Movimientos Revolucionarios en Latinoamérica del Siglo XX: Camino hacia Transformaciones Políticas y Sociales

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Fiz  D}mq~iz Iqeiciz Qmtkf}jbk`iqbiz Qmtkf}jbk`iqbiz cm Jkfkeabi /DIQJ" /DIQJ" mz }` hq}|k h}mqqbffmqk jkfkeabi`k y}m zm |qkjfiei eiqxbzsi%fm`b`bzsi. K|mqi m` Jkfkeabi r m` fiz qmhbk`mz dqk`smqb~iz cm Tm`m~}mfi& Mj}ickq& \i`ieé r \mqþ. Zk` |iqsåjb|mz cmf jk`dfbjsk iqeick jkfkeabi`k cmzcm z} jk`dkqeijbú` m` 9243. Fiz DIQJ   DIQJ mz fi h}mqqbffi eéz i`sbh}i r `}emqkzi cm Fisb`kieâqbji. D}`cici cmz|}âz cm fi kdm`zbti y}m& !jk` mf db` cm qmidbqeiq fi i}skqbcic cmf ffieick Dqm`sm  @ijbk`if! & mf mnâqjbsk jkfkeabi`k qmifb~ú m` 9243 jk`sqi fi !Qm|þafbji cm Eiqy}msifbi! & }`i cm fiz jke}`bcicmz i}sú`keiz jqmici |kq hq}|kz iqeickz jke}`bzsiz r fbamqifmz qicbjifmz. Z}z ijjbk`mz jk`zbzsm` m` h}mqqbffiz r jkeaism qmh}fiq jk`tm`jbk`if izå jkek sâj`bjiz smqqkqbzsiz& izmzb`isk cm jbtbfmz& ebmeaqkz cmf hkabmq`k r ebfbsiqmz& zmj}mzsqk jk` db`mz |kfåsbjkz k cm mxskqzbú`& ism`sickz jk` akeaiz k jbfb`cqkz cm hiz& r ijskz y}m oi` |qktkjick cmz|fi~iebm`skz dkq~ickz cm jbtbfmz& tbkfi`ck izå mf  Cmqmjok  Cmqmjok B`smq`ijbk`if B`smq`ijbk`if O}ei`bsiqbk O}ei`bsiqbk . M` jke}`bjickz kdbjbifmz i fi k|b`bú` |þafbji& fiz DIQJ idbqei` y}m z} kanmsbtk mz ijiaiq jk` fiz cmzbh}ifcicmz zkjbifmz& |kfåsbjiz r mjk`úebjiz & a}zjiq fi b`smqtm`jbú` ebfbsiq r cm ji|bsifmz mzsick}`bcm`zmz m` Jkfkeabi& emcbi`sm mf mzsiafmjbebm`sk cm }` Mzsick eiqxbzsi%fm`b`bzsi r akfbtiqbi`k& |mqk mz cmzmzsbeick |kq mf hkabmq`k& cmabck i y}m zm oi tbzsk b`tkf}jqick m` `mhkjbkz jk`zbcmqickz bfmhifmz jkek mf qkak& mxskqzbú`& zmj}mzsqk r sqédbjk cm iqeiz r cqkhi.

 Mnâqjbsk  Mnâqjbsk cm Fbamqijbú` Fbamqijbú` @ijbk`if @ijbk`if /Jkfkeabi" /Jkfkeabi"

Mf Mnâqjbsk  Mnâqjbsk cm Fbamqijbú` Fbamqijbú` @ijbk`if /MF@" mz }`i kqhi`b~ijbú` h}mqqbffmqi jkfkeabi`i y}m zm i}skcmdb`m cm kqbm`sijbú` eiqxbzsi%fm`b`bzsi r |qk%qmtkf}jbú` j}ai`i. Zk` |iqsåjb|mz cmf jk`dfbjsk iqeick jkfkeabi`k cmzcm z} jk`dkqeijbú` m` 9243 r zk` cbqbhbciz |kq mf Jkei`ck Jm`sqif& cmf y}m oijm` |iqsm jb`jk ebmeaqkz& b`jf}rm`ck mf nmdm cmf  MF@ & @bjkféz Qkcqåh}m~ Ai}sbzsi. Fi bcmkfkhåi cmf MF@ jk`sbm`m mfmem`skz sifmz jkek mf }zk cm fi f}joi iqeici |iqi  cm`}`jbiq r  |qkektmq  |qkektmq fi zkf}jbú` cm fiz `mjmzbcicmz `mjmzbcicmz zkjbifmz cm fi |kafijbú` |kafijbú` dqm`sm i fi mx|fksijbú` mx|fksijbú`  `ijbk`if m b`smq`ijbk`if  b`smq`ijbk`if & icmeéz cmf zmùifiebm`sk& icmeéz cm cm`}`jbiq  diffkz m b`n}zsbjbiz

