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I.E. CÁRDENAS CENTRO
MÓDULO DE HUMANIDADES - INGLÉS CICLO V GRADO DÉCIMO
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I.E. CÁRDENAS CENTRO
MÓDULO DE HUMANIDADES - INGLÉS CICLO V GRADO DÉCIMO
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TABLA DE CONTENIDO pág.
PRIMER PERIODO 1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.2.1. 1.2.2.
GRAMMAR SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINOUS TENSE SIMPLE PAST FORM: PAST CONTINUOUS FORM
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2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4.
VOCABULARY SUBJECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS POSSESIVE ADJETIVES FRECUENCY ADVERBS TIME EXPRESSIONS
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1. 1.1. 1.2. 1.3.
GRAMMAR SIMPLE FUTURE FORM: WILL AND GOING TO FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & ADJETIVES
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2. 2.1.
VOCABULARY TECHNOLOGY VERBS
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SEGUNDO PERÍODO
1. 1.1.
GRAMMAR PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
2. 2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6.
VOCABULARY YET, ALREADY PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERBS. FAMILY PROFESSIONS JOBS SICKNESS SINCE, FOR
TERCER PERÍODO
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CUARTO PERÍODO
1. GRAMMAR: 1.1. REVIEW THE PRESENT PERFECT & PRESENT TENSE & PAST TENSE. EXERCISES PROPOSED FOR YOUR TEACHER 2. 2.1.
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VOCABULARY 43 REVIEW THE VOCABULARY SEEN IN THE PREVIOUS LESSON. EXERCISES PROPOSED FOR YOUR TEACHER 43
PRUEBA TIPO ICFES BIBLIOGRAFÍA
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PRIMER PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR
Tense are called action verbs (dynamic verbs). Some verbs can be both state and action verbs depending on their meaning.
1.1. SIMPLE PRESENT & PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE 1. Permanent (usual) and Temporary (now, around now) actions. •
Here are some verbs that are not normally used in the Continuous Tense.
We use the Present Continuous tense to speak about things which are happening now or things which are temporary. I am not working now. I am on holiday. Sally is listening to a new CD. Who are you phoning?
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dislike
love
hate
prefer
remember forget
believe
mean
seem
understand
want
need
know
belong
own
Here are some a few verbs that can be both state and action verbs depending on their meaning.
The Present Simple tense describes usual, repeated and permanent things for example, always, usually, often, sometimes, never .
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I work as an accountant. John doesn't know German. How often do you play tennis? •
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I think you made a mistake. think = believe I am thinking about my mum now. think = mental process
Compare how these two tenses are used. •
Why are you walking to work? Don't you usually go by bus? I live in Kharkiv, but now I am living in Moscow. Usually we have dinner at 7, but today we are having it at 9.
I have two cars. have = possess, own I am having my lunch now. have = eat
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2. Some verbs are not normally used in the Continuous Tense. They are called "state" verbs.
I am seeing my friend tomorrow evening. see = meeting with I see what you mean. See = understand
In English language there are verbs that are not normally used in the Continuous Tense, because they describe rather state than an action. They are called state verb (stative verbs, non-progressive verbs). The verbs that can be used in the Continuous
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PRACTICE……………
play _____________ matter ____________ contain ___________ look _____________ _
Decide if these English verbs are action verbs, state verbs, or can be both action and state verbs.
burn ________________ measure _____________ agree _______________ worry _______________ _
Enjoy_____________ read ________________ weigh ____________ feel _________________ mind _____________ prefer _______________ smell _____________ hear ________________ 3. Present Continuous and Present Simple to talk about the future. •
We use the Present Continuous Tense for plans and arrangements. What are you doing tonight? I'm seeing a very important customer in my office at 4 o'clock. We are going to the see for our holiday. Where are you staying in Vienna? I'm not going anywhere. It is final.
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We use the Present Simple in the conditional clauses afterif, when, as soon as, until etc, and when we talk about timetable, schedules, itineraries et c. What will you do if you fail your exam? We will wait, until she comes. My plane takes off at 9.00. The President arrives in Norway on 17 September. What time does your train leave?
PRACTICE………..
Put the verb in brackets in the correct form, either the Present Simple Tense or the Present Continuous Tense. 1. I__________________ a very interesting book. (read – am reading) 2. Joanne______________ eight hours a day. (works – is working) 3. Tonight we___________________ a play at the theatre. (see – are seeing) 4. Who _______________________ to? (do you speak – are you speaking) 5. I _________________________ him very well. (don´t know – am not knowing) 6. What will you do if she ____________________ late? (comes – is coming)
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7. My wife ______________________ coffee for breakfast. (prefers – is prefering) 8. What ____________________________ for breakfast? (do you usually have – are you usually having) 9. Your train________________________ at 17.25 from platform 3. (leaves – is leaving) 10. What ________________________? She's a student. (does Josephine do – is Josephine doing)
1.2. SIMPLE PAST & PAST CONTINOUS TENSE 1.2.1. SIMPLE PAST FORM:
[VERB+ed] or irregular verbs Examples:
You called Debbie. Did you call Debbie? You did not call Debbie.
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Most verbs conjugate by adding -ed like the verb "wait" below. Positive I waited. You waited. We waited. They waited. He waited. She waited. It waited.
