Metabolisme Karbohidrat (Bio Chem) - Ogi NH.

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

OAVK@IJBWOA DKP@IMBFPKV

Fbkeqdkn qnvqd oaoanqmb wkjkm wkvq vqhkw okvk sapdqjbkmkn ‚@BIDBOBK‟

SANRQWQN5 IHB NQPMKPB

DKVK SANHKNVKP 

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Kwwkjkoq‒kjkbdqo Kwwkjkoq‒kjkbdqo Xp X`*

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Ni|ao`ap 0332 Sanrqwqn

FKLVKP BWB 0

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

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Jkvkp @ajkdknh............................................................6

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Vqeqkn.......................................................................6

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Sao`kvkwk Sao`kvkwkn n Okwkjkm.. Okwkjkm............ .................................................1 .......................................1

B\.

Oavifa Sanajbvbkn........................................................1

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B.  ‗

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B.  ‗

Oavk`ijbwoa dkp`imbfpkv...............................;3

 ‗

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Wadbjkw vanvknh oavk`ijbwoa ........................;;

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Oavk`ijbwoa Fkjko Vq`qm Oknqwbk................;<

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@K@ B 7

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

SANFKMQJQKN

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BB.Vqeqkn Vqeqkn fkpb okdkjkm bnb kfkjkm5  ‗

qnvqd oaoanqmb wkjkm wkvq vqhkw okvk dqjbkm @bidbobk Qoqo.

 ‗

oao`apbdkn sanhavkmqkn vanvknh Dkp`imbfpkv.

 ‗

Oanh Oa nhav avkm kmqb qb oanf oanfkj kjko ko vanv vanvkn knh h ksk ksk rknh rknh fbok fbokdw dwqf qf fanh fanhkn kn oavk`ijbwoa.

 ‗ Oaosajkekpb vanvknh oadknbwoa oavk`ijbwo Dkp`imbfpkv.

B. Sao` Sao`kv kvkw kwkn kn Okwk Okwkjk jkm m 6

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Fkjko sanqjbwkn okdkjkm bnb* sanqjbw oao`kvkwb okwkjkm skfk sao` sao`km kmkw kwkn kn Dkp Dkp`im `imbfpkv fpkv..

oanh oanhan ankb kb

@bid @bidbo bobk bk

Sanha anhapv pvbk bkn n

oang oangkd kdqs qs

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BB.Oavifa Sanajbvbkn Sanh Sa nhqo qosq sqjk jkn n

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@K@ BB 1

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

SAO@KMKWKN OAVK@BJBWOA DKP@IMBFPKV

B.

Dkp`imbfpkv  

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Djkwblbdkwb dkp`imbfpkv <

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

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@apfkwkpdkn jidkwb hqhqw ‗G?I* ‗G?I* oiniwkdkpbfk fbhijinhdkn oanekfb 0 rkbvq5 ;. Kjfiwk Kjfiwk -`ap -`apqsk qsk kjfa kjfambf mbf"" 0. Daviwk Daviwk -`apqs -`apqsk k davin davin""

Djkwblbdkwb dkp`imbfpkv oanqpqv jidkwb hqhqw dkp`inbj 

@apfkwkpdkn   eqojkm kvio G  skfk pknvkb pknvkb *  * oiniwkdkpbfk fbhijinhdkn oanekfb5 8

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

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Djkwblbdkwb dkp`imbfpkv oanqpqv eqojkm kvio G 

Ginvim oiniwkdkpbfk

=

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Ginv Ginvim im sapv sapvko kok k

fb

kvkw kvkw -wa` -wa`aj ajkm km

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2

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

  B. B.

Oavk Oavk`i `ijb jbwo woa a dkp` dkp`im imbf bfpk pkv  v 

Oavk`ijbwoa dkp`imbfpkv Oavk Oa vk`i `ijb jbwo woa a

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wbnv wbnvaw awbw bw

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;3

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Vapobnijihb

rknh

`apmq`qnhkn

fanhkn

oavk`ijbwoa

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@bwk fkpb jaokd , spivabn. f. Hjqdi jqdijb jbwb wbw w

5

spi spiwa waw w

saoa saoagk gkm mkn

hjqdi jqdiwk wk

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l. Jbsijbwbw Jbsijbwbw 5 saoagkmk saoagkmkn n jaokd jaokd oanhmk oanhmkwbjdk wbjdkn n kwko kwko jaokd. jaokd.

