj ygkl `g~gp abafbkprd |gpgd `gugv) okpbibdprgi `gk bahuohkgi ububhvgkl `giga abiojgp vbgiopgu ygkl g`g ò ubdbioioklkyg+ Oko `g~gp ògvpodgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk ~vhubu abkpvgkuaouodgk dbfr`gyggk `gk ubdgiolru ~bafbigmgvgk khvag!khvag dbaguygvgdgpgk *Ejgdoa) 6>>2= 7>3/) abigiro abph`b!abph`b pbvpbkpr ubjokllg hvgkl aba~bvhibj ~bklbpgjrgk) ~bagjgagk) `gk egvg fbvpokldgj igdr ygkl uburgo `bklgk dbfrprjgk *Uygj) 6>>6= 7>/+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv


50

Dgvbkgkyg) oa~ibabkpguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi jgvru `g~gp abafbkprd |gpgd `gugv `gk uodg~ uou|g glgv `g~gp jo`r~ `bklgk fbvfglgo dbgkbdgvglgagk abigiro ~bkbvoaggk pbvjg`g~ dbrkodgk agkruog pgk~g abafb`gdgk vgu) fr`gyg) mbkou dbigaok) dhkòuo mguagkogj `gk upgpru bdhkhao ububhvgkl *Ofvgjoa) 6>>:= 767/+ Guy‟gvob *6>>:= 7!6/ abkgafgjdgk fgj|g ~bagjgagkk aripodriprvgiouab ~bkpokl ò|rmr`dgk ubmgd òko dgvbkg fbvdgopgk `bklgk ~vhubu ~bkgkgagk egvg jo`r~ abkljhvagpo) priru) `gk phibvgk pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg ygkl jo`r~ ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp ~irvgi+ Gpgu `gugv opr) òjgvg~dgk g`gkyg dbibkprvgk abkpgi fgklug `giga

abkljg`g~o fbvfglgo fbkprvgk dhkciod

uhuogi ubjokllg `g~gp abkmglg dbrprjgk `gk ~bvugprgk fgklug+ Ibfoj mgrj) Lhiikoed *`giga Fgkdu) 7??5= 6?/ abkybfrpdgk) ~bkpoklkyg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òigpgvfbigdgklo hibj polg cgdphv+ ^bvpgag) ubpog~ fr`gyg `g~gp fbvokpbvgduo `bklgk fr`gyg igok ygkl fbvfb`g+ Db`rg) dbgòigk uhuogi `gk dbuba~gpgk ygkl ubpgvg fglo ubarg hvgkl abvr~gdgk jgd fglo ubarg |gvlg kblgvg+ Dbpolg) uoupba ~bkòòdgk `g~gp abafbvodgk crkluo dvopou pbvjg`g~ dbfrprjgk dbvgkldg uodg~ `gk koigo `bao dbigklurklgk aguygvgdgp `bahdvgpou+ Cgdphv!cgdphv opr `g~gp òmgòdgk igk`gugk rkprd abklbafgkldgk dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgiouab ygkl ugklgp ~bkpokl dgvbkg `g~gp abkokldgpdgk ~bagjgagk pbvjg`g~ dbfbvglgagk fr`gyg ubvpg `g~gp ab|rmr`dgk dbuba~gpgk ygkl ugag fglo ubarg hvgkl `giga vgkldg abkljoigkldgk upbvbhpo~ ygkl pbigj abibdgp ~g`g ububhvgkl pbvjg`g~ fr`gyg hvgkl igok+ aripodriprvgio uab

Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O

52

Ubigvgu `bklgk jgi opr) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgiouab po`gd jgkyg ~bkpokl ~g`g urgpr kblgvg gpgr `gbvgj pbvpbkpr) pbpg~o og pbigj abkmgò dhaopabk ubegvg lihfgi+ Jgi oko uburgo `bklgk vbdhabk`guo ygkl òdbirgvdgk RKBUEH ~g`g Hdphfbv 7??0 ò Mbkb|g+ Vbdhabk`guo pbvubfrp abargp ba~gp jgi+ ^bvpgag) ~bkòòdgk

jbk`gdkyg

abklbafgkldgk

dbaga~rgk

rkprd

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53


~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk abkmgò ibfoj bcouobk `gk bcbdpoc) ubjokllg abafbvodgk dbaga~rgk uou|g `giga abafgklrk dhigfhvgpoc `gk abaoiodo dhaopabk koigo pokllo `giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp ygkl fbvglga+ Dbba~gp) abafbvodgk dhkpvofruo fglo fgklug Ok`hkbuog `giga ~bkybibugogk `gk abklbihig dhkciod fbvkrgkug UGVG ygkl poafri `giga aguygvgdgp `bklgk egvg abkokldgpdgk ba~gpo `gk abklrvgklo ~vgugkldg+ Abiojgp ~bkpoklkyg ~bkgkgagk dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab) agdg ur`gj ubjgvrukyg ubdhigj) ~bkòòd) `gk fbvfglgo ~bklgafoi dbfomgdgk aba~bvuog~dgk fbvfglgo gu~bd ygkl abkegdr~ agpbvo) abph`b) ubvpg ugvgkg `gk ~vgugvgkg `giga abkrkmgkl ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgiouab ò ibafglg ~bkòòdgk+

R~gyg Okpbvkgiouguo Prmrgk

~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi

g`gigj

rkprd

abklrfgj

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*iocb ihkl ibgvkokl/ *Ofvgjoa)

6>>:=767!766/+ 6>>:=767 !766/+ Hibj dgvbkg opr) ~bkgkgagk ~ bkgkgagk koigo!koigo ygkl `g~gp abk`rdrkl pbv|rmr`kyg uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk `g~gp jo`r~ fbv`ga~oklgk ubegvg `gago ~bvir òpgkgadgk ubmgd òko `giga fbvfglgo fbvfglgo mbkmgkl ~bkòòdgk) dgvbkg ~bkòòdgk pgd jgkyg ubfglgo pvgkucbv hc dkh|ib`lb `gk pvgkucbv hc udoii ) kgark mrlg ~bvir aba~vohvopgudgk ~g`g ~bklbafgklgk pvgkucbv hc uheogi aripodriprvgio uab

Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O

5<

sgirbu ygkl `g~gp abk`rdrkl dbjo`r~gk jgvahkou gkpgvg ubirvrj aguygvgdgp) pgk~g abafb`gdgk bpkou) vgu) urdr `gk glgag *Gf`riigj) 6>>2= 767/+ ^hig ~bkbvg~gk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò pokldgp kguohkgi agr~rk ihdgi ~bvir òdgmo ubegvg ibfoj abk`giga) abkloklgp ~bagjgagk dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab aguoj pbvfgpgu jgkyg ~g`g fbfbvg~g lhihklgk pbvpbkpr `gk fbira abkybkprj ubarg ig~ougk aguygvgdgp) pbvagurd ~bkòòd `gk ~bklgafoi dbfomgdgk `giga fo`gkl ~bkòòdgk+ Rkprd opr) g`g fbfbvg~g gu~bd ygkl `g~gp òmgòdgk ` omgòdgk gergk rkprd abklbafgkldgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+ ^bvpgag) abkyrurk vgkegklgk ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgi+ ^bkyrurkgk vgkegklgk ~bafbigmgvgk fbvkrgkug aripodriprvgi `g~gp òigdrdgk abigiro ioag pgjg~gk rpgag) ygopr gkgiouou ouo *ehkpbkp * ehkpbkp gkgiyuou /) /) gkgiouou igpgv driprvgi *ubppokl * ubppokl gkgiyuou/ ) ~babpggk agpbvo *ag~okl *ag~okl ehkpbkpu /) /) ~bklhvlgkouguogk agpbvo *ehkpbkpu *ehkpbkpu hvlgko}okl /) /) `gk abkrgkldgk `giga chvagp ~bafbigmgvgk dbpodg pgjg~gk ~vhubu pok`gdgk òigdrdgk `giga abklbafgkldgk ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgi+ Db`rg)

~bvir

g`gkyg

ubfrgj

drvodrira

ygkl

`g~gp

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fbira

pbvokpblvguo

ubegvg

rprj

`bklgk

koigo!koigo

aripodriprvgiouab ygkl ugklgp òfrprjdgk rkprd abafbvodgk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

5:


~bagjgagk db~g`g gkgd òòd pbkpgkl ~bkljgvlggk pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk ò ubdopgvkyg+ @giga jgi oko) ~babvokpgj ihdgi *`gbvgj/ po`gd jgvru abkrkllr g`gkyg drvodrira pokldgp kguohkgi) pbpg~o `g~gp abkyrurk drvodrira fbv`gugvdgk dhkpbdu ihdgi ygkl ibfoj òkgaou `gk uburgo ~hig dbjo`r~gk `gbvgj ygkl ~bkrj `bklgk koigo!koigo dbgvocgk ihdgi *ihegi * ihegi sgirb sgirb// rkprd òdbafgkldgk `giga ubfrgj agpbvo ygkl rprj ubjokllg abkmgò fgjgk gmgv `giga abafbvodgk ~bagjgagk pbkpgkl dhkub~ aripodriprv aripodriprvgiouab giouab db~g`g uou|g+ @bklgk fblopr) abvbdg `g~gp abagjgao dbgkbdgvglgagk ò ubdbioioklkyg `giga dhkpbdu ihdgi ygkl fbvòabkuo lihfgi+ @gk oko `g~gp abkmgò ugigj ugpr agpbvo rkprd abklouo drvodrira argpgk ihdgi+ ^bvu~bdpoc ihdgi ~bkpokl ò|rmr`dgk) dgvbkg okpo dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab frdgk urgpr ~gduggk `bklgk abkljoigkldgk dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg ihdgi pbpg~o r~gyg abagjgao fbvfglgo dbgkbdgvglgagk ubfglgo ubfrgj fgklug ygkl `g~gp jo`r~ ugiokl fbv`ga~oklgk `bklgk fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk pbvubfrp+ Dbpolg) aripodriprvgi)

~bvir

g`gkyg

gkpgvg

igok

upvgpblo abigiro

~bafbigmgvgk ~bkbvg~gk

fbvfguou

~bafbigmgvgk

fbvugag!ugag *ehh~bvgposb *ehh~bvgposb ibgvkokl / ygkl ò~g`r `bklgk upvgpblo ~bkeg~gogk dhkub~ *ehkeb~p * ehkeb~p gppgokabkp /) /) gkgiouou koigo *sgirb *sgirb gkgiyuou /) /) `gk gkgiouou uhuogi *uheogi * uheogi oksbupolgpohk/+ oksbupolgpohk/+ Upvgpblo oko foug òpbvg~dgk ~g`g ubarg agpg ~bigmgvgk) po`gd jgkyg pbvfgpgu ~g`g agpg ~bigmgvgk pbvpbkpr ygkl jgkyg aba~bvdbkgidgk dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab+ ^bkllrkggk upvgpblo oko òjgvg~dgk aga~r abkokldgpdgk ~gvpouo~guo uou|g `giga abigdrdgk vbdhabk`guo koigo!koigo ihdgi ubvpg abafgklrk egvg ~gk`gkl dbfgkluggk ygkl aripodriprvgio uab

Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O

5?

aripodriprv+ @gvo dbaga~rgk oko) uou|g gdgk abaoiodo dbpvga~oigk `giga abklbafgkldgk dbegdg~gk jo`r~ rkprd abkljhvagpo `gk ba~gpo ygkl pokllo pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk fr`gyg) phibvgkuo ~g`g ~bvfb`ggk ubvpg aga~r abklbihig dhkciod pgk~g dbdbvgugk+ Dbba~gp) g`gkyg uoupba ~bafbv`gyggk fr`gyg ubdhigj `gk upvrdprv uhuogi *ba~h|bvokl *ba~h|bvokl uejhhi eriprvb gk` uheogi upvreprvb/+ upvreprvb /+ Jgi oko ~bkpokl `giga abafbv`gygdgk fr`gyg uou|g rkprd fbv~gvpouo~guo fbv~gvpouo~ guo `giga dblogpgk higjvglg) fbvokpbvgduo `bklgk ubirvrj upgc `gk uou|g ygkl fbvfb`g bpkou `gk vgu `giga r~gyg abkeo~pgdgk fr`gyg gdg`baod+ Okpbvgduo khk!chvagi oko òjgvg~dgk gdgk pbv|rmr`kyg ~bagjgagk pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk abigiro dblogpgk!dblogpgk fbvuocgp bdupvgdriodribv ygkl `g~gp `g~g p òodrpo hibj ubarg uou|g `bklgk igpgv fbigdgkl glgag) fr`gyg) `gk bpkou ygkl fbvfb`g+ Dbioag)

rkprd

abklbafgkldgk

ah`bi

~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi òfrprjdgk fbvfglgo ugvgkg `gk ~vgugvgkg ygkl abk`rdrkl+ Ugigj ugprkyg g`gigj gròh sourgi rkprd abkhkphk coia!coia fbvpbag aripodriprvgi) `gk fbvfglgo abòg ~bafbigmgvgk igok ygkl `g~gp abkokldgpdgk abkokldgp dgk aokgp uou|g rkprd abagjgao dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab+ ^bkllrkggk abòg ~bafbigmgvgk ub~bvpo gròh sourgi ub~bpo pbigj òdbafgkldgk ò Ag`vgugj ^bafgklrkgk ROK erdr~ abkgvod aokgp fbigmgv ubvpg ugklgp abkybkgkldgk uou|g) dgvbkg pgd jgkyg abk`bklgv pbhvo `gvo ~bkòòd pg~o ubdgiolru abiojgp `gk abigdrdgk ~vgdpod ubigag ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk fbvigklurkl+ R~gyg oko gdgk fbv`ga~gd pbvjg`g~ ubagdok abkokldgpkyg abkokldgpky g uodg~ phibvgkuo) uhio`gvopgu `gk ~bkybibugogk dhkciod pgk~g dbdbvgugk ubvpg abkba~rj mgigk aruyg|gvgj+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

0>


@giga

vgkldg

abkloa~ibabkpguodgk

jgi!jgi

opr)

fgod

~babvokpgj ~rugp) ~babvokpgj `gbvgj `gk ubirvrj upgdbjhi`bv ~bklgafoi dbfomgdgk pbvjg`g~ ~bklbafgklgk ~bkòòdgk ~bvir abkldgmo ubegvg pbiopo `gk ibfoj abk`giga rkprd abkbvg~dgk dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò iokldrklgk ubdhigj+ Jgvru g`g dbfomgdgk ygkl pb~gp `gk pbvgvgj arigo `gvo ~bklbafgklgk agpbvo) abph`b ~bklgmgvgk) ~bkeo~pggk dhkòuo iokldrklgk ygkl dhk`ruoc `gk fbvfguou fr`gyg ubvpg ~bafokggk pbvjg`g~ ~bkòòd!~bkòòd ygkl pbviofgp ubegvg igklurkl agr~rk po`gd igklurkl `giga r~gyg okpbvkgiouguo koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi pbvubfrp+ @giga ~bkbvg~gkkyg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi frdgkigj agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl fbvòvo ubkòvo) pg~o pbvokpblvguo pbvokpblv guo db `giga agpg ~bigmgvgk igok) ubjokllg `giga oa~ibabkpguokyg ~bvir òigdrdgk hibj ~bkòòd ubfglgo ugigj ugpr dha~hkbk ~bafbigmgvgk+ Dgvbkg opr) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi po`gd jgkyg abkmgò pgkllrkl mg|gf ~bkòòd agpg ~bigmgvgk pbvpbkpr) pbpg~o ~bvir òoa~ibabkpguodgk ubegvg okpblvgi db `giga fbvfglgo agpbvo ~bafbigmgvgk

ygkl

vbibsgk `bklgk agpg ~bigmgvgk fbvugkldrpgk+ Pg~o) abiojgp agpbvo `gvo dhkub~ aripodriprvgiouab) ~bvgk lrvr agpg ~bigmgvgk ^Dk `gk ^bkòòdgk Glgag abkmgò popod ubkpvgi rkprd ~bklbafgklgk dhkub~ aripodriprvgiou aripodriprvgiouab+ ab+ Ubjokllg `giga oa~ibabkpguokyg) ~gvg ~bkòòd ~bvir ibfoj dvbgpoc) okhsgpoc ubvpg aga~r abklbihig `gk abkeo~pgdgk `bugok ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl uburgo) pbvagurd abafbvodgk `gk abafgkldopdgk ahposguo fbigmgv uou|g+ Pbpg~o cgdpg ygkl g`g fbvfoegvg igok) jguoi ~bkbiopogk fgvr!fgvr oko ygkl òigdrdgk ò Mgdgvpg `gk Pgklbvgkl abkbardgk aripodriprvgio uab

Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O

07

cgdpg fgj|g dbfgkygdgk lrvr agpg ~bigmgvgk ^Dk po`gd pbvigir abklbvpo pbkpgkl aripodriprvgiouab *Jgvogk * Jgvogk Vb~rfiodg) Vb~rfiodg) 70 Mrko 6>77/+ Rkprd abkmg|gf ~vhfibag opr) dbfomgdgk djruru abklbkgo ~bkokldgpgk dg~guopgu `gk drgiopgu ~bkòòd jgvru ublbvg ò|rmr`dgk+

^bvgk

~bkòòd

`giga

abkloa~ibabkpguodgk

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ugklgp ~bkpokl) ò agkg ~bkòòd jgvru aga~r abklbihig `gk abklhvlgkouov ouo) ~vhubu) uoprguo `gk dblogpgk ubdhigj ubegvg aripodriprvgi ò agkg ubpog~ uou|g `bklgk igpgv fbigdgkl ygkl fbvfb`g fbvdbuba~gpgk rkprd abklbafgkldgk òvokyg `gk ugiokl abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl po`gd arkldok òjok`gvo ò iokldrklgk ubdhigj+ @bklgk dg~guopgu ~bkòòd ygkl dvbgpoc `gk okhsgpoc ubvpg g`gkyg `rdrklgk `gvo ubirvrj dha~hkbk ubdhigj òjgvg~dgk gdgk arkeri ~bagjgagk `gk gcbduo gcbduo uou|g gdgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi ygkl òdbafgkld òdbafgkldgk gk ub~bvpo phibvgkuo) uhio`gvopgu)) aruyg|gvgj) `gk ~bklrkldg~gk òvo+ uhio`gvopgu Gdjovkyg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubyhlygkyg aga~r abkcguoiopguo ~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv ygkl abklrfgj ~bvu~bdpoc ahkhdriprvgi) ~bkrj ~vgugkldg `gk òudvoaokgpoc db ~bvu~bdpoc aripodriprvgiou abkljgvlgo dbvglgagk `gk ~bvfb`ggk) phibvgk `gk uodg~ pbvfrdg pbvjg`g~ hvgkl igok+ ^bvrfgjgk ~gvgòlag oko abkrkprp pvgkuchvaguo ygkl po`gd pbvfgpgu ~g`g òabkuo dhlkopoc fbigdg+ @rkog ~bkòòdgk po`gd fhibj pbvguokl `gvo ~bvfokegklgk vbgiopgu

aripodriprvgi+

@bklgk

`baodogk)

ur`gj

uggpkyg

abklokpbvkgiouguodgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi `giga ~bkòòdgk) djrurukyg ~g`g ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk `bklgk pgk~g abklgfgodgk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

06


vbgiopgu dbfr`gyggk ygkl fbvglga) ubjokllg abigjovdgk urgpr lbkbvguo agug `b~gk ygkl ebv`gu) pbvfrdg) phibvgk) ugiokl abkljgvlgo) agkòvo `gk po`gd lgagkl abkljg`g~o agug `b~gk+ TQ

aripodriprvgio uab

Vgjao Cjhkkg) AG O

05

@gcpgv ^rupgdg Gf`riigj) A+ Gaok+ 6>>2+ ^bkòòdgk Glgag Bvg Aripodriprvgi Aripo Vbiolohru+ Ebp 7+ Mgdgvpg= ÛG^+ Guy‟gvy) Arug+ ^bòòdgk Aripodriprvgi `gk Dhkciod Fgklug+ Fgklug + |||+ dha~gu)eh+o` Fgkdu) M+G+ 7??5+ ’Aripoeriprvgi ’Aripoeriprvgi B`regpogk= Jouphvoegi @bsbih~abkp) @oabkpohku gk` ^vgepoeb‑ ^vgepoeb ‑ Ok Vbsob| hc Vbubgvej ok B`regpohk) shi+ 7?) bòpb` fy I+ @gviokl!Jgaahk`+ \gujoklphk) @+E+= Gabvoegk B`regpohkgi Vbubgvej Guuheogpohk+ Ejgdoa) Gf`riigj+ 6>>2+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi) Mrvkgi Aripodriprvgi) Mrvkgi Pg‟giira+ UPGOK Prirklglrkl shi 6:+ Kh 6+ Jgi ??!7>?+ Ofvgjoa) Vruigk+ 6>>:+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi4 R~gyg Abaokoagiouov Dhkciod @giga Bvg îrvgiopgu Glgag+ Mrvkgi ^bkòòdgk Ouiga bi Pgvfg|o+ Kh 7+ Shi 7 pgjrk 6>>:+ Jgi 772!76<+ Ioio|bvo) Gih+ 6>>2+ ^vgugkldg `gk Dhkciod4 Dharkodguo Iokpgu Fr`gyg Aguygvgdgp Aripodriprvgi ) ebp O+ _hlygdgvpg= Idou+ Jgvogk Vb~rfiodg) Vb~rfiodg) 70 Mrko 6>77+ Vb`gduo Uokgv Lvgcodg+ 6>>2+ RR UOU@ODKGU *Uogpba ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi/6>>5 *RR VO KH 6> Pgjrk 6>>5/ ) ebp OO+ Mgdgvpg= Uokgv Lvgcodg+ Ugkruo) G+ Bccbkò+ 6>>?+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi `gk Oa~iodguokyg jpp~=((fihl+rkoig+ge+o`(bccbkòugkruo(8~1076 Uygj) Arjoffok+ ûodhihlo ^bkòòdgk) ^bkòòdgk) ebp+ SOO+ Fgk`rkl= Vbagmg Vhu`gdgvyg+ _gwok) Gokri+ 6>>2+ ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi4 Evhuu!Eriprvgi Rk`bvupgkòkl rkprd @bahdvguo `gk Dbgòigk) Dbgòigk ) ebp O+ _hlygdgvpg= ôigv Abòg+


^b|gvougk Koigo!koigo Fr`gyg Ihdgi Urjgvpokg) U+^`+) A+^`+ Lrvr UAG Arjgaagòygj 7 Fgk`g Gebj

Driprv gpgr dbfr`gyggk) abkrvrp Dgaru Fbugv Fgjgug Ok`hkbuog) g`gigj *7/ jguoi dblogpgk `gk ~bkeo~pggk fgpok *gdgi frò/ agkruog ub~bvpo db~bvegyggk) dbubkogk) `gk g`gp oupog`gp4 *6/ dbubirvrjgk ~bklbpgjrgk agkruog ubfglgo agdjird uhuogi ygkl òlrkgdgk rkprd abagjgao iokldrklgk ubvpg ~bklgigagkkyg `gk abkmgò ~b`hagk pokldgj igdrkyg+ Ub`gkldgk) aripo abvr~gdgk oafrjgk g|gigk ygkl fbvagdkg fgkygd) fbvglga+ @bklgk `baodogk) aripodriprv fbvagdkg fr`gyg ygkl fbvglga) fbvsgvoguo) ubfglgo gdofgp g`gkyg dbvglgagk bpkod) urdr fgklug) `gk fgklug ygkl abkògao urgpr |oigygj pbvpbkpr+ Driprv fbv~bvgk ~bkpokl rkprd abigjovdgk jguoi ub~bvpo òoklokdgk+ ^bkòòdgk ygkl abklg`h~uo fr`gyg Fgvgp foug mgò gdgk abigjovdgk agkruog!agkruog fbvdriprv Fgvgp+ Fblopr mrlg ~bkòòdgk ygkl abklg`h~uo driprv Ok`hkbuog) gdgk abigjovdgk agkruog!agkruog fbvdriprv Ok`hkbuog+ Opr ubfgfkyg) ^babvokpgj Ok`hkbuog abafbvo hphkhao ubirgu!irgukyg db~g`g ubpog~ `gbvgj rkprd abigdugkgdgk ~vhubu ~bkòòdgk fbv`gugvdgk ~bklbkgigk driprv gpgr fr`gyg kguohkgi `gk ihdgi ubfglgo ~bklgdrgk dbvglgagk fr`gyg `gk koigo!koigo ygkl ògkrp gpgr ò|gvoudgk 02

03

O ^b|gvougk Koigo!koigo Fr`gyg Ihdgi

urgpr urdr fgklug ygkl pokllgi gpgr jo`r~ ò Ok`hkbuog+ Jgi opr abkybfgfdgk ubpog~ `gbvgj abagkcggpdgk dbuba~gpgk oko `bklgk aba~bvdgyg djgugkgj ~bkòòdgk `bklgk abagurddgk driprv ihdgi+ Gebj abiblgidgk jgi opr `giga Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Khahv 77 Pgjrk 6>>3 pbkpgkl ^babvokpgjgk Gebj) ^gugi 7< gygp e pbkpgkl ~bkybibkllgvggk ~bkòòdgk ygkl fbvdrgiopgu ubvpg abkgafgj agpbvo argpgk ihdgi uburgo uygvogp Ouiga+ Rk`gkl!rk`gkl oko abafbvo dbuba~gpgk ~g`g ~babvokpgj `gk aguygvgdgp Gebj rkprd

abkeo~pgdgk ~bkòòdgk fbvdriprv dbgebjgk) ubjokllg

`g~gp abklgdhah`guo ~bkòòdgk `bklgk dbgvocgk ihdgi+ ^bvpgkyggkkyg

g`gigj

g~gdgj

aguygvgdgp

Gebj

aguoj

abaoiodo `gk abkmrkmrkl pokllo driprv Gebj8 Fgvgkldgio mgklgkdgk abigdugkgdgk fr`gyg ygkl fbvglga ò Gebj) aripodriprv ~rk abvbdg po`gd dbkgi+ Aguygvgdgp dopg ubagdok pbvibkg `bklgk driprv guokl+ Urkllrj ugklgp òugygkldgk+ Modg g`g gkgd ygkl pgjr ò kblgvg agkg ibpgd Abkgvg Boccbi) pbpg~o òg po`gd pgjr ò `gbvgj agkg ibpgd Ok`vg~gpvg) Ok`vg~rv|g) Ok`vg~rvo) `gk agdga P+Kygd Gvobc+ ^bkriou ~bvkgj abkgkygdgk ~g`g uou|g pba~gp!pba~gp ~bkpokl ò `gbvgjkyg `gk phdhj!phdhj Gebj+ Jguoikyg irgv fogug) ubegvg rara pgd g`g ygkl pgjr+ Uog~gdgj ygkl jgvru òugigjdgk8 ^bkriou ubfglgo lrvr fgjgug Ok`hkbuog ~rk fbvdgio!dgio abklbirj ~bvojgi uriopkyg abklgmgvdgk ugupvg `gbvgj ~g`g uou|g+ Mgklgkdgk abklbkgi ~bkygov!~bkygov kguohkgi) ~bkygov!~bkygov Gebj ugmg uou|g po`gd pgjr+ Fglgoagkg agr abklgmgvdgk g~g ygkl pbigj òjguoidgk) abklbkgi hvgklkyg ugmg po`gd8 Dhkòuo oko ubagdok aba~bvdrgp gurauo fgj|g drvodrira ubdhigj jgvruigj abklgdgv aripodriprvgio uab