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I did not wait. You did not wait. We did not wait. They did not wait. He did not wait. She did not wait. It did not wait.
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Did I wait? Did you wait? Did we wait? Did they wait? Did he wait? Did she wait? Did it wait?
USE 1. Completed Action in the Past
Use the Simple Past to express the idea that an action started and finished at a specific time in the past. Sometimes, the speaker may not actually mention the specific time, but they do have one specific time in mind.
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Examples:
I saw a movie yesterday. I didn't see a play yesterday. Last year, I traveled to Jap n. Last year, I didn't travel to Korea. Did you have dinner last ni ht? She washed her car. He didn't wash his car.
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USE 2. A Series of Completed Actions
We use the Simple Past to list a seriies of completed actions in the past. These actio s happen 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on. Examples: •
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I finished work, walked to the beach, and found a nice place to swim. He arrived from the airport at 8:00, checked into the hotel at 9:00, and met he others at 10:00. Did you add flour, pour in the milk, and then add the eggs?
USE 3. Duration in Past
The Simple Past can be used with a duration which starts and stops in the past. duration is a longer action often indicated by expressions such as: for two years, for five minutes, all day, all ye r, etc. Examples:
I lived in Brazil for two year s. Shauna studied Japanese or five years. They sat at the beach all d y. They did not stay at the party the entire time. We talked on the phone for thirty minutes. A: How long did you wait for them? B: We waited for one hour.
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USE 4. Habits in the Past
The Simple Past can also be used to describe a habit which stopped in the past. It can have the same meaning as "used to." To make it clear that we are talking about a habit, we often add expressions such as: always, often, usually, never, when I was a child, when I was younger, etc. Examples:
I studied French when I was a child. He played the violin. He didn't play the piano. Did you play a musical instrument when you were a kid? She worked at the movie theater after school. They never went to school, they always skipped class.
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USE 5. Past Facts or Generalizations
The Simple Past can also be used to describe past facts or generalizations which are no longer true. As in USE 4 above, this use of the Simple Past is quite similar to the expression "used to." Examples:
She was shy as a child, but now she is very outgoing. He didn't like tomatoes before. Did you live in Texas when you were a kid? People paid much more to make cell phone calls in the past.
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IMPORTANT When-Clauses Happen First Clauses are groups of words which have meaning but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when I dropped my pen..." or "when class began..." These clauses are called when-clauses, and they are very important. The examples below contain when-clauses.
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Examples: When I paid her one dollar, she answered my question. She answered my question when I paid her one dollar. When-clauses are important because they always happen first when both clauses are in the Simple Past. Both of the examples above mean the same thing: first, I paid her one dollar, and then, she answered my question. It is not important whether "when I paid her one dollar" is at the beginning of the sentence or at the end of the sentence. However, the example below has a different meaning. First, she answered my question, and then, I paid her one dollar. • •
1.2.2. PAST CONTINUOUS FORM
[was/were + present participle] Examples:
You were studying when she called. Were you studying when she called? You were not studying when she called. Past Continuous Forms •
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I was singing. You were singing. We were singing. They were singing. He was singing. She was singing. It was singing.
Question
I was not singing. You were not singing. We were not singing. They were not singing. He was not singing. She was not singing. It was not singing.
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Was I singing? Were you singing? Were we singing? Were they singing? Was he singing? Was she singing? Was it singing?
USE 1. Interrupted Action in the Past
Use the Past Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the past was interrupted. The interruption is usually a shorter action in the Simple Past. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time.
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Examples:
I was watching TV when she called. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. What were you doing when the earthquake started? I was listening to my iPod, so I didn't hear the fire alarm. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn the oven off. While John was sleeping last night, someone stole his car. Sammy was waiting for us when we got off the plane. While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly went off. A: What were you doing when you broke your leg? B: I was snowboarding.
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USE 2. Specific Time as an Interruption
In USE 1, described above, the Past Continuous is interrupted by a shorter action in the Simple Past. However, you can also use a specific time as an interruption. Examples: •
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Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. At midnight, we were still driving through the desert. Yesterday at this time, I was sitting at my desk at work.
IMPORTANT
In the Simple Past, a specific time is used to show when an action began or finished. In t he Past Continuous, a specific time only interrupts the action. Examples: •
Last night at 6 PM, I ate dinner. I STARTED EATING AT 6 PM.
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Last night at 6 PM, I was eating dinner. I STARTED EARLIER ; AND AT 6 PM, I WAS IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER .
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USE 3. Parallel Actions
When you use the Past Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions were happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples:
I was studying while he was making dinner. While Ellen was reading, Tim was watching television. Were you listening while he was talking? I wasn't paying attention while I was writing the letter, so I made several mistakes. What were you doing while you were waiting? Thomas wasn't working, and I wasn't working either. They were eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time.
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USE 4. Atmosphere
In English, we often use a series of parallel actions to describe the atmosphere at a particular time in the past. Example: •
When I walked into the office, several people were busily typing, some were talking on the phones, the bosswas yelling directions, and customers were waiting to be helped. One customer was yelling at a secretary and waving his hands. Others were complaining to each other about the bad service.
USE 5. Repetition and Irritation with "Always"
The Past Continuous with words such as "always" or "constantly" expresses the idea that something irritating or shocking often happened in the past. The concept is very similar to the expression "used to" but with negative emotion. Remember to put the words "always" or "constantly" between "be" and "verb+ing." Examples:
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She was always coming to class late. He was constantly talking. He annoyed everyone. I didn't like them because they were always complaining.