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kfkj kfkjkm km

OAVK@I OAVK@IJBW JBWOA OA

BNVAP BNVAPOAF OAFBKV  BKV .

Ekfb

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sao`anvqd wvpqdvqp fkn oawbn vq`qm. Wkjkm wkvq ginvim fkpb dkvahipb bnb kfkjkm wbnvawbw spivabn. 0.

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anaphb `a`kw* `bkwknrk fkjko `anvqd liwlkv anaphb vbnhhb kvkq qnwqp adqb|kjan sapafqdwb* wasapvb pknvkb pawsbpkwb fkn liwlipbjkwb idwbfkvbl.

;;

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

7.

Jbnv Jbnvkw kwkn kn kol kolb` b`ij ijbd bd -sa -sapw pwbo bosk sknh nhkn kn"" Jbnv Jbnvkw kwkn kn bnb bnb oaob oaobjb jbdb db ja`b ja`bm m fkpb fkpb wk wkvq vq lqnh lqnhwb wb fkn fkn vapf vapfks kskv kv skfk skfk

sapw sapwbo bosk sknh nhkn kn oavk oavk`i `ijb jbwo woa a wa wamb mbnh nhhk hk `ada `adape pek k wa wa`k `khk hkbb sanh sanhmq mq`q `qnh nh knvkpk jbnvkwkn knk`ijbd fkn jbnvkwkn dkvk`ijbd. Ginvim fkpb jbnvkwkn bnb kfkjkm wbdjqw kwko wbvpkv.

;0

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

-sbgvqpa" -sbgvqpa" 5 Wbdjqw Wbdjqw kwko kwko wbvpkv wbvpkv wa`khkb wa`khkb jbnvkwkn jbnvkwkn kolb`ijb kolb`ijbd d fkjko fkjko oavk`ijb oavk`ijbwoa woa -sapmkvb -sapmkvbdkn dkn ekjqp sapwbosk sapwbosknhkn nhkn ekjqp ekjqp dkvk`ijbw dkvk`ijbwoa oa fkn knk`ijbw knk`ijbwoa" oa" -fbsavbd  -fbsavbd  fkpb5 Oqppkr fdd. @bidbobk Mkpsap"

;7

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Wblkv Wblkv fbav fbav kvkq kvkq okdknk okdknkn n oananv oananvqdk qdkn n sijk sijk fkwkp fkwkp oavk`i oavk`ijbw jbwoa oa fb fkjko fkjko vq`qm vq`qm.. Okokjb Okokjbk* k* vapokw vapokwqd qd oknqwb oknqwbk k mkpqw mkpqw oaospi oaospiwaw waw mkwbj mkwbj sanrapkskn sanrapkskn spifqd/sp spifqd/spifqd ifqd sangapnkkn sangapnkkn dkp`imbfpk dkp`imbfpkv* v* jbsbf fkn spivabn spivabn fkpb okdknkn. okdknkn. Wagkpk Wagkpk `apqpqvkn* `apqpqvkn* spifqd/sp spifqd/spifqd ifqd bnb vapqvkok vapqvkok kfkjkm kfkjkm hjqdiwk* kwko jaokd wapvk hjbwapij fkn kwko kobni. Waoqk spifqd mkwbj sangapnkkn fbspiwaw oajkjqb jbnvkwkn oavk`ijbdnrk okwbnh/okwbnh okwbnh/okwbnh oanekfb wqkvq spifqd qoqo rkbvq Kwavbj DiK* rknh daoqfbkn kdkn fbidwbfkwb wagkpk waosqpnk oajkjqb wbdjqw kwko wbvpkv.

;6

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Sangapnkkn Hqjk Kwko wafapmknk 0GI 0M KVS Dkvk`ijbwoa Kwavbj Kwa Jbsbf vbj DiKfkn Dkp`imbfpkv Kwko jaokd $ 0 Spivabn k`wipswb -vapqvkok kobni hjqdiwk" Wbdjqw kwko hjbwapij wbvpkv $ hjbwapij

;1

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Bjqwvpkwb wdaokvbw fkpb jbnvkwkn oavk`ijbd fkwkp 

Vapf Vapfks kskv kv

`a`a `a`apk pksk sk

ekjq ekjqpp

oavk oavk`i `ijb jbwo woa a

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Wagkpk pbnhdkw* ekjqp/ekjqp oavk`ijbwoa dkp`imbfpkv fbeajkwdkn wa`khkb `apbdqv5 ;.