cm`sqk cm }`i cmekjqijbi y}m `k jk`zbcmqi` jkek sif. Icmeéz& cici z} jk`cbjbú` cm h}mqqbffi cm fkz iùkz 8< r ?<& m` ck`cm m`sqú m` d}qkq fi Smkfkhåi cm fi Fbamqijbú`& r zbm`ck }`k cm z}z |qmj}qzkqmz& mf j}qi h}mqqbffmqk Jiebfk Skqqmz Qmzsqm|k& zbm`ck z} b`smq|qmsijbú` fk y}m âf ffieiqåi !Eiqxbzsi%Jqbzsbi`i! . Mf  MF@ & oi sm`bck z} aizsbú` d}`ciem`sif iffå& sif mz mf jizk cm Ei`}mf \âqm~ !Mf j}qi! & jkek mqi jk`kjbck m` fiz dbfiz h}mqqbffmqiz& jkei`ci`sm cm mzm hq}|k b`z}qhm`sm cmzcm fkz 8<& oizsi z} e}mqsm m` 922?. Mf  MF@  oi omjok |qmzm`jbi i fk fiqhk cm z} obzskqbi m` fi ~k`i cmf Jisis}eak& mf cm|iqsiem`sk cm @kqsm cm Zi`si`cmq& mf z}q cmf cm|iqsiem`sk cm Akfåtiq& fkz cm|iqsiem`skz cm Iqi}ji& Jmziq& I`sbky}bi& Ji}ji& @iqbùk r Tiffm Tiffm cmf Ji}ji& m`sqm ksqkz.

 Mnâqjbsk  Mnâqjbsk ^i|isbzsi ^i|isbzsi cm Fbamqijbú` Fbamqijbú` @ijbk`if @ijbk`if /Eâxbjk" /Eâxbjk"

 Mf Mnâqjbsk Mnâqjbsk ^i|isbzsi ^i|isbzsi cm Fbamqijbú` Fbamqijbú` @ijbk`if /M^F@" /M^F@" mz }`i kqhi`b~ijbú` kqhi`b~ijbú` |kfåsbjk%ebfbsiq |kfåsbjk%ebfbsiq & j}rk ei`ck sbm`m |kq `keaqm Jkebsâ Jfi`cmzsb`k Qmtkf}jbk`iqbk B`cåhm`i%Jkei`ci`jbi Hm`mqif /JJQB%JH" cmf  M^F@ & cmqbtick cm z} jke|kzbjbú` eirkqbsiqbiem`sm b`cåhm`i. Zifbú i

fi f}~ |þafbji m` mf mzsick emxbji`k cm Jobi|iz mf 9 cm m`mqk cm 9223 if skeiq tiqbiz jiamjmqiz e}`bjb|ifmz mf ebzek cåi y}m m`sqiai m` tbhm`jbi mf SFJ cm Ieâqbji cmf @kqsm . Zm jqmi |iqi hm`mqiq ji`ifmz fmhifmz cm |iqsbjb|ijbú` |kfåsbji jmqqici r fi dkqeijbú` cm kqhi`b~ijbk`mz iqeiciz |iqi fkhqiq mf cmqqkjiebm`sk cm }` qâhbem` y}m cmzcm z} |}`sk cm tbzsi mz i}skqbsiqbk& icmeéz cm emnkqiq fiz jk`cbjbk`mz cm tbci cm fi |kafijbú` emxbji`i. Z} f}joi& i fi y}m zm |}mcm ciq }` zmh}bebm`sk cm fi ei`k cm z}z zmbz cmjfiqijbk`mz |kfåsbjiz& zm |}mcm mx|qmziq jk` sqmz |fi`smiebm`skz eå`bekz y}m ti` cm fk fkjif i fk hfkaif> 

 Fi cmdm`zi cm cmqmjokz cmqmjokz jkfmjsbtkz jkfmjsbtkz b`cåhm`iz emxbji`kz

m b`cbtbc}ifmz `mhickz obzsúqbjiem`sm  i fkz |}mafkz

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 Fi jk`zsq}jjbú` jk`zsq}jjbú` cm }` `}mtk ekcmfk cm `ijbú` y}m b`jf}ri i fi cmekjqijbi fi n}zsbjbi jkek |qb`jb|bkz d}`ciem`sifmz cm }`i `}mti dkqei cm oijmq |kfåsbji.

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fi fbamqsic  r

Jqmiq }`i qmc cm qmzbzsm`jbiz r qmamfcåiz |iqi fi o}ei`bcic r jk`sqi mf `mkfbamqifbzek.