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While vs. When Clauses are groups of words which have meaning, but are often not complete sentences. Some clauses begin with the word "when" such as "when she called" or "when it bit me." Other clauses begin with "while" such as "while she was sleeping" and "while he was surfing." When you talk about things in the past, "when" is most often followed by the verb tense Simple Past, whereas "while" is usually followed by Past Continuous. "While" expresses the idea of "during that time." Study the examples below. They have similar meanings, but they emphasize different parts of the sentence. Examples:
I was studying when she called. While I was studying, she called. REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs •
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It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Past Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Past. Examples:
Jane was being at my house when you arrived. Not Correct Jane was at my house when you arrived. Correct
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EXERCISE
Using the words in parentheses and complete the text below with the appropriate tenses. Last night, while I was doing my homework, Angela (call) __________________. She said she (call) ______________ me on her cell phone from her biology classroom at UCLA. I asked her if she (wait) ______________ for class, but she said that the professor was at the front of the hall lecturing while she (talk) ______________ to me. I couldn't believe she (make) ________________ a phone call during the lecture. I asked what was going on. She said her biology professor was so boring that several of the students (sleep, actually) __________________ in class. Some of the students (talk) _______________ about their plans for the weekend and the student next to her (draw) ___________________ a picture of a horse. When Angela (tell) ___________________ me she was not satisfied with the class, I (mention) ________________ that my biology professor was quite good and (suggest) ________________ that she switch to my class. While we were talking, I (hear) ________________ her professor yell, "Miss, are you making a phone call?" Suddenly, the line went dead. I (hang) _______________ up the phone and went to the kitchen to make dinner. As I (cut) ___________________ vegetables for a salad, the phone rang once again. It (be) _____________ Angela, but this time she wasn't sitting in class.
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2. VOCABULARY 2.1. SUBJECT & OBJECT PRONOUNS
We use subject pronouns as subjects of sentences and object pronouns as objects. Subject Pronouns
Singular
Plural
Object Pronouns
I kicked the ball
I
2nd person
you You like to study.
3rd person (male)
he
3rd person (female)
she She likes ice cream.
3rd person (nonperson)
it
1st person
We enjoy going to we themovies.
2nd person
you You are the best students. you I wouldn't lie to you.
3rd person
they They are not happy.
He eats green cheese.
It bit John.
me
John kicked the ball to me.
1st person
wants to talk you John toyou. him Mary doesn't likehim. her
John kissed her.
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John smashed it.
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The politician lied tous.
them Mary didn't invitethem.
Extra Credit
We use pronouns as substitutes for noun phrases. The pronoun and the noun phrase that it refers to mean the same thing.
Just for fun consider the following example. If this one doesn't make sense, don't worry about it. It's just for fun.
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EXERCISE……. PRONOUNS INSTRUCTIONS. Replace the underlined word or words with the appropriate pronoun. Example: John kicked the ball ⇒ He
You and your family should take a long vacation. _________________________________ I saw Julie and Jill at the shopping mall. ________________________________ Get the dog out of the house. __________________________ Max scored three goals in the match against Italy._____________________________ Mary beat the boy up for his lunch money. _______________________ Max smashed his car into the tree. _________________________
2.2. POSSESIVE ADJETIVES
Possessive adjectives show ownership or belonging. They must go somewhere before a noun.
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EXERCISE…..
1. I am practicing ___ English. 2. You are working with _____ teacher 3. We are doing ______ work. 4. They are in _______ house. 5. Open _____ books and turn to the first lesson. 6. She wants to see ______ father. 7. It has ______ own food. 8. ______ name is (your name here). 9. ______ name is John. 10. _____ name is Julia.
2.3. FRECUENCY ADVERBS
The most common frequency adverbs in English are: Always Frequently Usually Often Sometimes Occasionally Seldom Rarely Never
100% of the time about 90% of the time about 80% of the time about 70% of the time about 50% of the time about 40% of the time about 20% of the time about 10% of the time about 00% of the time
Note: The percentages here are rough estimates only.
Frequency adverbs can be placed at various points in the sentence, but are most commonly used before the main verbs and after be verbs.
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I always come to work on time. They are seldom home when we call. He's usually eating breakfast at this time. She's never been to Maine. A: Do you come here often ? B: Yes. I'm here occasionally . A: What do you usually do here? B: Sometimes I just sit and ponder the meaning of life. Note: The adverbs seldom , rarely , never and hardly ever are considered negative.
A: Do you always carry a briefcase? B: (Yes,) I usually do. No, I usually don't. No, I rarely do. No, I hardly ever do. Other frequency adverbs and expressions are as follows: Every day/week/month Every other day/week Once a week/month/year Twice a year/day, etc. (Every) once in a while Every so often These expressions are used at the beginning and end of sentences, not before main verbs. Every once in a while I visit my grandmother in Minnesota. I visit my grandmother in Minnesota every once in a while. I every once in a while visit my grandmother in Minnesota. (Incorrect) Regularly Normally Traditionally
(according to schedule) (commonly nowadays) (commonly in the past)
These words can come at various points in the sentence. I regularly floss my teeth. I floss my teeth regularly . Traditionally , that was considered child's play. I normally get up around 6 o'clock. Normally , I get up around 6 o'clock.