Hjqd Hjqdiw iwk k wa wa`k `khk hkbb `kmk `kmkn n `kdk `kdkpp qvko qvkok k kdkn kdkn oanh oanhkj kjko kobb hjbd hjbdi ijbwb jbwbw w -fbsagkm" oanekfb 0 sbpq|kv ebdk vapwafbk idwbhan. Fkjko vkmks bnb fbmkwbjdkn anaphb `apqsk KVS.

0.

Wajkne Wajkneqvn qvnrk rk okwbn okwbnh/o h/okw kwbnh bnh sbpq sbpq|kv |kv fbid fbidwbf wbfkwb kwb oane oanekfb kfb kwav kwavbj bj DiK. DiK. Fkjko vkmks bnb fbmkwbjdkn anaphb `apqsk KVS.

7.

Kwav Kw avbj bj DiK kdkn kdkn okwq okwqd d da ekjqp ekjqp sapwb sapwbos oskn knhk hkn n rkbv rkbvq q wbdj wbdjqw qw kwko kwko wbvpkv. Fkjko vkmks bnb fbmkwbjdkn anaphb `apqsk KVS.

6.

Ebdk Ebdk wqo` wqo`ap ap hjqd hjqdiw iwk k `apj `apja` a`bm bmkn kn** oaja oaja`b `bmb mb da`q da`qvq vqmk mkn n anap anaphb hb dbvk dbvk okdk okdk hjqdiw hjqdiwk k vbfkd vbfkd fbsagk fbsagkm* m* oajkbn oajkbndkn dkn kdkn kdkn fbpknh fbpknhdkb dkb oanekf oanekfbb sijboap hjqdiwk -fbwa`qv hjbdihan". Hjbdihan bnb fbwboskn fb mkvb fkn iviv wa`khkb gkfknhkn anaphb eknhdk sanfad. Ebdk dkskwbvkw sanr sanrbo bosk sknk nkn n hjbd hjbdih ihan an wqfk wqfkm m sanq sanqm* m* okdk okdk dkp` dkp`im imbf bfpk pkvv mkpq mkpqw w fbdin|apwb oanekfb ekpbnhkn jbsbf wa`khkb gkfknhkn anaphb eknhdk skneknh.

1.

Ebdk Ebdk vapek vapekfb fb dadqp dadqpkn knhk hkn n hjqdiw hjqdiwk k fkpb fbav fbav wa`kh wa`khkb kb wqo` wqo`ap ap anaph anaphb* b* okdk okdk hjbdih hjbdihan an fbsagk fbsagkm m oanekf oanekfbb hjqdi hjqdiwk. wk. Wa Wajkn jkneq eqvnr vnrk k hjqdi hjqdiwk wk oanh oanhkj kjko kobb

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Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Ebdk hjqdiwk fkpb fbav vkd vapwafbk fkn gkfknhkn hjbdihansqn eqhk mk`bw* mk`bw* okdk okdk wqo`a wqo`app anaphb anaphb ni nin n dkp`i dkp`imbf mbfpkv pkv rkbvq rkbvq jbsbf jbsbf fkn spivab spivabn n mkpqw fbhqnkdkn. Ekjqp bnb fbnkokdkn hjqdinaihanawbw -sao`anvqdkn hjqdiwk `kpq" dkpank fbknhhks jbsbf fkn spivabn mkpqw fbq`km oanekfb hjqdi jqdiwk wk

`kpq kpq

rkn rknh

wajk wa jkn neqvnr qvnrk k

oan oanhkjk hkjko ob

dkv dkvk`i k`ijbwo jbwoa a

qnvqd nvqd

oaosapijam anaphb.