Urjgvpokg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O

0<

`gvo dbfrprjgk!dbfrprjgk vooi ò ig~gklgk+ Agpbvo ~bkòòdgk po`gd fhibj jgkyg fbvg`g ò abkgvg lgòkl) jgkyg aba~bigmgvo uburgpr ygkl mgrj `gvo dbjo`r~gk kygpg+ Abagkl glgv hpgd `gk ~odovgk pbvgugj) ~odovgk ò~bvpgmga+ Pbpg~o frdgk fbvgvpo uou|g dopg) gkgd!gkgd dopg) lbkbvguo ~bkbvru dopg ibfoj fgkygd òmbmgio `bklgk agpbvo!agpbvo ygkl abafrgp òg agigj pbvguokl `gvo dbjo`r~gkkyg+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprv gdgk abafrgp ububhvgkl abagjgao `gk g~vbuogpoc pbvjg`g~ dbjo`r~gk ò ubdbioioklkyg+ Ubigok opr) abafrgp

abvbdg

foug

abkybibugodgk

~bvuhgigk!~bvuhgigk

gdprgi+ Ubjokllg gdgk abigjovdgk lbkbvguo ygkl abaoiodo erdr~ fbdgi rkprd pbvmrk `giga aguygvgdgp+ Arigo uggp oko dopg jgvru abafgklrk gurauo fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ~bvir rkprd agug `b~gk gkgd!gkgd `giga abkljg`g~o gvru lihfgiouguo+ Abvbdg jgvru abklbkgio òvo ubkòvo ubfbira abklbkgi hvgkl igok+ Abvbdg jgvru abklbkgi iokldrklgk ubkòvo ubfbira abklbkgi iokldrklgk hvgkl igok) ubjokllg abvbdg po`gd abvgug aok`bv `gk abklgigao dbpbvdbmrpgk fr`gyg *eriprvgi *eriprvgi ujhed/ `bklgk ujhed/ `bklgk abkeokpgo fr`gyg ubkòvo+ Dgvbkg) abkrvrp gjio) lihfgiouguo aba~rkygo fbvfglgo fbkprd) pbvlgkprkl ~g`g ~gk`gklgk urgpr kblgvg `giga abvbu~hk cbkhabkg opr+ Ugigj ugpr agkoucbupguo lihfgiouguo `giga fo`gkl bdhkhao) aougikyg ~bklgiojgk dbdgyggk giga urgpr kblgvg db kblgvg igok) ygkl pbigj òhigj `bklgk koigo pgafgj ygkl pokllo) dbarògk abkmrgi ~vh`rd!~vh`rd pbvubfrp db kblgvg gugi ubjokllg vgdygp jgvru ’abafbio mga dbvmg‑ fgklug igok+ Oko ~bkmgmgjgk `giga fbkprd fgvr+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

abvr~gdgk

0:


dhkupopruo) Ok`hkbuog òfgklrk rkprd ab|rmr`dgk `gk abklbafgkldgk fgklug ygkl vbioloru) jragkou) fbvugpr `giga dbfjokkbdggk+ Uga~go uggp oko abagkl `bahdvguo `gk dbgòigk uhuogi fbira ub~bkrjkyg pbveg~go+ Gdofgpkyg g`gigj dbjgvrugk abigkmrpdgk

~vhubu

abafbkprd

dbjo`r~gk

uhuogi

fr`gyg

ygkl agmr `gk dvbgpoc) abaoiodo uodg~ fr`gyg fbv|g|gugk `gk ~bklbpgjrgk irgu) ubvpg dbg`ggk aguygvgdgp agmbard) pgpgkgk uhuogi ~hiopod `bahdvgpou `gk upvrdprv uhuogi bdhkhao aguygvgdgp ygkl gòi `gk fbvuocgp dbvgdygpgk+ @bklgk `baodogk) dopg abiojgp fgj|g ubafhygk ’ugpr fgklug) ugpr pgkgj gov) `gk ugpr fgjgug‑ `gk ‚Fjokkbdg Prkllgi Odg‟ aguoj mgrj `gvo dbkygpggk ubmgvgj+ Og aguoj abvr~gdgk uoafhi ygkl ~bvir ò`bdgpdgk `bklgk vbgiopgu ubmgvgj+ Fgklug Ok`hkbuog g`gigj fgklug ygkl dhdhj) fbvgkbdgvglga fr`gyg) bpkod) urdr) vgu `gk glgag+ Ubargkyg gdgk abkmgòdgk Ok`hkbuog abkmgò ubfrgj fgklug ygkl aga~r abklgdhah`guo dbagmbardgk opr abkmgò uburgpr ygkl pgkllrj+ Foig jgi oko pbv|rmr`) gkegagk òuokpblvguo `gk ~bv~begjgk fgklug `g~gp òjok`gvo+ Dbfomgdgk upvgpblo dbfr`gyggk kguohkgi ~bkpokl `giga abafgklrk dbjo`r~gk fbvfgklug+ Jgi oko dgvbkg igpgv fbigdgkl fgklug Ok`hkbuog ygkl abvr~gdgk fgklug

aripodriprvgi `gk

~irvgioupod+ Aripodriprvgi òpgk`go `bklgk abiojgp ubpog~ urdr fgklug ubfglgo dbugprgk fr`gyg `gk dbgvocgk ihdgi ygkl òaoiodokyg dgvbkg `giga `bdg`b oko ~bvfokegklgk pbkpgkl dbgvocgk ihdgi ò Ok`hkbuog) djrurukyg Gebj dogk abkljgklgp+ Jgi oko ubovokl `bklgk agdok mgrjkyg vgug dbgòigk ygkl òeg~go aguygvgdgp aripodriprvgio uab


0?

`giga abkmglg dbuboafgklgk jo`r~+ Ubigkmrpkyg ~irvgioupod òpgk`go `bklgk dbgkbdgvglgagk urdr!urdr fgklug `bklgk g`gp oupog`gpkyg aguokl!aguokl) fgjgug) pvgòuo) dbvglgagk glgag) `gk db~bvegyggk pvgòuohkgi+ Ubegvg djruru `g~gp òiojgp `giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp aripodriprv ò Gebj+ Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Khahv 00 Pgjrk 7??? pbkpgkl Dboupoab|ggk Gebj `gk Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Khahv 77 Pgjrk 6>>3 pbkpgkl ^babvokpgjgk Gebj pbigj abafbvo ~bvjgpogk erdr~ fbugv pbvjg`g~ dbvrdrkgk gkpgvragp fbvglgag ò `gbvgj Gebj+ Rk`gkl!rk`gkl opr ab|gmofdgk ^babvokpgj Gebj `gk dgfr~gpbk(dhpg rkprd abkmgaok dbfbfgugk) abafokg dbvrdrkgk) abkljhvagpo koigo!koigo glgag ygkl ògkrp hibj ragp fbvglgag `giga abkmgigkdgk ofg`gj uburgo glgag ygkl ògkrpkyg) pbpg~o po`gd abklgdhahòv ubvpg abklgdro g`gkyg giovgk glgag gpgr db~bvegyggk ygkl fgvr+ G~giglo giovgk!giovgk fgvr abvrugd gmgvgk glgag!glgag igok) ygkl mbigu!mbigu fbvpbkpgklgk `bklgk rk`gkl! rk`gkl pbvubfrp+ Cbkhabkg ygkl pbigj pbvmgò) giovgk!giovgk fgvr foug abvrugd pgpgkgk dbjo`r~gk ragp fbvglgag ò frao Ubvgafo Abddgj+ @o `gbvgj igok ò Ok`hkbuog ubvokl pbvmgò urgugkg dbpo`gdvrdrkgk gkpgvragp fbvglgag ubjokllg ~begjkyg dhkciod ygkl foug òagkcggpdgk hibj ~ojgd!~ojgd pgd fbvpgkllrkl mg|gf rkprd abvblrd dbrkprklgk ò pbklgj ~rugvgk dhkciod ub~bvpo abkeo~pgdgk okupgfoiopgu ~hiopod) g`gkyg ~barukgjgk urgpr ragp glgag) `gk ubfglgokyg+ Jgi oko mrlg òubfgfdgk uoprguo ~hiopod kguohkgi `gk okpbvkguohkgi ygkl ebk`bvrkl abkmgòdgk dhkciod glgag ubfglgo dhahòpgu+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

2>


@giga dhkpbdu aripodriprv) Ouiga abaoiodo bdu~vbuo fbvfb`g dbpodg abkljg`g~o ~bvfb`ggk okpbvkgi ragp Ouiga+ Pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk

okpbvkgi)

Kgfo

Arjgaag`

UG\

abkygpgdgk)

’^bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp ò dgigklgk ragpdr abvr~gdgk vgjagp‑+ Jgòu opr abafbvodgk igk`gugk fgj|g Ouiga abafbvodgk phibvgkuo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl pbvmgò ò dgigklgk aruioa+ Ub`gkldgk ~bvfb`ggk bdupbvkgi) Ouiga abklgmgvdgk ragpkyg rkprd fbvphibvgkuo gpgr ugiokl pbkllgkl vgug) jo`r~ vrdrk) `gk abar~rd vgug ~bvugr`gvggk+ Fblopr mrlg phibvgkuo pbvjg`g~ fr`gyg fbvfb`g) dgvbkg ubpog~ urdr fgklug abaoiodo dbrkllrigk agr~rk dbibagjgk fr`gygkyg+ Dbibfojgk foug òlrkgdgk ubirgu!irgukyg `giga ~bafgklrkgk aguygvgdgp ~baoiod gdpoc fr`gyg opr) ub`gkldgk jgafgpgk fr`gyg òaokoagiouguo abigiro ~bk`bdgpgk driprvgi+ Modg dopg abvrmrd ~bvmgigkgk ubmgvgj fgklug oko) pbviojgp pbviojg p fgj|g dbdjg|gpovgk ygkl fbvdgopgk `bklgk ~bvugprgk `gk dbugprgk ur`gj fbvg`g ~g`g popod kgòv+ Fgklug Ok`hkbuog ub~bvpokyg pbigj abir~gdgk koigo!koigo ygkl pbv`g~gp `giga ^gkeguoig+ Dgvbkg opr) ~vokuo~ abkmglg ~bvugprgk `gk dbugprgk `gk abkeg~go dbgòigk ababvirdgk ~bklrgpgk rkprd abkeblgj òuokpblvguo fgklug+ Dbubpgvggk `gk dbgòigk po`gd jgkyg ubigir fbvg`g ~g`g pokldgp lglgugk) pbpg~o `g~gp òoa~ibabkpguodgk `giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp+ @oudvoaokguo jgvru òjoigkldgk+ \gigr~rk gigugk bpkou) vgu) glgag) lbk`bv) agr~rk o`bkpopgu dbfr`gyggk igok dgvbkg opr ~bvir abkljoigkldgk dbubkmgklgk+ Oprigj eopg!eopg dopg) ubjokllg dbrprjgk fgklug pbpg~ pbvmglg+ Agdgkyg) ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv ~bvir òdbafgkldgk `gk aripodriprvgio uab


27

òoa~ibabkpguodgk+ @bklgk `baodogk) g~g ygkl òubfrp ~bkòòdgk ~bkòò dgk fbvdgvgdpbv agdok drgp+ Dgvbkg) ~bkòòdgk fbvdgvgdpbv frdgk jgkyg ~bkòòdgk ygkl ugvgp gmgvgk ahvgi) pg~o mrlg abafbvodgk dbuba~gpgk db~g`g uou|g rkprd abklg~vbuoguo `gk abkljgvlgo dbjo`r~gk ò ubdbioioklkyg+ Oprigj ubfbkgvkyg prmrgk ~bkpokl ~bkòòdgk) abkebpgd agkruog ygkl aga~r abkljg`g~o }gagk+ Igir)

uog~gdgj

ygkl

jgvru

fbvpgkllrkl

mg|gf

rkprd

ababegjdgk ~bvuhgigk ugklgp dha~ibdu oko8 Ugigj ugpr okupopruo ~bkpokl g`gigj ubdhigj+ Ubdhigj abvr~gdgk ubfrgj hvlgkouguo ygkl fbdbvmg ugag pbvòvo `gvo lrvr) uou|g) hvgkl prg) aguygvgdgp) `gk fovhdvgp ~bkòòdgk+ Mgò ~bvir òr~gygdgk rkprd abkeo~pgdgk drvodrira

ubdhigj

ygkl

abk`rdrkl

`gk

abklbafgkldgk

aguygvgdgp aripodriprvgi+ Ibafglg ~bkòòdgk ygopr ubdhigj jgvru aga~r abarprudgk vgkpgo òudvoaokguo `gk dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò ò `giga aguygvgdgp+ ^bvfb`ggk fr`gyg jgvru òjgvlgo) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi jgvru fbvrugjg aba~bigmgvo hvgkl gpgr ubdbiha~hd hvgkl ubegvg uoupbagpou ò aguygvgdgp fgod dgvbkg dgvgdpbvoupod lbk`bv) vgu) urdr bpkou) glgag) `gk igok ubfglgokyg+ Kgark) dopg pgd abkgcodgk ~bvgk dbirgvlg dgvbkg igk`gugk g|gi ubfbkgvkyg jgvru òarigo `gvo rkop aguygvgdgp pbvdbeoi ygopr dbirgvlg+ Gvpokyg) jgvru g`g r~gyg ~bklrgpgk `gk ~bklhdhjgk ~bagjgagk ~g`g dbirgvlg+ Dbirgvlg abaoiodo crkluo `gk ~bvgk ~bkpokl

`giga

abkpvgkuchvaguodgk

fbvfglgo

fbkprd

koigo+

Ubigkmrpkyg ~bvgk aguygvgdgp mrlg ~bkpokl+ Aguygvgdgp aga~r abvbcibduodgk

koigo!koigo

driprv

`giga

dbjo`r~gk

abvbdg+

Okòdgphvkyg `bklgk abiojgp pgpgkgk dbjo`r~gk fbvaguygvgdgp) abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

26


`giga urgpr |oigygj po`gd fgkygd pbvmgò agugigj) dbvofrpgk) fbvfglgo dguru dvoaokgi `gk gdpocopgu ygkl abvbugjdgk+ Ubigok opr dopg `g~gp abiojgp jrfrklgk jgvahkou gkpgvg ugpr `bklgk ygkl igokkyg) ugiokl abkljgvlgo) dbvmg ugag) po`gd ugiokl abahmhddgk ubjokllg dopg `g~gp fbvgurauo fgj|g aguygvgdgp `baodogk aguoj abkmrkmrkl khvag!khvag `giga urgpr |oigygj+ @giga aguygvgdgp Gebj abaoiodo 75 ibafglg g`gp ygkl ògdro ygopr Agmbiou G`gp Gebj) oara ardoa) oara ejod) dbrejod) prjg ~brbp) prjg ig~gk) oara abrkgugj) dbrmvrbk figkl) ~gklioag ighp) ~g|gkl lib) ~g|gkl rpbrbk) ~bprjg ubrkbrfhd) jgvo ~brdgk) ~brdgk ) `gk uygjfgk`g uygjfgk`g++ @giga aguygvgdgp ubfrgj `bug gpgr lga~hkl ò~oa~ok hibj ubhvgkl dbrejod) mrlg abaoiodo ibafglg g`gp ygopr prjg ~brbp) prjg ig~gk) `gk oara abrkgugj+ abrkgugj + Pgd foug ò~rkldovo fgj|g ~bvgk aguygvgdgp po`gd foug òiojgp ubfbigj agpg+ Dgvbkg koigo!koigo ygkl fbvigdr `giga urgpr dharkopgu abkmgò phigd rdrv `giga aguygvgdgp opr ubkòvo+ @giga aguygvgdgp prafrj `gk fbvdbafgkl urgpr pvgòuo ygkl abklgdgv) ubjokllg abkmgò fr`gyg ihdgi+ @o Gebj djrurukyg abaoiodo g`gp oupog`gp ub~bvpo ~bruomrbd) fgmr g`gp ~bklgkpok) dbk`rvo ighp) dbk`rvo prvrk ug|gj) ag|goj ag|goj)) `gk lg`b+ @baodogk mrlg ò `gbvgj!`gbvgj igok ò Ok`hkbuog ygkl abaoiodo dbdgyggk driprv ygkl irgv fogug) fgod opr ubko) urdr) fgjgug) `gk igok!igok+ Fbv`gugvdgk

jgi!jgi

opr)

dopg

jgvru

abygdoko

fgj|g

dbfbvjguoigk ubfrgj eopg!eopg irjrv) ygopr pbveo~pgkyg ubfrgj kblbvo ygkl fgi`gprk pjgoyyofgprk |gvgffri ljgcrv *kblbvo ygkl gagk) `gago) `gk ugiokl abaggcdgk/ g`gigj abkmgò pgkllrkl aripodriprvgio uab


25

mg|gf dopg fbvugag+ Rkprd opr dopg fbvpgkllrkl mg|gf rkprd abkeo~pgdgk) ab|rmr`dgk) `gk abibupgvodgk khvag!khvag ygkl g`g ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp agmbard `gk aripodriprvgi ubjokllg eopg!eopg fgklug dopg frdgk jgkyg fbv|rmr` aoa~o) pbpg~o abkmgò dbkygpggk+ ^bkòòdgk g`gigj ugigj ugpr |g`gj ygkl ~bvir dopg fbvo vrgkl fglo rugjg ab|rmr`dgk aoa~o!aoa~o opr+TQ


^bafbigmgvgk Koigo Dbfbvglgagk Pbrdr Ardjiou Lrvr UAGK O Fgdpoyg Fgvgp) Gebj Rpgvg

^vhihl= Ubfrgj Dhkòuo ^bkòòdgk) abudo abaoiodo aripoagdkg `giga fbvfglgo dhkpbdu) ubegvg djgu abvr~gdgk dblogpgk agkruog|o+ Dblogpgk ygkl fbvigklurkl ò `gigakyg g`gigj dblogpgk rkprd aba~bvhibj ~bigmgvgk) |g|gugk) gpgr oiar ~bklbpgjrgk ubjokllg ~vhubu ~bkyba~rvkggk agkruog `g~gp pbvmgò+ ^g`g jgdodgpkyg ~vhubu ~bkyba~rvkggk òvo agkruog pbvru!abkbvru gdgk fbvigklurkl `gvo ugpr lbkbvguo db lbkbvguo ygkl igok+ Jhvgporu ― ~bkygov Dbdgougvgk Vhag|o ― ~bvkgj abkygpgdgk fgj|g dopg dopg ubarg ubarg fbvrpgkl fbvrpgkl ~g`g dbagpogk agkruog igok ubfbira dopg ygkl pbigj abkmgò ~bkòòd fglo dopg+ Dopg abagkl pgd foug abkygkldgi fgj|g g`g ~bvgk agkruog igok pbvjg`g~ ~bafbkprdgk db~vofgògk ububhvgkl+ Oaagkrbi Dgkp) coiurc gugi Mbvagk) mrlg ~bvkgj abkblgudgk fgj|g agkruog jgkyg `g~gp abkmgò urkllrj!urkllrj agkruog abigiro ~bkòòdgk `gk ~bafbkprdgk òvo ygkl fbvdbigkmrpgk+ Agkruog jgkyg `g~gp òòòd hibj agkruog igok ygkl mrlg pbigj òòòd hibj agkruog ygkl igok7+ Ugigj ugpr egvg ygkl òigdrdgk agkruog rkprd aba~bvhibj ~bkòòdgk abigiro agkruog igok g`gigj `bklgk fbvubdhigj+ 22

23

O ^bafbigmgvgk Koigo Dbfbvglgagk

Ubdhigj ygkl ubegvg rara òdbpgjro ubfglgo ibafglg ~bkòòdgk ygkl ò `gigakyg pbv`g~gp gprvgk!gprvgk) agkgmbabk) pbkglg ~bkòòd) ~bubvpg òòd) `gk ugvgkg ~vgugvgkg ~bkrkmgkl ~bkòòdgk+ Ubfglgo ibafglg ~bkòòdgk chvagi) pbkpr ugmg ubdhigj abaoiodo drvodrira) abph`b ~bklgmgvgk) agr~rk pbdkod!pbdkod ~bafbigmgvgk+ G`g pgvlbp ygkl jbk`gd òeg~go `giga ubpog~ agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl ògmgvdgk+ Pgvlbp opr fbvigdr fglo ubarg ~ojgd ygkl pbviofgp `giga ~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv+ Kgark) aga~rdgj ubdhigj abafbkprd ~bklbafgklgk agkruog ubegvg abkybirvrj `giga fbvfglgo dhkòuo `gk uoprguo8 G~giglo uggp oko ~bvrfgjgk }gagk agdok òkgaou+ @o agkg! agkg pbvmgòkyg pvgkuchvaguo uhuogi fr`gyg ygkl abklgdofgpdgk pbvmgòkyg

~bvlbubvgk

fgjdgk

~bvrfgjgk

pgpg

koigo

`giga

dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp+ ^hig dbjo`r~gk dopg doko ub`gkl fbvrfgj `gvo aguygvgdgp glvgvou abkrmr ok`rupvogi) `gvo pvgòuohkgi abkrmr ah`bvk) `gvo koigo ihdgi abkrmr koigo lihfgi+ Okoigj }gagk lihfgiouguo+ ]gagk ò agkg ubarg agkruog `gvo fbvfglgo fgklug `gk `gbvgj `g~gp jo`r~ `gk ugiokl fbvokpbvgduo+ Pbvmgòkyg ~vhubu pvgkuchvaguo uhuogi fr`gyg pgd mgvgkl abkoafridgk

dhkciod

uhuogi+

Fbfbvg~g

dguru

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`g~gp

abkybfgfdgk ~bv~begjgk fgklug g`gigj dhkciod pbvdgop UGVG *Urdr) Glgag) Vgu) `gk Gkpgvlhihklgk/+ Ubigkmrpkyg dhkciod ~bkoupggk glgag) ~bkybfgvgk giovgk ubugp) ~bvfb`ggk ~gk`gklgk ~hiopod) òudvoaokguo pbvjg`g~ dbiha~hd pbvpbkpr) `gk ~bigkllgvgk JGA g`gigj ehkphj!ehkphj dguru ygkl ~bvkgj pbvmgò ò kblgvg dopg+ @gk aguoj fgkygd ehkphj dguru!dguru igok gdofgp po`gd ugiokl aripodriprvgio uab

Pbrdr Ardjiou O

2<

~bklbvpogk dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd ygkl pbviofgp dhkciod+ Modg dguru! dguru pbvubfrp po`gd ògkpouo~guo) agdg gkegagk òuokpblvguo fgklug pgd `g~gp òjok`gvo+ Dgvbkgkyg abkgkgadgk

lbkbvguo koigo!koigo

ar`g

dopg

~bvir

dbfbvglgagk)

òòòd ygopr

`bklgk koigo!koigo

aripodriprvgiouab+ @gk ubdhigj abigiro ~bkòòd ~bvir abkgkga koigo!koigo oko `giga ~bafbigmgvgkkyg+ Og mrlg `g~gp òg~iodguodgk `giga dbjo`r~gk ubjgvo!jgvo+ Ubjokllg kgkpokyg) ~bubvpg òòd `g~gp ibfoj mbvkoj `giga abkgkllg~o our!our uhuogi ygkl pbvmgò ò iokldrklgk abvbdg+ Po`gd ar`gj pbv~vhshdguo hibj aguygvgdgp ygkl pbigj dbjoigklgk gdgi ubjgpkyg) `g~gp abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk pgk~g jgvru abkygdopo) `gk abkljhvagpo jgd!jgd guguo hvgkl igok+

^bk`bdgpgk Aripodriprvgiouab ^bk`bdgpgk

aripodriprvgiouab

`giga

~bafbigmgvgk

ubdhigj

ugklgp ehehd òlrkgdgk ò bvg lihfgiouguo+ ^bk`bdgpgk oko abiojgp ~bvfb`ggk ubfglgo copvgj fglo agkruog ubfglgo agdjird Prjgk ygkl fbvuhuogi+ Po`gd fhibj g`g òudvoaokguo fglo uog~g~rk `gk ò agkg~rk+ @o uouo Prjgk) agkruog ugag ubargkyg) jgkyg dbpgd|ggk ugmg ygkl abafb`gdgkkyg+ Ubfglgoagkg covagk Giigj U\P= ’Jgo agkruog) uburkllrjkyg Dgao abkeo~pgdgk dgar `gvo ubhvgkl igdo!igdo `gk ubhvgkl ~bvba~rgk `gk abkmgòdgk dgar fbvfgklug!fgklug `gk fbvurdr!urdr ur~gyg dgar ugiokl abklbkgi+ Uburkllrjkyg hvgkl ygkl ~giokl ariog ario g ò gkpgvg dgar ò uouo Giigj ogigj hvgkl ygkl ~giokl fbvpgd|g ò gkpgvg dgar+ Uburkllrjkyg Giigj Agjg Abklbpgjro iglo Agjg Abklbkgi‑ 6 + abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

2:


@gioi

oko

abkmgò

~omgdgk

ubfglgo

`gugv

g~iodguo

aripodriprvgiouab `giga fbvfglgo gu~bd dbjo`r~gk+ Igir) g~g opr aripodriprvgiouab8 Aripodriprvgiouab abvr~gdgk lgfrklgk `gvo fbfbvg~g dgpg) ygopr aripo *fbvglga/) driprvgi *fr`gyg/) `gk ouab *~gjga/+ Ubegvg ub`bvjgkg `g~gp ògvpodgk ubfglgo ~gjga gpgr o`bhihlo dbfbvglgagk fr`gyg+ Arkerikyg oupoigj aripodriprvgiouab òigpgvfbigdgklo gkpgvg igok hibj g`gkyg polg pbhvo uhuogi ygkl abkmbigudgk jrfrklgk gkpgv okòso`r `giga aguygvgdgp `bklgk fbvglga igpgv fbigdgkl glgag) bpkod) fgjgug) `gk fr`gyg+ Voegv`h I+ Lgveog *7?:6/ abkygpgdgk fgj|g pbhvo uhuogi opr g`gigj ~bvpgag) abipokl ~hp O= gklih ehkchvaopy) ygopr okòso`r! okòso`r ygkl fbvglga igpgv fbigdgkl ub~bvpo glgag) bpkod) fgjgug) `gk fr`gyg òugprdgk`giga ugpr |g`gj ygkl `haokgk+ Db`rg) abipokl ~hp OO= bpjkoe uykpjbuou) ygdko okòso`r!okòso`r ygkl fbvglgag igpgv fbigdgklkyg òugprdgk `giga ugpr |g`gj fgvr+ @gk dbpolg) dbpolg) eriprvgi ~irvgioua= ahugoe gkgihly ) ygopr okòso`r! okòso`r ygkl fbvglga igpgv fbigdgkl glgag) bpkod) fgjgug) `gk fr`gyg abaoiodo jgd rkprd abklbdu~vbuodgk o`bkpopgu fr`gygkyg ubegvg `bahdvgpou `bklgk po`gd abaokllovdgk fr`gyg dbiha~hd aokhvopgu5+ Aougikyg aguygvgdgp ygkl |gvlgkyg fbvigpgv fbigdgkl fr`gyg Lgyh) Mgabb) Fgpgd) ^g`gkl) gpgr Gebj `gk igokkyg fbvjgd rkprd abkrkmrddgk o`bkpopgu fr`gygkyg `gk abklbafgkldgkkyg pgk~g ugiokl abkllgkllr+ @giga `rkog ~bkòòdgk ― fogugkyg ubvokl òubfrp ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ― koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab abkg|gvdgk gipbvkgpoc abigiro ~bkbvg~gk upvgpblo `gk dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgio uab

Pbrdr Ardjiou O

2?