EXERCISE…… Write 10 sentences using adverbs of frequency
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2.4. TIME EXPRESSIONS
Time expressions usually go at the end or at the beginning of a sentence: Yesterday I went to school. I went to school yesterday .
This week I'm going to New York. I'm going to New York this week. OTHER POPULAR TIME EXPRESSIONS:
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EXERCISE…… Write a sentence with each of the e pressions time in past, present and future.
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SEGUNDO PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR 1.1. SIMPLE FUTURE FORM: WILL AND GOING TO
Simple Future has two different forms in English: "will" and "be going to." Although the two forms can sometimes be used interchangeably, they often express two very different meanings. These different meanings might seem too abstract at first, but with time and practice, the differences will become clear. Both "will" and "be going to" refer to a specific time in the future.
FORM Will [will + verb] Examples:
You will help him later. Will you help him later? You will not help him later.
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FORM Be Going To [am/is/are + going to + verb] Examples:
You are going to meet Jane tonight. Are you going to meet Jane tonight? You are not going to meet Jane tonight.
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Simple Future Forms Using "Will"
Positive I will help. You will help. We will help. They will help. He will help. She will help. It will help.
Negative
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I will not help. You will not help. We will not help. They will not help. He will not help. She will not help. It will not help.
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Will I help? Will you help? Will we help? Will they help? Will he help? Will she help? Will it help?
Using "Be Going to"
Positive
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I am going to leave. You are going to leave. We are going to leave. They are going to leave. He is going to leave. She is going to leave. It is going to leave.
Question
I am not going to leave. You are not going to leave. We are not going to leave. They are not going to leave. He is not going to leave. She is not going to leave. It is not going to leave.
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Am I going to leave? Are you going to leave? Are we going to leave? Are they going to leave? Is he going to leave? Is she going to leave? Is it going to leave?
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USE 1. "Will" to Express a Voluntary Action
"Will" often suggests that a speaker will do something voluntarily. A voluntary action is one the speaker offers to do for someone else. Often, we use "will" to respond to someone else's complaint or request for help. We also use "will" when we request that someone help us or volunteer to do something for us. Similarly, we use "will not" or "won't" when we refuse to voluntarily do something. Examples: •
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I will send you the information when I get it. I will translate the email, so Mr. Smith can read it. Will you help me move this heavy table? Will you make dinner? I will not do your homework for you. I won't do all the housework myself! A: I'm really hungry. B: I'll make some sandwiches. A: I'm so tired. I'm about to fall asleep. B: I'll get you some coffee. A: The phone is ringing. B: I'll get it.
USE 2. "Will" to Express a Promise
"Will" is usually used in promises. Examples: •
I will call you when I arrive.
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If I am elected President of the United States, I will make sure everyone has access to inexpensive health insurance. I promise I will not tell him about the surprise party. Don't worry, I 'll be careful. I won't tell anyone your secret.
USE 3 "Be going to" to Express a Plan
"Be going to" expresses that something is a plan. It expresses the idea that a person intends to do something in the future. It does not matter whether the plan is realistic or not. Examples: •
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He is going to spend his vacation in Hawaii. She is not going to spend her vacation in Hawaii. A: When are we going to meet each other tonight? B: We are going to meet at 6 PM. I'm going to be an actor when I grow up. Michelle is going to begin medical school next year. They are going to drive all the way to Alaska. Who are you going to invite to the party? A: Who is going to make John's birthday cake? B: Sue is going to make John's birthday cake.
USE 4. "Will" or "Be Going to" to Express a Prediction
Both "will" and "be going to" can express the idea of a general prediction about the future. Predictions are guesses about what might happen in the future. In "prediction" sentences, the subject usually has little control over the future and therefore USES 1-3 do not apply. In the following examples, there is no difference in meaning. Examples: •
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The year 2222 will be a very interesting year. The year 2222 is going to be a very interesting year. John Smith will be the next President. John Smith is going to be the next President. The movie "Zenith" will win several Academy Awards. The movie "Zenith" is going to win several Academy Awards.
IMPORTANT In the Simple Future, it is not always clear which USE the speaker has in mind. Often, there is more than one way to interpret a sentence's meaning.
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No Future in Time Clauses Like all future forms, the Simple Future cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Simple Future, Simple Present is used. Examples: •
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When you will arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Not Correct When you arrive tonight, we will go out for dinner. Correct
EXERCISE………………
Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses Will / Be Going To.
1. A: Why are you holding a piece of paper? B: I (write) _______________________________ a letter to my friends back home in Texas. 2. A: I'm about to fall asleep. I need to wake up! B: I (get) _________________________________ you a cup of coffee. That will wake you up. 3. A: I can't hear the television! B: I (turn) _________________________________ it up so you can hear it. 4. We are so excited about our trip next month to France. We (visit) ___________________________________ Paris, Nice and Grenoble. 5. Sarah (come) ______________________ to the party. Oliver (be) _______________________ there as well. 6. Ted: It is so hot in here! Sarah: I (turn) ________________________________ the air-conditioning on. 7. I think he (be) ___________________________ the next President of the United States. 8. After I graduate, I (attend) ______________________________ medical school and become a doctor. I have wanted to be a doctor all my life. 9. A: Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too small for four people. B: That man at the service counter (help) ___________________________________ you. 10. As soon as the weather clears up, we (walk) ____________________ down to the beach and go swimming.
