ENGLISH WRITING hiểu năn Session 14 Module I Instructor: Hồ Lê Vũ
OVERVIEW • Review • Warm-up • Conj Conjun unct ctiv ive e rela relatition onsh ship ipss
Previously on Thiểu Năng… • Conj Conjun unct ctiv ive e rela relatition onsh ship ipss – 10 basic types types of conjunctive conjunctive relationships • senten sentences ces carry carry equal equal weigh weightt vs. one sentence is given more prominence
Previously on Thiểu Năng… • Feedba Feedback: ck: Tầm quan quan trọn trọng g của của việc việc đọc chắc chắc là cũng cũng không không thua thua kém kém gì gì việc viết ở bậc đại học trở lên. Em muốn hỏi thầy về kĩ năng đọc hiểu tiếng Anh. Hiện tại em cảm thấy thấy việc đọc mất nhiều thời gian và không không thu được nhiều. Vậy làm thế nào để để nâng cao kĩ năng năng đọc hiểu tiếng tiếng Anh ? Các hướng dẫn về việc đọc nhanh hiểu nhiều trên mạng em có đọc qua nhưng vẫn chưa thể áp dụng hiệu quả. – Just keep reading – Read for linking (test materials) materials) – Read for main ideas (class readings) readings)
CONJUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS • Examples – Mrs. Mallard was was very affected by her husband's husband's death. First First,, she cried in her sister's arms. Next Next,, she sat alone in her room. Finally Finally,, she joined her sister to walk downstairs. – Mrs. Mallard was was very affected by her husband's husband's death. First First,, it meant liberation from marriage. Next Next,, it gave her financial independence. Finally Finally,, it allowed her to pursue her own interests. –
• The case of sequence relationships – External sequences: order the sequence of real-world events as they unfold in real time → more important in narrative texts. – Internal sequences: link logical steps in arguments, referring to the writer's rhetorical organization of the information → more important in argumentative essays. → the focus of this class
GROUP ACTIVITY • Teamwo Teamwork: rk: Come Come up with with a pair pair of senten sentences ces to illu illustr strate ate a particular type of conjunctive relationship. – Topic: An Topic: An embarrassing secret – Relationships: 1. alternative 5. combination
2. internal sequence 3. exclusion 6. amplification 7. contrast
4. paraphrase 8. cause-effect
– Grading: • • • •
2 points for topic relevance 3 points for using the right conjunction 2 points for maintaining the R-T linking (a ( a referential type) type) between 2 sentences 1 point for including a suitable interpersonal Theme
PROBLEMATIC PAIRS • Combination vs. Amplification – Pay attention attention to relative relative importance between two items • Contrast vs. Exclusion • Paraphrase vs. Cause/Effect • Sequence vs. Cause/Effect
GROUP ACTIVITY • Re-ord Re-order er the the hashe hashed-u d-up p set of of sente sentence ncess provid provided ed on the the handhandout to reconstruct the original text – Essay topic: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. – – Pay attention attention to cohesive cohesive devices and and TP progression progression • Clue: identify the topic sentence first – Perform a quick TP analysis analysis of the solution
HOMEWORK SOLUTION • What What woul would d mak make e a typi typica call topi topicc sent senten ence ce? ? – a general statement » elim elimin inat ate e sen sente tenc nces es 4 and and 9 – Usually do not contain endophoric references. » elim elimin inat ate e sent senten ence cess 1, 3, 7, 8 and and 11 – Usually do not contain conjunctions conjunctions that tend link sentences instead of paragrap s » eli elimina minatte sent sente ence nce 5 – Possible candidates: sentences 2, 6 and 10 » Senten Sentences ces 2 & 10 vs. vs. sent sentenc ence e 6 → two two separa separate te idea ideass » Sentences 2 & 10 » What What if sent senten ence ce 2 is is a top topic ic sen sente tenc nce? e? (clue: the conjunction Furthermore)) Furthermore » Sentence 2 (most educated people) vs. Sentence 10 ( most people)
HOMEWORK SOLUTION • Other clues – Conjunction-based clues: » e.g., sentence 5 (“in (“in other words”) words”) → sentence 11 » e.g., sentence 4 (“for (“for example”) example”) → sentence 2, 7 or 10 – Reference-based clues: » e.g., sentence 1 (“for (“for us”) us”) → sentence 4 – ex ca co es on- ase c ues » e.g e.g., sent senten ence cess 9 and and 8 – Argument strategy clues » Shou Should ld it be 10-7 10-7-2 -2 or 10-2 10-2-7 -7? ? » e.g. e.g.,, sent senten ence cess 10 10 and and 7 (argument → anticipating counter-argument → rebuttal)) rebuttal » Why using Of course? course?
• Notes: Notes: apply apply these these techni technique quess to GRE GRE and and SAT SAT criti critical cal read reading ing
TP ANALYSIS RESULTS • For the Paragr Paragraph aph Recons Reconstru tructi ction on task task soluti solution on – Paragraph 1: • • • • •
S1→S2: R-T (R ) S2→S3: R-T (T ) [split into two sentences ] S3→S4: R-T (T ) S4→S 4→S5: eit either her N or R-T T S5→S6: R-T (R )
– Paragraph 2: • • • • •
S1→S2: N S2→S3: R-T (R ) S3→S4: R-T (R ) [also has a T connection] S4→S5: R-T (L) S5→S6: R-T (T )
FUN ACTIVITY • Watch Watch a video video clip clip:: influe influence nce of elec electron tronic ic gadge gadgets ts on on family communication
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK • Teamwork: – Each blank represents a single conjunction – Groups take turn to address address items. – You earn 2 points for each correct answer.