~bagkcggpgk dbfbvglgagk ygkl g`g ò aguygvgdgp+ Djrurukyg fglo iokldrklgk ubdhigj ygkl abaoiodo dbvglgagk bpkou) fr`gyg) fgjgug) glgag) upgpru uhuogi) lbk`bv) dbaga~rgk rarv) `gk ~bvfb`ggk couod+ Ejbvvy G+ AeLbb Fgkdu `gk Mgabu G+ Fgkdu *6>>2/ abk`bcokouodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj ~bkòòdgk ygkl fbvprmrgk rkprd abkeo~pgdgk dbuba~gpgk ~bkòòdgk ygkl ugag rkprd ubarg uou|g `gvo fbvfglgo vglga vgu) urdr) dbigu uhuogi) `gk dbiha~hd fr`gyg+ Ugigj ugpr prmrgkkyg g`gigj abafgkpr ubarg uou|g abklrgugo ~bklbpgjrgk) uodg~ `gk dbpbvga~oigk ygkl òfrprjdgk *glgv fbvcrkluo ubegvg bcbdpoc/ `giga aguygvgdgp `bahdvguo ygkl ~irvgioupod `gk glgv `g~gp fbvokpbvgduo) fbvkblhuoguo `gk fbvdharkodguo `bklgk hvgkl!hvgkl `gvo fbvfglgo dgigklgk rkprd abkeo~pgdgk dharkopgu |gvlg `gk dharkopgu ahvgi ygkl fbdbvmg rkprd dbfgodgk0+ Ub`gkldgk) Joi`g Jbvkgk`b} `giga Aripoeriprvgi B`regpohk= G Pbgejbv Lro`b ph Iokdokl Ehkpbzp) ^vhebuu) gk` Ehkpbkp *7?:?/) abklgvpodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubfglgo ~bvu~bdpoc ygkl abklgdro vbgiopgu ~hiopod) uhuogi) `gk bdhkhao ygkl ògigao hibj aguokl!aguokl okòso`r `giga ~bvpbargk agkruog agkr uog ygkl dha~ibdu `gk fbvglga ubegvg driprv) `gk abvbcibduodgk ~bkpoklkyg fr`gyg) fr`gyg ) vgu) ubdurgiopgu `gk lbk`bv) bpkouopgu) glgag) upgpru uhuogi) bdhkhao) `gk ~bklbergiogk!~bklbergiogk `giga ~vhubu ~bkòòdgk+ Gpgr `bklgk dgpg igok fgj|g vrgkl ~bkòòdgk ubfglgo abòg pvgkuchvaguo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk jbk`gdkyg aga~r abafbvodgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab `bklgk egvg ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

3>


abkljhvagpo gpgu vbgiopgu ygkl fbvglga) fgod igpgv fbigdgkl agr~rk fguou uhuoh fr`gyg ygkl abiokldr~okyg2+ @gvo ~bklbvpogk!~bklbvpogk ò gpgu) `g~gp òuoa~ridgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgiouab g`gigj ~bkòòdgk ygkl abiojgp dbfbvglgagk ubfglgo ubfrgj ~bvugaggk ygkl fbvdgopgk `bklgk our!our uhuogi) ~hiopod) bdhkhao) glgag) fr`gyg *pbvagurd ò `gigakyg vgu `gk bpkouopgu/) `gk lbk`bv+ Ubigkmrpkyg mrlg `g~gp ò~gjgao fgj|g ~bkòòdgk ah`bi oko g`gigj ~bkòòdgk ygkl abiojgp jrfrklgk ~bvugaggk `gk dbub`bvgmgpgk gkpgvg ubugag ~bubvpg òòd ubegvg sbvpodgi+ Og mrlg fbvigdr jrfrklgk ubegvg jhvo}hkpgi gkpgvg ~bubvpg òòd `bklgk ~bkòòd `gk iokldrklgk ubdhigjkyg+ Abudo~rk ò Ok`hkbuog fbira g`g agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl djruru abklgmgvdgk aripodriprvgiouab) pg~o ubegvg iblgiopgu) ~vokuo~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubegvg pbvuovgp pbv`g~gp `giga Rk`gkl!rk`gkl Khahv 6> pgjrk 6>>5 pbkpgkl Uoupba ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+ Rk`gkl!rk`gkl opr abkblgudgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk jgvru òubibkllgvgdgk ubegvg `bahdvgpou `gk fbvdbgòigk ubvpg po`gd òudvoaokgpoc `bklgk abkmrkmrkl pokllo jgd guguo agkruog) koigo dbglgaggk) koigo driprvgi) `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug+ ^gk`gklgk!~gk`gklgk opr ubpo`gdkyg abafbvodgk urgpr gipbvkgpoc ~bkpokl) ygopr ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~bvir ublbvg òoa~ibabkpguodgk

`giga

~bafbigmgvgk

ò

ubdhigj!ubdhigj+

G`g~rk prmrgk ygkl òjgvg~dgk g`gigj rkprd abafgkpr ~bubvpg òòd glgv= *7/ abagjgao igpgv fbigdgkl òvo `gk dbiha~hd `giga aguygvgdgp4 *6/ abkljhvagpo g`gkyg ~bvfb`ggk fr`gyg) urdr) aripodriprvgio uab

Pbrdr Ardjiou O

37

fgjgug) glgag) `gk db`r`rdgk4 *5/ abklg~vbuoguodgk òvo pbvjg`g~ pbvj g`g~ fr`gyg ihdgi4 *0/ abagjgao ~bvfb`ggk ygkl pbvmgò ò iokldrklgk ubdopgvkyg4 *2/ aga~r abkegvo uhiruo `giga ~bvagugigjgk ygkl pbvmgò4 *3/ abklbafgkldgk mgpo òvo ygkl fbvagdkg fglo ubarg hvgkl4 `gk *
Oa~ibabkpguo Aripodriprvgiouab Igkpgu fglgoagkg abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò ubdhigj!ubdhigj8 Glgdkyg ugklgp pb~gp modg dopg abklger ~g`g Mgabu G+ Fgkdu+ Og abkmbigudgk fgj|g `giga ~bigdugkggkkyg) ~bafbigmgvgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi jgvru abkegdr~ ioag òabkuo+ ^bvpgag) okpblvguo dhkpbk) g`gkyg okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk `giga drvodrira ygkl ò `gigakyg abiofgpdgk dbvglgagk `giga ugpr driprv ~bkòòdgk ygkl prmrgk rpgagkyg g`gigj abkljg~ru ~vgugkldg+ Db`rg) Db`rg) dhkupvrduo oiar ~bklbpgjrgk ygkl ò|rmr`dgk `bklgk

abklbpgjro

`gk

abagjgao

ubegvg

dha~vbjbkuoc

dbfbvglgagk ygkl g`g+ Dbpolg) Dbpolg) vb`rduo *~bklrvgklgk/ ~vgugkldg ygkl igjov `gvo okpbvgduo gkpgv dbvglgagk `giga driprv ~bkòòdgk+ Dbba~gp)) ~b`glhlod dbubpgvggk Dbba~gp dbubpgvggk agkruog ygkl abafbvo vrgkl `gk dbuba~gpgk ygkl ugag db~g`g ubpog~ bibabk ygkl fbvglga+ @gk dbioag)) ~bafbv`gyggk dbfr`gyggk ubdhigj3+ dbioag Ub`gkldgk)

J+G+V

Poiggv

abklrkldg~dgk

fgj|g

rkprd

abkbvg~dgk ah`bi ~bkòòdgk oko mrlg jgvru ò~bvjgpodgk bkga jgi) ygopr ~bvpgag) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi jgvru fbvòabkuo voljp ph eriprvb `gk o`bkpopgu ihdgi+ Db`rg) Db`rg) dbfr`gyggk Ok`hkbuog ygkl abkmgò) agdur`kyg g`gigj abklh~poagidgk fr`gyg ihdgi ygkl abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

36


fbvovoklgk `bklgk g~vbuoguo fr`gyg kguohkgi+ Dbpolg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi khvagpoc ygopr ah`bi aba~bvdrgp o`bkpopgu kguohkgi ygkl pbvru abkmgò pgk~g jgvru abkljoigkldgk fr`gyg ihdgi ygkl g`g+ Dbba~gp) Dbba~gp) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk urgpr vbdhkupvrduo uhuogi) po`gd fhibj pbvmbfgd ~g`g cgkgpouab urdr) glgag) gpgr vgu+ Dbioag) Dbioag) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk ~b`glhlod ~bafbv`gyggk `gk ~b`glhlod dbubpgvggk `giga dbfr`gyggk ygkl fbvglga+ @gk dbbkga) dbbkga) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi fbvprmrgk rkprd ab|rmr`dgk souo Ok`hkbuog agug `b~gk ubvpg bpodg fgklug <+ @gvo db`rg ~gk`gklgk ò gpgu) ygkl abkmgò drkeo ~bigdugkggk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj ubdhigj `gk ~bkòòd+ Ubdhigj jgvru abvgkegkl ~vhlvga ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl abkrkmrddgk koigo! koigo aripodriprvgiouab+ Ubdhigj ~bvir abklgkgiouou ~bklbafgklgk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk fbvfguou aripodriprvgi+ Aougikyg) prkprpgk dha~bpbkuo agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl jgvru òfbdgidgk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd fbvr~g ~bklbpgjrgk) dbpbvga~oigk) `gk bpodg+ Ubdhigj mrlg jgvru abiojgp dha~bpbkuo ~bkòòd `giga abkbvg~dgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab) aba~bvjgpodgk igpgv fbigdgkl driprvgi dhkòuo ~bubvpg òòd) `gk abklgkgiouou dgvgdpbvoupod agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl fbvkrgkug aripodriprvgi+ Agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl vbibsgk `gk fbv~birgkl fbugv ògmgvdgk koigo!koigo oko) ub~bvpo glgag) ~bkòòdgk db|gvlgkblgvggk) oiar ~bklbpgjrgk uhuogi) `gk argpgk ihdgi) jgvru òvgkegkl rkprd abafbvodgk dbugk abk`giga fglo ~bubvpg òòd+ Ub`gkldgk agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl po`gd abaoiodo agpbvo oko) ~vhubu okpblvguo koigo!koigo aripodriprvgiouab foug òigdrdgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk+ aripodriprvgio uab

Pbrdr Ardjiou O

35

@giga ~vhubu okpblvguo koigo aripodriprvgiouab pbvjg`g~ agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl po`gd vbibsgk òprkprp dbegdg~gk `gk dbaga~rgk `gvo ~bkòòd+ Agdg) g~g ygkl pbigj òubfrpdgk Mgabu G+ Fgkdu ò gpgu) ugklgp ~bvir ò~bvjgpodgk hibj ~bkòòd glgv aga~r abkbvg~dgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+ ^bvpgag) ~vhubu okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk ~ bkòòdgk koigo!koigo aripodriprvgi+ aripodriprvgi+ @o uoko ~bkòòd jgvru fbvr~gyg rkprd abafbvodgk gpgr abkllrkgdgk ehkphj `gk agpbvo `gvo fbvfglgo fr`gyg `gk dbiha~hd rkprd abklgmgvdgk abklgmgvd gk dhkub~ drkeo) ~vokuo~) lbkbvgiouguo) pbhvo) `gk igok!igok dbpodg abklgmgv ugpr ph~od gpgr agpg ~bigmgvgk pbvpbkpr+ Db`rg) `giga ~vhubu ~bafbkprdgk ~bklbpgjrgk) ~bkòòd fbvr~gyg rkprd abafgkpr ~bubvpg òòd `giga abagjgao) abkegvo pgjr) `gk abkbkprdgk fglgoagkg urgpr ~bklbpgjrgk gpgr pbhvo ~g`g `gugvkyg ubegvg oa~iouop pbveo~pg dgvbkg g`gkyg ~bklgvrj fr`gyg pbvpbkpr) dgigklgk pbvpbkpr) dbiha~hd `bklgk upgpru uhuogi pbvpbkpr ygkl pbvmgò ~g`g uggp opr+ Dbpolg) vb`rduo ~vgugkldg g`gigj r~gyg ~bkòòd rkprd abafgkpr ~bubvpg òòd `giga abklbafgkldgk uodg~ ~huopoc pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk+ Dbba~gp) dbubpgvggk ~b`glhlod g`gigj r~gyg ~bkòòd rkprd aba~bvigdrdgk ubegvg ugag pgk~g ~gk`gkl frir `giga ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk ò dbigu+ Jgi oko gdgk pbviojgp `gvo abph`b ygkl òlrkgdgk) egvg fbvpgkyg) ~bkrkmrdgk ~bubvpg òòd) `gk ~bklbiha~hddgk ~bubvpg òòd+ @gk pbvgdjov g`gigj ~bafbv`gyggk fr`gyg ubdhigj `gk upvrdprv uhuogi jgvru ò~bviojgpdgk ~bkòòd glgv ~bubvpg òòd abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

30


`g~gp abvgugdgk ~bafbv`gyggk `gk ~bvugaggk fr`gyg+ @bklgk `baodogk) ubagklgp aripodriprvgiouab jgvru pbvebvaok `giga ublgig gdpocopgu ubdhigj:+ Mgò) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abagkl jgvru abafbvodgk ubfrgj ~bkebvgjgk+ Og jgvru abafbvodgk dbgvocgk rkprd abiojgp dbfbvglgagk

fr`gyg

ubfglgo

vbgiopgu

crk`gabkpgi

`giga

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B~oihl= Ubfrgj Dhkdiruo @gvo ~bag~gvgk ò gpgu) foug òpgvod dbuoa~rigk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk ~ bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ugklgp ~bkpokl òpbvg~dgk ò ubdhigj+ ^bkòòdgk oko òygdoko aga~r abkgkgadgk koigo!koigo `bahdvguo) phibvgkuo) ugiokl abkljgvlgo) `gk `g~gp abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk `giga urgpr iokldrklgk+ Ubfglgo fgklug ygkl abaoiodo dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg) fgjgug) urdr) `gk g`gp!oupog`gp) ygkl vbkpgk abkoafridgk dhkciod ubfglgoagkg ygkl ~bvkgj pbvmgò ò fbfbvg~g `gbvgj) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi gdgk fbvr~gyg rkprd abklgkpouo~guo pbvmgòkyg dhkciod+ Dgvbkgkyg rkprd abkbvg~dgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi frprj ~bvgk fbugv `gvo ubhvgkl ~bkòòd+ ^bkòòd ygkl abafbigmgvdgk ah`bi oko jgvru fbkgv!fbkgv ~bkòòd ygkl abaoiodo |g|gugk aripodriprvgio uab

Pbrdr Ardjiou O

32

pbkpgkl koigo!koigo dbfbvglgagk+ @giga dhkpbdu Gebj) po`gd g`g dbk`gig fbugv `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ah`bi oko+ Dbk`gig ygkl òjg`g~o òjg`g~ o fgvgkldgio uodg~ cgkgpouab `gk crk`gabkpgiouab ygkl aguoj abklgdgv ~g`g dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd pbvpbkpr+ Kgark) modg g`g ~bubvpg òòd dopg ygkl aguoj pbvodgp `bklgk dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd oko) ~bkòòd jgvru abafbvodgk ~bkebvgjgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi po`gd abiojgp ~bvfb`ggk `giga ubdhigj+ Dgvbkgkyg uodg~ cgkgpouab jgvru òfrgkl mgrj!mgrj `giga ~bkòòdgk oko `gk ubpog~ hvgkl jgvru ugiokl abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi mrlg jgvru ò`rdrkl hibj ubarg ~ojgd+

Gigugkkyg

dgvbkg

dbgkbdgvglgagk

`giga

vbgiopgu

dbjo`r~gk agkruog g`gigj urgpr dbkouegyggk ygkl po`gd foug ò~rkldovo+ Og mrlg aga~r abkeo~pgdgk jgvahkouab uhuogi `giga ubfrgj dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp ygkl fbvglga ubegvg driprv+ Gdjovkyg dopg ubarg abagkl abkljgvg~dgk pbveo~pgkyg urgpr pgpgkgk uhuogi aguygvgdgp ygkl gagk) `gago) `gk foug jo`r~ jo`r ~ ugiokl fbv`ga~oklgk+ Uggpkyg dopg mgòdgk aripodriprvgiouab ubfglgo ~gvgòlag `giga ~bkòòdgk dopg+TQ


33


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<6


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<0


aripodriprvgi+ Upvgpblo oko ugklgp fbvagkcggp) ubdrvgkl!drvgklkyg fglo ubdhigj ubfglgo ibafglg ~bkòòdgk `g~gp abafbkprd ~bagjgagk fbvugag gpgu dhkub~ dbfr`gyggk) ~bvfb`ggk fr`gyg) dbuboafgklgk) `gk `bahdvguo `giga gvpo ygkl irgu ir gu *Ioio|bvo) 6>>2/+ Fbv`gugvdgk pbhvo opr) agdg ~bkriou `g~gp abkyoa~ridgk abkyoa~r idgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi gagp ~bkpokl rkprd `g~gp abkljgvlgo g`gkyg ~bvfb`gggk+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk ~vhubu ~bkgkgagk egvg jo`r~ abkljhvagpo) priru `gk phibvgk pbvjg`g~ dbgkbdgvglgagk fr`gyg ygkl g`g ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp ~irvgi) ubjokllg fbvfgkòkl pbvfgiod `bklgk ~bkòòdgk ahkhdriprvgi ygkl ubigag oko òmgigkdgk `bklgk abklgfgodgk dbrkodgk `gk ~irvgiopgu ubjokllg fbvgdofgp ~g`g pbv~gurklkyg ~vofgò dvopou `gk dvbgpoc+ Dhkub~ dbagdkggk ~bkòòdgk aripodprvgi g`gigj ~bvfb`ggk ygkl rkod ~g`g ubpog~ hvgkl `gk aguygvgdgp+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abklgk`gidgk ubdhigj `gk dbigu òdbihig ubfglgo urgpr uoariguo gvbkg dbjo`r~gk kygpg ygkl ~irvgi) ygkl pbvru fbvrfgj `gk fbvdbafgkl abklodrpo ~bvrfgjgk }gagk+ Okupopruo ubdhigj `gk dbigu g`gigj |gjgkg jo`r~ `bklgk ~babvgk rpgag ~bubvpg òòd `gk lrvr ubvpg ubirvrj pbkglg db~bkòòdgk ubfglgo cguoiopgphv+ Ugkmgyg *6>7>=65/ abklgpgdgk fgj|g ubfglgo cguoiopgphv) lrvr fbv~bvgk abafbvo ~bigygk rkprd abar`gjdgk uou|g `giga dblogpgk ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk+ Abigiro rugjg ygkl urkllrj) lrvr oklok glgv og ar`gj abkygmodgk fgjgk ~bigmgvgk `bklgk fgod) glgv uou|g `g~gp aba~bigmgvo fgjgk ~bigmgvgk ubjokllg prmrgk aripodriprvgio uab

Ko}gvogj) U+Uhu O

<2

fbigmgv pbveg~go ubegvg h~poagi+ Rkprd abigdugkgdgk ~bvgkkyg) lrvr ~bvir aba~rkygo dbpvga~oigk `giga abvgkegkl urgpr abòg+ ^bvdbafgklgk pbdkhihlo `gk okchvaguo abkrkprp lrvr rkprd `g~gp abklodrpo ~bvdbafgklgk pbdkhihlo arpgdjov `giga abkllgio fbvfglgo urafbv oiar ~bklbpgjrgk+ Dblogpgk fbigmgv!abklgmgv òdbafgkldgk ubfglgo |gjgkg ògihl `gk fbigmgv fbvugag ubvpg abafrgkl ~gvgòlag fgj|g lrvr abvr~gdgk lr`gkl oiar `gk koigo ygkl ubpog~ uggp òfbvodgk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd) abigokdgk ubfglgo pbagk ògihl `gk ~gvpkbv `giga abkeo~pgdgk urgugkg jgvahkou+ Ubigok opr ~vgdpod ~bkbvg~gk dbglgaggk mrlg gdgk aba~bvpgmga vgug db~bdggk `gk uhio`gvopgu gkpgv ~babird glgag+ Lrvr òprkprp ibfoj dvbgpoc `gk okhsgpoc `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubjokllg foug abk`bugok fgjgk gmgv `bklgk fbvfglgo abòg ygkl g`g rkprd abafgkldopdgk ahposguo fbigmgv uou|g+ Uou|g ò~bvdbkgidgk `gk ògmgd ablbafgkldgk koigo!koigo `gk uodg~ phibvgkuo) uhio`gvopgu) ba~gpo) `gk aruyg|gvgj ubjokllg abvbdg mrlg abagjgao dbgvocgk ihdgi ygkl abvr~gdgk fglogk `gvo fr`gyg fgklug+ @gk oko foug abkljgafgp pbvmgòkyg dhkciod+ ^bkòòdgk `bklgk |g|gugk aripodriprvgi `giga vrarugk Mgabu G+ fgkd g`gigj dhkub~ o`b gpgr cgiugcgj ubfglgo urgpr vgkldgogk db~bvegyggk *ubp *ubp hc fbiobsb/ fbiobsb/ `gk ~bkmbigugk ygkl abklgdro `gk abkoigo ~bkpoklkyg dbvglgagk fr`gyg `gk bpkou `giga abafbkprd lgyg jo`r~) ~bklgigagk uheogi) o`bkpopgu ~vofgò)

dbuba~gpgk!dbuba~gpgk

~bkòòdgk

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dbiha~hd agr~rk kblgvg+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

okòso`r)

<3


Ubabkpgvg abkrvrp Uhkog Kobph) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk ~vhubu ~bkòòdgk dha~vbjbkuoc `gk abk`gugv fglo ubarg ~bubvpg òòd+ Mbkou ~bkòòdgk abkbkpgkl fbkprd vguouab `gk ublgig fbkprd òudvoaokguo ò ubdhigj) aguygvgdgp `bklgk abkbvoag ubvpg abkloachvaguodgk ~vrigvopgu *bpkod) vgu) fgjgug) glgag) bdhkhao) lbk`bv) `gk igok ubfglgokyg/ ygkl pbvbcibduodgk ò gkpgvg ~bubvpg òòd) dharkopgu abvbdg) `gk lrvr! lrv r! lrvr+ Abkrvrpkyg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv oko jgvruigj abibdgp `giga drvodrira `gk upvgpblo ~bklgmgvgk) pbvagurd mrlg `giga ubpog~ okpbvgduo ygkl òigdrdgk ò gkpgvg ~gvg lrvr) arvo`) `gk dbirgvlg ubvpg dbubirvrjgk urgugkg fbigmgv abklgmgv+ Dgvbkg mbkou ~bkòòdgk oko abvr~gdgk ~b`glhlod dvopou) vbcibduo `gk abkmgò fguou gduo ~bvrfgjgk `giga aguygvdgp) ~bkòòdgk aripodrivgi abklbafgkldgk ~vokuo~!~vokuo~ `bahdvguo `giga fbvdbgòigk uhuogi+ UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk Fgk`g Gebj ubfglgo ubdhigj fhgvòkl ygkl abkljgvrudgk gkgd!gkgd rkprd pokllgi ò guvgag ubdhigj+ @o uoko fgkygd ~bubvpg òòd fbvgugi `gvo fbvfglgo `gbvgj ygkl g`g ò Gebj) fgjdgk g`g ygkl `gvo irgv Gebj `bklgk abafg|g fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk driprv `gk g`gp oupog`gp+ ^bafbigmgvgk ò UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk `g~gp fbvmgigk `bklgk jgvahkou) po`gd pbvmgò òudvoaokguo) `gk uou|g~rk po`gd pbvdhpgd!dhpgd `giga ~bafbigmgvgk agr~rk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ò guvgag+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk ur`gj igag òg~iodguodgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk+ Oko pbvfrdpo `giga ~bkoigogk ~gvg ~bubvpg òòd ubg`gkyg pgk~g aba~bvjgpodgk gkgd aripodriprvgio uab