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1.2. FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE
Future Continuous has two different forms: "will be doing " and "be going to be doing." Unlike Simple Future forms, Future Continuous forms are usually interchangeable. FORM Future Continuous with "Will" [will be + present participle] Examples:
You will be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Will you be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You will not be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
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FORM Future Continuous with "Be Going To " [am/is/are + going to be + present participle] Examples:
You are going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight. Are you going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight? You are not going to be waiting for her when her plane arrives tonight.
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REMEMBER: It is possible to use either "will" or "be going to" to create the Future Continuous with little difference in meaning. Future Continuous Forms Using "Will be"
Positive I will be waiting. You will be waiting. We will be waiting. They will be waiting. He will be waiting. She will be waiting. It will be waiting.
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I will not be waiting. You will not be waiting. We will not be waiting. They will not be waiting. He will not be waiting. She will not be waiting. It will not be waiting.
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Will I be waiting? Will you be waiting? Will we be waiting? Will they be waiting? Will he be waiting? Will she be waiting? Will it be waiting?
Using "Be Going To"
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I am going to be waiting. You are going to be waiting. We are going to be waiting. They are going to be waiting. He is going to be waiting. She is going to be waiting. It is going to be waiting.
I am not going to be waiting. You are not going to be waiting. We are not going to be waiting . They are not going to be waiting. He is not going to be waiting. She is not going to be waiting. It is not going to be waiting.
Am I going to be waiting? Are you going to be waiting? Are we going to be waiting? Are they going to be waiting? Is he going to be waiting? Is she going to be waiting? Is it going to be waiting?
USE 1. Interrupted Action in the Future
Use the Future Continuous to indicate that a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action in the future. Remember this can be a real interruption or just an interruption in time. Examples:
I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. I will be waiting for you when your bus arrives . I am going to be staying at the Madison Hotel, if anything happens and you need to contact me. He will be studying at the library tonight, so he will not see Jennifer when she arrives . Notice in the examples above that the interruptions (marked in italics ) are in Simple Present rather than Simple Future. This is because the interruptions are in time clauses, and you cannot use future tenses in time clauses. •
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USE 2. Specific Time as an Interruption in the Future
In USE 1, described above, the Future Continuous is interrupted by a short action in the future. In addition to using short actions as interruptions, you can also use a specific time as an interruption.
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Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER .
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At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert. W E WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF DRIVING THROUGH THE DESERT .
REMEMBER. In the Simple Future, a specific time is used to show the time an action will begin or end. In the Future Continuous, a specific time interrupts the action. Examples: •
Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to eat dinner. I AM GOING TO START EATING AT 6 PM.
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Tonight at 6 PM, I am going to be eating dinner. I AM GOING TO START EARLIER AND I WILL BE IN THE PROCESS OF EATING DINNER AT 6 PM.
USE 3. Parallel Actions in the Future
When you use the Future Continuous with two actions in the same sentence, it expresses the idea that both actions will be happening at the same time. The actions are parallel. Examples: •
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I am going to be studying and he is going to be making dinner. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. be watching television. reading , While Ellen is Tim will N OTICE " IS READING " BECAUSE OF THE TIME CLAUSE CONTAINING " WHILE ." (S EE E XPLANATION B ELOW )
USE 4. Atmosphere in the Future
In English, we often use a series of Parallel Actions to describe atmosphere at a specific point in the future. Example: •
When I arrive at the party, everybody is going to be celebrating. Some will be dancing. Others are going to be talking. A few people will be eating pizza, and several people are going to be drinking beer. They always do the same thing.
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REMEMBER No Future in Time Clauses Like all future tenses, the Future Continuous cannot be used in clauses beginning with time expressions such as: when, while, before, after, by the time, as soon as, if, unless, etc. Instead of Future Continuous, Present Continuous is used. Examples: •
•
While I am going to be finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Not Correct While I am finishing my homework, she is going to make dinner. Correct
AND REMEMBER Non-Continuous Verbs / Mixed Verbs It is important to remember that Non-Continuous Verbs cannot be used in any continuous tenses. Also, certain non-continuous meanings for Mixed Verbs cannot be used in continuous tenses. Instead of using Future Continuous with these verbs, you must use Simple Future. Examples:
Jane will be being at my house when you arrive. Not Correct Jane will be at my house when you arrive. Correct
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Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses will be or be going to.
EXERCISE………….. 1. Sandra: Where is Tim going to meet us? Marcus: He (wait) ________________________________ for us when our train arrives. I am sure he (stand)
_________________________________ on the platform when we pull into the station. Sandra: And then what? Marcus: We (pick) ____________________________ Michele up at work and go out to dinner.
2. Ted: When we get to the party, Jerry (watch) ____________________________ TV, Sam (make)
__________________________ drinks, Beth (dance) _____________________________ by herself, and
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Thad (complain) ______________________ about his day at work. Robin: Maybe, this time they won't be doing the same things. Ted: I am absolutely positive they (do) ____________________________________ the same things; they always do the same things.