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions 1. consequently (as a result, result, as a consequence, consequence , therefore therefore,, thus thus,, hence hence,, thereby,, accordingly thereby accordingly)) 2. so that (so so)) consequently,, therefore therefore,, thus thus,, hence and the likes. vs. consequently –
People are living longer than ever before, before, so that even people who are 65 or 70 have a surprising amount of time left. → connect a subordinate clause to the main clause in in the same sentence sentence
–
People are living longer than ever before. before. Therefore, Therefore, even people who are 65 or 70 have a surprising amount of time left. → connect two sentences
–
People are living longer than ever before, before, and therefore, therefore, even people who are 65 or 70 have a surprising amount of time left. → or independent clauses
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions 3. since (as as,, because because)) – – –
–
He did the shopping because his wife was sick. This was where he spent a great deal of his free time for for he he had nowhere else to go. [old-fashioned ] , . when the subordinate clause is the Theme] → avoid using because and for for in in this case • The gorilla has no real enemies,as | since | because it is so big and powerful. It was nice to have someone someone to talk to, es espe peci cial ally ly as | par partic ticula ularly rly sin since ce it looked as if I was going to be there all night. [ can’t be in the Theme position]
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions 4. nevertheless (nonetheless nonetheless – – more formal) vs. however → nevertheless nevertheless:: the linking is
more straightforward; however : the linking can also be less straightforward (some implicit linking involved) – Studies indicate smoking is bad bad for one's health, health, however however || nevertheless nevertheless,, people still continue to smoke. – Fewer men smoke today than in in the past, however however nevertheless nevertheless the number of women smokers is rising. → however however implies implies a less marked contrast – smoking is bad, however however people people still continue to smoke → I wonder why people still do it. – smoking is bad, nevertheless | but | yet | still people still continue to smoke → I can’t believe people still do it.
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions nevertheless (nonetheless nonetheless – – more formal) vs. while and whereas –
Studies indicate smoking is bad bad for one's health. health. However However || nevertheless nevertheless,, people still continue to smoke. → connect sentences or independent clauses
–
e ereas peop e now t at smo ng s a or t e r ea t , t ey continue to smoke. → connect a subordinate clause to the main clause
–
Although | Even though people know that smoking is bad for their health, they continue to smoke. → imply a more marked contrast
Note: Though is considered more informal
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions 5. in spite of of, de desp spiite (notwithstanding notwithstanding – – more formal) → connect a noun phrase to the sentence
(grammatically functioning as a
preposition)
6. though (albeit & notwithstanding notwithstanding – – more formal) →
grammatically functioning as an adverb
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions 7. nor (neither – – more formal) 8. at first (initially initially)) → watch a sample video
9. in the first place . . – When I first met Marie, I was greatly impressed. At impressed. At first I thought she was perfect for you. I couldn’t be more wrong. Now, come to think of it, you should not date her in her in the first place. place.
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions 10.. in the 10 the mea meanw nwhi hile le (meanwhile meanwhile,, meantime meantime,, in the meantime) meantime) vs. while –
Why don't you clean the boat? Meanwhile Meanwhile,, I'll check to see that we've got enough oars. → connec wo sen ences or n epen en c auses
–
You may clean the boats boats while I check the oars. → connect a subordinate clause to the main clause
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions 11.. in or 11 orde derr to to (so as to – to – more formal) –
In Tehran the wives wives of foreign diplomats wore headscarves so as not to offend the Iranians.
12.. so th 12 tha at vs. n or er o an so as o –
In Tehran the wives wives of foreign diplomats wore headscarves so as not to offend the Iranians. – In Tehran the wives wives of foreign diplomats wore headscarves so that they would not offend the Iranians. watch a sample clip for so that →
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions (cont.) 13.. mo 13 more reov over er ((furthermore furthermore,, besides besides,, in addition, addition, what is more, more, on top of that//this that this,, at the same time) time ) –
You should remember it. Moreover Moreover || Furthermore Furthermore,, you should get it right.
vs.
–
•
You should remember it, and moreover | and what's what's more, you should get it .
Usage note for on on top of that/ that /this (informal): in addition to something, especially something unpleasant (BRIT) – –
We missed the train, and on top of that we had to wait for two hours for the next one. | An extra 700 jobs are being cut on top of the of the 2,000 that were lost last year. [Oxford & Collins COBUILD] Heritage] On top of this, this, several other benefits are being offered. American [ American Heritage
CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Solutions (cont.) 14. to make make mat matter terss worse worse (worse yet, yet, worse still, still, what is worse) worse) 15.. be 15 bett tter er st stililll (better yet) yet)
GROUP ACTIVITY • Watch Watch the video video and and fill fill in the missin missing g cohes cohesive ive device device.. The The first group to provide an acceptable answer will get extra 2 points Guy : Girl :
Wow, she just never shuts up, does she? She didn't stop to swallow her food. I was scared for her. I didn't want ......................... .......................
– Why should we expect that that word?