Ko}gvogj) U+Uhu O

<<

uog~g) fbvgugi `gvo `gbvgj agkg) fgod igdo!igdo agr~rk ~bvba~rgk+ Ubarg fbvdbuba~gpgk abvgoj fbvfglgo ~vbupguo) Agigj) ygkl g`g ò gkpgvg abvbdg uodg~ ugiokl abafgkpr `giga fbigmgv ubugag pbagkkyg kgark po`gd `giga bsgirguo ubjokllg ~bubvpg òòd ygkl agigu `gk drvgkl fbvrugjg gdgk pbvpokllgi `gvo ~bubvpg igok+ Abvbdg fbvihafg!ihafg abvgoj ~vbupguo) ubjokllg UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk ygkl aguoj fbvrarv ’ubrarv mglrkl‑ pbigj fgkygd abklrdov ~vbupguo ò dgkegj kguohkgi `gk okpbvkguohkgi+ Dbfbvjguoigk

oko

mrlg

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hibj

~bvgkldgp

~bkybibkllgvggk ~bkòòdgk `gk ~bafbigmgvgk fgod) g`gkyg dbjgvahkougk fbvokpbvgduo `gk dharkodguo) ugiokl abkygygklo ub~bvpo igygdkyg ubfrgj dbirgvlg `gk abaoiodo lrvr!lrvr fbvdha~bpbk ò fo`gklkyg ubvpg cguoiopgu fbigmgv abklgmgv ygkl vbigpoc ibkldg~) g`gkyg `rdrklgk db~gig ubdhigj `giga ubpog~ abk`rdrkl ~vhlvga+ Ubigok opr) ~gvg ~bklgmgv mrlg agr abkbvoag ~bafgjgvrgk `gk ubdhigj ur`gj pbvfogug abklbafgkldgk drvodrira ubkòvo ò uga~okl drvodrira `gvo @b~gvpbabk ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+ Ubabkpgvg) gigp igok ygkl abk`rdrkl g`gigj g`gkyg gròh sourgi+ Dgvbkg oko abkmgò ~bkpokl rkprd abkygduodgk coia!coia fbvpbag aripodriprvgi) ubvpg cvbb okpbvkbp ygkl abar`gjdgk ~bubvpg òòd abkllgio

`gk abafglo okchvaguo `giga oiar

~bklbpgjrgk) ubjokllg abar`gjdgk abvbdg abklbafgkldgk ~hpbkuo `gk dvbgpocopgu ygkl òaoiodokyg `giga abkeg~go prmrgk ~bkòòdgk+


<:

B+


Dbuoa~rigk

^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi abvr~gdgk vbgiopgu uhuogi ygkl pbv`g~gp `giga aguygvgdgp Gebj+ ^gueg pbvmgòkyg fbkegkg giga lba~g `gk purkgao pgjrk 6>>0 ygkl abkgvod uoa~gpo `gk ba~gpo aguygvgdgp fbvfglgo ~bkmrvr `rkog rkprd `gpgkl db Gebj) gdgk aba~bvdgyg driprvgi `gk koigo!koigo dbaguygvgdgpgk+ Jgi oko jgvru òdhhvòkov ubfgod arkldok rkprd abaokoagiouov g`gkyg ~bvfb`ggk ygkl fbvuocgp kblgpoc `gk po`gd arkerikyg dhkciod gkpgv driprv+ Agdgkyg ugklgp òprkprp dbagrgk `gk dhaopabk ubarg aguygvgdgp rkprd ugiokl abkljhvagpo `gk abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl g`g) ubjokllg ~bvfb`ggk oko gdgk abafrgp dopg agdok agmr `gk aba~bvbvgp ~bvugr`gvggk `giga okpblvguo fgklug `gk kblgvg pbveokpg oko+ Uodg~ abkljgvlgo dbfbvglgagk) mrlg jgvru òpgkgadgk ò ubdhigj+ Dgvbkg ubdhigj g`gigj glbk uhuogiouguo chvagi `giga abkrafrjdbafgkldgk ~hpbkuo `gk dvbgpocopgu ~bubvpg òòd `gk `g~gp abkljg~rudgk fbvfglgo mbkou ~vgugkldg ygkl fbvprmrgk rkprd abafrgp uou|g pbvdhpgd!dhpgd+ Ibafglg ~bkòòdgk jgvru fbfgu òudvoaokguo) rkprd abkljok`gvo fbvfglgo dhkciod+ ^babvokpgj `gk ~bkybibkllgvg ~bkòòdgk ub`gkl abkegvo uhiruo ~vbsbkpoc ygkl pb~gp `gk bcbdpoc) òagkg ugigj ugprkyg g`gigj `bklgk abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò ubdhigj `giga ubpog~ agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl vbibsgk+ Rkprd opr) lrvr òprkprp dvbgpoc `gk dbaga~rgk `giga abklbafgkldgk dha~bpbkuo ~vhcbuohkgikyg+ UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk g`gigj ugigj ugpr ubdhigj cgshvop ò Gebj ygkl pbigj abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgio uab

Ko}gvogj) U+Uhu O

aripodriprvgiouab+ Ubdhigj fbvguvgag oko foug òdgpgdgk jga~ov po`gd ~bvkgj pbvmgòkyg dhkciod ygkl fbvuocgp kblgpoc) pg~o dgigr ~huopoc ugklgp fgkygd+ @bklgk ~bvfb`ggk opr) UAG Kblbvo 7> Cgmgv Jgvg~gk `g~gp abklrdov ~vbupguo lbaoigkl fgod kguohkgi agr~rk okpbvkguohkgi+ Opr pbvfrdpo fgj|g pgjrk 6>77 pbigj abkljgvradgk Gebj ubfglgo mrgvg kguohkgi koigo pbvpokllo rmogk kguohkgi+ @gvo rvgogk ò gpgu `g~gp òpgvod dbuoa~rigk fgj|g oa~ibabkpguo ~bkòòdgk db ubpog~ agpg ~bigmgvgk ugklgp fbv~bklgvrj pbvjg`g~ pbvjg` g~ ~vbupguo fbigmgv uou|g+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubfglgo ~bafokg koigo `gk ahvgi glgv uou|g po`gd pbvegfrp `gvo gdgv fr`gygkyg ubigok ubfglgo ugvgkg gipbvkgpoc ~bv~begjgk dhkciod+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi mrlg uolkocodgk abafokg uou|g glgv abvbdg po`gd pbvegfrp `gvo gdgv fr`gyg ygkl òaoiodokyg pgpdgig fbvjg`g~gk `bklgk vbgiopgu iokldrklgk lihfgiouguo `gk ~bvdbafgklgk `rkog `giga fbvfglgo fo`gkl fgod uhuogi) fr`gyg) bdhkhao) fr`gyg `gk ~hiopod ubvpg pbddkhihlo `gk okchvaguo+ TQ


Aripodriprvgii ò Ubdhigj Aripodriprvg Hag Gvogkph) U+^` Lrvr UAGK 6 Abrvbrfh) Gebj Fgvgp

^bk`gjrirgk Aripodriprvgi gpgr dbfbvglgagk `giga dbjo`r~gk uhuogi pbvfbkprd `gvo iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp ygkl pbvfgklrk `gvo okòso`r!okòso`r igok ygkl abkygpr `giga ugpr iokldrklgk) g`g~rk igpgv fbigdgkl aripodriprvgi ygkl fbvglga fgjgug `gk dbfgkluggk *kgpohkgiopy/ ) urdr *vgeb hv bpkoeopy/ ) glgag *vbiolohk/ ) fr`gyg *eriprvb/ *eriprvb/ `gk `gk dbigu uhuogi *uheogi eiguu/ + Pbvdg`gkl dbfbvglgagk `giga iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp `g~gp mrlg abaoer dhkciod dbpodg po`gd òoafgklo `bklgk koigo!koigo JGA) glgag) koigo driprvgi `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug ò pbklgj iokldrklgk pbvubfrp+ G`g fbfbvg~g jgi ygkl abigpgvfbigdgklo dhkciod uhuogi gpgr ygkl ibfoj òdbkgi `bklgk dhkciod jhvo}hkpgi) ygopr ~bvfb`ggk glgag) urdr) ubvpg vgu ygkl òarigo `gvo ugiokl abibebjdgk `giga ugpr dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp ygkl abkyrirp dhkciod+ Pbvdg`gkl ~bvuhgigk

abibagjdgk

agr~rk

abklreoidgk

dbiha~hd

aokhvopgu mrlg `g~gp abkljoigkldgk koigo!koigo dbfbvglgagk `giga

iokldrklgk

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Rkprd

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budgiguo dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò) agdg òfrprjdgk igkldgj g|gi `bklgk abklokpblvguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `giga uoupba :7

:6

O Aripodriprvgi ò Ubdhigj

~bkòòdgk abigiro drvodrira ~bkòòdgk+ Fbvfoegvg pbkpgkl ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi òagkg o`b g|gikyg òfgjgu `gk ò|gegkgdgk ~bvpgag dgio ò Gabvodg Ubvodgp `gk kblgvg!kblgvg Bvh~g Fgvgp ~g`g pgjrk 7?3>!gk hibj lbvgdgk ygkl abkrkprp ò~bvjgpodgkkyg jgd!jgd uo~oi *eosoi voljp ahsbabkp/ + Prmrgk rpgag lbvgdgk oko g`gigj rkprd abklrvgklo ~vgdpod òudvoaokguo ò pba~gp!pba~gp ~rfiod) ò vragj) ò pba~gp! pba~gp dbvmg) `gk ò ibafglg!ibafglg ~bkòòdgk) ygkl òigdrdgk ò igdrdgk hibj dbiha~hd agyhvopgu pbvjg`g~ dbiha~hd aokhvopgu+ Lhihklgk!lhihklgk igok ygkl g`g `giga aguygvgdgp!aguygvgdgp pbvubfrp òdbiha~hddgk ubfglgo aokhvopgu `bklgk ~bafgpgugk jgd!jgd abvbdg *^gvò Ur~gvigk) 6>>6= 6!5/+ Lbvgdgk jgd!jgd uo~oi oko) abkrvrp Mgabu G+ Fgkd *7?:?= 0!2/) fbvoa~iodguo ~g`g `rkog ~bkòòdgk) `bklgk arkerikyg fbfbvg~g prkprpgk rkprd abigdrdgk vbchvaguo drvodrira ~bkòòdgk ygkl ugvgp òudvoaokguo+ ^g`g g|gi pgjrk 7?<>!gk) arkeriigj ubmraigj drvuru `gk ~vhlvga ~bkòòdgk ygkl abkbdgkdgk ~g`g gu~bd!gu~bd ygkl fbvjrfrklgk `bklgk bpkod `gk dbvglgagk fr`gyg *eriprvgi òsbvuopy/ + @giga dhkpbdu Ok`hkbuog) ~bvfokegklgk pbkpgkl dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi

ubagdok

aba~bvhibj

ahabkpra

~gueg vrkprjkyg vb}oa hphvopbv!aoiopbvoupod Hv`b Fgvr dgvbkg jba~gugk fg`go vbchvaguo+ Bvg vbchvaguo pbvkygpg po`gd jgkyg abafg|g fbvdgj fglo fgklug dopg) kgark mrlg abafbvo ~birgkl abkokldgpkyg dbebk`bvrklgk ~voahvògiouab+ Rkprd opr) òvgugdgk dopg ~bvir abkbvg~dgk ~gvgòlag ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv rkprd abkgkldgi ubagklgp ~voahvògiouab pbvubfrp+ aripodriprvgio uab

Hag Gvogkph) U+^` O

:5

Gebj ygkl abvr~gdgk ugigj ugpr fglogk `gvo Ok`hkbuog mrlg abaoiodo aripodriprv gpgr igpgv fbigdgkl dbfbvglgagk ygkl fbvfb`g+ Aougikyg) `gvo ublo glgag) Gebj abvr~gdgk |oigygj ygkl ?> ~bvubk ~bk`r`rdkyg ibfoj fbvglgag Ouiga ubjokllg mbigu gdgk aba~bklgvrjo aguygvgdgp aokhvopgu ò irgv Aruioa òagkg aguygvgdgp khk!Aruioa abklodrpo gprvgk ygkl pbigj òfrgp ò `gbvgj *^BV@G(Wgkrk/ oko+ @gvo ublo bpkod aougikyg òagkg Gebj abvr~gdgk `haokgk urdr Gebj ubjokllg òiojgp `gvo gu~bd ~uodhihlo abafrgp aguygvgdgp aokhvopgu jgvru abklodrpo ublgig pgpgkgk fr`gyg) ubvpg fgjgug+ Poafrikyg ~bvfb`ggk `gvo igpgv fbigdgkl aguygvgdgp ygkl fbvfb`g jgvru òigdrdgk arigo `gvo ubdhigj `bklgk abafbvo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Ubdhigj g`gigj pba~gp rkprd abk`hvhkl dbgòigk `gk dbuboafgklgk lrkg abkeblgj ~bv~begjgk `giga iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp+ Kgark ygkl aguoj abkmgò ~bvagugigjgk uggp oko modg òpokmgr `gvo ublo fr`gyg) glgag) ubvpg bpkod pbviojgp ubòdop abkehihd+ Aougikyg `giga drvodrira ~bkòòdgk) agpg ~bigmgvgk Glgag ygkl jgkyg abk`g~gp dbuba~gpgk jgkygigj abvbdg ygkl fbvglgag Ouiga dgvbkg drvodrira glgag ygkl òpg|gvdgk ò ubpog~ ubdhigj ò Gebj jgkyg ~bigmgvgk Glgag Ouiga+ Oko òigpgvfbigdgklo hibj uou|g Aruioa ygkl `haokgk ò Gebj ubvpg ~gvg lrvr ygkl òubògdgk jgkyg lrvr agpg ~bigmgvgk glgag Ouiga+ ^g`gjgi modg dopg vrkrp dbafgio `giga RR@ 7?02 ubvpg o`bhihlo kblgvg oko ygopr ^gkeguoig) mbigu ubpog~ |gvlg kblgvg fbvjgd abk`g~gp pba~gp ubvpg db`r`rdgk ygkl ugag `gvo ublgig fo`gkl+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

:0


Ubjgvrukyg)

abvbdg

ygkl

khk!Aruioa

mrlg

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^bkrpr~ Abiojgp dhkòuo ygkl pbvmgò ubigag oko `giga abafgklrk dbjo`r~gk fbvfgklug `gk fbvkblgvg) `g~gp òuoa~ridgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ubfglgo vbu~hk pbvjg`g~ ~bvdbafgklgk dbvglgagk ~h~riguo ubdhigj ~bvir òpbvg~dgk+ G~giglo prkprpgk ~bvugaggk jgd fglo ubpog~ dbiha~hd) rkprd abkmg|gf ~bvagugigjgk) agdg òfrprjdgk upgvpblo fgvr `giga abafgklrk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ygkl pbvgvgj ubjokllg g`gkyg dbuboafgklgk+ Ubigok opr prmrgk rpgag `gvo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi g`gigj abkgkgadgk dbug`gvgk db~g`g uou|g gdgk dbvglgagk *~irvgiopy/ * ~irvgiopy/ ) aripodriprvgio uab

Hag Gvogkph) U+^` O

:2

dbubpgvggk *bwrgiopy *bwrgiopy /) /) dbagkruoggk *jragkopy *jragkopy /) /) dbgòigk * mrupoeb/ mrupoeb/ `gk koigo!koigo `bahdvguo *`bahevgpohk *`bahevgpohk sgirbu/ ygkl ò~bvirdgk `giga fbvglga gdposopgu uhuogi+ Abkrvrp Mgabu Fgkdu `giga frdrkyg pbkpgkl ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi *7??0/) g`g ioag òabkuo ygkl ugiokl fbvdgopgk `giga ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi) ygopr= 7+ Ehkpbkp okpblvgpohk) okpblvgpohk) abklokpblvguodgk fbvfglgo fr`gyg `gk dbiha~hd rkprd abkloirupvguodgk dhkub~ abk`gugv) lbkbvgiouguo `gk pbhvo `giga agpg ~bigmgvgk(òuo~iok oiar+ 6+ Pjb dkh|ib`lb ehkupvrepohk ~vhebuu ) abafg|g uou|g rkprd abagjgao oa~iodguo fr`gyg db `giga ubfrgj agpg ~bigmgvgk *òuo~iok/+ 5+ Gk Bwropy ^gb`glhly ) abkyburgodgk abph`b ~bklgmgvgk `bklgk egvg fbigmgv uou|g `giga vgkldg abacguoiopguo ~vbupguo gdg`baod uou|g ygkl fbvglga fgod `gvo ublo vgu) fr`gyg gpgr~rk uhuogi+ 0+ ^vbmròeb Vb`repohk) Vb`repohk) abklo`bkpocodguo dgvgdpbvoupod vgu uou|g `gk abkbkprdgk abph`b ~bklgmgvgk abvbdg 2+ Abigpoj dbiha~hd rkprd fbv~gvpouo~guo fbv~ gvpouo~guo `giga ublgig dblogpgk bdpvg drvodribv *ubko fr`gyg) higjvglg) dbglgaggk) agr~rk dblogpgk igok/ glgv aga~r fbvokpbvgduo gkpgvg ~bubvpg òòd agr~rk ~bkòòd *lrvr/ `giga abkeo~pgdgk fr`gyg gdg`baod+

Upvgpblo ygkl òlrkgdgk Lrkg abklok`bkpocodguo jgi oko) òfrprjdgk fbfbvg~g ~bk`bdgpgk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

:3


ygkl fgod ubjokllg pbveo~pgkyg uoupba ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl bcbdpoc `giga abafgklrk dbjo`r~gk aripodriprvgi ygkl pbvgvgj `gk ugiokl abkljgvlgo) jgvru òigdrdgk hibj ~bkòòd `bklgk abiojgp eovo!eovo ~bubvpg òòd ubfglgo urfybd) ò gkpgvgkyg= 7+ ^bubvpg òòd `gigk dbg`ggk ub`gkl fbv`gyg) agdur`kyg og `giga dbg`ggk fbv`gyg rkprd abkllrkgdgk dbaga~rgk) dbagrgk `gk ubfglgokyg+ 6+ Abafgklrk dhjbuocopgu) uhioòpgu `gk okpoaopgu ò gkpgvg dbvglgagkkyg bpkod) vgu) glgag) fr`gyg `gk dbfrprjgk ò gkpgvg dopg+ 5+ ^bubvpg òòd aba~rkygo igpgv fbigdgkl ygkl fbvfb`g+ 0+ ^bubvpg òòd abigdrdgk ~bkmbigmgjgk pbvjg`g~ giga ubdopgvkyg `bklgk ~hpbkuo!~hpbkuo `gugv ygkl òaoiodo ubegvg okòso`r+TQ

aripodriprvgio uab

Hag Gvogkph) U+^` O

:<

@gcpgv ^rupgdg Fgkdu) M *7??5/) Aripoeriprvgi Bb`regpohk= Jouphvoegi @bsbih~abkp)@oabkuohk) gk` ^vgepoeb+ Vbsob| hc Vbubgvej ok B`regpohk+ ‐‐) *7??0/) Gk Okpvh`repohk ph Aripoeriprvgi B`regpohk) Kbb`jga Jboljpu) AG Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog Khahv 6> Pgjrk 6>>5 Pbkpgkl ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+ *RR UOU@ODKGU/


Aripodriprvgiouab `giga ^bafbigmgvgk @vg+ Bvko Fridouo) A+Ue Lrvr Ag`vgugj Gioygj @gvri ‚Rira) Fgk`g Gebj

Aripodriprvgiouab ogigj urgpr gigp rkprd abkokldgpdgk `bvgmgp agkruog+ Ubegvg gigao gpgr dh`vgpo) agkruog òeo~pgdgk Prjgk `giga

dbgkbdgvglgagk

fr`gyg+

Dgvbkg

opr)

~bafgklrkgk

agkruog jgvru aba~bvjgpodgk dbgkbdgvglgagk ygkl g`g ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp+ Jgi opr pbvlgafgv ubegvg kygpg `gk mbigu `giga gi!Wrv‟gk) ub~bvpo covagk Giigj U\P) ‑Ubdovgkyg Giigj abkljbk`gdo kouegyg og abkmgòdgk dgar *ubdgiogk/ ugpr ragp) pbpg~o @og jbk`gd abklrmo dgar gpgu ~bafbvogkKyg+ Agdg fbvihafgigj dgar `giga dbfgodgk+ Db~g`g Giigj pba~gp dgar dbafgio) agdg òprkmrddgk db~g`gar g~g ygkl dgar ~bvubiouojdgk‑+ *WU) Gi!Ago`gj) 2=30/ Gygp opr abafbvo lgafgvgk ~g`g agkruog fglgoagkg dbgkbdgvglgagk `g~gp òdbafgkldgk) frdgk abkmgòdgkkyg ubfglgo ~bvfb`ggk ygkl jgvru ò~bvibfgv gkpgvg ubugag agkruog) Ugo` Gloi *6>>5= 766/+ Ubigkmrpkyg agkpgk Abkpbvo ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi) Agiod Cgmgv *6>>0/ ~bvkgj abklgpgdgk fbpg~g ~bkpoklkyg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgiouab aripodriprvgiouab ò Ok`hkbuog+ Abkrvrpkyg) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgiouab ~bvir òprafrjdbafgkldgk) dgvbkg ~hpbkuo ygkl òaoiodo Ok`hkbuog ubegvg driprvgi) pvgòuo `gk iokldrklgk lbhlvgco ubvpg `bahlvgcou ugklgp irgv fogug+ :?

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O Aripodriprvgiouab `giga ^bafbigmgvgk

^bkòòdgk ygkl òigdugkgdgk ò ubdhigj `bklgk abiofgpdgk ~bubvpg òòd) pbvòvo `gvo uou|g!uou|g ygkl ubfglogk fbugv fbvgugi `gvo ~bvdhpggk `gk ubfglogk dbeoi `gvo ~b`buggk) pbkprkyg `bklgk vglga fr`gyg) bpkou `gk fgjgug ygkl fbvfb`g fb`g+ @b|gug oko) fgkygd dopg ugduodgk dbdbvgugk ò ubdhigj+ Lrvr abkga~gv uou|g ubfglgo jrdragk ub~bvpo fgvr!fgvr oko pbvmgò ò Gebj) ~bibebjgk gkpgvg lrvr `gk uou|g) gkpgvg uou|g `gk uou|g) fgjdgk gkpgvg uou|g ubdhigj ugpr `gk uou|g ubdhigj igok pbvmgò pg|rvgk) ub~bvpo ubvokl ygkl pbvmgò ò Mgdgvpg) ubjokllg aba~bvhibj ~vh`rd uou|g ygkl drvgkl fbvgdjigd) ar`gj òurirp bahuo `gk abkmgò joigkl db~vofgògk+ Dbmgògk igok `g~gp dopg iojgp ò pbibsouo+ Agigj) ~bkriou abiojgp `gk abk`bklgv igklurkl ~bibebjgk ubugag uou|g ò ugigj ugpr ubdhigj abkbklgj ygkl pbvmgò ò Gebj+ Gebj+ Urkllrj abkybòjdgk dhkòuo lbkbvguo ar`g ygkl gdgk abkbvrudgk eopg!eopg fgklug+ @giga ur`rp ~gk`gkl bduoupbkuo ygkl po`gd ubpgvg `gk pgd blgiopbv uggp abkòòd uou|g) lrvr gpgr hvgkl prg fogugkyg aba~huouodgk òvo ubfglgo urfmbd) ubabkpgvg gkgd òòd *uou|g/ ò~huouodgk ubfglgo hfmbd+ @giga vbiguo ub~bvpo oko ur`gj fgvgkl pbkpr fgkygd pbvmgò ~vhubu `bjragkouguo) ygopr ~bigkllgvgk dbagkruogk *Gvobc Jgdoa= 75/+ Modg òpbirurvo gdgv agugigj) fbvdgopgk `bklgk ~bkòòdgk aguoj òudvoaokgpoc ygkl gvpokyg ~bafbigmgvgk fbira abkljgvlgo dbfbvglgagk

uodg~)

~bkbvoaggk

uou|g

pbkpgkl

vbk`gjkyg

dbgòigk) pokllokyg dbaoudokgk) joigklkyg vgug dbagkruoggk rkprd abkljhvagpo jgd!jgd hvgkl igok `gk ~vhubu fbigmgv aripodriprvgio uab

@vg+ Bvko Fridouo) A+Ue O

?7

abklgmgv fbira abklgdhah`guo dbfrprjgk uou|g) iokldrklgk ~bkòòdgk ygkl fbira vgagj gkgd+ Ubfglogk fbugv lrvr) db~gig ubdhigj `gk dhaopb fbira abklbpgjro pbkpgkl aripodriprvgi ~bafbigmgvgk+ Jgi oko g`gigj fbkprd kygpg ubfglgo fglogk `gvo aripodriprvgiouab pbvubfrp+ Jgvg~gk oklok abkpvgkuchvaguodgk `gk abklbkgidgk ~bvu~bdpoc aripodriprv `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj) glgv abvbdg abklbkgio dbfbvglgagk `gk vgagj pbvjg`g~ ~bvfb`ggk ubfglgo ubfrgj dblogpgk ygkl abkybkgkldgk+ @bklgk `baodogk) ~bafbigmgvgk gdgk aga~r abkokldgpdgk vgug ba~gpo `gk abklrvgklo ~vgugkldg uou|g ubjokllg pbveo~pg agkruog ygkl aga~r abkybibugodgk dhkciod pgk~g dbdbvgugk+ Abigiro aripodriprvgiouab `g~gp abafgkpr lrvr `giga ~vhubu ~bafbigmgvgk abkmgò ibfoj bcbuobk `gk bcbdpoc) pbvrpgag abafbvodgk dbaga~rgk ~bubvpg òòd `giga abafgklrk dhigfhvgpoc+ Fbv`gugvdgk agugigj opr) ò~bvirdgk upvgpblo `gk dhkub~ rkprd ababegjdgk ~bvuhgigk pbvubfrp pbvubfrp `giga fo`gkl ~bkòòdgk ò ubdhigj)

pbvrpgag ~g`g drvodrira `gk agkgmbabk ubdhigj

ubvpg lrvr ygkl abvr~gdgk rmrkl phafgd ~bafbigmgvgk+ Fbvodrp fbfbvg~g upvgpblo `gk dhkub~ ygkl ò~bvirdgk ~g`g ~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgiouab ò ubdhigj=