3. Florence: Oh, look at that mountain of dirty dishes! Who (wash) _________________________ all of those? Jack: I promise I (do) ___________________________ them when I get home from work. Florence: Thanks. Jack: When you get home this evening, that mountain will be gone and nice stacks of sparkling clean dishes
(sit) ________________________________ in the cabinets.
1.3. POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS & ADJETIVES
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EXERCISE……
Part C. Fill out the chart below with the correct possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns.
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2. VOCABULARY 2.1. TECHNOLOGY VERBS
Here are some useful verbs related to using the computer:
Use some of the words from the table above to fill the gaps in the sentences below.
1.
To ________________is to move text up and down so that you can see different parts of a document.
2.
To _______________is to press the mouse button and release it immediately. Sometimes you double ________________ an icon - to open a file, for example.
3.
f you want to move a bloc! of text, you can ________________it with the mouse to a different positi on.
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#ou can ___________________more characters or data into a text that is already on the screen.
$.
f you are %oin% to use a new dis!, you may have _______________it first.
EXERCISES…… Research others technology verbs and performs prayers with them.
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TERCER PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR 1.1. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE
FORM [has/have + past participle] Examples:
You have seen that movie many times. Have you seen that movie many times? You have not seen that movie many times.
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Present Perfect Forms
Positive
Negative
I have traveled. You have traveled. We have traveled. They have traveled. He has traveled. She has traveled. It has traveled.
Question
I have not traveled. You have not traveled. We have not traveled. They have not traveled. He has not traveled. She has not traveled. It has not traveled.
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Have I traveled? Have you traveled? Have we traveled? Have they traveled? Has he traveled? Has she traveled? Has it traveled?
USE 1. Unspecified Time Before Now
We use the Present Perfect to say that an action happened at an unspecified time before now. The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc. Examples:
I have seen that movie twenty times. I think I have met him once before. There have been many earthquakes in California.
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People have traveled to th Moon. People have not traveled to Mars. Have you read the book ye ? Nobody has ever climbed that mountain. A: Has there ever been a war in the United States? B: Yes, there has been a ar in the United States.
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How Do You Actually Use the Present Perfect? The concept of "unspecified time" c n be very confusing to English learners. It is best to associate Present Perfect with the following topics: TOPIC 1. Experience
You can use the Present Perfect to escribe your experience. It is like saying, "I hav the experience of..." You can also use this tense to say that you have never had a certain experience. The Pr sent Perfect is NOT used to describe a specific event. Examples: •
I have been to France. T HIS SENTENCE MEANS THA YOU HAVE HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF BEING IN F RAN E . M AYBE YOU HAVE BEEN THERE ONCE , OR SEVERAL TI MES .
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I have been to France thre times. Y OU CAN ADD THE NUMBER F TIMES AT THE END OF THE SENTENCE .
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I have never been to France. T HIS SENTENCE MEANS THA YOU HAVE NOT HAD THE EXPERIENCE OF GOING TO RANCE .
I think I have seen that mo ie before. He has never traveled by t ain. Joan has studied two forei n languages. A: Have you ever met him? B: No, I have not met him.
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TOPIC 2. Change Over Time We often use the Present Perfect to talk about change that has happened over a periiod of time. Examples:
You have grown since the llast time I saw you. The government has beco e more interested in arts education. Japanese has become one of the most popular courses at the university since the Asian studies program was established. My English has really impr ved since I moved to Australia.
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TOPIC 3. Accomplishments We often use the Present Perfect to list the accomplishments of individuals and humanity. You cannot mention a specific time. Examples:
Man has walked on the Moon. Our son has learned how to read. Doctors have cured many deadly diseases. Scientists have split the atom.
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TOPIC 4. An Uncompleted Action You Are Expecting We often use the Present Perfect to say that an action which we expected has not happened. Using the Present Perfect suggests that we are still waiting for the action to happen. Examples:
James has not finished his homework yet. Susan hasn't mastered Japanese, but she can communicate. Bill has still not arrived. The rain hasn't stopped.
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TOPIC 5. Multiple Actions at Different Times We also use the Present Perfect to talk about several different actions which have occurred in the past at different times. Present Perfect suggests the process is not complete and more actions are possible. Examples:
The army has attacked that city five times. I have had four quizzes and five tests so far this semester. We have had many major problems while working on this project. She has talked to several specialists about her problem, but nobody knows why she is sick.
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Time Expressions with Present Perfect When we use the Present Perfect it means that something has happened at some point in our lives before now. Remember, the exact time the action happened i s not important.
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Sometimes, we want to limit the time we are looking in for an experience. We can do this with expressions such as: in the last week, in the last year, this week, this month, so far, up to now, etc.
Examples: Have you been to Mexico in the last year? I have seen that movie six times in the last month. They have had three tests in the last week. She graduated from university less than three years ago. She has worked for three different companies so far. My car has broken down three times this week.
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NOTICE
"Last year" and "in the last year" are very different in meaning. "Last year" means the year before now, and it is considered a specific time which requires Simple Past. "In the last year" means from 365 days ago until now. It is not considered a specific time, so it requires Present Perfect. Examples: •
I went to Mexico last year. I WENT TO M EXICO IN THE CALENDAR YEAR BEFORE THIS ONE .
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I have been to Mexico in the last year. I HAVE BEEN TO M EXICO AT LEAST ONCE AT SOME POINT BETWEEN 365 DAYS AGO AND NOW .