Oavk`ijbwoa Fkjko Vq`qm Oknqwbk Vqeq Vqeqkn kn

kdmb kdmbpp

sanga angapn pnk kkn

fkn fkn

k`wi wips psw wb

dkp` dkp`i imbf mbfpkv pkv

kfkjk fkjkm m

oanhq` oanhq`km km dkp`im dkp`imbfp bfpkv kv oanekf oanekfbb bdkvkn bdkvkn/bd /bdkvk kvkn n ja`bm ja`bm dagbj* dagbj* vapqvk vapqvkok ok `apqsk `apqsk hjqdi hjqdiwk wk fkn lpqdvi lpqdviwk* wk* wambnh wambnhhk hk fkskv fkskv fbwapk fbwapks s ijam ijam sao`qj sao`qjq q fkpkm oajkjqb fbnfbnh fbnfbnh qwqw mkjqw. Sangapnkk Sangapnkkn n dkp`imbfpk dkp`imbfpkvv diosjadw diosjadw fboqjkb fb oqjqv fkn `apkdmbp fb qwqw mkjqw.

Sangapnkkn dkp`imbfpkv 5 ➠ 

Oqjqv  Sang Sa ngap apnk nkkn kn dkp` dkp`im imbf bfpk pkvv fboq fboqjk jkbb fb oqjq oqjqv. v. @i @ijk jk okdk okdknk nkn n rknh rknh

fbsapijam wavajkm okdknkn fbdqnrkm `apgkosqpn fanhkn jqfkm rknh oanhkn oanhknfqn fqnh h anubo anubo kobjkw kobjkwa a -wa`aj -wa`ajqon qonrk rk fbdank fbdankjj wa`khk wa`khkbb svbkjb svbkjbn". n". Kobjkwa Kobjkwa oanhmbfpi oanhmbfpijbwbw jbwbw skvb kvkq kobjqo oanekfb `anvqd `anvqd dkp`imbfp dkp`imbfpkv kv ja`b ja`bm m wa wafa fapm pmkn knk* k* rkbv rkbvq q fadw fadwvp vpbn bn.. @bjk @bjk `apk `apkfk fk fb oqjq oqjqvv gqdq gqdqs s jkok jkok** wa`kh wa`khbkn bkn fbq`km fbq`km oanek oanekfb fb fbwkdk fbwkdkpbf pbfk k okjvi okjviwk. wk. Anubo Anubo kobjkw kobjkwa a jqfkm jqfkm `adape `adapek k skjbnh skjbnh `kbd `kbd skfk skfk sM jqfkm jqfkm rknh rknh `apwbl `apwblkv kv navpkj navpkj.. @i @ijqw jqw rknh rknh fbvajkn okwqd da fkjko jko`qnh. ➠ 

Qwqw Mkjqw

;8

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Sangapnkkn dkp`imbfpkv fbjkdqdkn ijam anubo/anubo fbwkdkpbfk rknh fbdajqkpdkn ijae waj/waj oqdiwk qwqw mkjqw `napqsk okjvkwa* wqdpkwa* fkn jkdvkwa. Mbfpijbwbw fbwkdkpbfk ijam anubo/anubo bnb vapekfb fb fkjko obdpi|bjb fkn oiniwkdkpbfk rknh fbmkwbjdkn kfkjkm wa`khkb `apbdqv 5 †

Okjvkwa

Okjviwk †

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Wkdk Wk dkpi piwk wk †

5 0 oij hjqdiwk

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Jkdvkwa

Jkdviwk

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➠ 

Qwqw @awkp  Fkjko xkdvq ;/6 eko wavajkm wajawkb okdkn* skvb nindkp`imbfpkv

kvkq kvkq wapkv wapkv okdknk okdknkn n fkn wa`khb wa`khbkn kn dagbj dagbj skvb skvb rknh rknh vbfkd vbfkd fbgapn fbgapnkdk kdkn n okwq okwqd d da fkjk fkjko o qwqw qwqw `awk `awkp. p. Wbwk Wbwk/w /wbw bwk k sang sangap apnk nkkn kn bnb bnb oapq oapqsk skdk dkn n wq`wvpkv wq`wvpkv sivanwbkj sivanwbkj qnvqd fblapoanvkwb fblapoanvkwb ijam obdpiiphkn obdpiiphknbwok bwok fb fkjko fkjko qwqw `awkp. Wq`wvpkv sivanwbkj jkbn rknh fblapoanvkwb kfkjkm lpqdviwk* wip` wi p`bv bvij ij** fkn fkn oini oinioa oapp jkbn jkbn rknh rknh wqwk wqwkm m fbga fbgapn pnkd kdkn kn** jkdv jkdviw iwk k skfk skfk oapadk rknh dadqpknhkn jkdvkwa* wapvk pklbniwk* wvkdbiwk* |ap`kwdiwk* fkn lpqdvkn.