7+ Drvodrira Ubdhigj Drvodrira

òdbafgkldgk

`bklgk

abiojgp

dbvglgagk

dgvgdpbvoupod gkgd òòd ub~bvpo dhkòuo `gbvgj) mbkmgkl `gk mbkou ~bkòòdgk) ubvpg abkljgvlgo `gk po`gd òudvoaokgpoc pbvjg`g~ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

?6


~bvfb`ggk glgag) urdr) fr`gyg) g`gp oupog`gp) upgpru uheogi bdhkhao) `gk mbk`bv *DPU^ AG) 6>>?/+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `g~gp òokpblvguodgk `giga drvodrira) ògvgjdgk db~g`g ~vhubu ~bklbafgklgk ~bafbigmgvgk ò dbigu+ Ubabkpgvg vgkegklgk `gk rkop ~bafbigmgvgk ò dbigu pgd ~bvir òrfgj) kgark òpgafgj `bklgk abafbvodgk agpbvo fbvfglgo fr`gyg) ~vokuo~) pbhvo `gk igok!igok+ Ubfglgo ehkphj) drvodrira ubdhigj `g~gp abagurddgk agpbvo `gk fgjgk gmgv ygkl fbvhvobkpguo ~g`g ~bkljgvlggk db~g`g hvgkl igok) fbkprd ~bkljgvlggk oko abkegdr~ polg vgkgj ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl ubigag oko ur`gj dopg pbvg~dgk ubegvg pbhvo `gk ~vgdpod ygopr dhlkopoc) gcbdpoc `gk ~uodhahphvod) ~ uodhahphvod) kgark fbira erdr~ abk`giga ~bkbvg~gkkyg ~g`g gcbdpoc+ Ehkphj igok `giga upvgpblo ~bafbigmgvgk aripodriprvgi) aougikyg abigiro agpg ~bigmgvgk ^^Dk) Glgag) Uhuohihlo) Fohihlo) Gkpvh~hihlo `gk `g~gp mrlg abigiro ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl igok ub~bvpo abkllrkgdgk ugvgkg gròh sourgi) ~bk`bdgpgk iokldrklgk) dblogpgk bdupvgdrvodribv `gk ubfglgokyg+ @ouga~godgk abigiro fgjgk gmgv ygkl `g~gp dopg igdrdgk ò `giga dbigu agr~rk ò irgv dbigu+ Ugigj ugprkyg `gvo giga fbvdbafgkl ~bvagokgk aripodriprvgi) ygopr lbibafrkl r`gvg fogugkyg ò~bvhibj `gvo agokgk gov ugfrk gpgr uga~jh ygkl òmrgi `giga ~gdbp dbeoi+ Dopg foug abklgmgd uou|g db giga pbvfrdg rkprd ababpod pgkldgo `gk `grk mgvgd ygkl igklurkl ò~gpgjdgk pg~o ~gpgjgk ò~bvpgjgkdgk) dbarògk òpor~ ~bvigjgk!igjgk) pbvfbkprdigj lbibafrkl r`gvg+ Abigiro Abigir o abph`b oko `g~gp abkljo`r~dgk oagmokguo uou|g) dbebvogk) vgagj iokldrklgk `gk db`gagogk+ Upvgpblo oko pbkprkyg ~bvir òigdrdgk hibj lrvr! aripodriprvgio uab


?5

lrvr dvbgpoc `gk okhsgpoc+ Rkprd opr) lrvr òprkprp rkprd ibfoj dvbgpoc `gk okhsgpoc ubjokllg aga~r abklhigj `gk abkeo~pgdgk `bugok ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl uburgo+

6+ Agkgmbabk Ubdhigj Agkgmbabk ubdhigj ygkl pbigj òpbpg~dgk fbvugag db~gig ubdhigj po`gd fhibj òigkldgjo+ Ehkphjkyg) rkprd ~bkbvoaggk uou|g ygkl agurd fbv`gugvdgk rvrpgk koigo pbu pbvfgod pbkprkyg ibfoj òrpgagdgk) kgark `giga ~bigdugkggk ò ig~gklgk pbvmgò dbfbvglgagk+ Oko gdvgf pbvmgò ò ubdhigj ygopr ~bkyoa~gklgk dgvbkg g`gkyg dhiruo `gk kb~hpouab *dgigklgk agyhvopgu/ ubjokllg dgigklgk aokhvopgu pbvgfgodgk rkprd foug agurd db urgpr ubdhigj *cgshvop/+ Dbmgògk opr dgvbkg vbk`gjkyg dbgòigk `giga abkbkprdgk dbfomgdgk) fbira abklbkgio `gk pgd abagjgao dbfbvglgagk+ ^bvgk db~gig ubdhigj `gk dhaopb jgvru dhkubdrbk abkba~gpdgk dbgòigk `bklgk fbkgv uburgo dh`b bpod ygkl pbigj òpbpg~dgk+ @o uouo igok lrvr mrlg jgvru abk`rdrkl dbfomgdgk!dbfomgdgk ygkl pbigj òub~gdgpo fbvugag+ Aripodriprvgi ~g`g agkgmbabk ubdhigj abvr~gdgk rkurv ~bkrkmgkl ~bkòòdgk+ Agdgkyg agvo lbvgddgk aripodriprvgiouab rkprd òuhuogiouguodgk ibfoj g|gi db~g`g ubdhigj!ubdhigj gpgr ibafglg!ibafglg ~bkòòdgk igok+

5+ ^bk`bdgpgk Dharkodguo ò Ubdhigj @giga ~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv ò ubdhigj) fbvfglgo ~bk`bdgpgk òlrkgdgk hibj lrvr rkprd abkòòd ~gvg ~bigmgv+ G`g lrvr ygkl ubkgkl abklgvgj `gk ababvokpgj uou|g abkrvrp dbjbk`gdkyg) abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

?0


g`g mrlg lrvr ygkl abklgmgd uou|g fbvugag!ugag abkybibugodgk ph~od fgjgugk) kgark ubarg g`g agkcggpkyg uburgo `bklgk dbg`ggk+ Pgk~g dharkodguo ygkl fgod) jguoi ygkl òprgo mrlg po`gd abargudgk *^r~rj) Uhfvy= 07/+ Upvgpblo ~bk`bdgpgk `bklgk dharkodguo jgvru òg|gio `bklgk vgug ugiokl abkljgvlgo gkpgvg db~gig ubdhigj `gk lrvr) ubugag lrvr `gk lrvr `bklgk uou|g+ @baodogk ~rig db~gig ubdhigj `gk uou|g+ G`gkyg ~bkljgvlggk db~g`g uou|g) agdg uou|g~rk gdgk abigdrdgk jgi ygkl ugag uggp fbvdharkodguo `bklgk lrvr+ Ub~bvpo dgpg ~b~gpgj ’lrvr dbkeokl fbvòvo) arvo` dbkeokl fbvigvo‑+ Dbarògk dbaga~rgk lrvr abkba~gpdgk òvo ~g`g uoprguo `gk dhkòuo ò iokldrklgk fbigmgv) pgd jgkyg abiofgpdgk ok`vg pg~o mrlg agpg jgpo `gk ~bvguggkkyg `giga abagjgao dhkòuo uou|g+ Rkprd

abigdugkgdgk

prlgu

ubegvg

~vhcbuohkgi)

lrvr

ababvirdgk |g|gugk `gk o`b fglgoagkg abafbvodgk dbpbvgklgk ~g`g ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl abvr~gdgk drkeo rpgag `giga agugigj oko+ Lrvr jgvru aga~r abkgkgadgk koigo!koigo gdjigd ò ubpog~ agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl abvbdg gmgvdgk+ Ubhvgkl lrvr O^G aougikyg po`gd jgkyg ubdg`gv abklgmgv agpbvo ~bklbpgjrgk giga) pbpg~o fglgoagkg ~gvg lrvr O^G abklokpblvguodgk koigo!koigo gdjigdri dgvoagj `giga agpg ~bigmgvgk ygkl ògmgvdgk+ Fglgoagkg egvg abkbvg~dgk db uou|g glgv `g~gp abagkmgdgk bahuo gkgd) fbigmgv `bklgk kygagk ubjokllg òug`gvo gpgr po`gd) abvbdg gdgk abahpvbp g~g ygkl abvbdg iojgp `gk vgugdgk) ubjokllg aba~bklgvrjo bahuo ~huopoc `gk aba~bvar`gj rkprd pbveg~gokyg prmrgk fbigmgv+

aripodriprvgio uab


?2

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?3


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aripodriprvgio uab


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@GCPGV ^RUPGDG Giarkg|gv) Ugo` Gloi Jruok+ 6>>5+ Gdprgiouguo Koigo!Koigo Wrv‟gko+ Mgdgvpg = Eo~rpgp ^vbuu+ Fgkdu) Mgabu G+ 6>><+ ^bafbigmgvgk Fbvfguou Aripodriprvgi) jpp~=(( irfoulvgcrvg) |hv` ~vbuu+eha+ ògdubu pgkllgi 66 mrko 6>77+ Jgdoa Gvobc) A+ 6>>6+ Abkòòd Gkgd Ubegvg Fomgd+Fgk`rkl Fomgd+Fgk`rk l = Agvmg+ Dbabkpvogk Glgag+ 6>>?+ Drvodrira Pokldgp Ugprgk ^bigmgvgk+ Fgk`g Gebj = Ag`vgugj Gioygj) Ofvgjoa) Aruioa+ 6>7>+ Cgdripgu Pgvfoygj OGOK Gv!vgkovy+ @gvo agdgigj ^bafbkprdgk Dgvgdpbv Lrvr Fbvfguou Uygvo‟gp Ouiga+ Cgpjrvvhjagk) ^r~rj `gk Urpodkh) Uhfvy+ 6>><+ Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Abklgmgv+ Fgk`rkl = Gòpgag+


Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+

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7>> O Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd

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Bvig|gkg) U+^`+) A+^`+ O

7>7

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7/

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0/

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7>6 O Upvgpblo Fbigmgv Dbiha~hd

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7>5

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6+

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7>2

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3+

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77: O Abklbafgiodgk Dhuah~hiopgk Gebj

Gebj ~bvir pbvru òfgklrk `gk òvbsopgiouguo pbvrpgag ubpbigj ~bkgk`gpgklgkgk Abahvgk`ra hc Rk`bvupgkòkl AhR Jbiuokdo ~g`g 72 Glrupru 6>>2 `gk òpbpg~dgkkyg Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Khahv 77 Pgjrk 6>>3 pbkpgkl ^babvokpgjgk Gebj+

E+

Rvlbkuo ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi

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77?

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76> O Abklbafgiodgk Dhuah~hiopgk Gebj

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@+

Upvgpblo Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk

Upvgpblo aripodriprvgi `giga abkmglg ~bv`gagogk `g~gp òigdrdgk `bklgk abkllgio koigo!koigo fr`gyg Gebj ygkl abkmgò chk`guo `giga abvgmrp fgklrkgk ~bv`gagogk+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `g~gp mrlg òubfrp ubfglgo upvgpblo gpgr ~bk`bdgpgk fr`gyg fr`g yg `giga vbuhiruo dhkciod+ Ubfglgo ehkphj ~vhubu ~bkybibugogk dhkciod ygkl fbvdbafgkl `giga aguygvgdgp òubibugodgk abigiro dbvgkldg g`gp ygkl fbvdhjbvbkuo `bklgk koigo!koigo glgag+ ^bigdugkggk ò‟obp) ugyga ugyga)) urihj)) `gk ~bragp mgvhb g`gigj ~vhubu ~bkybibugogk dhkciod urihj fbvfguou g`gp ygkl ur`gj igag abklgdgv `giga aguygvgdgp ò Gebj+ Pvgòuo oko abvr~gdgk ~vhubu ~bkybibugogk dhkciod ygkl ugklgp `bahdvgpou pgk~g pbvmgòkyg ~bvpra~gjgk `gvgj `gk `bk`ga gkpgvg db`rg ~ojgd ygkl fbvubpbvr) fgod sbvpodgi agr~rk jhvo}hkpgi+ Ubarg ~vhubu r~gyg `gago abiofgpdgk okupopruo g`gp `gk fr`gyg `giga ~bkybibugogk dguru ~o`gkg) fbvprmrgk rkprd abkljoigkldgk `bk`ga gkpgvg ~ojgd ygkl fbvpodgo *U+ Gffgu `gk G+ Gvo`g) 6>>3/+ aripodriprvgio uab


767

^bkybibugogk dhkciod `bklgk ~hig ò‟obp òprmrdgk rkprd abkljoigkldgk `bk`ga `gk vgug ~bvarurjgk fbvdb~gkmgklgk gkpgvg ~gvg ~ojgd fbvpodgo ygkl pbigj abklgdofgpdgk dbdbvgugk `gk fgjdgk ~bafrkrjgk+ Ub`gkldgk ugyga fglo aguygvgdgp Gebj fbvurafbv `gvo g`glora ygkl ur`gj òdbkgi igag ygopr ’irdg ’irdg òuo~gp) `gvgj òurdgp ‑+ ‑+ Agdkg g`glora oko g`gigj irdg gdofgp ~bklgkogyggk gpgr dbdbvguggk jgvru ò~bvjoprkldgk) `baodogk ~rig pra~gjkyg `gvgj mrlg jgvru ò~bvjoprkldgk+ ^gk`gklgk oko abklokòdguodgk fgj|g aguygvgdgp Gebj fbpri!fbpri abafbvodgk ~bkljgvlggk `gk ~bviok`rklgk ygkl pokllo pbvjg`g~ prfrj agkruog) ubfglgo eo~pggk Giigj+ Ub`gkldgk urihj) abkrvrp V+ G+ Arjgaag` *6>>24 552/) ibfoj ògvgjdgk ubfglgo r~gyg ~bv`gagogk ò irgv dguru!dguru ~o`gkg) pbpg~o abklgvgj db~g`g dguru ~bv`gpg ygkl po`gd abirdgo gkllhpg prfrj agkruog+ Dguru!dguru ~bv`gpg ygkl òubibugodgk abigiro urihj rarakyg fbvdgopgk `bklgk ~bvbfrpgk ubkpvg!ubkpvg bdhkhao ub~bvpo fgpgu pgkgj) pgio gov ò ug|gj) ig~gd pba~gp fbvmrgigk) `gbvgj giovgk urklgo pba~gp abkgkldg~ odgk *ubrkbrfhd *ubrkbrfhd / `gk igok! igok+ ^bkybibugogk ub~bvpo oko fogugkyg rkprd dguru!dguru ugklgp voklgk `gk erdr~ `bklgk fbvugiga!ugigagk *~bragp *~bragp mgvhb/+ mgvhb/+ ^vhubu oa~ibabkpguo `gk uhuogiouguo ~bkgkgagk koigo!koigo aripodriprv `giga fr`gyg Gebj rkprd abkmglg ~bv`gagogk `g~gp òigdrdgk ~g`g `rg ibafglg+ ^bvpgag) ~bkòòdgk chvagi) ygopr ~bkòòdgk arigo `gvo Ubdhigj @gugv *U@/ uga~go ^bvlrvrgk Pokllo *^P/+ _gdko `bklgk abagurddgk drvodrira ~bkòòdgk `gago ò ubdhigj!ubdhigj ubmgd `gvo U@ uga~go ^P) ubfglgoagkg Uoglg Fbkegkg abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv


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Pbag!Pbag ^hdhd ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi Kh 7 6 5 0 2

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Dbpbvgklgk


765

Db`rg) ibafglg g`gp ygkl g`g ò Gebj+ Ibafglg!ibafglg ygkl `g~gp fbv~bvgk gdpoc gkpgvg igok Agmbiou G`gp Gebj) Oara Ardoa) Oara Ejod) Dbrejod) Prjg ^brp) Prjg Ig~gk) Oara Abrkgugj) Dbrmvbrk Figkl) ^gklioag Ighp) ^g|gkl Libb) ^brprg Ubrkbrfhd) Jgvog ^brdgk) Uygjfgk`gv *RR Kh+ 77 Pgjrk 6>>3/+ Ibafglg! ibafglg g`gp oko abaoiodo |b|bkgkl rkprd abkybibugodgk agugigj uhuogi dbaguygvgdgpgk `gk abkybibugodgk ubkldbpg gpgr abk`gagodgk ~gvg ~ojgd ygkl fbvubkldbpg ò |oigygjkyg *ubfglgo jgdoa ~bv`gagogk/) *Joa~rkgk Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl) 6>>04 <
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B+

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abklg|bpdgk)

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pvgòuo

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762

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Gaok Gf`riigj) ^bkòòdgk Glgag Bvg Aripodriprvgi! Aripovbioloru) Mgdgvpg= ÛG^ Arjgaagòygj) 6>>2+

Vrumò Gio Arjgaag`) ^bvgkgk Fr`gyg `giga Abvgmrp Db`gagogk `gk Uoigprvvgjao) `giga @gvko @gr` `dd+ *Bòphv/) Fr`gyg Gebj) @okgaodg Ubmgvgj `gk Lihfgiouguo ) Fgk`g Gebj= Rkuyogj ^vbuu) 6>>2+ Ubvgafo Ok`hkbuog) Bòuo) ? G~voi 6>>3+ Uygjvo}gi Gffgu `gk Glrupokg Gvo`g) ^hig ^bkybibugogk Dhkciod `giga Pvgòuo Aguygvgdgp Lga~hkl) Mrvkgi Uraodb) Shirab OO) 6>>3+ aripodriprvgio uab


76<

Poa ^bkyrurk) Dgaru Fbugv Fgjgug Ok`hkbkuog) Mgdgvpg= Fgigo ^rupgdg) 6>>:+ Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog) Khahv 77 Pgjrk 6>>3 pbkpgkl ^babvokpgjgk Gebj+ Rk`gkl!Rk`gkl Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog) Khahv 6> Pgjrk 6>>5 pbkpgkl Uoupba ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+


Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj Jgaag`òk

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Gebj g`gigj fglogk |oigygj Kblgvg Dbugprgk Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog *KDVO/) ygkl pbvibpgd ò rmrkl ~giokl fgvgp ^rigr Gk`gigu *fgeg4 ^rigr Uragpvg/+ ^vbuo`bk ~bvpgag Ok`hkbuog) Uhbdgvkh) abkybfrpkyg) ubfglgo ’`gbvgj ah`gi ~bvmrgklgk vgdygp Ok`hkbuog rkprd aba~bvpgjgkdgk dbabv`bdggk vb~rfiod oko‑+ Ubmgvgj ~bvmrgklgk Ok`hkbuog pbigj òegpgp `bklgk pokpg bagu) fglgoagkg fbugvkyg ~bvgkgk vgdygp Gebj `giga abvbfrp `gk aba~bvpgjgkdgk dbabv`bdggk vb~rfiod oko+ Gebj `giga dhkpbdu oko frdgkigj urdr) pg~o fgklug ygkl ò `gigakyg pbv`g~gp fbfbvg~g urdr `bklgk 77 ògibd fgjgug *Gebj) Lgyh) Gigu) Pgaogkl) Gkbrd Mgabb) Dirbp) Uokldoi) Jgihfgk) Uoabrirb) @bsgygk `gk Uolrigo/+ Ubigok opr g`g mrlg urdr―urdr ~bk`gpgkl ygkl pbigj igag abkbpg~ ò |oigygj Gebj+ ^bk`r`rd Gebj g`gigj aguygvgdgp agmbard `gk òdbkgi 76?

75> O Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj

`bklgk fbvfglgo ehvgd `gk |gvkg urdr fgklug) abaoiodo igpgv fbigdgkl ubmgvgj) fr`gyg ygkl fbvgkbdg vglga gkpgvg ugpr urdr `gk urdr igok+ Kgark) ubarg opr ~rkyg ugpr gvpo) ygopr dbugprgk) po`gd pbv~begj―fbigj gkpgvg ugpr urdr `gk urdr igok+ ^bvfb`ggk pbvubfrp òpgafgj `bklgk dbok`gjgk giga ygkl aba~buhkg) fbvfb`g gkpgvg ugpr `gbvgj `gk `gbvgj igok+

^hpbkuo Dhkciod Dbfbvglgagk urdr *aripodriprv/ vbkpgk pbvmgò dhkciod foig pgd ògkpouo~guo ubmgd òko+ Pbpg~o ubmgvgj pbigj abkegpgp) ubfglogk fbugv ~baoer dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò frdgk dgvbkg ~bvpgvrklgk gkpgvurdg fgklug ygkl g`g) abigokdgk dbpo`gdgòigk ygkl ò~bvhibj aguygvgdgp+ Gebj pbigj abib|gpo fbvfglgo dhkciod ubmgd }gagk ~bkmgmgjgk Fbigk`g `gk Mb~gkl) agug ~bvgkl dbabv`bdggk) @O( POO) ^bvoupo|g L5>U(^DO) @gbvgj H~bvguo Aoiopbv *@HA/) `gk dhkòuo ygkl po`gd dhk`ruoc ~gueg@HA) ~bafbvigdrgk @gvrvgp Aoiopbv O `gk OO) @gvrvgp Uo~oi O `gk OO uga~go gdjovkyg fbkegkg `gjuygp lba~g frao `gk purkgao abigk`g ~g`g 63 @bubafbv 6>>0+ Gebj ~guegpurkgao abkmgò ~bvjgpogk `gvo aguygvgdgp `rkog+ Gebj ygkl ubarig ubegvg ~hiopod `gbvgj pbvprpr~ abkmgò pbvfrdg+ Jodagj ò fgiod fbkegkg opr abigjovdgk ~bv`gagogk `bklgk òpgk`gpgklgkokyg Abahvgk`ra hc Rk`bvupgkòkl *AhR/ gkpgvg ^babvokpgj Vb~rfiod Ok`hkbuog *VO/ `gk Lbvgdgk Gebj Abv`bdg *LGA/ ò Jbiuokdo) ofrdhpg Cokigkòg) ~g`g 72 Glrupru 6>>2+ @ga~gd lhvbugk ubmgvgj opr pbigj abklrfgj pgpgkgk dbjo`r~gk uhuogi) bdhkhao) fr`gyg `gk iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp Gebj+ ^rkegd aripodriprvgio uab

Jgaag`òk O

757

~bvrfgjgk opr pbvmgò dbpodg ~vhubu vbjgfoiopguo `gk vbdhkupvrduo ~guegpurkgao ò Gebj+ @giga dhkòuo opr) vgdygp Gebj pgd iglo dvopou `gk gkgiopou abiojgp fbvfglgo ~bvrfgjgk ~bvdbafgklgk ygkl fblopr eb~gp pbvmgò) arkerikyg ~vokuo~ ubvfg fhibj *~bvaouoc/ `gk ubvfg fbfgu *iofbvgiou/ ò pbklgj dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp+

^bv`gagogk Gkrlbvgj pbvfbugv fglo aguygvgdgp Gebj g`gigj ~bv`gagogk) ygkl abvr~gdgk oa~ibabkpguo AhR Jbiuokdo gkpgvg VO `gk LGA+ AhR opr òub~gdgpo rkprd abklgdjovo dhkciod fbvubkmgpg ygkl ubigag oko ok o ugklgp abkljgkpro dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp Gebj ygkl ò~bvdovgdgk ò~bvdovg dgk ~rirjgk vofr mo|g agkruog abkokllgi `rkog ubigag jga~ov 5> pgjrk agug dhkciod opr+ ^bv`gagogk foug ugmg kgkpo jgkyg abkmgò ubfrgj dbkgklgk ok`gj ò `gbvgj oko foig po`gd g`gkyg g`g kyg dbgòigk `gk dbubmgjgpbvggk `giga iokldrklgk ~bvlgrigk vgdygp Gebj ubkòvo+ Jgvru ògdro ubmrmrvkyg) fgj|g aguoj fgkygd agugigj `gk pgkpgklgk òjg`g~o vgdygp Gebj+ _gkl ~giokl gdrp g`gigj arkerikyg fr`gyg agr abkgkl ubkòvo `gk oklok pbvru fbvdrgug ygkl fbvoafgu db~g`g dbkpgikyg fr`gyg dhvr~uo) dhiruo `gk kb~hpouab pgk~g ababkpokldgk dbgòigk `gk dbubmgjpbvggk vgdygp Gebj ygkl pbvòvo `gvo fbvfglgo bpkou *fgod ~bk`gpgkl agr~rk agr ~rk urdr guio abkbpg~ igag ò |oigygj Gebj/+ Jgi pbvubfrp ur`gj abvgurdo po`gd jgkyg ~g`g lvguu vhhp ibsbi ) pg~o mrlg abkllbmgig ~g`g ao`ìb `gk biop ibsbi + Gdjovkyg) vgug ugdop jgpo ygkl ubagdok abkra~rd) ugklgp fbvfgjgyg fglo dbrprjgk ~bv`gagogk ò Gebj+