USE 2. Duration From the Past Until Now (Non-Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, we use the Present Perfect to show that something started in the past and has continued up until now. "For five minutes," "for two weeks," and "since Tuesday" are all durations which can be used with the Present Perfect. Examples:
I have had a cold for two weeks. She has been in England for six months. Mary has loved chocolate since she was a little girl.
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Although the above use of Present Perfect is normally limited to Non-Continuous Verbs and non-continuous uses of Mixed Verbs, the words "live," "work," "teach," and "study" are sometimes used in this way even though they are NOT Non-Continuous Verbs. EXERCISE TO SIMPLE PAST AND PRESENT PERFECT………… Using the words in parentheses, complete the text below with the appropriate tenses.
1. A: Did you like the movie "Star Wars?" B: I don't know. I (see, never) _____________________________ that movie. 2. Sam (arrive) ________________________ in San Diego a week ago. 3. My best friend and I (know) ____________________________________ each other for over fifteen years. We still get together once a week. 4. Stinson is a fantastic writer. He (write) __________________________________ ten very creative short stories in the last year. One day, he'll be as famous as Hemingway. 5. I (have, not) ________________________ this much fun since I (be) __________________________ a kid. 6. Things (change) ______________________ a great deal at Coltech, Inc. When we first (start) __________________________ working here three years ago, the company (have, only) _______________________________ six employees. Since then, we (expand) _______________________ to include more than 2000 full-time workers. 7. I (tell) ______________________________ him to stay on the path while he was hiking, but he (wander) _________________________________ off into the forest and (be) _____________________________ bitten by a snake. 8. Listen Donna, I don't care if you (miss) _________________________ the bus this morning. You (be) _______________________________ late to work too many times. You are fired! 9. Sam is from Colorado, which is hundreds of miles from the coast, so he (see, never) __________________ the ocean. He should come with us to Miami.
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2. VOCABULARY 2.1. YET, ALREADY
Already means that something happened earlier than we expected. With Present Perfect already usually goes after have or has and before the main verb. Examples - We've already had our breakfast. - When are you going to do your homework? - But I've already done it! - Do you want a cup of coffee? - No, thanks. I've already had one."
Yet means that something that we expected has happened or hasn't happened. We usually put it at the end of a sentence. Examples - Has the post arrived yet? - Have you done your homework? - Not yet. - Haven't you got ready yet? Look at the time!
EXERCISES…… Write 10 sentences using “already” and 10 sentences using “yet” 2.2. PAST PARTICIPLE OF VERBS.
Participles come in two varieties: past and present. They are two of the five forms or principal parts that every verb has. Look at the charts below. Notice that each present participle ends in ing . This is the case 100 percent of the time.
On the other hand, you can see that past participles do not have a consistent ending. The past participles of all regular verbs end in ed ; the past participles of irregular verbs, however, vary considerably. If you look at bring and sing , for example, you'll see that their past participles— brought and sung —do not follow the same pattern even though both verbs have ing as the last three letters. Consult a dictionary whenever you are unsure of a verb's past participle form.
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EXERCISE…… Research the functions of participles.
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2.3. FAMILY
Your family members are also called your relatives. You have an immediate or nuclear family and anextended family. Your immediate family includes your father, mother and siblings. Your extended family includes all of the people in your father and mother's families. Your sibling is your brother or sister. If you have 1 brother and 2 sisters, then you have 3 siblings. Your parent is your father or mother. Your child is your son or daughter. Your spouse is your husband or wife. You may also have a stepfamily. Your stepfamily includes people who became part of your family due to changes in family life. These changes may include death, divorce or separation. New partnerships create new children. The new children and their relatives become part of your blended family. Some people are born into a stepfamily.
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In a family, the word generation means all the people in one stage of the family. For example, your parents are one generation, you and your siblings are the next generation, and your children and their cousins are another generation.
READING PRACTICE Read the following birth announcement. Then answer the questions below it. Paul and Kerry McDonald would like to welcome their new son Christopher Casey to the clan! Weighing 4.2 kilograms, Chris was born on January 2nd at 3:30pm. He will join sister Rachel, 6 and brother Malcolm, 4 in the McDonald household in Vancouver, Canada. Christopher's proud aunts Kathy McDonald and Sherry Smith were present at his birth. Grandparents, Lisa and Mike Smith were also present. Chris's grandmother in Texas will be arriving soon to meet her new grandson. Cousins Jerry, Fern, and Lindsay can't wait to meet baby Chris too! The proud parents would like to thank all of their extended family for the warm wishes and gifts. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
What is Christopher's mother's name? Who are Christopher's siblings? How is Kathy McDonald related to the newborn? Who will be coming to see Chris soon ? Who is Kathy in relation to Kerry?
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2.4. PROFESSIONS
Some vocabulary of jobs and professions in English and Spanish.
EXERCISE…… Research which professions missing, complete the list and translated into Spanish the entire list.
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2.5. JOBS SICKNESS
The words below are some of the most important used when talking about the Health and Healthcare. Research more of this and translated into Spanich. ache ear ache headache stomach ache toothache cancer cold cough flu heart attack heart disease infectious disease pain virus bruise cut graze wound
2.6. SINCE, FOR
The words for and since are used in sentences where the speaker wants to talk about something that started in the past and continues into the present. For is used when specifying the amount of time (how long): • • • •
I've had this watch for more than 40 years. I've only known her for a few weeks. He's been here for 6 months and still can't speak a word of German. She's been smoking for a long time. No wonder she coughs so much!