 I`éfbzbz cm \qmh}`siz \qmh}`siz r jk`jf}zbk` jk`jf}zbk`mz mz if qmz|mjsk qmz|mjsk zkaqm zkaqm mf Smei

»M` y}â jk`zbzsbú fi f}joi h}mqqbffmqi m` Ieâqbji Fisb`i;

Fi F}joi H}mqqbffmqi jk`zbzsbú m` }`i zmqbm cm  kqhi`b~ijbk`mz  kqhi`b~ijbk`mz zkjbifmz & i|kriciz |kq ie|fbkz zmjskqmz cm fi |kafijbú` cm Ieâqbji Fisb`i& y}m `ijm` i |iqsbq cm fi sm`zi zbs}ijbú` mjk`úebji r zkjbif m` fi y}m mzsiai zkemsbci fi zkjbmcic fisb`kiemqbji`i& dkqsifmjbm`ck izå fkz ektbebm`skz b~y}bmqcbzsiz m` mf jk`sb`m`sm. Mz jk`zbcmqici jkek  ektbebm`sk cmdm`zbtk cmdm`zbtk cmf |}mafk & fi j}if ffmti m` zå& r jk`zsi`smem`sm& z} ji|ijbcic cm isiy}m zkaqm mf m`mebhk /fkz hkabmq`kz cm jici |iåz"& |mqk sieabâ` fi ji|ijbcic cm cmdm`cmq i fi `ijbú` /if |}mafk m` zå". »Y}â be|fbji`jbiz s}tk mzsm dm`úem`k |iqi fkz |}mafkz fisb`kiemqbji`kz;

Fkz |qkjmzkz qmtkf}jbk`iqbkz y}m zm ffmtiqk` i jiak m` mf jk`sb`m`sm m` fi zmh}`ci ebsic cmf zbhfk __ d}mqk` e}r be|kqsi`smz |iqi fkz |}mafkz Fisb`kiemqbji`kz& cmabck i y}m s}tbmqk` fi zkjbkmjk`ú ebjk  |kzbabfbcic cm mzsiafmjmq mzsiafmjmq jieabkz qicbjifmz qicbjifmz si`sk m` mf éeabsk |kfåsbjk jkek zkjbkmjk`úebjk .

Be|fbjú sieabâ` a}zjiq  zkf}jbk`mz  zkf}jbk`mz i fiz `mjmzbcicmz `mjmzbcicmz zkjbifmz |qb`jb|ifmz |qb`jb|ifmz & r fi aþzy}mci cm bcmifmz jkek fi cmekjqijbi& fi fbamqsic r fi n}zsbjbi y}m m` hm`mqif& mzs}tbmqi` i ditkq cm mzskz. Zb` meaiqhk& jkek qmz|}mzsi cbqmjsi i mzskz ektbebm`skz zm b`zsi}qiqk` qmhåem`mz ebfbsiqmz r zm qmcmdb`bú m` sâqeb`kz cm h}mqqbffiz& ji}zi`ck hqi`cmz |âqcbciz o}ei`iz m` skck mf jk`sb`m`sm.

»J}éfmz d}mqk` z}z |qb`jb|ifmz kanmsbtkz;

B`cm|m`cbm`sm cm fi cbdmqm`jbi cm sm`cm`jbiz m b`smqmzmz& z}z |qb`jb|ifmz kanmsbtkz mqi` fkhqiq b`jkq|kqiq }`i ekcmq`b~ijbú` `ijbk`if  cmzcm fkz zmjskqmz eéz be|kqsi`smz m` ditkq cm fiz jfizmz |k|}fiqmz r izå  kafbhiq  kafbhiq /mz|mjbifem`sm m` |mqbkckz cm jqbzbz"&  i fkz hkabmq`kz hkabmq`kz i jmcmq mf   |kcmq cmf Mzsick r iti`~iq oijbi mf zkjbifbzek emcbi`sm }`i mzsqismhbi |kfåsbjk%ebfbsiq k |iqfiem`siqbi.  A}zji` fi jk`y}bzsi jk`y}bzsi cmf |kcmq |kfåsbjk r |kzsmqbkqem`sm  jk`dkqeiq }`i `ijbú`  kqhi`b~ici  kqhi`b~ici & i sqitâz cm kaqmqkz r jie|mzb`kz& jqmi`ck qmdkqeiz& jkebsâz& msj. i ditkq cmf |}mafk.  Qmdmqm`sm  Qmdmqm`sm i fkz ektbebm`skz ektbebm`skz qmtkf}jbk qmtkf}jbk`iqbkz& `iqbkz& »Y}â kanmsbtkz kanmsbtkz |mqzmh}åi`; |mqzmh}åi`;