756 O Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj

^bkòòdgk Aripodriprv Foig dhkòuo ò gpgu pbvru fbvdbafgkl `giga pgpgkgk ~bvlgrigk uhuogi) fr`gyg) ~hiopod `gk bdhkhao) agdg ~bv`gagogk ygkl ubdgvgkl ub`gkl òkodagpo vgdygp Gebj gdgk pokllgi ubfrgj dbkgklgk agkou+ Arkldok dguru ò Dgioagkpgk *@gygd su Ag`rvg/ gpgr dhkciod Fhukog ! Ubvfog gdgk pbvmgò ò ` o Gebj+ Kgr}rfoiigjaok}giod ‣ Rkprd abklgkpou~guo jgi opr pbvmgò) mgirv `rkog ~bkòòdgk ugklgp bcbdpoc `gk bcbuobk abvb`gakyg+ ^bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk ~bvuhgigk ygkl ugklgp ~voabv fglo gkgd agkruog+ \gmgv foig ~bkòòdgk ubfglgo ubfrgj jgvg~gk rkprd abklbafgkldgk ~hpbkuo okòso`r `gk aguygvgdgp+ Pokldgp `gk egvg ~bkòòdgk gdgk ababklgvrjo egvg gkgd agkruog `giga fbvokpbvgduo) fgod `bklgk ubugag agjird jo`r~) giga `gk Ugkl Djgiod ~bkeo~pgkyg+ ^bkòòdgk `giga jgi oko frdgk abkbdgkdgk ~g`g dbebv`gugk okpbibd ubagpg) pg~o ibfoj abkbdgkdgk dbebv`gugk uhuogi+ Jgvru ògdro fgj|g hvobkpguo ~bkòòdgk dopg ibfoj abkbdgkdgk ~g`g dbaga~rgk okpbibd ygkl abkmrvru db~g`g uoupba ~bkòòdgk fgvgp) òagkg ibfoj fgkygd òg`h~uo hibj ubirvrj kblbvg ò `rkog) jgkyg abklgmgvdgk agkruog fbvdha~bpbkuo fbvdha~bpbkuo *fbvugokl/ *fbvugokl/ `gk abklbmgv agpbvogioupoe ur~bvohvopy *ur~bvohvopgu ur~bvohvopy *ur~bvohvopgu agpbvogioupou/+ @giga uoupba oko) agkruog òlovokl rkprd fbvihafg abkeg~go ~huouo ur~bvohv `giga fo`gkl bdhkhao `gk pbdkhihlo+ Agdg gdgk fbvigdr jrdra voafg) uog~g ygkl drgp ògigj ygkl fbvdrgug+ Gdjovkyg) vbkpgk pbvmgò dhkciod `giga abk`g~gpdgk oa~ogk gpgr jgvg~gk `bklgk abkljgigidgk ublgig egvg rkprd abvgojkyg+ ^bkòòdgk ygkl fbvhvobkpguo dbebv`gugk uhuogi) ubegvg pgd aripodriprvgio uab

Jgaag`òk O

755

igklurkl pbigj abkbdgkdgk ~g`g dbebv`gugk okpbibd+ Dgvbkg dopg abklbpgjro fgj|g dbebv`gugk uhuogi g`gigj rdrvgk dbaga~rgk òvo ububhvgkl `giga ~bvlgrigk ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp `gk dbaga~rgk fbvokpbvgduo uhuogi `bklgk hvgkl―hvgkl ò ubdopgvkyg+ Hvgkl

ygkl

~rkyg

dbebv`gugk

uhuogi

ibfoj

jragkou

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750 O Abkmglg ^bv`gagogk Gebj

fgygklgk ~gvgòlag opr abkrpr~ ~bkliojgpgk dopg ygkl arvko) ubjokllg ubvokldgio pgd aga~r abiojgp uburgpr ubegvg hfybdpoc+

Drvodrira ^bkòòdgk Dbfbvglgagk bpkou ò Gebj ugklgp ~hpbkuogi rkprd pbvmgò fbkprvgk *dhkciod/+ @giga jgi oko foug pbvmgò dhkciod jhvo}hkpgi *gkpgv urdr/) ygkl ibfoj `gjuygp òfgkòkl dhkciod sbvpodgi + Agdg ugklgp ò~bvirdgk ~bklbpgjrk pbkpgkl aripodriprvgi òagurddgk `giga drvodrira ~bkòòdgk argpgk ihdgi ò Gebj) arigo `gvo ubdhigj `gugv uga~go db ~bvlrvrgk pokllo+ ^bkòòdgk pbkpgkl opr po`gd jgkyg jgvru òmbkmgkl chvagi pg~o mrlg ò mgirv ~bkòòdgk okchvagi+ Ubegvg rara drvodrira pbvubfrp abklouygvgpdgk fgj|g ubarg urdr opr g`gigj ugag+ Gvpokyg pgd g`g òudvoaokguo `giga abafbvigdrdgk dbfbvg`ggk bpkou pbvpbkpr ygkl g`g ò |oigygj ~babvokpgjgk Gebj) `gk ubarg urdr ygkl g`g ò Gebj fbvjgd ab|gvkgo òkgaodg uhuogi) fr`gyg) ~hiopod `gk bdhkhao rkprd abkeg~go Gebj ygkl fbvagvpgfgp+ ^bkbvg~gk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `giga drvodrira ~bkòòdgk chvagi `gk okchvagi ò Gebj ubegvg hphagpou gdgk abarkeridgk uodg~ po`gd abkphibvov dbdbvgugk gpgu kgag fr`gyg g~g~rk fbkprdkyg) dgvbkg ~g`g ubpog~ dbfr`gyggk abklgmgvdgk `gk

abkyrvrj

abkljok`gvo

dbdbvgugk+

Ubigkmrpkyg)

gdgk

abkrafrjdgk phibvgkuo `bklgk abkyodg~o ~bvfb`ggk dgvbkg ubarg urdr opr g`gigj ugag+ Gdjovkyg abklbafgkldgk fr`gyg `gago+ aripodriprvgio uab

Jgaag`òk O

752

^bkrpr~ Ubarg oko dbafgio ~g`g ^babvokpgjgk Gebj ubfglgo ~bablgkl hpbvopbv pbvpokllo dbdrguggk) `bklgk ò`rdrkl ubirvrj dha~hkbk vgdygp Gebj pgk~g abiojgp fgmr bpkou ygkl ~gdgo+ Ubigok opr) g`gkyg dbagrgk ygkl fbugv rkprd abkmglg ~bv`gagogk ò Gebj+ Ubegvg djruru) ubarg opr gdgk fbvargvg db~g`g dbfomgdgk ~babvokpgj rkprd abkok`gd pblgu uog~g ~rk ygkl abkoafridgk agugigj `gk abkybibugodgk gdgv agugigj+ Ubjokllg po`gd abarkeridgk agugigj ub~bvpo fhig ugimr gpgr ub~bvpo g~o `giga ubdga ygkl foug foug abib`gd abib`gd dg~gk ugmg+ Rkprd abafg|g ~bv`gagogk Gebj db agug `b~gk ygkl ~bkrj ~ bkrj pgkpgklgk) jgkyg `g~gp ògpguo `bklgk ubigagp) ubfbugv arkldok uodg~ oiaogj) vguohkgi) dbpbvfrdggk) dbubòggk abkbvoag dvopodgk `gk dhvbduo) `bklgk ~hig ygkl jhvo}hkpgi `gk blgiopbv glgv pbvfrdg) dbarkldokgk abklbirgvdgk ~odovgk gipbvkgpoc ib|gp ~vhubu dvbgpoc ygkl fbfgu hibj ubfgkygd arkldok hvgkl `giga upvrdprv `bahdvguo `gk pgd abklbkyga~okldgk jgd guguo agkruog+TQ


Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago Bio Krvio}g) U+^` Lrvr Ag`vgugj Gioygj @gvri ‚Rira) Fgk`g Gebj

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75: O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago

foug abklgkega igkllbklkyg ~bv`gagogk g~gfoig po`gd foug òuodg~o

ubegvg

fomgdugkg+

Igkldgj!igkldgj

upvgpblou

ygkl

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Bio Krvio}g) U+^` O

75?

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ubmgvgj

abafrdpodgk

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~bklhvfgkgk

irgv fogug rkprd abkgdirdgk db`grigpgk Gebj+ Fbvagega egvg òlrkgdgk arigo `gvo ygkl fbvuocgp jgv` ~h|bv *dbdbvgugk/ ~h|bv *dbdbvgugk/ uga~go uhcp ~h|bv *irkgd(ibafrp/+ ~h|bv *irkgd(ibafrp/+ Prmrgkkyg jgkyg ugpr= abaoiodo Gebj+ Kgark) opr po`gd foug abkgdirddgk Gebj+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

70> O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago

Pbvegpgp `giga ubmgvgj fgj|g |oigygj Gebj jgkyg foug ò`r`rdo hibj fgklug irgv ubdopgv 2> pgjrk ugmg+ Fgygkldgk `bklgk `gbvgj igok ò Krugkpgvg ygkl abkeg~go 52> pgjrk ibfoj ~bk`r`rdgk ~bkmgmgj+ Dhkciod Gebj pgd erdr~ uga~go ò uopr+ Dhkciod ~guegdbabv`bdggk ygkl khpgfbkb ò`gigklo hibj hvgkl!hvgkl kblbvo ubkòvo pbigj abafbvodgk irdg ubkòvo fglo ~gvg ~ gvg dhvfgkkyg+ Jgd!jgd ygkl ubjgvrukyg abkmgò aoiod aguygvgdgp pbigj òdbfovo hibj ~babvokpgj ~rugp ubjokllg gdjovkyg ~bafbvhkpgdgk ~rk pbvmgò+ Abkrvrp ~gvg gjio ubmgvgj) dhkciod ygkl pbvmgò frdgk ò`gugvo pgfogp dblbagvgk aguygvgdgp Gebj gdgk ~b~bvgklgk) pbpg~o jgd!jgdkyg ubigdr `gbvgj ygkl dgyg po`gd pbv~bkrjo+ Db`rg) fbkegkg lba~g `gk purkgao+ Dbmgògk 63 @bubafbv 6>>0) abafbvo `ga~gd irgv fogug fglo dbigklurklgk jo`r~ `gk fbvaguygvgdgp ò Gebj+ Dbjgkervgk okcvgupvrdprv pgd pbvjokllg dbvrlogkkyg+ Dhvfgk mo|g jga~ov abkeg~go 6>>+>>> hvgkl) vragj ygkl abkmgò pba~gp pokllgi arukgj òug~r gvru purkgao+ Pg~o) g`g ubpopod dbfbvdgjgk `gvo pblrvgk giga opr ygopr pbv|rmr`kyg ~bv`gagogk ò Gebj+ Aba~bvhibj

uburgpr

mgrj

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aba~bvpgjgkdgk+ Oko rkldg~gk ygkl ubvokl òihkpgvdgk rkprd abkloklgp dbafgio fgj|g fblopr fbvgvpokyg ~bv`gagogk ygkl pbigj òeg~go ~g`g 72 Glrupru 6>>2 ò Jbiuokdo) Cokigkòg+ Aba~bvpgjgkdgk ~bv`gagogk frdgk prlgu ublbiokpov hvgkl) kgark prlgu `gk db|gmofgk ubirvrj ig~ougk aguygvgdgp+ Ugigj ugpr rugjg ygkl jgvru òigdrdgk glgv ~bv`gagogk `g~gp pbvru òkodagpo ub~gkmgkl agug g`gigj `bklgk abafoafokl aripodriprvgio uab

Bio Krvio}g) U+^` O

707

lbkbvguo ar`g abigiro ~bkòòdgk+ Phigd rdrv dbg`ggk fgklug db `b~gk `g~gp òiojgp `gvo dbg`ggk lbkbvguo uggp oko+ ^bkpoklkyg abkgkgadgk koigo ~bkòòdgk dgvbkg) abkrvrp Ugo` Jgao` `gk `dd *6>7>= 5/) ~bkòòdgk abvr~gdgk r~gyg pbvbkegkg `giga abklbafgkldgk ~hpbkuo) ubjokllg ~rkyg uoupba fbv~odov) koigo) ahvgi) `gk dbygdokgk ygkl ò|gvoudgk aguygvgdgpkyg `gk abklbafgkldgk |gvougk pbvubfrp db gvgj ygkl uburgo rkprd dbjo`r~gk agug doko `gk abk`gpgkl+ Ugigj ugpr ygkl jgvru òigdugkgdgk g`gigj ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Ubegvg po`gd igklurkl dopg abagkl ur`gj fbvg`g `giga dbjo`r~gk aguygvgdgp ygkl aripodriprv+ Dbug`gvgk oko jgvru òprafrjdgk ubegvg djruru `giga r~gyg abigkllbkldgk ~bv`gagogk Gebj+ Gvpokyg) òfbvodgk ~bkòòdgk fbvbkegkg fgod ubegvg chvagi gpgr okchvagi+ Kgark) ugklgp òugygkldgk

fbv`gugvdgk urvsbo ygkl

òigdrdgk ~bkbiopo Okupoprpb chv B`regpohk Vbchva *OBV/ Rkosbvuopgu ^gvgagòkg) Vbpkh Ioupygvpo pbvjg`g~ 67 frdr pbdu ^Dk UAG Dbigu 7!5) po`gd pbv`g~gp ugpr dgpg ~rk ygkl abkybfrp aripodriprv+ Fbvglga

dhkciod

aripodriprvgi

fgod

dguru

kguohkgi

gpgr

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g`gigj

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706 O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago

`bklgk pbagk ygkl fbvfb`g fgjgug) fr`gyg) igpgv fbigdgkl dbirgvlg) ~hig ~odov) `gk fgkygd ~bvfb`ggk igok+ Dbpodg ~bvfb`ggk oko po`gd ògvgjdgk db gvgj ~huopoc agdg gdgk poafri fbkoj!fbkoj ~bvubiouojgk+ ^bvra~gaggk urgpr irdg dbeoi ygkl lgkgu dgigr po`gd òhfgpo gdgk abkmgò irdg fbugv ugklgp ehehd `giga jgi oko+ Ehkphj jgi! jgi ub`bvjgkg `giga iokldrklgk ubdhigj `g~gp abkybfgfdgk ~bvubiouojgk+ ^bubvpg òòd ygkl fbvgugi `gvo Abrigfhj gpgr Gebj Fbugv) dbpodg fbvprprv `giga ògibl Gebj) dhkuhkgk ‚v‟ ~bklreg~gkkyg po`gd uburgo `bklgk chkhihlo `giga fgjgug Ok`hkbuog+ Po`gd mgvgkl fgkygd ~bubvpg `gbvgj igok ygkl pbviofgp aba~bvhihd!hihd dbpodg abk`bklgv reg~gk pbvubfrp+ Rkldg~gk pbvubfrp aougikyg) fih fðj lvgafhp uolvbrfb *fbio vgafrpgk ubvofr/+ Ubjgvrukyg ~bagjgagk ygkl òaoiodo hibj ~bubvpg òòd g`gigj dbfgkllggk dgvbkg Gebj dgyg fr`gyg fbvr~g fgjgug+ ^bkòòdgk aripodriprv `g~gp abkyg`gvdgk abvbdg fgj|g fblopr ok`gjkyg ~bvfb`ggk fgjgug ygkl `g~gp abkgafgj |g|gugk+ @giga `rkog ~bkòòdgk chvagi) ubdhigj abvr~gdgk pba~gp fbvdra~rikyg uou|g `gvo fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl+ ^bubvpg òòd ygkl fbvigpgv fbigdgkl dhkciod gpgr purkgao fogugkyg abaoiodo pvgrag ygkl pokllo+ Aougikyg) pvgrag ò db~gig `gk ~bkebdodgk gpgr pbkllbiga) ygkl `g~gp aba~bklgvrjo crkluo dhlkopoc) igfoiopgu bahuohkgi) `gk ~bvoigdr+ @bklgk fbvfglgo agega igpgv fbigdgkl ub~bvpo opr ubjokllg ò ubdhigj pgd ubarg ~bubvpg òòd fbvdbaga~rgk ugag gpgr upgk`gv+ Ubegvg ~uodhihlo uhuogi òdbkgi oupoigj òugfoiopy) gvpokyg aripodriprvgio uab

Bio Krvio}g) U+^` O

705

pbv`g~gp dhkòuo couod `gk abkpgi ygkl abafrgp ububhvgkl dburiopgk abklbvmgdgk uburgpr ygkl hvgkl dbfgkygdgk `g~gp abklbvmgdgkkyg `bklgk ar`gj+ ^bkòòd aba~rkygo ~bvgk fbugv `giga abkokldgpdgk ahposguo pbvjg`g~ ~bubvpg òòd ygkl abaoiodo dbaga~rgk ò fg|gj upgk`gv+ Dbpodg fbvg`g ò dbigu ubfglgo ~bkòòd mgklgk pbvru abkhkmhidgk uou|g ygkl ~gk`go ugmg) ubjokllg ir~g abafbvodgk g~vbuoguo pbvjg`g~ ~bubvpg òòd ygkl ò fg|gj upgk`gv+ Uodg~ oko gdgk fbvbcbd pbvjg`g~ ~bubvpg òòd+ ^bubvpg òòd ygkl ~gk`go gdgk abvgug òvokyg ~giokl ~ giokl foug ubjokllg òg igigo `gk pgd `g~gp fbv~vbupguo ubegvg h~poagi) ubabkpgvg uou|g ò fg|gj upgk`gv ubagdok po`gd pbvahposguo rkprd fbigmgv+ Dbg`ggk oko gdgk abkmgigv db gvgj ~bvfb`ggk uhuogi+ ^bubvpg òòd ygkl ~gk`go jgkyg gdgk fbvdg|gk `bklgk ~bubvpg òòd igok ygkl ~gk`go mrlg) ygkl dgyg gdgk fbvpbagk `bklgk ubugag dgyg) ygkl drvgkl ~gk`go gdgk fbvdg|gk `bklgk ubugagkyg+ Dbpodg ur`gj g`gkyg dgfoigj(dgupg!dgupg uhuogi `giga ~bvlgrigk agdg oko g`gigj g|gi ~bv~begjgk ygkl `g~gp `g~ gp abkoafridgk dhkciod fgvr+ Rkprd opr) ubfglgo ~bkòòd po`gd abkeo~pgdgk ~bvfb`ggk ubjokllg ubpog~ ~bubvpg òòd ug`gv fgj|g dbpo`gdaga~rgk ubuhvgkl `giga fo`gkl pbvpbkpr frdgk fbvgvpo lglgi `giga jgi igok+ *Vhjoò abkblgudgk)

`gk

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~bkòòdgk

6>>6/ `bklgk

`giga

gvpodbi

~bk`bdgpgk

ur~vgahkh aripodriprvgi

ugklgp pb~gp òpbvg~dgk ò Ok`hkbuog rkprd ~bafbkprdgk dgvgdpbv lbkbvguo fgklug ygkl dhdhj fbv`gugvdgk ~bklgdrgk dbvglgagk+ @giga ~bkbvg~gkkyg jgvru ir|bu) fbvpgjg~) `gk ` gk po`gd ok`hdpvokbv+ Oa~ibabkpguokyg abkyburgodgk `bklgk uoprguo `gk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

700 O Aripodriprvgi rkprd Gebj @gago

dhkòuo ubdhigj+ ^bk`bdgpgk aripodriprvgiouab bvgp `bklgk koigo! koigo `gk ~bafoguggk ubjokllg ~bvir |g|gugk `gk ~bagjgagk rkprd òpbvg~dgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk) pgrig`gk) agr~rk ~bvoigdr jgvogk+ ^vhubu opr òjgvg~dgk aga~r abklbafgkldgk db~bdggk vgug) g~vbuoguo ~huopoc) `gk `gyg dvbgpoc+ Dha~bpbkuo lrvr) hvgkl prg `gk aguygvgdgp abkmgò ugklgp ~bkpokl ubfglgo ahphv ~bkòòdgk ~bkò` odgk `bklgk ~bk`bdgpgk aripodrirvgi+ Rvgogk ò gpgu ubfglgo vbcbvbkuo fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ar ipodriprv ugklgp ~bkpokl òfbvodgk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd ubfglgo lbkbvguo ~bkbvru agug `b~gk Gebj `giga ab|gvouo ~bv`gagogk+ ^bkòòdgk ^bkòò dgk aripodriprv ~bvir ò~bvdbkgidgk ubmgd òko glgv ~bv`gagogk Gebj pbpg~ pbvmglg+TQ

aripodriprvgio uab

Bio Krvio}g) U+^` O

702

@GCPGV ^RUPGDG Jgvrk) Ahj`+ 6>>?+ Abagjgao Hvgkl Gebj+ Fgk`rkl= Eopg~rupgdg Abòg ^bvokpou+ Jgugk) Ugo` Jgaop+ @dd+ 6>7>+ ^bklbafgklgk ^bkòòdgk Fr`gyg `gk Dgvgdpbv Fgklug+ Mgdgvpg= Dbabkpbvogk ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi Fg`gk ^bkbiopogk `gk ^bklbafgklgk ^rugp Drvodrira+ Kygd~jg) A+ Jgdoa # Vruò Urco+ 6>>>+ G`gp `gk Fr`gyg Gebj+ Gebj + Fgk`g Gebj= ^P+ @o~vhpgag Ubigvgu+ Agvlgvbp ^ru~opgvoko+ 6>77+ Frdr ^Dk UAG Pgd Abafgjgu Aripodriprvgi+ Ok`hkbuog Kb|u `gk Bkpbvpgokabkp Hkiokb) *jpp~=((|||+hdb}hkb+eha+) ògdubu 6< Mrko 6>77/ Ur~vgahkh+ 6>7>+ Lrvr `giga ^bkòòdgk Aripodriprvgi *6/+ @giga Agmgigj Abvgj ^rpoj+ 5 Mgkrgvo 6>7>


^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod ]ricgìo) UP Lrvr UAG Kblbvo 7 ^brioafgkl

Gebj g`gigj ugpr `gbvgj ygkl fbvg`g `giga dbpo`gd~gupogk dbpodg pbvmgòkyg dhkciod fbvubkmgpg gkpgvg LGA *Lbvgdgk Gebj Abv`bdg/ `gk Ok`hkbuog+ Jga~ov ubarg gdpocopgu aguygvgdgp ira~rj+ Aguygvgdgp uggp opr jgkyg foug fbvòga òvo `gk fbv`hg glgv dhkciod eb~gp fbvgdjov+ Dbpgdrpgk `gk pbdgkgk ~g`g agug dhkciod fbvbcbd ~g`g dblogpgk bdhkhao) ~bkòòdgk) dbglgaggk `gk jga~ov ubarg ubdphv pbvlgkllr+ Dgig opr) ~bvfb`ggk bpkod mgò agugigj fbugv+ LGA abklgkllg~ urdr Mg|g ubfglgo ~bkmgmgj `gk ~bkldjogkgp fgklug Gebj+ Ubjokllg ubfglogk fbugv aguygvgdgp fbvbpkou Mg|g jgvru jbkldgkl `gvo Gebj+ Fgkygd ~bvrugjggk ò Gebj pbv~gdug abkljbkpodgk dblogpgk ok`rupvokyg+ Ig`gkl ygkl òdbihig |gvlg pvgkuaolvgk pvgkuaolv gk fbvurdr Mg|g pbvfbkldgigo dgvbkg òpokllgi ~baoiodkyg+ @rkog ~bkòòdgk mrlg egvrp agvrp uggp opr+ Vgprugk ubdhigj òfgdgv) fgkygd gkgd! gkgd Gebj ~rpru ubdhigj+ Ubfglogk ubdhigj) ~vhubu fbigmgv abklgmgv |gmof òigdugkgdgk `giga fgjgug Gebj `gk òjgvgadgk fbvfgjgug Ok`hkbuog+ Pgd g`g r~gegvg fbk`bvg ubpog~ Ubkok+ Fgkygd iglo gprvgk igok ygkl ygk l abafrgp dblogpgk fbigmgv abklgmgv abkmgò sgdra+ Dbfbkeogk pbvjg`g~ urdr igok djrurukyg 70<

70: O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod

bpkou Mg|g pbvru òpgkgadgk hibj hvgkl ygkl pgd fbvpgkllrkl mg|gf+ Fgkygd gkgd!gkgd ruog ubdhigj ygkl pbv~bklgvrj ubjokllg gdjovkyg abafbkeo urdr `gk glgag igok+ Ubpbigj

Abahvgk`ra

hc

Rk`bvupgkòkl

*AHR/

gkpgvg

^babvokpgj Ok`hkbuog `gk LGA òpgk`gpgklgko ò Jbiuokdo) ofrdhpg Cokigkò) ~g`g 72 Glrupru 6>>2) fgvrigj |gvlg Gebj abvgug glgd iblg+ ^bvbdhkhaogk `gk ~bkòòdgk fbvgklurv!gklurv arigo abafgod+ Aguygvgdgp ubegvg ~bvigjgk ur`gj `g~gp fbvgdpocopgu ub~bvpo ubòg dgig+ Aguygvgdgp Gebj ugklgp fbvjgvg~ dhkciod mgklgk ~bvkgj pbvrigkl iglo+ ^bv`gagogk ygkl pbigj pbv|rmr` òjgvg~dgk foug fbvigklurkl rkprd ubigagkyg+ ^bkòòdgk ò Gebj jgvru ublbvg òfgkldopdgk dbafgio ~guegdhkciod+

Ur`gj

uggpkyg

~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi

òokpblvguodgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj!ubdhigj ò Gebj+ Jgi oko ò~gk`gkl ~bvir glgv ~bubvpg òòd abaoiodo db~bdggk `giga abkljg`g~o lbmgig! lbmgig `gk agugigj uhuogi ygkl fbvgdgv ~g`g ~bvfb`ggk urdr) vgu) glgag) `gk pgpg koigo ygkl pbvmgò ~g`g iokldrklgk aguygvgdgp+ Ubegvg pbdkou `g~gp òoa~ibabkpguodgk ~g`g urfupgkuo) fgjgk gmgv agr~rk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl g`g ò ubdhigj+ \gegkg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ~g`g g|gikyg arkeri ò Gabvodg Ubvodgp *GU/ ygkl abaoiodo gdgv ubmgvgj `bklgk lbvgdgk Jgd Guguo Agkruog *JGA/ `gvo fbvfglgo dbiha~hd pbvpok`gu ò kblgvg pbvubfrp+ Fgkygd ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ygkl abvrmrd ~g`g lbvgdgk uhuogi hvgkl Gabvodg dbprvrkgk Gcvodg `gk dbiha~hd driop fbv|gvkg igok ygkl abklgigao ~vgdpod òudvoaokguo aripodriprvgio uab

]ricgìo) UP O

70?