;=

Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

Spif Spifqd qd qvko qvkok k lapo lapoan anvk vkwb wb dkp` dkp`im imbf bfpk pkvv fb fkjk fkjko o qwqw qwqw `awk `awkpp kfkj kfkjkm km dkp`infbidwbfk* mbfpihan* oavkn fkn kwko/kwko jaokd pknvkb sanfad rknh oqfkm oanhqks* wasapvb kwko kwavkv* kwko spisbinkv fkn kwko `qvbpkv.

➠  †

Pahqjkwb Hjqdiwk fkjko fkpkm Bnwqj Bnwqjbn bn / Fbmkwb Fbmkwbjdk jdkn n ijam ijam waj/wa waj/wajj `avk `avk sqjkq sqjkq/sq /sqjkq jkq jknhap jknhapmkn mknw w fb skndpa skndpakw. kw. @aplqn @aplqnhwb hwb qnvqd qnvqd oanqpq oanqpqndk ndkn n dkfkp dkfkp hjqdiw hjqdiwk k fb fkjko fkjko fkpkm.

†

Hjqdkhin / Fbmkwbjdkn ijam waj/waj kjlk sqjkq/sqjkq jknhapmknw fb skndpa skndpakw. kw. @aplqn @aplqnhwb hwb qnvqd qnvqd oankbd oankbddkn dkn dkfkp dkfkp hjqdiw hjqdiwk k fb fkjko fkjko fkpkm.

†

Asbnalpbn / Fbmkwbjdkn ijam oafqjk skpkpankjbw ) knkd hbnekj

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Hjqd Hjqdid idip ipvb vbdi dibf bf

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;2

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Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

@K@ BBB SANQVQS

B.

Dawbosqjkn

;. Dkp`im Dkp`imbfp bfpkv kv kfkjkm kfkjkm wanrkx wanrkxk k dkp`in dkp`in rknh oanhknf oanhknfqnh qnh waeqojk waeqojkm m `awkp hqhqw mbfpidwbj. Dkp`imbfpkv skjbnh wafapmknk `bwk `apqsk kjfambf -fbwa`qv sijbmbfpidwbkjfambf kvkq kjfiwk" kvkq `apqsk davin -fbwa`qv sijbmbfpidwbdavin kvkq daviwk". 0. Lqnh Lqnhwb wb spbo spboap ap fkpb fkpb dkp` dkp`im imbf bfpk pkvv kfkj kfkjkm km wa wa`k `khk hkbb gk gkfk fknh nhkn kn anap anaphb hb  eknhdk sanfad -hqjk oapqskdkn wqo`ap anaphb". 7. Lqnhwb Lqnhwb wadqnfa wadqnfapp fkpb fkpb dkp`im dkp`imbfp bfpkv kv kfkjkm kfkjkm wa`khk wa`khkbb gkfknh gkfknhkn kn anaphb anaphb  eknhdk oananhkm -skvb qnvqd vqo`qmkn fkn hjbdihan qnvqd maxkn fkn oknqwbk". 6. @apfkwkpdkn

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Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

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Ijbhiwkdkpbfk -vapfbpb kvkw 7/;3 qnbv hqjk"

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Jbnvkwkn knk`ijbd -sanrkvqkn)sao`an -sanrkvqkn)sao`anvqdkn" vqdkn"

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Jbnvkwkn kolb`ijbd -sapwbosknhkn"

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Okdkjkm @bidbobk

Oavk`ijbwoa Oavk`ijbwoa Dkp`imbfpkv 

FKLVKP SQWVKDK

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 ‗

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 ‗

mvvs5))xkxkn/eqnkbfb.`jihw mvvs5))xkxkn/eqnkbfb.`jihwsiv.gio)0332)38 siv.gio)0332)38)oavk`ijbwoa/ )oavk`ijbwoa/ dkp`imbfkv.mvoj

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 ‗

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 ‗

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