M` hm`mqif& fkz ektbebm`skz qmtkf}jbk`iqbkz sm`åi` jkek kanmsbtk&  ditkqmjmq  ditkqmjmq i fiz jfizmz  |k|}fiqmz&  |k|}fiqmz& cm`}`jbi`ck cm`}`jbi`ck r |qkektbm`ck |qkektbm`ck fi zkf}jbú` cm `mjmzbcicmz `mjmzbcicmz zkjbifmz y}m idmjsiai` fi |kafijbú`& jkek |kq mnme|fk& fi  cmdm`zi cm cmqmjokz cmqmjokz . Sieabâ` a}zjiai`  skeiq mf |kcmq cmf   Mzsick |iqi mzsiafmjmq fi  jk`zsq}jjbú`  jk`zsq}jjbú` cm }` `}mtk ekcmfk cm `ijbú` y}m b`jf}ri i fi  cmekjqijbi&  cmekjqijbi& fbamqsic r n}zsbjbi jkek |qb`jb|bkz d}`ciem`sifmz cm oijmq |kfåsbji. »Júek zm tbz}ifb~i z} |qkrmjjbú` m` fi ijs}ifbcic;

Ijs}ifem`sm& ifh}`kz |qkjmzkz qmtkf}jbk`iqbkz zbh}m` tbhm`smz& |mqk `k jk` fi ebzei d}mq~i y}m m` câjiciz i`smqbkqmz& cmabck i jbmqskz dijskqmz y}m oi` b`jbcbck m` fi cbzeb`}jbú` cm mzsiz kqhi`b~ijbk`mz zkjbifmz& m`sqm mffkz cmzsiji`> 

Mf  qmskq`k  qmskq`k i fi cmekjqijbi m` fkz |iåzmz fisb`kiemqbji`kz cmz|}âz cm oiamq |qmzm`jbick cbjsic}qiz ebfbsiqmz /jkek m` Jobfm"& mf j}if cmnú }` tijåk |kq mf mf j}if f}joiq r ei`bdmzsiqzm.

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Ksqk dijskq cbqmjsk d}m fi  cbdmqm`jbi  cbdmqm`jbi cm |m`ziebm`skz& |m`ziebm`skz& bcmifmz y}m a}zjiai` a}zjiai`  n}`sk jk` fi b`cbdmqm`jbi& mf cmzb`smqâz r |kji b`dkqeijbú` zkaqm mzsm smei y}m `kz qmfijbk`i cbqmjsiem`sm jkek zkjbmcic. &

\kq m`cm& mz |kzbafm em`jbk`iq z} i|ijbh}iebm`sk cmabck i fi  difsi cm bcmifmz r emsiz jk`zbzsm`smz y}m itifm` z} |mqei`m`jbi m` sbme|kz m` ck`cm mf Mzsick `k |qke}mtm fi qm|qmzbú` mnmqjbci c}qi`sm fiz câjiciz }fsmqbkqmz. »M` y}â emcbci jiqhiekz mf fmhick y}m `kz cmniqk` fkz ektbebm`skz cmf |mqbkck 924<%1<<<;

Mf fmhick mz e}r ie|fbk r qicbji m` y}m mf |}mafk sbm`m fi |kzbabfbcic cm }`bqzm dkqei`ck hq}|kz zkjbifmz y}m |}mci` ei`bdmzsiqzm  ei`bdmzsiqzm m` jk`sqi cm iy}mffkz y}m be|kzbabfbsi` mf  |qkhqmzk  |qkhqmzk r mf  jieabk y}m si`skz i`omfi`& y}m mxbzsm fi k|kqs}`bcic cm  k|k`mqzm i fkz hkabmq`kz be|mqi`smz ei`bdmzsi`ck z}z b`y}bms}cmz dqm`sm i fiz cmei`ciz |kfåsbjiz zkjbifmz& mjk`úebjiz& m`sqm ksqiz. &

I}`y}m fkz |qkjmzkz qmtkf}jbk`iqbkz zbh}m` tbhm`smz oizsi `}mzsqkz cåiz jkek fi qmtkf}jbú` j}ai`i& iþ` y}mci` e}jokz mfmem`skz |kq jk`jqmsiq. Oizsi okr cåi cmamekz zk|kqsiq |qkafmeiz y}m iy}mni` i fkz |}mafkz& jkek fi |kaqm~i& fiz b`n}zsbjbiz zkjbifmz& k fi tbkfijbú` cm cmqmjokz.  \iqi mffk `k cmamekz y}mciq`kz cm ‖aqi~kz jq}~ickz―& cmamekz zmq dijskqmz dijskqmz cm jieabk& ijs}iq ijs}iq  jk`zjbm`smem`sm  jk`zjbm`smem`sm |iqi fkhqiq mf Abm` Jkeþ` r mtbsiq i skci jkzsi fkz mqqkqmz mqqkqmz cmf |izick y}m zm  oi` jkemsbck jkemsbck r y}m si`sk si`sk z}dqbebm`sk z}dqbebm`sk oi sqiåck sqiåck i fi zkjbmcic zkjbmcic fisb`kiemqbji`i. fisb`kiemqbji`i.