ò ibafglg!ibafglg ~rfiod ~g`g agug ~bvmrgklgk jgd guguo bvg 7?3>!gk+ @o gkpgvg hvlgkouguo ygkl ubegvg djruru òuhvhp dgvbkg fbvarurjgk `bklgk o`b ~bvugaggk vgu uggp opr g`gigj ibafglg ~bkòòdgk+ ^g`g gdjov 7?3>!gk `gk g|gi 7?<>!gk) urgvg!urgvg ygkl abkrkprp ibafglg!ibafglg ~bkòòdgk dhkuoupbk `giga abkbvoag `gk abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ubagdok lbkegv òdragk`gkldgk gdposou) phdhj) `gk hvgkl prg+ Abvbdg abkrkprp g`gkyg ~bvugaggk dbuba~gpgk ò fo`gkl ~bdbvmggk `gk ~bkòòdgk+ Ahabkpra oko ygkl ògkllg~ ubfglgo `gvo dhkub~prgiouguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi+ Pgjrk 7?:>!gk) ògkllg~ ubfglgo dbarkerigk ibafglg ubdhigj

ygkl

fbvigk`gudgk

~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi

ygkl

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Hdphfbv

7??0)

RKBUEH

abvbdhabk`guodgk

o`b

~bkòòdgk aripodriprvouab abkmgò dhaopabk lihfgi ò Mbkb|g+ Vbdhabk`guo opr abargp ba~gp ~bugk+ ^bvpgag) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg

abklbafgkldgk

dbaga~rgk

rkprd

abklgdro

`gk abkbvoag koigo!koigo ygkl g`g `giga dbfjokbdggk ~vofgò) mbkou dbigaok) aguygvgdgp `gk fr`gyg ubvpg abklbafgkldgk dbaga~rgk rkprd fbvdharkodguo) fbvfglo `gk fbdbvmg ugag `bklgk ygkl igok+ Db`rg) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg abkblrjdgk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

72> O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod

mgpo òvo `gk abk`hvhkl dhksbvlbkuo lglgugk `gk ~bkybibugogk! ~bkybibugogk ygkl aba~bvdhdhj ~bv`gagogk) ~bvugr`gvggk `gk uhio`gvopgu gkpgvg ~vofgò `gk aguygvgdgp+ Dbpolg) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg abkokldgpdgk dbaga~rgk abkybibugodgk dhkciod ubegvg `gago pgk~g dbdbvgugk+ Dbba~gp) ~bkòòdgk jbk`gdkyg mrlg abkokldgpdgk ~bklbafgklgk db`gagogk `giga ~odovgk ~bubvpg

òòd

ubjokllg

`bklgk

`baodogk

abvbdg

aga~r

abafgklrk ubegvg ibfoj dhdhj drgiopgu phibvgkuo) dbugfgvgk) dbagrgk rkprd fbvfglo `gk ababiojgvg+ @o Ok`hkbuog) ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi pbigj òprgkldgk `giga ^gugi 0 RR Kh+ 6> Pgjrk 6>>5 pbkpgkl Uoupba ^bkòòdgk Kguohkgi+ @giga ~gugi opr òmbigudgk fgj|g ~bkòòdgk òubibkllgvgdgk ubegvg `bahdvgpou) po`gd òudvoaokgpoc) `bklgk abkmrkmrkl pokllo JGA) koigo dbglgaggk) koigo driprvgi) `gk dbagmbardgk fgklug+ Okpblvguo

~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi

~g`g

~bafbigmgvgk

ubdhigj ò Gebj ~guegdhkciod ugklgp pb~gp+ Oafgu ~bkòòdgk `gk ~bagjgagk agug dhkciod pbigj fgkygd abvgerko ~baodovgk ~bubvpg òòd ò Gebj+ @bklgk g`gkyg ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ubyhlygkyg pbigj aga~r abklrfgj aokùbp ~bubvpg òòd ò Gebj `giga abkbvoag dbfbvglgagk ~bvfb`ggk uhuogi ò aguygvgdgp+ Okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi foug òigdrdgk ~g`g pokldgp `gugv `gk abkbklgj `bklgk abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi db fgjgk gmgv ub~bvpo db `giga ~bigmgvgk glgag) uhuohihlo) `gk gkpvh~hihlo) `gk `g~gp abigiro ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk) ub~bvpo òudruo dbiha~hd gpgr dblogpgk bdupvgdrvodribv+ Ubdhigj ~bvir òeo~pgdgk ubfglgo |gjgkg uoariguo pbvjg`g~ fbvfglgo aripodriprvgio uab

]ricgìo) UP O

727

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726 O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod

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]ricgìo) UP O

725

òsbvuopgu dbfr`gyggk+ ^bk`bdgpgk oko abkokldgpdgk dbug`gvgk aripodriprvgiouab ubfglgo ~bklgigagk khvagi agkruog+ Oko abklgk`rkl agdkg fgj|g ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi fbv~hpbkuo rkprd abkljok`gvo òdhphao `gk abklbafgkldgk g~vbuoguo ygkl ibfoj fgod abigiro dha~bpbkuo dbfr`gyggk ~g`g òvo gkgd òòd+ Dbioag) ~bk`bdgpgk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ò gpgu jgvru òdhkòuodgk `bklgk aguygvgdgp Ok`hkbuog+ Aguygvgdgp g`gigj dra~rigk agkruog gpgr okòso`r!okòso`r ygkl abafbkprd dbiha~hd uhuogi `bklgk urgpr pgkpgklgk fr`gyg gpgr pvgòuo pbvpbkpr+ Aguygvgdgp pgd g`g `bklgk ubkòvokyg+ Aguygvgdgp g`gigj bdupbkuo ygkl jo`r~) òkgaou) `gk ubigir fbvdbafgkl+ Aguygvgdgp fbvlgkprkl

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720 O ^bafbigmgvgk Rugo Dhkciod

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dbjgkervgk

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fbvcodov

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~bkòòdgk

aripodriprvgi

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~bafbigmgvgk

ubdhigj ò Gebj òjgvg~dgk `g~gp pbv|rmr` `bao dbigklurklgk ~bv`gagogk ubjokllg Gebj foug abkg~gdo agug `b~gk pgk~g aripodriprvgio uab

]ricgìo) UP O

722

dbdbvgugk) pbvhv) ~bkok`gugk) `gk òudvoaokgpoc pbvjg`g~ bpkod) vgu) `gk igokkyg+ @rdrklgk ubarg ~ojgd ubegvg priru ugigj ugpr `gugv ~bkpokl eb~gp igafgpkyg okpblvguo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi `g~gp òpbvg~dgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk ubdhigj ò Gebj+TQ


Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj Ardjpgv GL) U+^`+O) A+^`

Gebj Aripodriprvgi @gvo ubfrpgk kgag `gk gugi rurikyg ugmg Gebj ur`gj fbvgvhag ’aripodriprvgi‑+ ^bvoupoigjgk dhug dgpg ’Gebj‑ abaoiodo dbvglgagk urafbv) ubfrpgk `gk agdkg+ Fbfbvg~g urafbv ygkl fbvjguoi ~bkriou ~ bkriou joa~rk abkrkmrddgk) fgj|g Gebj *fgjgug Fbigk`g= Gpejok gpgr Gejbj)) fgjgug Okllvou= Gejok Gejbj Gejok)) fgjgug ^bvgkeou= Gejbk gpgr Gejbj) Gejbj ) fgjgug Gvgf= Guyo ) fgjgug ^hvprlou= Gejbk gpgr Gejba) Gejba) fgjgug Pohkljhg= G!puo gpgr Gejb/ ygkl ubdgvgkl òdbkgi ubfglgo ^vhsokuo Gebj abaoiodo gdgv fr`gyg fgjgug `gvo dbirgvlg fgjgug Ahkd Djabv ~vhph fgjgug Abigyr) `bklgk ~bafglogk `gbvgj fgjgug igok ub~bvpo fglogk Ubigpgk abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Gkbrd Mgab) ub`gkldgk fglogk Pbklgj) Pbkllgvg) `gk Poarv abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Lgyh) rkprd fglogk pbkllgvg abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Gigu) ubpbvrukyg fglogk poarv ibfoj db poarv iglo abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Pgaogkl+ @baodogk ~rig `bklgk dbiha~hd dbiha~ hd bpkou Dirbp ygkl fbvg`g fglogk ubigpgk abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Dirbp) ub`gkldgk ò Uoabrirb abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Uoabrirb+ Pg~o) aguokl!aguokl fgjgug ubpba~gp `g~gp òfglo ~rig abkmgò ògibd+ Fgjgug Gebj) aougikyg) dbpodg fbvfoegvg pbv`g~gp 72<

72: O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj

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7:?2/

`giga

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Pg`jdovgp

gi

Vgòdok

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ibfoj

agurd

gdgi

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hibj

Mrioru

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Ardjpgv GL) U+^`+O) A+^` O

72?

pbvgdjov Uripgk Arjgaag` @grùygj *7:<0!7?>5/ g`gigj fbvgugi `gvo Frlou+ Urafbv igok abkybfrpdgk fgj|g fbv`gugvdgk gugi!rurikyg) bpkou Gebj òfglo db `giga ba~gp dg|ha *dgra/ gpgr urdbb *urdr/++ ^bafglogk oko arigo òigdrdgk ~g`g agug ~babvokpgjgk *urdr/ Uripgk Giggoòk Gi!Dgjgv *725>!7226/+ *725>!7226/+ Dbba~gp dg|ha gpgr urdbb pbvubfrp) ygopr= 7+ Dg|ha gpgr urdbb ijbb ijbb vbrphj *dgra gpgr urdr polg vgpru/ vgpru/++ Abvbdg fbvgugi `gvo hvgkl!hvgkl Agkpb!Fgpgd ubfglgo ~bk`r`rd guio+ 6+ Dg|ha gpgr urdbb oara ~brp *dgra gpgr urdr oaga ba~gp/+ Abvbdg fbvgugi `gvo hvgkl!hvgkl Jok`r gpgr Okòg ubfglgo ~bk`gpgkl+ 5+ Dg|ha gpgr urdbb phi Fgpbb *dgra gpgr urdr ygkl abkerdr~o fgpr/+ fgpr/+ Abvbdg fbvgugi `gvo fbvfglgo bpkou) ~bk`gpgkl `gvo fbvfglgo pba~gp+ 0+ Dg|ha

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73> O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj

Aripodriprvgioab `giga Fr`gyg Gebj 7+

Dbvglgagk Fgjgug Gebj Fgjgug Gebj @o gkpgvg fgjgug!fgjgug `gbvgj ygkl g`g g` g ò Gebj) fgjgug Gebj

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737

ò Gebj Poarv+ Fglo dbfgkygdgk hvgkl ò irgv aguygvgdgp Lgyh) fgjgug oko abkloklgpdgk abvbdg gdgk girkgk!girkgk abv`r `gvo uygov!uygov dbubkogk ò`hkl+ Fgjgug Gigu Fgjgug oko db`bklgvgkkyg ibfoj aovo~ `bklgk fgjgug ygkl òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp bpkou Dgvh ò Uragpbvg Rpgvg+ Aguygvgdgp ygkl abkògao Gebj Pbkllgvg) ò ub~gkmgkl |oigygj dgdo Lrkrkl Ibrubv) `gk ~bk`r`rd ò ubdopgv jrir urklgo Uokldoi abvr~gdgk aguygvgdgp ~bkrprv guio `gvo fgjgug Gigu+ \gvlg Gebj Pbkllgvg ygkl abkllrkgdgk fgjgug oko g`gigj abvbdg ygkl fbv`haouoio ò ioag dbegagpgk) ygopr Ig|b Uolgig!Lgig) Ig|b Gigu) Fgafbi) Fgfruugiga) `gk Fgk`gv+ Fgjgug Pgaogkl Fgjgug Pgaogkl *`giga fgjgug Gebj òubfrp fgjgug Pbraobkl / abvr~gdgk sgvogkp gpgr ògibd fgjgug Abigyr ygkl òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp Gebj Pgaogkl *`rir |oigygj Gebj Poarv/) dbergio ò Dbegagpgk Agkygd ^gyb` *ygkl abvr~gdgk |oigygj fgjgug Gebj/ `gk Dhpg Drgig Uoa~gkl *|oigygj fgjgug ega~rvgk) ygdko fgjgug Ok`hkbuog) fgjgug Gebj `gk fgjgug Pgaogkl/+ Jokllg doko eopg vgug Abigyr aguoj pbvgug ugklgp dbkpgi `giga fgjgug Pgaogkl+ Fgjgug Gkbrd Mgabb Fgjgug oko ubvokl mrlg òubfrp *pbvrpgag hibj ~bkrprv fgjgug Gebj/ `bklgk fgjgug Mgabb gpgr fgjgug Fgodh+ @o Gebj Ge bj Ubigpgk `gk Gebj Fgvgp @gyg) fgjgug oko abvr~gdgk fgjgug ofr fglo ~bk`r`rd ygkl abkògao |oigygj!|oigygj dgkphkl urdr Gkbrd Mgabb+ @o Gebj Fgvgp @gyg) fgjgug oko òprprvdgk ò Uruhj) ubfglogk Figkl abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

736 O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj

ôòb `gk Agkllbkl+ Gebj Ubigpgk abvr~gdgk `gbvgj ygkl ~giokl fgkygd òprprvdgk ubfglgo ioklrg cvgkeg) gkpgvg igok Igfrjgk Jgmo) Ugag`rg) Pg~gdprgk) `gk Dirbp Ubigpgk+ @o irgv |oigygj Gebj Ubigpgk `gk Gebj Fgvgp @gyg) fgjgug oko mrlg òlrkgdgk hibj dbiha~hd!dbiha~hd dbeoi aguygvgdgp ò Uokldoi `gk Gebj Fgvgp) djrurukyg ò Dbegagpgk Abrvbrfh *@bug ^brkglg Vgybd) Vgkph ^gkygkl) Abrvbrfh) ^guo Abrlgp) `gk Lrkhkl Dibkl/) ubvpg ò Dbegagpgk Mhjgk ^gjig|gk *djrurukyg ò @bug ^g`gkl Ubrvgjbp/+ Fgjgug Gkbrd Mgabb g`gigj fgjgug ygkl igjov `gvo guoaoiguo fgjgug ubdbiha~hd aguygvgdgp Aokgkl ygkl `gpgkl db |oigygj ~gkpgo fgvgp!ubigpgk Gebj `bklgk fgjgug `gbvgj aguygvgdgp pba~gpgk) ygdko fgjgug Gebj+ Ubfrpgk Gkbrd Mgabb *ubegvg jgvcogj fbvagdkg ‚gkgd pgar‟) gpgr ‚fgklug ~bk`gpgkl‟/ òkoufgjdgk ~g`g urdr(fgjgug oko g`gigj vbcibduo uodg~ dbpbvfrdggk `gk fr`gyg abariogdgk pgar aguygvgdgp Gebj+ Fgjgug Dirbp Fgjgug Dirbp g`gigj fgjgug ofr fglo aguygvgdgp ygkl abkògao `gbvgj Dbegagpgk Dirbp Rpgvg `gk Dirbp Ubigpgk ò Gebj Ubigpgk+ Okchvaguo pbkpgkl fgjgug Dirbp) pbvrpgag dgmogk!dgmogk ygkl fbvuocgp gdg`baod) aguoj ugklgp pbvfgpgu+ Aguygvgdgp Gebj ubegvg irgu) pbvdbergio ~bkrprv fgjgug Dirbp ubkòvo) po`gd fgkygd abklbpgjro pbkpgkl ubird!fbird fgjgug oko+ Fgjgug Uokldoi Ub~bvpo jgikyg fgjgug Dirbp) okchvaguo pbkpgkl fgjgug Uokldoi) pbvrpgag `giga fbkprd ~bkbvfopgk) aguoj ugklgp pbvfgpgu+ Fgjgug oko g`gigj fgjgug ofr fglo ubfglogk aguygvgdgp ò Uokldoi+ @odgpgdgk aripodriprvgio uab


735

ubfgjglogk dgvbkg dopg `g~gpo g`g ubfglogk igok aguygvgdgp Uokldoi ygkl abagdgo fgjgug Gebj) fgjgug Gkbrd Mgabb) fgjgug Aokgkl) `gk g`g mrlg abkllrkgdgk fgjgug @govo *gpgr òubfrp mrlg fgjgug ^gd~gd/ djrurukyg ò dgigklgk ~b`glgkl `gk ~bigdr foukou ò |oigygj Urfriruugiga+ Ubigok opr) aguygvgdgp Uokldoi ygkl abkògao Db~rigrgk Fgkygd) abvbdg abkllrkgdgk fgjgug Jgihfgk+ Mgò ubdrvgkl!drvgklkyg g`g bkga fgjgug `gbvgj ygkl òlrkgdgk ubfglgo fgjgug dharkouguo ubjgvo!jgvo ò gkpgvg ubugag gkllhpg aguygvgdgp Uokldoi) ubigok fgjgug Ok`hkbuog+ @gvo ur`rp ~gk`gkl oiar ioklroupod) aguygvgdgp Uokldoi g`gigj ugpr!ugprkyg dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp ò Gebj ygkl ~giokl ~irvgioupod `giga jgi ~bkllrkggk fgjgug+ Fgjgug Jgihfgk Fgjgug Jgihfgk g`gigj ugigj ugpr fgjgug `gbvgj ò Gebj ygkl òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp Uokldoi) djrurukyg abvbdg ygkl abkògao Db~rigrgk Fgkygd) pbvrpgag ò ^rigr Prgkdr+ Fgjgug oko db`bklgvgkkyg ugklgp aovo~ `bklgk fgjgug @bsgygk ygkl òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp ò ^rigr Uoabrirb+ Mraigj ~bkrprv fgjgug Jgihfgk ugklgp ubòdop `gk modg rg~gyg!r~gyg rkprd dbagmrgk) ~bklbafgklgk ubvpg ~bibupgvogk po`gd ublbvg òarigo) òdjg|gpovdgk urgpr uggp fgjgug oko jgkyg pokllgi `giga egpgpgk! egpgpgk dbkgklgk ~gvg ~bkbiopo fgjgug `gbvgj+ Fgjgug Uoabrirb Fgjgug Uoabrirb abvr~gdgk fgjgug ofr fglo aguygvgdgp ò ^rigr Uoabrirb `bklgk mraigj ~bkrprvkyg ubdopgv 3>+>>> hvgkl+ @giga ~bkbiopogk Ahvchihlo Khaokg Fgjgug Uoabrirb) abkbardgk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv


fgj|g dbugaggk kgag ~rigr `gk fgjgug oko pbigj abkoafridgk ugigj ~bklbvpogk fglo dbfgkygdgk aguygvgdgp Gebj ò irgv ~rigr Uoabrirb= abvbdg abklgkllg~ fgj|g ò ~rigr Uoabrirb jgkyg pbv`g~gp ugpr fgjgug `gbvgj) ygdko fgjgug Uoabrirb+ ^g`gjgi ò dgfr~gpbk oko) dopg mra~go polg fgjgug `gbvgj) ygopr fgjgug Uoabrirb) fgjgug Uolrigo *gpgr òubfrp mrlg fgjgug Igagabd/) `gk fgjgug @bsgygk+ Fgjgug Uoabrirb abaoiodo `rg ògibd) ò gibd) ygopr ògibd @bsgygk ygkl òlrkgdgk ò dbegagpgk Uoabrirb Poarv) Uoabrirb Pbklgj `gk Pb~gj Ubigpgk) ubabkpvg ògibd Uolrigo òlrkgdgk aguygvgdgp dbegpgagk Uoabrirb Fgvgp `gk Ugigkl+

6+

Dgvyg Ubko Ugigj ugpr pvgòuo prvrk pbarvrk ygkl òigdrdgk aguygvgdgp

Gebj g`gigj gdpocopgu ib|gp dbubkogk+ Ubko ygkl òagdur` ò uoko g`gigj dbaga~rgk ubhvgkl gpgr ubdbiha~hd hvgkl rkprd abkga~oidgk ugpr jguoi dgvyg ò jg`g~gk hvgkl igok+ @giga dhkpbdu aguygvgdgp Gebj `rir) ububhvgkl ygkl aba~rkygo koigo ubko) agdg og gdgk abkmgò uhuhd ygkl gdgk abkmgò ~bvjgpogk+ @giga iopbvgprv dbgebjgk) òdbkgi fbfbvg~g mbkou dbubkogk Gebj ò gkpgvgkyg }odbb) ubr`gpo) vrdhk) vg~g‟o lbibkl) vg~g‟o `gfhj) fohig f ohig *ah~!ah~/) ugagk) ig|brp `gk ig|brp `gk ubfglgokyg+ Ub~okpgu igir) dblogpgk ubko ygkl òigdrdgk pbvubfrp fbvprmrgk rkprd abkljofrv òvo gpgr dbiha~hd pbvpbkpr+ Jgi oko òigdrdgk ub~bvpo `giga dblogpgk vbuao ò oupgkg vgmg) gpgr `giga `giga ~bvgyggk gegvg pbvpbkpr+ Abklrpo~ ~bk`g~gp ^vhc+ Ouarjg `giga frdr ’Frklg Vga~go Fr`gyg Krugkpgvg‑) dbubkogk Gebj ubegvg rara pbvfglo `giga aripodriprvgio uab


732

ubko pgvo) ubko ugupvg `gk ebvopg vgdygp+ G`g~rk eovo!eovo pgvo pvgòuohkgi Gebj gkpgvg igok4 fbvkgcgudgk Ouiga) òpgvodgk hibj fgkygd hvgkl) ~bklrigklgk lbvgd ubvr~g vbigpoc fgkygd) abagdgk |gdpr ~bkygmogk ygkl vbigpoc ~gkmgkl) dhafokguo pgvo aruod `gk ugupvg) ~hig igkpgo ygkl pbvfgpgu) ~g`g agug g|gi ~bvprafrjgkkyg ~ bvprafrjgkkyg òugmodgk `giga dblogpgk djruru fbvr~g r~gegvg!r~gegvg `gk lbvgd prfrj pbvfgpgu *`g~gp òfbvo sgvoguo/+ Dbubkogk Gebj òfgirp `bklgk koigo!koigo glgag) uhuogi `gk ~hiopod+ Dbkygpggk oko `g~gp òiojgp `giga ubko pgvo) ubko ugupvg) ubko pbgpbv `gk ubko urgvg+ Ubigok opr ubko pgvo gpgr ubko pvgòuohkgi Gebj ò~bklgvrklo hibj uhuogi fr`gyg Gebj ubkòvo+ Ubko Gebj ò~bklgvrjo hibj igpgv fbigdgkl g`gp glgag) `gk igpgv fbigdgkl ebvopg vgdygp *aophu iblbk`g/+ Ubko pgvo ygkl fbvigpgvfbigdgkl g`gp `gk glgag ub~bvpo pgvo ugagk) abrubrdgp) vg~go rvhj agr~rk vg~go lbibkl) vga~hb Gebj `gk ubr`gpo+ Ubabkpgvg ubko ygkl fbvigpgv fbigdgkl ebvopg vgdygp *aophu iblbk`g/ ub~bvpo pgvo ~jha fokbu `gk gib prkmgkl+

Ehkphj Dbubkogk Gebj 7+ Ubko Irdou= Dgiolvgco Gvgf Ubko dgiolvgco Gvgf g`gigj ugigj ugpr dbubkogk ygkl g`g `giga urdr Gebj+ Abirdou dgiolvgco oko fogugkyg òigdrdgk ò gpgu dgksgu ygkl fbvprmrgk ubfglgo jogugk òkòkl ò `giga vragj gpgr agumo` `bklgk abirdoudgk Guagri Jrukg `gk ubfglgokyg+ Dbubkogk oko fgkygd pbviojgp ~g`g fbvfglgo rdovgk agumo`) vragj g`gp) gigp r~gegvg) ~bvjogugk) `gk ubfglgokyg+ abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv


6+ Ubko ^gjgp= Abagjgp Vragj G`gp `gk Kougk Ubko ~gjgp g`gigj abagjgp jogugk ~g`g vragj g`gp gpgr kougk+ Ubko ~gjgp ygkl òg~iodguodgk ~g`g vragj g`gp abkrkmrddgk db~baoiodgk `gk upgpru uhuogi ~baoiodkyg+ Ub`gkldgk ubko ~gjgp ygkl òg~iodguodgk ~g`g kougk abkrkmrddgk upgpru uhuogi ygkl òdrfrvdgk) `gk mrlg abafbvodgk okchvaguo kgag `gk pgjrk ubvpg pgkllgi |gcgp `gvo phdhj ygkl òdrfrvdgk+ 5+ Ubko Aruod= Vg~g‟o Lbibkl Vg~go lbibkl g`gigj ubko aruod ygkl òigdrdgk hibj polg fbigu igdo!igdo(~bvba~rgk ygkl `r`rd fbvfgkmgv) ub~bvpo `r`rd ò gkpgvg `rg urmr` dbpodg abigdugkgdgk ujgigp+ Aguokl!aguokl abablgkl gigp pgfrj ugafoi fbvkygkyo fbvugag+ Gkpgvg aruod `gk lbvgd ygkl òagokdgk fbvubkyg|g+ G|gikyg igafgp) ub`gkl) ubpbigj fbfbvg~g `bpod fbvrfgj eb~gp òovoklo `bklgk lbvgdgk db~gig ygkl òlbibkldgk db dovo `gk db dgkgk+ Abvbdg abkb~rd! kb~rd pgklgk `gk `g`g) mrlg abkb~rd pgklgk `gk ~gjg+ G`g ygkl fbvpok`gd ubfglgo ~bagok fogug) uybej `gk gkbrd `jobd+ 0+ Ubko Pgvo= Pgvo Ugagk Pgvogk oko ogigj ugigj ugpr abòg rkprd ~bkeg~gogk ~bkeg~ gogk `gd|gj+ Pgvogk oko abkebvaokdgk ~bkòòdgk) dbglgaggk) uh~gk ugkprk) db~gjig|gkgk) dbdha~gdgk `gk dbfbvugaggk+ Ugagk òigdrdgk `giga ~huouo `r`rd fbvfgkmgv `bklgk ovgag `gk lbvgd ygkl òkgaou+ Urgpr pgvo `bklgk uygov ~bkrj gmgvgk dbfgmodgk) pbvrpgag gmgvgk glgag Ouiga+

aripodriprvgio uab


5+

73<

Abòg Fr`gyg g+ Ubvrkb Dgibb(ubvriokl Gebj Ubvrkb Dgibb abvr~gdgk okupvrabk pvgòuohkgi Gebj

ygkl pbigj igag fbvdbafgkl `gk òjgygpo hibj aguygvgdgp Gebj+ Fogugkyg gigp aruod oko òagokdgk fbvugaggk `bklgk vg~g‟o `gk lbrk`vgkl ~g`g gegvg!gegvg jofrvgk) pgvogk) ~bkygafrpgk pgar dbjhvagpgk+ Fgjgk `gugv Ubvrkb Dgibb fbvr~g dgyr) drkoklgk drkok lgk `gk pbafglg+ Fbkprdkyg abkybvr~go ubvriokl fgafr+ \gvkg `gugvkyg jopga ygkl crkluo ubfglgo ~bagkou gpgr ~bkljogu ~bkljo gu aruod pvgòuohkgi Gebj+ Ubvrkb Dgibb fbvugag lbrk`vgkl `gk vg~g‟o abvr~gdgk urgpr ~bvgkldgpgk aruod ygkl `gvo ubmgd mgygkyg Dbvgmggk Gebj @gvruugiga uga~go doko pbpg~ abkljoguo(ab|gvkgo dbfr`gyggk pvgòuohkgi Gebj ò ubdphv aruod+ f+ Vg~go(vbfgkg Vg~go pbvfrgp `gvo fgjgk `gugv fbvr~g dgyr `gk driop fokgpgkl+ Fbkprdkyg ub~bvpo vbfgkg `bklgk |gvkg `gugv jopga `gk drkokl ar`g+ Ubmbkou okupvrabk aruod ~rdri *~bveruuo/ ygkl fbvcrkluo ~bklovokl dbubkogk pvgòuohkgi+ e+ Lbrk`vgkl(lbk`gkl Lbrk`vgkl g`gigj rkop okupvrabk `gvo ~bvgkldgpgk aruod Ubvrkb Dgibb+ Lbrk`vgkl pbvagurd mbkou gigp aruod ~rdri `gk abagokdgkkyg `bklgk abardri `bklgk pgklgk gpgr abagdgo dgyr ~bardri+ Crkluo Lbrk`vgkl kbvr~gdgk gigp ~bibkldg~ pba~h `gvo aruod pvgòuohkgi bpkod Gebj+ `+ Pgafh(pgafrv Ubmbkou lbk`gkl ygkl pbvagurd gigp ~rdri+ Pgafh òfrgp abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