Since is used when specifying the starting point: • • • •
I've had this watch since 1965. I've only known her since the beginning of last week. He's been here since April and he still can't speak a word of German. She's been smoking since she started grade 5. No wonder she coughs so much!
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Note: The present perfect or present perfect continuous are needed in such sentences. It is wrong to say:
- I know her for two years. - I know her since 2006.
EXERCISES…… Complete the sentences with (For or Since) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
I've had my computer _________ more than five years. She has spoken 3 languages _________ she was a child. It's ok. I've only been waiting _________ a few minutes. I haven't played tennis _________ I came to Germany. Our family has lived in this house _________ just after the war. Why are you so late? I've been standing here _______ 7.30. I've been looking for my keys _______ the last 10 minutes. Can you help me? Where's Miho? - Didn't you know? She's been in hospital _______ yesterday morning. It's been raining for ________ over three hours. When will it ever stop? Our cat has been missing _________ last Tuesday. We think it's been in an accident.
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CUARTO PERÍODO 1. GRAMMAR 1.1. REVIEW THE PRESENT PERFECT & PRESENT TENSE & PAST TENSE. EXERCISES PROPOSED FOR YOUR TEACHER 2. VOCABULARY 2.1. REVIEW THE VOCABULARY SEEN IN THE PREVIOUS LESSON. EXERCISES PROPOSED FOR YOUR TEACHER
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PRUEBA TIPO ICFES Comprensión de textos
4.
Answer the questions 1-3 according to the following text: WRITE LETTERS
5.
The pen is mightier than the sword, they say; ¿so why not use it? Write to packaging anufacturers and ask them to forgo CFCs and excess packaging on items you buy regularly. Write to anufacturers of canned goods and ask them to remove the sugar. Write to paper suppliers and ask them to produce unbleached and recycled paper.
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1. In the text, the underlined word it refers to: a) The pen b) The sword c) Items d) Letters
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furthermore also thus since
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help with helping helps to help
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In contrast Whereas In addition However
Answer the questions 7-8 taking into account the information given by the following graph:
2. In the text, the underlined word regularly means a) Lately b) Rarely c) Only d) Frequently 3. In the text, the words canned goods mean: a) Plastic goods b) Tinned food c) Metal goods d) Dog food 7. The graph reflects that a) The average life span in Russia is at least 80 years. b) People in Chad almost never reach age 50. c) People from Spain and Italy have the same life expectancy. d) people in France have the highest life expectancy.
Construcción de párrafos 4-6
Jogging is good exercise when it is done regularl y: at least three times a week. It strengthens the leg muscles, and, (4) it forces the heart to beat faster, it also improves blood circulation. Many people also jog (5) control their weight. Joggers burn up 62 calories for every kilometer they run. (6) , jogging helps decrease levels of emotional stress.
8. According to the graph, men all over the world a) Tend to live longer than women. b) Are not expected to live as long as women do.
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c) Want to live less than women. d) Are required not to live as long as women do.
prohibit smoking by employees when they are working, they hire only non-smokers, or they force workers who smoke to quit smoking.
9. Read the comments of an expert in Baroque music. George Frederick Handel is one of the most outstanding composers of the Baroque period. He composed many operas, but since he wasn't good at money management, he went broke. He was well-known, though , due to his vast cosmopolitan repertoire, including over fifty offertories. It can be said that he was a German artist who wrote Italian music with a French style for the English people.
11. The underlined sentence they force workers who smoke to quit smoking means that a) Workers are hired because they smoke. b) Workers have to give up smoking if they want to continue working. c) Workers are required to smoke if they want to continue working. d) Workers are fired because they smoke. 12. According to the text, we can infer that a) None of the company policies ban smoking. b) All of the company policies ban smokers. c) The first policy bans smoking, and the other two, ban smokers. d) The first and second policies ban smokers, and the last one bans smoking.
The word though implies that a) Despite his financial difficulties, his music was very successful during his own time. b) In spite of his great skill, he is still wellknown. c) He'd never have succeeded unless he had composed a lot of music. d) Somehow, Handel did a good deal of work.
13. According to the text, the author's intention is to a) Describe how the U.S. is regulating smoking. b) Promote discrimination against smokers in the U.S. c) Protest against people who smoke in the U.S. d) Show how smokers can quit smoking in the U.S.
10. The doctor's secretary asks the patient how he spells his name. a) How does you spell your name? b) How your name does you spell? c) How do you spell your name? d) How your name do you spell?
Answer questions 11-13 according to the following text: The United States is now becoming a non-smoking society. Across the country, hundreds of towns and cities, and even entire states, are passing strict laws to control the sale and use of cigarettes. In New York, for example, smoking is illegal in public buildings, hospitals, schools, banks, stores, movie theaters, taxi-cabs, and restrooms, to name a few places. In addition, smoking is prohibited anywhere in the U.S. on airline flights that last two hours or less. And now many private companies have also made rules prohibiting cigarette smoking. At least 40% of American companies restrict smoking by their employees. Company policies are mostly of three kinds: they
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