73: O Jouphvou Fr`gyg Gebj

`gvo fgjgk fgd ofhj) ofhj) driop ug~o `gk vhpgk ubfglgo gigp ~bvblgkl driop+ Pgafh ò agug igir fbvcrkluo ubfglgo gigp dharkodguo rkprd abkbkprdgk |gdpr ujgigp `gk abklra~ridgk aguygvgdgp db abrkgugj lrkg abafoegvgdgk agugigj!agugigj dga~rkl+ Ubdgvgkl mgvgkl òlrkgdgk *jga~ov ~rkgj/ dgvbkg crkluokyg pbigj pbv`bugd higj gigp pbdkhihlo aoevh~jhkb+ b+ Pgdphd Pvobkl Pgdphd pvobkl mrlg ubmbkou gigp ~rdri ygkl pbvfrgp `gvo fgafr+ Gigp oko fbvcrkluo rkprd abklruov frvrkl gpgr~rk ubvgkllg igok ygkl abklgkega pgkgagk ~gò+ Mbkou oko fogugkyg òibpgddgk ò pbklgj ug|gj `gk òjrfrkldgk `bklgk pgio uga~go db `gklgr *lrfrd pba~gp abkrkllr ~gò ò ug|gj/+ c+ Fbvblrj Fbvblrj kgag ubmbkou gigp por~ pbvfrgp `gvo pgk`rd dbvfgr+ Fbvblrj aba~rkygo kg`g ygkl pbvfgpgu) fgkygdkyg kg`g ygkl `g~gp òjguoidgk Fbvblrj pbvlgkprkl `gvo pbdkod abkor~kyg+ Crkluo Fbvblrj ubfglgo gigp dharkodguo pbvrpgag foig fbvg`g ò jrpgk( fbvmgrjgk pba~gp gkpgvg ubhvgkl `bklgk hvgkl igokkyg+Fbvblrj pbigj mgvgkl ò~bvlrkgdgk hvgkl uggp oko+ Agigj) ò~bvdovgdgk pbigj arigo ~rkgj ~bkllrkggkkyg+ \gijguoi) dbfr`gyggk Gebj ygkl fbvfguou aripodriprv ugklgp ò~bklgvrjo hibj gmgvgk `gk fr`gyg Ouiga+ Pgvogk) aruod) uygov) dbvgmokgk) vglga jogu) g`gp oupog`gp) `gk igok!igok ubargkyg fbvgdgv ~g`g koigo!koigo dbouigagk+ Ehkphj vglga jogu Gebj aougikyg) fgkygd abklgafoi fbkprd prafrjgk ub~bvpo fgpgkl) `grk) `gk frklg gpgr fbkprd hfybd giga ub~bvpo g|gk) frigk) fokpgkl) hafgd) aripodriprvgio uab


73?

`gk igok ubfglgokyg+ Jgi oko dgvbkg abkrvrp gmgvgk Ouiga po`gd òfbkgvdgk abkga~oidgk fbkprd agkruog gpgr fokgpgkl ubfglgo vglga jogu+ @bklgk fblopr) |gpgd aguygvgdgp Gebj `gvo `rir g`gigj aguygvgdgp ygkl abaoiodo o`bkpopgu fr`gyg ’aripodriprv‑ `gk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprvgi ygkl ub`gkl òaguygvgdgpdgk frdgk uburgpr ygkl guokl fglo aguygvgdgp Gebj ― foig fbvebvaok ~g`g dbug`gvgk ubmgvgj fr`gyg Gebj+TQ


Aripodriprv `giga ^bkòòdgk Ubmgvgj Jo}woi G~gkò) U+^`

Ubfrgj vbgiopgu fgj|g Kblgvg Ok`hkbuog pbvdhkupvrduo `gvo fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl urdr fgklug) glgag `gk fr`gyg+ fr`gyg+ @ogdro gpgr po`gd) ~vhubu pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog po`gd pbvib~gu `gvo r~gyg `gk dbvmg dbvgu ~bkmgmgj Fbigk`g+ @bao db~bkpoklgk ~bkmgmgjgk) ugpr ~bvugpr |oigygj ò Krugkpgvg ò~bvugprdgk hibj ~bkmgmgj Fbigk`g `giga ugpr kblgvg ygkl fbvkgag Kb`bvigk` Okòbu gpgr Jokòg Fbigk`g+ Fbvdgp ~bvmrgklgk ~gvg ~gjig|gk fgklug) gdjovkyg |oigygj erdr~ irgu oko foug pbvfbfgu `gvo fbibkllr ~bkmgmgjgk `gk abv`bdg ~g`g 7< Glrurpru 7?02+ Ubmgd opr) igjovigj fgklug fgvr ygkl fbvkgag Ok`hkbuog+ Aguygvgdgp `gvo Ugfgkl uga~go Abrvgrdb `bklgk fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl pbigj abklodvgvdgk òvokyg `giga ugpr fgklug Ok`hkbuog+ ^vhubu ubmgvgj abkrmr pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug oko abvr~gdgk ~bvmrgklgk ~gkmgkl ygkl òigdrdgk hibj jga~ov ubarg dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp ygkl g`g ò |oigygj Ok`hkbuog+ ^g`g ~bvoh`b ~vg~bvlbvgdgk kguohkgi) ò Gebj dopg abklbkgi uhuhd ~bmrgkl Pbrdr Ragv `gk Erp Kygd @jobk ubvpg ubmraigj ~bmrgkl igok+ Fblopr~rk `gvo `gbvgj igok) ub~bvpo ^gklbvgk @o~hkblhvh 7<7

7<6 O Aripodriprv `giga ^bkòòdgk Ubmgvgj

ò Mg|g) ^gklbvgk Gkpgugvo ò Dgioagkpgk) ^gppoarvg ò Gafhk `gk aguoj fgkygd iglo ~bmrgkl fgklug ygkl ab|gdoio dbiha~hd aguygvgdgp ò ubirvrj `gbvgj Ok`hkbuog+ ^bvgkgk abvbdg pbkpr ugklgp fbugv `giga pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug oko+ Dbarògk

~g`g

~bvoh`b

~bvlbvgdgk)

~vhubu

abkrmr

pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog ubagdok abklbvrerp `bklgk igjovkyg ubmraigj hvlgkouguo ~bvlbvgdgk kguohkgi+ G`gigj cgdpg ubmgvgj fgj|g hvlgkouguo!hvlgkouguo pbvubfrp) òlbvgddgk hibj phdhj!phdhj ~bmrgkl ygkl fbvgugi `gvo fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl bpkou) upgpru uhuogi fr`gyg `gk glgag+ Ura~gj ~bar`g 6: Hdphfbv 7?6: g`gigj frdpo kygpg fbpg~g fbvlbihvgkyg ubagklgp dbfgkluggk ygkl òaoiodo ubarg dgigklgk fgklug ò |oigygj Krugkpgvg+ ^vhdigaguo dbabv`bdggk 7?02 abkmgò ~rkegd `gvo ubarg r~gyg abafgklrk fgklug Ok`hkbuog+ @bklgk `baodogk) abvr~gdgk cgdpg ygkl pog`g pbvfgkpgjdgk fgj|g fgklug Ok`hkbuog òfgklrk hibj ubarg dbiha~hd bpkou `gk glgag ygkl g`g+ @bklgk ah`gi ubmgvgj ygkl urkllrj ugklgp abygdokdgk) ubabupokyg ubarg dgigklgk aguygvgdgp Ok`hkbuog uggp oko) abaoiodo dbug`gvgk ubmgvgj ygkl abag`go `giga abiojgp uouo!uouo ~bvfb`ggk `giga dbjo`r~gkkyg+ Ubmgvgj ~gkmgkl pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog uburkllrjkyg foug abkmgò ~bvbdgp bcbdpoc `giga abafgklrk fgklug ~g`g agug doko `gk agug `b~gk+ Dbkygpggk ygkl pbvmgò fbigdgklgk oko) ah`gi ubmgvgj opr pbvkygpg fbira erdr~ abklgpguo fbvfglgo agugigj uhuogi ygkl fbvarkerigk `giga dbjo`r~gk dopg+ ^bvpodgogk `giga aguygvgdgp aripodriprvgio uab

Jo}woi G~gkò) U+^` O

7<5

ygkl ò`hvhkl ~bvfb`ggk bpkou) glgag `gk fr`gyg aguoj ugmg pbvmgò ò Ok`hkbuog+ Arigo dguru Gafhk) ^huh) Uga~op `gk ygkl fgvr!fgvr oko ò Eodbruod ^gk`bligkl) abafrdpodgk fgj|g dbug`gvgk |gvlg aguygvgdgp gdgk ~bkpoklkyg abkljhvagpo ~bvfb`ggk `giga fbvfglgo uouo ugklgp ibagj+ Aguoj ubvokl pbvmgò ubdbiha~hd aguygvgdgp pbvpbkpr fbvr~gyg abagdug dbygdokgkkyg ~g`g dbiha~hd igok) abkygigjdgk dbiha~hd igok `gk ubfglgokyg+ Ubafhygk Fjokbdg Prkllgi Odg ubagdok jgvo ubhigj ubagdok po`gd fbvgvpo+ Jgi!jgi ub~bvpo okoigj ygkl ~g`g gdjovkyg abaoer fbvfglgo agugigj uhuogi `giga aguygvgdgp+ Modg dopg abiojgp gdgv ubmgvgj fgklug oko) uburkllrjkyg agugigj!agugigj uhuogi pbvubfrp po`gd ~bvir pbvmgò+

Urkllrj

po`gd foug dopg pbvoag modg dhkòuo oko pbvru!abkbvru pbvmgò ~g`g fgklug fbugv fbvkgag Ok`hkbuog+ Agdg `giga dhkòuo ub~bvpo oko) o`bgikyg g`g r~gyg uhirpoc `gvo fbvfglgo ~ojgd pbvrpgag kblgvg) rkprd abklhdhjdgk dbafgio ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk ub~bvpo òigdrdgk ~gvg ~gjig|gk fgklug `giga abafgklrk fgklug oko+ ^bvdbafgklgk aguygvgdgp ygkl ugklgp òkgaou `bklgk fbvglga agugigj pbkprkyg po`gd erdr~ òubibugodgk `giga abmg òudruo+ Kgark ~bvir g`g igkldgj dhkdvop `giga ~bigdugkggkkyg+ @rkog ubjgvrukyg

~bkòòdgk òfbvodgk

abvr~gdgk vrgkl

`gk

fglogk ~bvgk

upvgpblou uolkocodgk

ygkl rkprd

aba~bvdhdhj ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk oko+ Ubfglgo glbkp hc ejgklb `giga aguygvgdgp) ~bkòòdgk ugklgp ~hpbkuogi rkprd abafgklrk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk `gk abafbvodgk ~bagjgagk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd fgj|g ~bvfb`ggk g`gigj vgjagp+ ^bvfb`ggk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv


frdgkigj cgkgpouab+ Abigiro ~bkòòdgk òjgvg~dgk gdgk igjov dbug`gvgk ubegvg rprj fgj|g ~bvfb`ggk g`gigj urkkgpriigj ygkl jgòv ò pbklgj aguygvgdgp Ok`hkbuog ygkl aripodriprv+ @giga dhkpbdu abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprv) `rkog ~bkòòdgk ur`gj ubjgvrukyg abargp fgjgk ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl fbvjrfrklgk `bklgk uodg~ ugiokl abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk) fbvcodov pbvfrdg) vbdhkuoioguo) dbvmgugag) uodg~ g~vbuogpoc `gk igok ubfglgokyg+ Fbvdgopgk `bklgk ~bvgkgk `rkog ~bkòòdgk `giga abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprv) ubpo`gdkyg g`g `rg egvg `g~gp òigdrdgk rkprd abkloa~ibabkpguodgk abkloa~ibabkpguodgk ~bkòòdgk ~ bkòòdgk aripodriprv ò ubdhigj+

7+ Ubegvg Urfupgkpoc Agpbvo(urfupgkuo

drvodrira

ygkl

ubegvg

igklurkl

fbvjrfrklgk `bklgk ubagklgp dbug`gvgk aripodriprv+ Ugigj ugpr fglogk ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ò ubdhigj `g~gp òigdrdgk `giga ~bafbigmgvgk fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj) fbpg~g~rk ugklgp ~hpbkuogi òigdrdgk `giga fo`gkl uprò igokkyg ub~bvpo ubko fr`gyg+ Kgark) `giga crkluokyg rkprd abafgklrk dgvgdpbv `gk ubagklgp dhibdpoc fgklug) ~bkòòdgk ubmgvgj `g~gp ò`hvhkl `giga abafgklrk bkbvlo dhibdpoc pbvubfrp+ ^vhubu ~gkmgkl pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog ygkl òigdrdgk ~gvg ~bmrgkl fgklug `gvo fbvfglgo dgigklgk urdr) glgag `gk upgpru uhuogi foug abkmgò ~hok ~bkpokl `giga abagjgadgk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk+ @giga jgi oko) lrvr ubmgvgj jgvru aga~r abkyga~godgk agpbvo ~bafbigmgvgk ubmgvgj frdgk jgkyg ubfglgo ubfrgj dougj ubagpg) kgark òprkprp rkprd abkllgio aripodriprvgio uab


7<2

`gk abkyga~godgk ~bugk!~bugk ugklgp dgyg `gk abk`giga `gvo ubpog~ ~bvoupo|g ubmgvgj ygkl òuga~godgkkyg ò `giga dbigu+ @giga dhkpbdu abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprv) agdg ~bvir òpgkgadgk ~bklbvpogk fgj|g Ok`hkbuog pbvfbkprd abigiro ~bvmrgklgk ubarg dgigklgk+ Ok`hkbuog pbvòvo `gvo fbvfglgo urdr) vgu) glgag `gk fr`gyg ygkl fbvglga) `gk ubargkyg abaoiodo ~bvgkgk `giga ubmgvgj pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug Ok`hkbuog+ ^bkbdgkgk ~g`g fglogk ub~bvpo oko pbkpr ugklgp ~bkpokl) ~bkpokl ) dgvbkg gdgk abafbvo g~vbuoguo `gk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk ò gkpgvg uou|g ygkl fbvfb`g igpgv fbigdgkl urdr) glgag `gk fr`gyg+ Ubarg uou|g gdgk pbvfgklrk vgug dbfgkluggkkyg) pbvfgklrk ubkub hc fbihklokl db~g`g pgkgj gov Ok`hkbuog) `gk ygkl pbv~bkpokl ubarg uou|g gdgk abvgug abkmgò fglogk ~bkpokl `gvo fgklug oko+ @bklgk `baodogk) jblbahko urdr pbvpbkpr ygkl geg~dgio abvgug ~rkyg gubp ubmgvgj ibfoj fbugv `giga pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug oko `g~gp dopg jok`gvo+ ^hok ~bkpokl ubigkmrpkyg `gvo ~bkgkgagk ~bugk!~bugk ubmgvgj oko) fgj|g uou|g ògmgvdgk rkprd abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk `bklgk uou|g igokkyg) fbigmgv ugiokl abkljgvlgo `gk igok ubfglgokyg) ubjokllg ubagklgp rkprd abkrafrjdgk dbug`gvgk aripodriprv oko `g~gp ubegvg ~bvigjgk òpbvg~dgk hibj ~bubvpg òòd+

6+ Ah`bi ^bafbigmgvgk Abigiro ~baoiojgk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk ygkl abkgvod uou|g `g~gp ògmgd abkbvg~dgk gu~bd!gu~bd `gvo dgvgdpbvoupod ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Ubfglgo ehkphj) `giga ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk òudruo dbiha~hd+ @gvo arigo ~bklbiha~hdgk uou|g) ~vhubu òudruo abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv


uga~go dbuoa~rigk) fgkygd jgi foug òpbvg~dgk lrvr `giga dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Ubfrpigj dhkub~ fbvcodov pbvfrdg) ugiokl abkljgvlgo) abklg~vbuoguo `gk okpbv`b~bk`bkuo ubfglgo fglogk dgvgdpbvoupod ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv) `g~gp `bklgk ar`gj dopg pbvg~dgk `giga ~vhubu òudruo dbiha~hd+ ^vhubu abkbvoag ~bvfb`ggk `g~gp dopg arigo `gvo ~vhubu lvhr~okl gpgr ~bklbiha~hdgk uou|g+ @giga ~vhubu oko) uou|g arigo ògmgvdgk rkprd fbvubòg fbdbvmgugag `bklgk uou|g igok `gvo fbvfglgo igpgv fbigdgkl ygkl fbvfb`g `bklgk òvokyg+ Ubigkmrpkyg `giga ~vhubu òudruo) dhkub~!dhkub~ ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv ub~bvpo ugiokl abkljgvlgo) fbvfb`g ~bk`g~gp) fbvcodov pbvfrdg `gk abklg~vbuoguo hvgkl igok gdgk pbvoa~ibabkpguodgk `bklgk mbigu ubigag ~vhubu fbvigklurkl+ ^gvg

uou|g

`bklgk

foafoklgk

lrvr)

òigpoj

rkprd

abklbardgdgk ~bk`g~gp) abkljgvlgo ~bk`g~gp uou|g igok) fbdbvmgugag `giga dbiha~hd `gk ubmraigj gdposopgu ygkl ugklgp bvgp dgopgk `bklgk dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Pbvgdjov `giga ~vhubu abklgafoi dbuoa~rigk) ò uoko uou|g gdgk fbigmgv abigdrdgk vbuhiruo dhkciod+ Fbvfglgo ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp `giga ~vhubu òudruo gdgk òegvodgk fbkgkl abvgj abkmgò ubfrgj dbuoa~rigk ygkl `g~gp òpbvoag hibj ubarg uou|g+ ^vhubu ~bkyrurkgk dbuoa~rigk `g~gp dopg ofgvgpdgk ubfglgo ubfrgj aokogprv vbdhkuoioguo ygkl òigdrdgk aguygvgdgp `giga dbjo`r~gk ubjgvo!jgvo+ Uou|g gdgk òigpoj rkprd abkybibugodgk ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp `bklgk fbvòudruo `gk fbvgvlrabkpguo pgk~g abagdugdgk dbjbk`gd db~g`g ~ojgd igok+ aripodriprvgio uab


7<<

^vhubu ub~bvpo oko ugklgp fbvagkcggp ubfglgo fbdgi fglo ~gvg uou|g `giga dbjo`r~gkkyg) glgv pbvigpoj rkprd abkybibugodgk ubfrgj ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp `giga urgpr aguygvgdgp pgk~g jgvru abagdugdgk dbjbk`gd `gk abagdgo mgigk dbdbvgugk+ Ugpr jgi ygkl ~bkpokl òlgvoufg|gjo `giga vgkldgogk dblogpgk oko ogigj okhsguo `gk dvbgposopgu lrvr `giga abklbihig ~vhubu òudruo dbiha~hd+ Dbkygpggkkyg g`gigj aguoj g`g agugigj ygkl òjg`g~o `rkog ~bkòòdgk djrurukyg fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj `giga abkbvg~dgk ~bafbigmgvgkkyg+ @gvo g|gi) fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj òjgvg~dgk aga~r abafgklrk bkbvlo dhibdpoc fgklug+ Pg~o) dbfomgdgk ~babvokpgj aguoj pbvgug abagvmokgidgk fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj ygkl aguoj òpba~gpdgk ubfglgo fo`gkl uprò ~bibkldg~+ Rkprd pokldgp UAG) ò dbigu Z fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj jgkyg òfbvodgk ~hvuo ugpr mga ~bigmgvgk gpgr 02 abkop `giga ubaokllr) dbigu ZO `gk ZOO ~vhlvga O^G ugpr mga ~bigmgvgk `gk polg mga ~bigmgvgk rkprd ~vhlvga OÛ òdbigu ZO `gk ZOO+ Dhkupvrduo drvodrira ub~bvpo oko pbkpr glgd abkyriopdgk fglo lrvr ubmgvgj ò ubdhigj fbvfrgp ibfoj fgkygd pbvrpgag `giga dhkpbdu ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ Jgi oko g`gigj ubfrgj gkhagio) ò pbklgj jgvg~gk prafrjkyg `gk pbvfbkprdkyg dgvgdpbv fgklug ygkl drgp) dbfbvugaggk `gk kguohkgiouab) kgark ugpr bibabk upvgpblou oko mrupvr pbv~okllovdgk+ Modg ub~bvpo oko) agdg jgvg~gk glgv prafrjkyg dbug`gvgk fbvugag abigiro ~bkllgiogk ~bklgigagk dhibdpoc fgklug gdgk ibfoj uriop pbveg~go+ _gkl pbvmgò g`gigj pbvfgklrkkyg aguygvgdgp gjouphvou ò agug `b~gk+ Mbigu dhkòuo oko ugklgp abafgjgygdgk abkrmr ~bkòòdgk fbvfguou aripodriprv

7<: O Aripodriprv `giga ^bkòòdgk Ubmgvgj

dbjo`r~gk dopg ubfglgo ubfrgj fgklug+ Dbpodg fgklug oko ir~g gdgk gugi!rurikyg) ir~g ubmgvgj fgklugkyg) agdg o`bkpopgu dopg ubfglgo fgklug gdgk ibkyg~ `gk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk ubagdok ~r`gv+ Fgjdgk) po`gd abkrpr~ dbarkldokgk ubkpoabk!ubkpoabk ygkl fbvigpgv fbigdgkl urdr) fr`gyg `gk glgag ubagdok prafrj urfrv ò kblbvo oko+ Abkyg`gvo dhkòuo ub~bvpo oko) ubjgvrukyg ~babvokpgj arigo fbvcodov rkprd abkegvo uhiruo) pbvrpgag abvbdhkupvrduo drvodrira ubmgvgj ò ubdhigj+ Igkldgj aokoagi ygkl ugklgp abarkldokdgk òigdrdgk ~babvokpgj ubpo`gdkyg abkgafgj ~hvuo fbigmgv fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj+ Oko igkldgj ~bkpokl `gk upvgpblou) dgvbkg `bklgk ~hvuo fbigmgv ygkl abag`go ~gvg ~ gvg lrvr gdgk ibfoj ibirgug abklbihig dbigu+ @bklgk `baodogk) drgiopgu ~bafbigmgvgk gdgk ibfoj fgod fgo d `gk prmrgk fbigmgv ibfoj ar`gj pbveg~go+ Igkldgj ubigkmrpkyg ygkl `g~gp òigdrdgk ogigj abkokldgpdgk drgiocodguo dbgjiogk lrvr ubmgvgj abigiro fbvfglgo pvgokokl `gk dblogpgk ubmbkoukyg+ Cgdphv drgiopgu lrvr ò ubdhigj geg~dgio abkmgò fglogk `gvo ~vhfiba dbpo`gdfbvjguoigk ~bafbigmgvgk+ Dgvbkg opr) ~vhlvga!~vhlvga ~bigpojgk fglo lrvr!lrvr ubmgvgj mrlg abvr~gdgk fglogk igkldgj ~bkpokl rkprd abkokldgpdgk drgiopgu ~bafbigmgvgk ubmgvgj ò ubdhigj+

DBUOA^RIGK @rkog ~bkòòdgk abaoiodo ~bvgk ~bkpokl `giga abafgklrk dbug`gvgk aripodriprv+ ^bkòòdgk g`gigj |gjgkg upvgpblou rkprd ab|rmr`dgk dbug`gvgk pbvubfrp+ G`gigj fo`gkl uprò ubmgvgj ygkl aripodriprvgio uab


7
abkrvrp ~bkriou abaoiodo uouo ugklgp upvgpblou `giga abafbkprd dbug`gvgk aripodriprv oko+ ^vhubu ubmgvgj pbvfbkprdkyg fgklug oko abvr~gdgk ~hok pbv~bkpokl ygkl |gmof òuga~godgk `gk ò~gjgadgk db~g`g ~bubvpg òòd `giga vgkldg abafgklrk ubagklgp dbfbvugaggk+ ^g`g pgpgvgk ah`bi ~bafbigmgvgk) dblogpgk òudruo dbiha~hd ugklgp pb~gp `giga abk`hvhkl prafrjkyg ubagklgp fbdbvmgugag) abkljgvlgo ~bvfb`ggk ~bk`g~gp) abkegvo vbuhiruo `gk vbdhkuoioguo dhkciod ubfglgoagkg dgvgdpbvoupod `gvo ~bkòòdgk aripodriprv+ _gkl pbvgdjov) `rkog ~bkòòdgk `gk ~babvokpgj jgvru eb~gp fbvfbkgj òvo rkprd abkokldgpdgk drgiopgu ~bafbigmgvgkkyg+TQ


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